Factors Influencing Child

Development
factors that influence the child development
varies
can be mainly divided into two main factors
which is nature and nurture factors.
Nature factors are factors that carried by the
individual from conception to birth.
Nurture factors are factors that affect the
individual from after birth often regarding with
the environment.
Video : http://www.diffen.com/difference/nature
vsnurture

Nature factor
Genetic:
half inherited by the mother and the father in the form
of gene.
This gene is a segment of DNA that actually controls the
physical, mental and many attributes in the body. The
height, type of hair or color, skin color, blood groups are
actually being control by the DNA.
Can do nothing about gene to change it especially the
internal factors such as blood group and also inherited
diseases.
Gene also affects the character and mental intelligence
or IQ of an individual (Whitaker et al, 1997).

Nature factor
If the parents are temperament it is said that the
child might also inherited it and so the IQ. However
to those parents who have mental disability or when
there are mutation occurs during the multiplication
of gene or cross of gene during the fertilization of
egg and sperm might causes mental disability.
Mental disability is an abnormal condition that
causes significant distress or dysfunction that can
involve with cognitive, emotional, behavioral and
interpersonal impairment. Example is Down
Syndrome.

Nurture Factor
Mothers health
What a mother does during
pregnancy can affect the growth of
the baby overall. So a mother should
take care of herself well by having a
well balanced diet, going for medical
check-up according to the doctors
schedule, exercise regularly and
taking care of personal hygiene

Nurture Factor
Teratogens
The forth factors are teratogens which
refer to any agent that interferes with
normal embryonic development:alcohol or
X-rays or rubella are examples. These
teratogens can actually cause
abnormalities to the baby because they
affect the preventing or modifying normal
cell division and differentiation of the
baby.

Nurture Factor

Rh blood factor
Rh a type of protein in the blood that contributes to the
existence of Rh positive and Rh negative in the blood type.
It doesnt contribute much trouble if both the parent of the
child belongs to the same type of Rh either both positive or
negative. But when it happens that both parent have
different Rh blood factor the problem happens. As an
example mother with Rh positive carries a baby that is Rh
negative due to the heredity from the father. The difference
of blood type causing the mothers body antibody system
recognizes the babys blood as foreign material or bacteria
that trigger the formation of antibody against childs blood.
This doesnt bother the first born as the antibody of the
mother isnt that strong but if the second born is with Rh
negative the child might causes miscarriage or anemia as
the mothers body reject the babys blood.

Nurture Factor
Emotional stress
What ever the mother feels will bring
the effects.
When a pregnant mother is often
stressed the baby will have a
shortage of oxygen and nutrient
supply. Somehow this will implement
to the prematurely and low birth
weight.

Nurture Factor
Maternal age
According to Dessner, 1973 there is a relation
between the risks of fetuss death with the
mothers age. It is said that teenage mother having
a higher risk of miscarriage than the early twenties
mothers due to the condition of the womb is said
that have not been perfected for the carriage of the
baby.
Women older than the age of 35 to have first born
will have a higher probability to experience
chromosome abnormality. One of the good
examples is down syndrome

Nurture Factor
Childs Nutrition and Fitness
the mothers milk is the best. Comprising
all nutrients and supply antibodies needed
by babies
When the baby is getting older enough
protein and calcium is needed to make sure
the child will grow up healthy with strong
bones and teeth. Of course balance meal is
required too. Correct food amount helps
child to grow in the correct rate and size.

Nurture Factor
Family
Parents choice for suitable parenting method is
significant in molding up a childs character.
(Developmental Psychology, 1998)
Autocratic is a method where the parent decides
everything for the child and the child must follow
strictly.
Democratic method is the opposite of autocratic
where the child is given the freedom to whatever
they want. Child is said to be feel neglected and not
having the enough attention or love by the parent
and lower self esteem.

Nurture Factor
authoritative method a combination
of both is born. The child is given
freedom but with limitation. The child
can have the freedom to test out
their ideas and have a better
communication but when the child
fails the parent is there to support.
Using this method it is said the child
will be independent, assertive,
friendly, cooperative, high self

Nurture Factor
Peer
Peer is also a place where the child can safety
test out their idea. There is also a higher tendency
that child find that peer is a more comfortable
group to play with. To play in a group there is
something such as rules and regulations that need
to be learned and obey so that the child will be
accepted. This is where the influence of the peer
where the child will try to gain acceptance and will
act according to the group. At the same time they
also learn to respect others right as they learned
to socialize.

Nurture Factor
School
Providing the knowledge required for the
child
the school also prepared as a socializing
medium for the students. Here the student will
get the exposure with adults and also friends
where the socialization between these two
parties will enable the child to learn the norm.
School rules and regulation enable to discipline
the student.

 House and Neighborhood

The environment of the house can be
decorated in some ways that motivate the
childs interest in learning and culture.
Appropriate decorated room with studying
table and shelf of books provide a
comfortable environment to study.
It is said that children living in urban area
are more individualistic compared with
children from rural area

 Mass media
able to affect the cognitive development
of child. One study found that TV viewing
before age three slightly hurt several
measures of later cognitive development,
but that between ages three and five it
slightly helped reading scores
(Zimmerman FJ,2005).
media violence can contribute to
aggressive behavior,

 Religion
Religion varies in the world and the
four main religions in the world are
Christian, Hinduism, Buddism and
Islam. But behind all the religion their
teachings are all based on good
values that all human beings should
have in the life and immoral act
should be avoided in all cases.

Conclusion
both nature and nurture play a very important
role in childs development.
Overall the nature factors always come from the
genetic factors, genetic compatibility and also
the mothers overall condition
Children learn through interaction with the
surrounding. From interaction they gain
experience that helps them to mould their own
understanding of the world around them based
on their own point of view.

Nature factor
One way to determine the contribution of genes and environment to a trait is tostudy twins. In one kind of study, identical twins reared apart
are compared to randomly selected pairs of people. The twins share identical genes, but different family environments. In another kind of twin
study, identical twins reared together (who share family environment and genes) are compared to fraternal twins reared together (who also
share family environment but only share half their genes). Another condition that permits the disassociation of genes and environment is
adoption. In one kind of adoption study, biological siblings reared together (who share the same family environment and half their genes) are
compared to adoptive siblings (who share their family environment but none of their genes).
In many cases, it has been found that genes make a substantial contribution, including psychological traits such as intelligence and personality.
[17]Yet heritability may differ in other circumstances, for instance environmental deprivation. [18]Examples of low, medium, and high heritability
traits include:
Low heritabilityMedium heritabilityHigh heritabilitySpecific languageWeightBlood typeSpecific religionReligiosityEye colorTwin and adoption
studies have their methodological limits. For example, both are limited to the range of environments and genes which they sample. Almost all
of these studies are conducted in Western, first-world countries, and therefore cannot be extrapolated globally to include poorer, non-western
populations. Additionally, both types of studies depend on particular assumptions, such as theequal environments assumptionin the case of
twin studies, and the lack of pre-adoptive effects in the case of adoption studies.
[edit]Interaction of genes and environment
Heritability refers to the origins of differences between people. Individual development, even of highly heritable traits, such as eye color,
depends on a range of environmental factors, from the other genes in the organism, to physical variables such as temperature, oxygen levels
etc. during its development or ontogenesis.
The variability of trait can be meaningfully spoken of as being due in certain proportions to genetic differences ("nature"), or environments
("nurture"). For highlypenetrantMendeliangenetic disorders such asHuntington's diseasevirtually all the incidence of the disease is due to
genetic differences. Huntington's animal models live much longer or shorter lives depending on how they are cared for [citation needed].
At the other extreme, traits such asnative languageare environmentally determined: linguists have found that any child (if capable of learning
a language at all) can learn any human language with equal facility [citation needed]. With virtually all biological and psychological traits, however,
genes and environment work in concert, communicating back and forth to create the individual.
At a molecular level, genes interact with signals from other genes and from the environment. While there are many thousands of single-genelocus traits, so-called complex traits are due to the additive effects of many (often hundreds) of small gene effects. A good example of this is
height, where variance appears to be spread across many hundreds of loci. [19]
Extreme genetic or environmental conditions can predominate in rare circumstancesif a child is born mute due to a genetic mutation, it will
not learn to speak any language regardless of the environment; similarly, someone who is practically certain to eventually develop
Huntington's disease according to their genotype may die in an unrelated accident (an environmental event) long before the disease will
manifest itself.