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Tech, PS
Date
AIM:
To determine the admittance matrices for the given power system network.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED: MATLAB
THEORY:
Bus admittance is often used in power system studies. In most of the power
system studies it is required to form y- bus matrix of the system by considering certain
power system parameters depending upon the type of analysis. Y-bus may be formed
by inspection method only if there is no mutual coupling between the lines. Every
transmission line should be represented by
to diagonal element corresponding to the buses at which these are connected. The off
diagonal elements are unaffected. The equivalent circuit of Tap changing transformers is
included while forming Y-bus matrix.
Formation of Y-Bus Matrix
PROCEDURE:
1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
2. Create a new M file by selecting File - New M File
3. Type and save the program in the editor window.
4. Execute the program by either pressing Tools Run.
5. View the results.
Page 1
M.Tech, PS
PROGRAM
%MATLAB program for the formation bus admittance(Ybus) matrix
clc;
clear all;
n=4
ybus=zeros(n,n);
y=zeros(n,n);
for i=1:n
for j=i+1:n
fprintf('%d%d',i,j);
z(i,j)=input('enter the value');
if (z(i,j)~=0)
y(i,j)=1/z(i,j)
end
y(j,i)=y(i,j);
end
end
for i=1:n
for j=1:n
ybus(i,i)=ybus(i,i)+y(i,j);
end
end
for i=1:n
for j=i+1:n
ybus(i,j)=-y(i,j);
ybus(j,i)=ybus(i,j)
end
end
display('ybus')
OUTPUT
ybus =
3.0000 - 9.0000i
-2.0000 + 6.0000i
3.0000i
-1.0000 + 3.0000i
0
0
-1.0000 +
0
3.0000 - 9.0000i
-2.0000 + 6.0000i
-1.0000 + 3.0000i
.0000 + 6.0000i
3.0000 - 9.0000i
RESULT:
Page 2
M.Tech, PS
Date
AIM : To determine the bus impedance matrices for the given power system network.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED: MATLAB
THEORY:
Formation of Z-Bus Matrix
In bus impedance matrix the elements on the main diagonal are called driving
point impedance and the off-diagonal elements are called the transfer impedance of the
buses or nodes. The bus impedance matrixes are very useful in fault analysis. The bus
impedance matrix can be determined by two methods. In one method we can form the
bus admittance matrix and than taking its inverse to get the bus impedance matrix. In
another method the bus impedance matrix can be directly formed from the reactance
diagram and this method requires the knowledge of the modifications of existing bus
impedance matrix due to addition of new bus or addition of a new line (or impedance)
between existing buses.
PROCEDURE:
1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
2. Create a new M file by selecting File - New M File
3. Type and save the program in the editor Window
4. Execute the program by either pressing Tools Run.
5. View the results.
PROGRAM
%MATLAB program for the formation bus impedance (Zbus) matrix
zprimary=[1 1 0 0.25
2 2 1 0.1
3 3 1 0.1
4 2 0 0.25
5 2 3 0.1 ];
[elements,columns]=size(zprimary);
zbus=[];
currentbusno=0;
for count=1:elements;
[rows,cols]=size(zbus);
Dept. of EEE, SVCE
Page 3
M.Tech, PS
from=zprimary(count,2);
to=zprimary(count,3);
value=zprimary(count,4);
newbus=max(from,to);
ref=min(from,to);
if newbus > currentbusno & ref==0
zbus =[zbus
zeros(rows,1)
zeros(1,cols) value
];
currentbusno=newbus;
continue
end
if newbus >currentbusno & ref~=0;
zbus=[zbus zbus(:,ref)
zbus(ref,:) value+zbus(ref,ref)];
currentbusno=newbus;
continue
end
if newbus <=currentbusno & ref==0;
zbus=zbus-1/(zbus(newbus,newbus)+value)*zbus(:,newbus)*zbus(newbus,:);
continue
end
if newbus <=currentbusno & ref~=0;
zbus=zbus-1/(value+zbus(from,from)+zbus(to,to)2*zbus(from,to))*((zbus(:,from)-zbus(:,to))*((zbus(from,:)-zbus(to,:))))
continue
end
end
OUTPUT
zbus =
0.1397
0.1103
0.1250
0.1103
0.1397
0.1250
0.1250
0.1250
0.1750
RESULT:
Page 4
M.Tech, PS
Date
AIM :
To understand, in particular, the mathematical formulation of power flow model in
complex form and a simple method of solving power flow problems of small sized
system using Gauss-Seidel iterative algorithm
SOFTWARE REQUIRED: MATLAB
THEORY:
The GaussSeidel method is an iterative algorithm for solving a set of non-linear load
flow equations.
The non-linear load flow equation is given by
PROCEDURE:
1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
2. Create a new M file by selecting File - New M File
3. Type and save the program in the editor Window
4. Execute the program by either pressing Tools Run.
5. View the results.
PROGRAM
%matlab programm for loadflow analysis using gauss siedal method
clear
n=4
v=[1.04 1.04 1 1]
Y=[3-9i* -2+6i -1+3i 0
-2+6i 3.666-11i -0.666+2i -1+3i
-1+3i -0.666+2i 3.666-11i -2+6i
0 -1+3i -2+6i 3-9i]
type=ones(n,1)
typechanged=zeros(n,1)
Page 5
M.Tech, PS
qlimitmax=zeros(n,1)
qlimitmin=zeros(n,1)
vmagfixed=zeros(n,1)
type(2)=2
qlimitmax(2)=1.0
qlimitmin(2)=0.2
vmagfixed(2)=1.04
diff=10;noofiter=1
vprev=v;
while(diff>0.00001 | noofiter==1);
abs(v)
abs(vprev)
%pause
vprev=v;
p=[inf 0.5 -1 0.3];
q=[inf 0 0.5 -0.1];
s=[inf+i*inf (0.5-i*0.2) (-1.0+i*0.5) (0.3-i*0.1)];
for i=2:n,
if type(i)==2 | typechanged(i)==1;
if(q(i)>qlimitmax(i)|qlimitmin(i)),
if q(i)<qlimitmin(i),
q(i)=qlimitmin(i);
else
q(i)=qlimitmax(i);
end
type(i)=1;
typechanged(i)=1;
else
type(i)=1;
typechanged(i)=0;
end
end
end
sumyv=0;
for k=1:n,
if(i~=k)
sumyv=sumyv+Y(i,k)*v(k);
end
end
v(i)=(1/Y(i,i)*((p(i)-i*q(i))/conj(v(i))-sumyv));
if type(i)==2 & typechanged(i)~=1,
v(i)=polartorect(vmagfixed(i),angle(v(i)*180/pi));
end
diff=max(abs(abs(v(2:n))-abs(vprev(2:n))));
noofiter=noofiter+1;
end
v;
OUTPUT:
RESULT:
Page 6
M.Tech, PS
AIM :
To determine the power flow analysis using Newton Raphson method
SOFTWARE REQUIRED: MATLAB
THEORY:
The Newton Raphson method of load flow analysis is an iterative method which
approximates the set of non-linear simultaneous equations to a set of linear
simultaneous equations using Taylors series expansion and the terms are limited to first
order approximation.
The load flow equations for Newton Raphson method are non-
PROCEDURE:
1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
2. Create a new M file by selecting File - New M File
3. Type and save the program in the editor Window
4. Execute the program by either pressing Tools Run.
5. View the results.
Page 7
M.Tech, PS
PROGRAM
% MATLAB program for Newton-Raphson method%
V = [1.05; 1.0; 1.04];
d = [0; 0; 0];
Ps=[-4; 2.0];
Qs= -2.5;
YB = [ 20-j*50 -10+j*20 -10+j*30
-10+j*20 26-j*52 -16+j*32
-10+j*30 -16+j*32
26-j*62];
Y= abs(YB); t = angle(YB);
iter=0;
pwracur = 0.00025; % Power accuracy
DC = 10;
% Set the maximum power residual to a high value
while max(abs(DC)) > pwracur
iter = iter +1
P=[V(2)*V(1)*Y(2,1)*cos(t(2,1)-d(2)+d(1))+V(2)^2*Y(2,2)*cos(t(2,2))+ ...
V(2)*V(3)*Y(2,3)*cos(t(2,3)-d(2)+d(3));
V(3)*V(1)*Y(3,1)*cos(t(3,1)-d(3)+d(1))+V(3)^2*Y(3,3)*cos(t(3,3))+ ...
V(3)*V(2)*Y(3,2)*cos(t(3,2)-d(3)+d(2))];
Q= -V(2)*V(1)*Y(2,1)*sin(t(2,1)-d(2)+d(1))-V(2)^2*Y(2,2)*sin(t(2,2))- ...
V(2)*V(3)*Y(2,3)*sin(t(2,3)-d(2)+d(3));
J(1,1)=V(2)*V(1)*Y(2,1)*sin(t(2,1)-d(2)+d(1))+...
V(2)*V(3)*Y(2,3)*sin(t(2,3)-d(2)+d(3));
J(1,2)=-V(2)*V(3)*Y(2,3)*sin(t(2,3)-d(2)+d(3));
J(1,3)=V(1)*Y(2,1)*cos(t(2,1)-d(2)+d(1))+2*V(2)*Y(2,2)*cos(t(2,2))+...
V(3)*Y(2,3)*cos(t(2,3)-d(2)+d(3));
J(2,1)=-V(3)*V(2)*Y(3,2)*sin(t(3,2)-d(3)+d(2));
J(2,2)=V(3)*V(1)*Y(3,1)*sin(t(3,1)-d(3)+d(1))+...
V(3)*V(2)*Y(3,2)*sin(t(3,2)-d(3)+d(2));
J(2,3)=V(3)*Y(2,3)*cos(t(3,2)-d(3)+d(2));
J(3,1)=V(2)*V(1)*Y(2,1)*cos(t(2,1)-d(2)+d(1))+...
V(2)*V(3)*Y(2,3)*cos(t(2,3)-d(2)+d(3));
J(3,2)=-V(2)*V(3)*Y(2,3)*cos(t(2,3)-d(2)+d(3));
J(3,3)=-V(1)*Y(2,1)*sin(t(2,1)-d(2)+d(1))-2*V(2)*Y(2,2)*sin(t(2,2))-...
V(3)*Y(2,3)*sin(t(2,3)-d(2)+d(3));
DP = Ps - P;
DQ = Qs - Q;
DC = [DP; DQ]
J
DX = J\DC
d(2) =d(2)+DX(1);
d(3)=d(3) +DX(2);
V(2)= V(2)+DX(3);
V, d, delta =180/pi*d;
End
P1= V(1)^2*Y(1,1)*cos(t(1,1))+V(1)*V(2)*Y(1,2)*cos(t(1,2)-d(1)+d(2))+...
V(1)*V(3)*Y(1,3)*cos(t(1,3)-d(1)+d(3))
Q1=-V(1)^2*Y(1,1)*sin(t(1,1))-V(1)*V(2)*Y(1,2)*sin(t(1,2)-d(1)+d(2))-...
V(1)*V(3)*Y(1,3)*sin(t(1,3)-d(1)+d(3))
Q3=-V(3)*V(1)*Y(3,1)*sin(t(3,1)-d(3)+d(1))-V(3)*V(2)*Y(3,2)*...
sin(t(3,2)-d(3)+d(2))-V(3)^2*Y(3,3)*sin(t(3,3))
Page 8
M.Tech, PS
OUTPUT
iter = 1
DC =
-2.8600
1.4384
-0.2200
J=
54.2800 -33.2800 24.8600
-33.2800 66.0400 -16.6400
-27.1400 16.6400 49.7200
DX =
-0.0453
-0.0077
-0.0265
V=
1.0500
0.9735
1.0400
d=
0
-0.0453
-0.0077
iter = 2
DC =
-0.0992
0.0217
-0.0509
J=
51.7247 -31.7656 21.3026
-32.9816 65.6564 -15.3791
-28.5386 17.4028 48.1036
DX =
-0.0018
-0.0010
-0.0018
V=
1.0500
0.9717
1.0400
d=
0
-0.0471
-0.0087
Page 9
M.Tech, PS
iter =
DC =
1.0e-003 *
-0.2166
0.0382
-0.1430
J=
51.5967 -31.6939 21.1474
-32.9339 65.5976 -15.3516
-28.5482 17.3969 47.9549
DX =
1.0e-005 *
-0.3856
-0.2386
-0.4412
V=
1.0500
0.9717
1.0400
d=
0
-0.0471
-0.0087
P1 = 2.1842
Q1 = 1.4085
Q3 =
1.4618
RESULT:
Page 10
M.Tech, PS
Date:
AIM:
To become proficient in the usage of software in solving load flow problems using Fast
decoupled load flow method.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED: MATLAB
THEORY:
Load flow study is useful in planning the expansion of power system as well as
determining best operation of the system. The principle obtained from load flow study is
the magnitude and phase angle of the voltage at each bus and real and reactive power
flowing in each line. Load flow analysis may be performed using A.C. network analyzer
and also by digital computer. But now a-days digital computer oriented load flow analysis
is a standard practice. The fast decoupled load flow method is a very fast method of
obtaining load flow solutions.
This method requires less number of arithmetic operations to complete iteration
consequently. This method requires less time per iterations. In N-R method, the
elements ofJacobian are to be computed in each iteration .So the time per iteration is
considerably more in N-R method than in FDLF. The rate of convergence in FDLF method
is slow requiring considerably more number of iterations to obtain a solution than in the
case of N-R method. However accuracy is same in both the cases. In this method both
the speeds as well as the sparsity are exploited.
This is an extension of N-R method formulated in polar co-ordinates with certain
approximation which results into a fast algorithm for load flow solution. In practice,
transmission system operating under steady state possesses strong interdependence
between
active
powers
and
bus
voltages,
angles,
similarly
there
is
strong
Page 11
M.Tech, PS
The equation for power flow are again expressed below for calculating elements of
Jacobian (ie H & L)
Therefore the elements of Jacobian (ie H & L) can be calculated as from the equations
above of power. OFF diagonal element of H is
PROCEDURE:
1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
2. Create a new M file by selecting File - New M File
3. Type and save the program in the editor Window
4. Execute the program by either pressing Tools Run.
5. View the results.
PROGRAM
%MATLAB program for Fast Decoupled Method%
clc;
clear all;
%busdata
%busdata=[Bus No
bus code
Voltage Angle
pd qd pg qg]
busdata=[1 1 1.06 0 0 0 0 0;2 0 1 0 0.5 0.2 0 0;3 0 1 0 0.4 0.3 0 0;4 0 1 0 0.3 0.1 0
0 ;]
%linedata
%linedata=[start bus end bus rxshunt-Y]
linedata=[1 2 2 8 0;1 3 1 4 0;2 3 0.666 2.664 0;2 4 1 4 0;3 4 2 8 0;]
%Guass-Seidal Algorithm
Dept. of EEE, SVCE
Page 12
M.Tech, PS
nl=linedata(:,1);
nr=linedata(:,2);
nbr=length(nl);
nbus=max(max(nl),max(nr));
r=linedata(:,3);%line resistance
x=linedata(:,4);%line resistance
bc=linedata(:,5);
y=complex(r,-x);
epsilon=0.001;
r=epsilon +1;
epsilon;
ybus=zeros(nbus,nbus);
for k=1:nbr
if nl(k)>0 & nr(k)>0
ybus(nl(k),nr(k))=-y(k);
ybus(nr(k),nl(k))=-y(k);
end
end
for n=1:nbus
for k=1:nbr
if nl(k)==n|nr(k)==n
ybus(n,n)=ybus(n,n)+y(k);
else
end
end
end
y;
ybus
p=(busdata(:,7)-busdata(:,5));
q=(busdata(:,8)-busdata(:,6));
s=complex(p,q);
v=busdata(:,3);
void=v;
iter=0;
while(r>=epsilon)
for k=2:nbus
sum=0;
for q=1:nbus
if(q~=k)
sum=sum+(ybus(k,q)*v(q));
else
end
end
sum;
v(k,1)=((conj(s(k,1)/conj(v(k,1)))-sum)/ybus(k,k));
iter+1;
Page 13
M.Tech, PS
p;
v;
end
v
dv=abs(void-v);
r=max(dv);
void=v;
iter=iter+1;
end
for ab=1:nbus
for ba=1:nbus
if(ab~=ba)
ibus(ab,ba)=(v(ab,1)-v(ba,1))*(-ybus(ab,ba));
else
ibus(ab,ba)=0;
end
end
end
ibus
for ab=1:nbus
for ba=1:nbus
if(ab~=ba)
lineflow(ab,ba)=(v(ab)*conj(ibus(ab,ba)));
end
end
end
lineflow
islack=0;
for ab=1:nbus
for ba=1:nbus
if(ab==1)
islack=islack+ibus(1,ba);
else
end
end
end
islack
slackpower=conj(v(1))*(islack)
%powerloss
for ab=1:nbus
for ba=1:nbus
if ba>ab
pw=ibus(ab,ba)*ibus(ab,ba)*(real(1/-ybus(ab,ba)));
else
Page 14
M.Tech, PS
end
end
end
pw
OUTPUT
busdata =
1.0000
2.0000
3.0000
4.0000
1.0000
0
0
0
1.0600
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0
0
0
0
linedata =
1.0000
1.0000
2.0000
2.0000
3.0000
2.0000
3.0000
3.0000
4.0000
4.0000
2.0000
1.0000
0.6660
1.0000
2.0000
8.0000
4.0000
2.6640
4.0000
8.0000
0
0.5000
0.4000
0.3000
0
0
0.2000 0
0.3000 0
0.1000 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
ybus =
3.0000 -12.0000i -2.0000 + 8.0000i -1.0000 + 4.0000i
0
-2.0000 + 8.0000i 3.6660 -14.6640i -0.6660 + 2.6640i -1.0000 + 4.0000i
-1.0000 + 4.0000i -0.6660 + 2.6640i 3.6660 -14.6640i -2.0000 + 8.0000i
0
-1.0000 + 4.0000i -2.0000 + 8.0000i 3.0000 -12.0000i
ibus =
0
0.7581 - 0.2792i
-0.7581 + 0.2792i
0
-0.4902 + 0.2116i -0.0741 + 0.0480i
0
0.1790 + 0.0694i
0.4902 - 0.2116i
0.0741 - 0.0480i
0
-0.1356 - 0.0052i
line flow =
0
-0.7843 - 0.2192i
-0.5029 - 0.1573i
0
0.5196 + 0.2243i
0
0.0783 + 0.0422i 0.1855 + 0.0553i
0
0.1326 - 0.0190i
-0.1320 + 0.0212i
0
0.8035 + 0.2960i
0
0.0776 - 0.0395i
-0.1833 - 0.0466i
0
0.1790 - 0.0694i
0.1356 + 0.0052i
0
RESULT:
Page 15
M.Tech, PS
Date:
AIM:
To become familiar with modelling and analysis of the frequency and tie-line flow
dynamics of a power system without and with load frequency controllers (LFC) and to
design better controllers for getting better responses.
THEORY:
Active power control is one of the important control actions to be perform to be
normal operation of the system to match the system generation with the continuously
changing system load in order to maintain the constancy of system frequency to a fine
tolerance level. This is one of the foremost requirements in proving quality power supply.
A change in system load cases a change in the speed of all rotating masses (Turbine
generator rotor systems) of the system leading to change in system frequency. The
speed change form synchronous speed initiates the governor control (primary control)
action result in the entire participating generator turbine units taking up the change in
load, stabilizing system frequency.
Restoration of frequency to nominal value requires secondary control action which
adjusts the load - reference set points of selected (regulating) generator turbine units.
The primary objectives of automatic generation control (AGC) are to regulate system
frequency to the set nominal value and also to regulate the net interchange of each area
to the scheduled value by adjusting the outputs of the regulating units. This function is
referred to as load frequency control (LFC).
PROCEDURE:
1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
2. Create a new Model by selecting File - New Model
3. Pick up the blocks from the simulink library browser and form a block diagram.
4. After forming the block diagram, save the block diagram.
5. Double click the scope and view the result.
Page 16
M.Tech, PS
OUTPUT
RESULT
Page 17
M.Tech, PS
Date :
AIM:
To become familiar with modelling and analysis of the frequency and tie-line flow
dynamics of a two area power system without and with load frequency controllers (LFC)
and to design better controllers for getting better responses.
THEORY:
Active power control is one of the important control actions to be performing to
be normal operation of the system to match the system generation with the continuously
changing system load in order to maintain the constancy of system frequency to a fine
tolerance level. This is one of the foremost requirements in proving quality power supply.
A change in system load cases a change in the speed of all rotating masses (Turbine
generator rotor systems) of the system leading to change in system frequency. The
speed change form synchronous speed initiates the governor control (primary control)
action result in the entire participating generator turbine units taking up the change in
load, stabilizing system frequency.
Restoration of frequency to nominal value requires secondary control action which
adjusts the load reference set points of selected (regulating) generator turbine units.
The primary objectives of automatic generation control (AGC) are to regulate system
frequency to the set nominal value and also to regulate the net interchange of each area
to the scheduled value by adjusting the outputs of the regulating units. This function is
referred to as load frequency control (LFC).
PROCEDURE:
1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
2. Create a new model by selecting File New Model
3. Pick up the blocks from the simulink library browser and form a block diagram.
4. After forming the block diagram, save the block diagram.
5. Double click the scope and view the result.
Page 18
M.Tech, PS
OUTPUT
RESULT
Page 19
M.Tech, PS
Date:
AIM:
To obtain automatic generation control using Matlab
THEORY:
If a load on the system is increased thr turbine speed drops before the governor
can adjust the input of the steam to a new load. As the value of speed diminishes, error
signal becomes smaller and position of fly ball governor gets closer to point required to
maintain a constant speed. However the speed will not be set to a constant point. One
way to restore speed or frequency to its nominal value is by use of integrator. This unit
monitors the average error over a period of time and because of its ability to return a
system to its set point, the integral action is also known as rest action.
Thus
as
system
load
changes
continuously
the
generation
is
adjusted
automatically to restore the frequency to its nominal value. This is known as generation
control.
The main role of AGC is an interconnected system is to divide the loads among
system stations and generators to achieve maximum economy besides maintaining
uniform frequency
SIMULINK BLOCK DIAGRAM:
Page 20
M.Tech, PS
OUTPUT
RESULT:
Page 21
M.Tech, PS
Date:
When a power system is under steady state, the load plus transmission loss
equals to the generation in the system. The generating units run at synchronous speed
and system frequency, voltage, current and power flows are steady. When a large
disturbance such as three phase fault, loss of load, loss of generation etc., occurs the
power balance is upset and the generating units rotors experience either acceleration or
deceleration. The system may come back to a steady state condition maintaining
synchronism or it may break into subsystems or one or more machines may pull out of
synchronism. In the former case the system is said to be stable and in the later case it is
said to be unstable.
Small Signal Stability:
When a power system is under steady state, normal operating condition, the
system may be subjected to small disturbances such as variation in load and generation,
change in field voltage, change in mechanical toque etc., the nature of system response
to small disturbance depends on the operating conditions, the transmission system
strength, types of controllers etc. Instability that may result from small disturbance may
be of two forms,(i) Steady increase in rotor angle due to lack of synchronizing torque.(ii)
Rotor oscillations of increasing magnitude due to lack of sufficient damping torque.
PROGRAM
%
Point by Point Solution of Swing Equation
%
*******************$$********************
% |||Swing equation being a non linear equation, numerical methods are use to
% solve it. Point by Point method is one of the classical solution to solve
% swing equation|||
%
Dept. of EEE, SVCE
Page 22
M.Tech, PS
Page 23
M.Tech, PS
if i == 1
d2(i) = d1*Pa(i);
del(i) = delo;
else
cdel(i) = cdel(i-1)+d2(i-1);
del(i) = del(i-1)+cdel(i);
Pe(i) = 1.05*sind(del(i));
Pa(i) = 1 - Pe(i);
d2(i) = d1*Pa(i);
end
end
%% swing curve 1 plot
figure (2);
plot(t1,del);
set(gca,'Xtick',0:0.05:0.5);
set(gca,'XtickLabel',
{'0','0.05','0.10','0.15','0.20','0.25','0.30','0.35','0.40','0.45','0.50'});
title('Swing Curve');
xlabel('seconds');
ylabel('degrees');
text(0.30,150,' Sustained fault','HorizontalAlignment','right');
text(0.001,130,' load angle increases with time -- Unstable
state','HorizontalAlignment','left');
%% (b) Fault cleared in 0.10 seconds ,2nd step ---- 3rd element [1]0 [2]0.05,[3]0.10
Pafo = (1 - (1.05*sind(delo)))/2;
% at the instant of fault del1 = delo
Paf(1) = Pao;
cdelf(1) = 0;
d1f = t^2/M;
for i = 1:2
if i == 1
d2f(i) = d1*Pa(i);
delf(i) = delo;
else
cdelf(i) = cdelf(i-1)+d2f(i-1);
delf(i) = delf(i-1)+cdelf(i);
Pef(i) = 1.05*sind(delf(i));
Paf(i) = 1 - Pef(i);
d2f(i) = d1*Paf(i);
end
end
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M.Tech, PS
When a power system is under steady state, the load plus transmission loss
equals to the generation in the system. The generating units run a synchronous speed
and system frequency, voltage, current and power flows are steady. When a large
disturbance such as three phase fault, loss of load, loss of generation etc., occurs the
power balance is upset and the generating units rotors experience either acceleration or
deceleration. The system may come back to a steady state condition maintaining
synchronism or it may break into subsystems or one or more machines may pull out of
synchronism. In the former case the system is said to be stable and in the later case it is
said to be unstable.
Small Signal Stability:
When a power system is under steady state, normal operating condition, the system
may be subjected to small disturbances such as variation in load and generation, change
in field voltage, change in mechanical toque etc., the nature of system response to small
disturbance depends on the operating conditions, the transmission system strength,
types of controllers etc. Instability that may result from small disturbance may be of two
forms,
(i)
Steady increase in rotor angle due to lack of synchronizing torque.
(ii)
Rotor oscillations of increasing magnitude due to lack of sufficient damping
torque.
PROCEDURE:
1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
2. Create a new M file by selecting File - New M File
3. Type and save the program.
4. Execute the program by either pressing Tools Run
5. View the results.
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M.Tech, PS
ALGORITHM:
PROGRAM
%transient small signal stability%
%clc
%clear all
E=1.35;
V=1.0;
H=9.94;
X=0.65;
Pm=0.6;
D=0.138;
fo=60;
Pmax=E*V/X;
do=(asin(Pm/Pmax));
Ps=Pmax*cos(do);
Wn=sqrt(3.14*60/(H*Ps));
Z=D/2*sqrt(3.14*60/(H*Ps));
Wd=Wn*sqrt(1-Z^2);
fd=Wd/(2*3.14);
tan=1/(Z*Wn);
th=acos(Z);
Ddo=10*3.14/180;
t=0:0.01:3;
Dd=Ddo/sqrt(1-Z^2)*exp(-Z*Wn*t).*sin(Wd*t+th);
d=(do+Dd)*(180/3.14);
Dw=Wn*Ddo/sqrt(1-Z^2)*exp(-Z*Wn*t).*sin(Wd*t);
f=fo+Dw/(2*3.14);
subplot(2,1,1)
plot(t,d);
grid
title('variation of rotor angle')
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M.Tech, PS
xlabel('tsec')
ylabel('delta degree')
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(t,f)
grid
xlabel('tsec')
ylabel('frequency as hertz')
title('variation of generator frequency')
OUTPUT:
RESULT:
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M.Tech, PS
11
Date:
PROBLEM:
The fuel cost functions for three thermal plants is $/h are given by,
C1 = 500 + 5.3P1 + 0.004P12
C2 = 400 + 5.5P2 + 0.006P22
C3 = 200 + 5.8P3 + 0.009P32
where P1,P2 and P3 are in MW. The total load PD is 800MW. Neglecting line losses and
generator limits, find the optimal dispatch and the total cost in $/h.
AIM:
.(1)
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M.Tech, PS
N
= PGi PD = 0
i=1
..(2)
..(3)
....(6)
.(7)
..(8)
; i = 1,2, ........ N
(9)
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M.Tech, PS
i=1,2.........N
.(10)
(11)
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M.Tech, PS
PROGRAM
clc
clear all
disp=('input data')
alpha=input('enter the alpha value in cost function: ')
beta=input('enter the beta value in cost function:')
Pd=input('enter the total load in mw:')
gamma=input('enter the gamma value in cost function:')
delp=10;
lamda=input('enter the estimated value of lamda:')
disp=('output')
disp=(['lamda p1 p2 p3 grad del lamda'])
iter=0;
while abs(delp)>=0.001
iter=iter+1;
p=((lamda-beta)./(2*gamma)); delp=Pd-sum(p);
j=sum(ones(length(gamma),1)./(2*gamma));
dellamda=delp/j;
disp=([lamda,p(1),p(2),p(3),delp,j,dellamda])
lamda=lamda+dellamda;
end
totalcost=sum(alpha+beta.*p+gamma.*p.^2)
OUTPUT:
disp =
input data
enter the alpha value in cost function: [500;400;200]
alpha =
500
400
200
enter the beta value in cost function:[5.3;5.5;5.8]
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M.Tech, PS
beta =
5.3000
5.5000
5.8000
enter the total load in mw:800
Pd =
800
disp =
output
disp =
lamda p1 p2 p3 grad del lamda
disp =
5.0000 -37.5000 -41.6667 -44.4444 923.6111 263.8889
3.5000
disp =
8.5000 400.0000 250.0000 150.0000
0 263.8889
totalcost =
6.6825e+003
>>
RESULT:
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