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This article is about the placental family. For the koala 1 Etymology
and extinct bear-like marsupials, see Phascolarctidae.
Ursine redirects here. For the village, see Ursine, The English word bear comes from Old English bera
Nevada. For other uses, see Bear (disambiguation).
and belongs to a family of names for the bear in
Germanic languages that originate from an adjective
[3]
Bears are mammals of the family Ursidae. Bears meaning brown. In Scandinavia, the word for bear is
are classied as caniforms, or doglike carnivorans, with bjrn (or bjrn), and is a relatively common given name
the pinnipeds being their closest living relatives. Al- for males. The use of this name is ancient and has been
[4]
though only eight species of bears are extant, they are found mentioned in several runestone inscriptions.
widespread, appearing in a wide variety of habitats The reconstructed Proto-Indo-European name of the
throughout the Northern Hemisphere and partially in the bear is *htos, whence Sanskrit ka, Avestan ara,
Southern Hemisphere. Bears are found on the continents Greek (arktos), Latin ursus, Welsh arth (whence
of North America, South America, Europe, and Asia.
perhaps "Arthur"), Albanian ari, Armenian (arj).
Also compared is Hittite artagga-, the name of a monster or predator.[3] In the binomial name of the brown
bear, Ursus arctos, Linnaeus simply combined the Latin
and Greek names.
With the exception of courting individuals and mothers with their young, bears are typically solitary animals.
They are generally diurnal, but may be active during the
night (nocturnal) or twilight (crepuscular), particularly
around humans. Bears possess an excellent sense of smell
and, despite their heavy build and awkward gait, are adept
runners, climbers, and swimmers. In autumn, some bear
species forage large amounts of fermented fruits, which
aects their behavior.[1] Bears use shelters, such as caves 2 Evolutionary history
and burrows, as their dens; most species occupy their dens
during the winter for a long period (up to 100 days) of
The family Ursidae is one of nine families in the subsleep similar to hibernation.[2]
order Caniformia, or doglike carnivores, within the
Bears have been hunted since prehistoric times for their order Carnivora. Bears closest living relatives are the
meat and fur. With their tremendous physical presence pinnipeds, canids, and musteloids.[6]
and charisma, they play a prominent role in the arts,
The following synapomorphic (derived) traits set bears
mythology, and other cultural aspects of various human
apart from related families:
societies. In modern times, the bears existence has been
pressured through the encroachment on their habitats and
presence of an alisphenoid canal
the illegal trade of bears and bear parts, including the
Asian bile bear market. The IUCN lists six bear species as
paroccipital processes that are large and not fused to
vulnerable or endangered, and even least concern species,
the auditory bullae
such as the brown bear, are at risk of extirpation in certain
countries. The poaching and international trade of these
auditory bullae are not enlarged
most threatened populations are prohibited, but still ongoing.
lacrimal bone is vestigial
cheek teeth are bunodont and hence indicative of
a broad, hypocarnivorous (not strictly meat-eating)
diet (although hypercarnivorous (strictly meateating) taxa are known from the fossil record)[7]
1
2 EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
carnassials are attened
all living bears. Species of Ursavus subsequently entered North America, together with Amphicynodon and
Additionally, members of this family possess posteriorly Cephalogale, during the early Miocene (2118 Mya).
oriented M2 postprotocrista molars, elongated m2 mo- Members of the living lineages of bears diverged from
lars, and a reduction of the premolars.
Ursavus between 15 and 20 Mya ago,[10][11] likely via the
Modern bears comprise eight species in three subfam- species Ursavus elmensis. Based on genetic and morphoilies: Ailuropodinae (monotypic with the giant panda), logical data, the Ailuropodinae (pandas) were the rst to
Tremarctinae (monotypic with the spectacled bear), and diverge from other living bears about 19 Mya ago, alof this group have been found before
Ursinae (containing six species divided into one to three though no fossils
[12]
about
5
Mya.
genera, depending on the authority).
2.1
Fossil bears
The New World short-faced bears (Tremarctinae) differentiated from Ursinae following a dispersal event
into North America during the mid-Miocene (about 13
Mya).[12] They invaded South America (~1 Ma) following formation of the Isthmus of Panama.[13] Their earliest fossil representative is Plionarctos in North America (~ 102 Ma). This genus is probably the direct ancestor to the North American short-faced bears (genus
Arctodus), the South American short-faced bears (Arctotherium), and the spectacled bears, Tremarctos, represented by both an extinct North American species (T.
oridanus), and the lone surviving representative of the
Tremarctinae, the South American spectacled bear (T.
ornatus).
The subfamily Ursinae experienced a dramatic proliferation of taxa about 5.34.5 Mya ago, coincident with major environmental changes; with the rst members of the
genus Ursus also appearing around this time.[12] The sloth
bear is a modern survivor of one of the earliest lineages
to diverge during this radiation event (5.3 Mya); it took
on its peculiar morphology, related to its diet of termites
and ants, no later than by the early Pleistocene. By 34
Mya ago, the species Ursus minimus appears in the fossil
record of Europe; apart from its size, it was nearly identical to todays Asiatic black bear. It is likely ancestral
to all bears within Ursinae, perhaps aside from the sloth
bear. Two lineages evolved from U. minimus: the black
bears (including the sun bear, the Asiatic black bear, and
the American black bear); and the brown bears (which includes the polar bear). Modern brown bears evolved from
3
U. minimus via Ursus etruscus, which itself is ancestral to
both the extinct Pleistocene cave bear and todays brown
and polar bears. Species of Ursinae have migrated repeatedly into North America from Eurasia as early as 4
Mya during the early Pliocene.[14]
The fossil record of bears is exceptionally good. Direct ancestor-descendent relationships between individual species are often fairly well established, with sucient
intermediate forms known to make the precise cut-o between an ancestral and its daughter species subjective.[15]
Other extinct bear genera include Agriarctos, Indarctos, and Agriotherium (sometimes placed within
hemicyonids).
2.2
Classication
Ailurarctos lufengensis
Ailurarctos yuanmouenensis
Ailuropoda (pandas)
Ailuropoda baconi
Ailuropoda fovealis
CLASSIFICATION
Plionarctos harroldorum
Tremarctos (spectacled bears)
Tremarctos ornatus spectacled
bear
Tremarctos oridanus Florida
spectacled bear
Arctodus
Arctodus simus giant short-faced
bear
Arctodus pristinus
Arctotherium
Arctotherium angustidens
Arctotherium bonariense
Arctotherium brasilense
Arctotherium latidens
Arctotherium tarijense
Arctotherium vetustum
Arctotherium wingei
Subfamily Ursinae
Ursavus
Ursavus brevirhinus
Ursavus depereti
Ursavus elmensis
Ursavus pawniensis
Ursavus primaevus
Ursavus tedfordi
Indarctos
Indarctos anthraciti
Indarctos arctoides
Indarctos atticus
Indarctos nevadensis
Indarctos oregonensis
Syrian brown bears (Ursus arctos syriacus)
Indarctos salmontanus
Indarctos vireti
Helarctos
Indarctos zdanskyi
Helarctos malayanus sun bear
Agriotherium
Helarctos malayanus malayanus
Agriotherium inexpetans
Helarctos malayanus euryspilus;
Agriotherium schneideri
Borneo sun bear
Agriotherium sivalensis
Ursus
Melursus
Ursus rossicus
Melursus ursinus sloth bear
Ursus sackdillingensis
Melursus ursinus inornatus; Sri
Ursus minimus
Lankan sloth bear
Melursus ursinus ursinus; Indian
Ursus thibetanus Asian black
sloth bear
bear
4 BIOLOGY
Ursus thibetanus formosanus; Formosan black bear
Ursus thibetanus gedrosianus
Ursus
thibetanus
japonicus;
Japanese black bear
Ursus thibetanus laniger
Ursus thibetanus mupinensis
Ursus thibetanus thibetanus
Ursus
thibetanus
ussuricus;
Manchurian black bear or Ussuri black bear
Ursus abstrusus
Ursus americanus American
black bear
Ursus americanus altifrontalis,
Olympic black bear
Ursus americanus amblyceps, New
Mexico black bear
Ursus americanus americanus, eastern black bear
Ursus americanus californiensis,
California black bear
Ursus americanus carlottae, Haida
Gwaii black bear or Queen Charlotte black bear
Ursus americanus cinnamomum,
cinnamon bear
Ursus americanus emmonsii, glacier
bear
Ursus americanus eremicus, Mexican black bear
Ursus americanus oridanus,
Florida black bear
Ursus americanus hamiltoni, Newfoundland black bear
Ursus americanus kermodei, Kermode bear or spirit bear
Ursus
americanus
luteolus,
Louisiana black bear
Ursus americanus machetes, West
Mexico black bear
Ursus americanus perniger, Kenai
black bear
Ursus americanus pugnax, Dall
black bear
Ursus americanus vancouveri, Vancouver Island black bear
Ursus etruscus
Ursus arctos brown bear
Ursus arctos arctos; Eurasian brown
bear
Ursus arctos alascensis
Ursus arctos beringianus; Kamchatka brown bear or Far Eastern
brown bear
4 Biology
4.1 Morphology
Bears are generally bulky and robust animals with relatively short legs. They are sexually dimorphic with regard to size, with the males being larger.[24][25] Larger
4.2
7
Guinness Book of World Records.[26] The smallest bears
are the sun bears of Asia, which weigh an average of 65
kg (143 lb) for the males and 45 kg (99 lb) for the females,
though the smallest mature females can weigh only 20 kg
(44 lb).[27][28] All medium"-sized bear species (which include the other ve extant species) are around the same
average weight, with males averaging around 100 to 120
kg (220 to 260 lb) and females averaging around 60 to
85 kg (132 to 187 lb), although it is not uncommon for
male American black bears to considerably exceed average weights.[29] Head-and-body length can range from
120 cm (47 in) in sun bears to 300 cm (120 in) in large
polar and brown bears and shoulder height can range from
60 cm (24 in) to over 160 cm (63 in) in the same species,
respectively. The tails of bears are often considered a
vestigial feature and can range from 3 to 22 cm (1.2 to
8.7 in).[28][29]
Unlike most other land carnivorans, bears are plantigrade.
They distribute their weight toward the hind feet, which
makes them look lumbering when they walk. They are
still quite fast, with the brown bear reaching 48 km/h
(30 mph), although they are still slower than felines and
canines. Bears can stand on their hind feet and sit up
straight with remarkable balance. Bears nonretractable
claws are used for digging, climbing, tearing, and catching prey. Their ears are rounded.
Bears have an excellent sense of smell, better than the
dogs (Canidae), or possibly any other mammal. This
sense of smell is used for signalling between bears (either
to warn o rivals or detect mates) and for nding food.
Smell is the principal sense used by bears to nd most of
their food.[27]
4.1.1 Dentition
species tend to show increased levels of sexual dimorphism in comparison to smaller species,[25] and where
a species varies in size across its distribution, individuals from larger-sized areas tend also to vary more. Bears
include the most massive terrestrial members of the order Carnivora. Some exceptional polar bears and Kodiak
bears (a brown bear subspecies) have been weighed at
1,002 kg (2,209 lb) and 751 kg (1,656 lb).[26] As to
which species is the largest depends on whether the assessment is based on which species has the largest individuals (brown bears) or on the largest average size (polar bears), as some races of brown bears are much smaller
than polar bears. Adult male Kodiak bears average 480 to
533 kg (1,058 to 1,175 lb) compared to an average of 386
to 408 kg (851 to 899 lb) in adult male polar bears, per the
4 BIOLOGY
(Tremarctos ornatus); native to South America it inhabits the Andean region. The Atlas bear, a subspecies of
the brown bear, was the only bear native to Africa. It
was distributed in North Africa from Morocco to Libya,
but has been extinct since around the 1870s. The most
widespread species is the brown bear, which occurs from
Western Europe eastwards through Asia to the western
areas of North America. The American black bear is restricted to North America, and the polar bear is restricted
to the Arctic Sea. All the remaining species are Asian.[27]
With the exception of the polar bear, bears are mostly
forest species. Some species, particularly the brown bear,
may inhabit or seasonally use other areas, such as alpine Asian black bear feeding on berries
scrub or tundra.
4.3
Behaviour
4.4
Vocalizations
will climb trees to obtain mast (edible vegetative or reproductive parts, such as acorns); smaller species that are
Bears produce a variety of vocalizations such as:
more able to climb include a greater amount of this in
their diets.[32] Such masts can be very important to the di Moaning, produced mostly as mild warnings to po- ets of these species, and mast failures may result in longtential threats or in fear,
range movements by bears looking for alternative food
[33]
There are two signicant exceptions to this
Barking, produced during times of alarm, excite- sources.
however:
ment or to give away the animals position.
Hung, made during courtship or between mother
and cubs to warn of danger.
Growling, produced as strong warnings to potential
threats or in anger.
4.7
Hibernation
may not rear young until they are four or even nine years
old. First breeding may be even later in males, where
competition for mates may leave younger males without
access to females.[27]
The bears courtship period is very brief. Bears in northern climates reproduce seasonally, usually after a period of inactivity similar to hibernation, although tropical species breed all year round. Cubs are born toothless, blind, and bald. The cubs of brown bears, usually
born in litters of one to three, will typically stay with the
mother for two full seasons. They feed on their mothers
milk through the duration of their relationship with their
mother, although as the cubs continue to grow, nursing
becomes less frequent and cubs learn to begin hunting
with the mother. They will remain with the mother for
about three years, until she enters the next cycle of estrus
and drives the cubs o. Bears will reach sexual maturity
in ve to seven years. Male bears, especially polar and
brown bears, will kill and sometimes devour cubs born to
another father to induce a female to breed again. Female
bears are often successful in driving o males in protection of their cubs, despite being rather smaller.
Hibernation
4.6
Breeding
variable, both between and within species. Sexual maturity is dependent on body condition, which is in turn
dependent upon the food supply available to the growing individual. The females of smaller species may have
young in as little as two years, whereas the larger species
10
6 CULTURE
Wojtek the bear with a Polish soldier: during the Battle of Monte
Cassino, Wojtek helped move ammunition.
6 Culture
bear, grizzly bear, sloth bear, and brown bear, are dangerous to humans, especially in areas where they have
become used to people. All bears are physically powerful and are likely capable of fatally attacking a person,
but they, for the most part, are shy, are easily frightened
and will avoid humans. Injuries caused by bears are rare,
but are often widely reported.[49] The danger that bears
6.1 Names
The female rst name Ursula, originally derived
from a Christian saint's name and common in Englishand German-speaking countries, means little she-bear
(diminutive of Latin ursa). In Switzerland, the male rst
name Urs is especially popular, while the name of the
6.2
11
man society.
In Russian and other Slavic languages, the word for bear, Legends of saints taming bears are common in the Alpine
medved (), and variants or derivatives, such as zone. In the arms of the bishopric of Freising, the bear
Medvedev, are common surnames.
is the dangerous totem animal tamed by St. Corbinian
and made to carry his civilised baggage over the mounThe Irish family name McMahon means Son of Bear
tains. A bear also features prominently in the legend of
in Irish.
St. Romedius, who is also said to have tamed one of these
In East European Jewish communities, the name Ber animals and had the same bear carry him from his her()Yiddish cognate of Bearhas been attested as mitage in the mountains to the city of Trento.
a common male rst name, at least since the 18th century,
and was, among others, the name of several prominent Similar stories are told of Saint Gall and Saint Columrabbis. The Yiddish Ber is still in use among Orthodox banus.
Jewish communities in Israel, the US, and other coun- This recurrent motif was used by the Church as a symbol
tries. With the transition from Yiddish to Hebrew under of the victory of Christianity over paganism.[60] In the
the inuence of Zionism, the Hebrew word for bear, Norse settlements of northern England during the 10th
dov (), was taken up in contemporary Israel and is at century, a type of hogback grave cover of a long narrow
present among the commonly used male rst names in block of stone, with a shaped apex like the roof beam of a
long house, is carved with a muzzled, thus Christianised,
that country.
bear clasping each gable end. Though the best collec"Ten Bears" (Paruasemana) was the name of a wellthese is in the church at Brompton, North Yorkknown 19th-century chieftain among the Comanche. tion of
shire,[61] their distribution ranges across northern EngAlso among other Native American tribes, bear-related
land and southern Scotland, with a scattered few in the
names are attested.
north Midlands and single survivals in Wales, Cornwall,
and Ireland; a late group is found in the Orkney Islands.
Bears are a popular feature of many childrens stories, including Goldilocks and "The Story of the Three Bears",
For bears in mythology, see Jean de l'Ours, Arcturus, the Berenstain Bears, and Winnie the Pooh.
Ursa Major, Berserker, and Kalevala.
En uheldig bjrnejakt (An Unfortunate Bear Hunt)
by Theodor Kittelsen.
There is evidence of prehistoric bear worship. Anthropologists such as Joseph Campbell have regarded this as
Onikuma from Ehon Hyaku Monogatari
a common feature in most of the shing and hunting According to his hagiography, a bear killed Saint
tribes. The prehistoric Finns, along with most Siberian
Corbinian's pack horse on the way to Rome, so the
peoples, considered the bear as the spirit of ones foresaint commanded it to carry his load. Once he arfathers. This is why the bear (karhu) was a greatly rerived in Rome, however, he let the bear go.
spected animal, with several euphemistic names (such as
otso, mesikmmen, and kontio). The bear is the national
The saddled bear of St. Corbinian" the emblem
animal of Finland.
of Freising, here incorporated in the arms of Pope
Benedict XVI
This kind of attitude is reected in the traditional Russian
fairy tale "Morozko", whose arrogant protagonist Ivan
Coat of Arms of the Abbey of Saint Gall
tries to kill a mother bear and her cubsand is punished
The Three Bears, Arthur Rackham's illustration to
and humbled by having his own head turned magically
English Fairy Tales, by
into a bears head and being subsequently shunned by hu-
6.2
12
6.3
6 CULTURE
Symbolic use
The British Lion, the Persian Cat and the Russian Bear (see The
Great Game)
The physical attributes and behaviours of bears are commonly used in gures of speech in English.
In the stock market, a bear market is a period of
declining prices. Pessimistic forecasting or negative
activity is said to be bearish (due to the stereotypical
posture of bears looking downwards), and one who
expresses bearish sentiment is a bear. Its opposite is
a bull market, and bullish sentiment from bulls.
In gay slang, the term "bear" refers to male individuals who possess physical attributes much like a bear,
such as a heavy build, abundant body hair, and commonly facial hair.
Also, bear, "bruin", or specic types of bears are popular nicknames or mascots, for example, for sports teams
A bear hug is typically a tight hug that involves wrapping ones arms around another person, often leav-
13
ing that persons arms immobile.
Bear tracking in the old Western states of the U.S.
and, to this day, in the former Dakota Territory, the
expression you ain't just a bear trackin'" is used to
mean you ain't lying or thats for sure. This expression evolved as an outgrowth of the experience
pioneer hunters and mountainmen had when tracking bear. Bears often lay down false tracks and are
notorious for doubling back on anything tracking
them. If you are not following bear tracks, you are
not following false trails or leads in your thoughts,
words or deeds.
In Korean culture, a person is referred to as being
like a bear when they are stubborn or not sensitive to what is happening around their surroundings.
Used as a phrase to call a person stubborn bear.
The Bible compares King David's bitter warriors,
who ght with such fury that they could overcome
many times their number of opponents, with a
bear robbed of her whelps in the eld (2 Samuel
17:8 s:Bible (King James)/2 Samuel#Chapter 17).
The phrase a bereaved bear () , derived
from this Biblical source, is still used in the literary
Hebrew of contemporary Israel.
6.5
Teddy bears
8 See also
List of fatal bear attacks in North America
List of ctional bears
List of individual bears
Ursa Minor
Ursari
9 References
[1] Slovakia warns of tipsy bears. Archived from the original on 2010-11-18. Retrieved 2008-11-11.
Two authoritative organizations for seeking scientic information on bear species of the world are the International Association for Bear Research & Management,
also known as the International Bear Association (IBA);
and the Bear Specialist Group of the Species Survival
Commission, a part of the International Union for the
Conservation of Nature. These organizations focus on
the species natural history, management, and conservation.
Other organizations exist to further wild bear education
and conservation. Bear Trust International works for
wild bears and other wildlife through four core program
initiatives: 1) Conservation Education, 2) Wild Bear
Research, 3) Wild Bear Management, and, 4) Habitat
Conservation.[66] Specialty organizations for each of the
eight species of bears worldwide include:
Brown bear: Vital Ground.
Asiatic black bear: Moon Bears.
[4] hildebrand.raa.se
[5] Votruba, Martin. Bears. Slovak Studies Program. University of Pittsburgh. Archived from the original on 20
January 2012. Retrieved 2009-03-12.
[6] Welsey-Hunt, G.D. & Flynn, J.J. (2005). Phylogeny of
the Carnivora: basal relationships among the Carnivoramorphans, and assessment of the position of 'Miacoidea'
relative to Carnivora. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 3 (1): 128. doi:10.1017/S1477201904001518.
[7] Wang, Xiaoming, Malcolm C. McKenna, and Demberelyin Dashzeveg (2005). Amphicticeps and Amphicynodon (Arctoidea, Carnivora) from Hsanda Gol Formation,
Central Mongolia and Phylogeny of Basal Arctoids with
Comments on Zoogeography (PDF). American Museum
Novitates (3483): 57. Archived from the original (PDF)
on 2009-02-07.
[8] Kemp, T.S. (2005). The Origin and Evolution of Mammals. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-8507604.
14
REFERENCES
[11] Pges, Marie (2008). Combined analysis of fourteen nuclear genes renes the Ursidae phylogeny
(PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 47: 73
83. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.10.019. Retrieved 17
November 2014.
[22] The Brown Bear: Father of the Polar Bear?, Alaska Science Forum. Gi.alaska.edu. 1996-12-05. Archived from
the original on 2010-01-17. Retrieved 2010-10-16.
[13] Soibelzon, L. H.; Tonni, E. P.; Bond, M. (October 2005). The fossil record of South American
short-faced bears (Ursidae, Tremarctinae)". Journal
of South American Earth Sciences 20 (12): 105113.
doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2005.07.005.
[14] Qiu Zhanxiang (2003).
Dispersals of Neogene
Carnivorans between Asia and North America
(PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 279 (279): 1831. doi:10.1206/00030090(2003)279<0018:C>2.0.CO;2. Archived from the
original on 2009-11-20.
[15] Kurtn, B., 1995. The cave bear story: life and death of
a vanished animal, Columbia University Press, ISBN 0231-10361-1
[16] Lindburg, Donald G. (2004). Giant Pandas: Biology and
Conservation, pp. 79. University of California Press,
ISBN 0-520-23867-2
[17] Olaf R. P. Bininda-Emonds. Phylogenetic Position of
the Giant Panda. In Lindburg, Donald G. (2004) Giant
Pandas: Biology and Conservation, pp. 1135. University
of California Press, ISBN 0-520-23867-2
[23] Genomic Evidence for Island Population Conversion Resolves Conicting Theories of Polar Bear Evolution
[32] Mattson, David J. (1998). Diet and Morphology of Extant and Recently Extinct Northern Bears. Ursus, A Selection of Papers from the Tenth International Conference
on Bear Research and Management, Fairbanks, Alaska,
July 1995, and Mora, Sweden, September 1995 10: 479
496. JSTOR 3873160.
[19] Flynn, J. J.; Nedbal, M. A.; Dragoo, J. W.; Honeycutt, R. L. (2000). Whence the Red Panda?" (PDF).
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 17 (2): 190199.
doi:10.1006/mpev.2000.0819. PMID 11083933. Retrieved 2009-09-23.
15
[51] Goldstein, Isaac; Paisley, Susanna; Wallace, Robert; Jorgenson, Jerey P.; Cuesta, Francisco; Castellanos, Armando (2006). Andean bearlivestock conicts: a
review. Ursus 17 (1): 815. doi:10.2192/15376176(2006)17[8:ABCAR]2.0.CO;2.
[38] Seryodkin, Ivan (2006). The ecology, behavior, management and conservation status of brown bears in SikhoteAlin (in Russian).. Far Eastern National University,
Vladivostok, Russia. pp. 1252.
16
11
10
Further reading
11
External links
EXTERNAL LINKS
17
12
12.1
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18
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Splendidworld12,
and Anonymous: 1138
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