Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
M.Jegadeesan
ASP/EEE
KLN College of
Engineering
Pottapalayam
Electricity
Electricity provides the power you need to run
your home electronic equipment.
Sometimes, interference in the supply of
electricity affects your equipment runs.
Many older appliances can tolerate short power
disturbances.
Many newer appliances, such as personal
computers, Microwave ovens and sophisticated
stereo systems, have sensitive electronics that
can be disrupted or damaged.
June 19, 2016
Electricity
Utilities transmit electricity over power lines and into
your home as an alternating current (AC) wave, which
looks something like an electrocardiogram.
This is how power travels through your wiring and
passes into your appliances.
Power quality
Our Power Systems are
designed for
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POWER QUALITY
What do we need ?
What do we have ?
Culprits
Victims
POWER QUALITY
?
Power Quality issue is defined as "any occurrence manifested in
voltage, current or frequency deviation that results in damage, upset,
failure or malfunction of end use equipment".
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Why is it a Concern?
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POWER QUALITY
Power quality is the combination of
Voltage Quality and Current Quality.
Voltage Quality
Voltage Quality is concerned with
deviation of the actual voltage from the
ideal voltage.
The ideal voltage is the single frequency
sine of constant frequency and amplitude.
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POWER QUALITY
Current Quality
Current Quality is concerned with
deviation of the actual Current from the
ideal Current.
The ideal current is the single frequency
sine of constant frequency and amplitude.
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Non-Linear
The current wave shape on a non-linear
load is not the same as the voltage.
These loads do not exhibit a constant
impedance during the entire cycle of
applied sinusoidal voltage.
Examples of non-linear loads
In single phase
Computers, Fax Machines,
Photocopiers, UPSs, TVs, VCRs,
Lighting dimmers & Electronic ballasts
for high efficiency lighting Single-phase
AC & DC drives, Ultra-violet disinfection
systems.
Three Phases
Variable speed AC & DC drives,
UPS systems, Arc furnaces & SCR
temperature
controllers,
Battery
chargers, etc.
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Overvoltage
An overvoltage is an increase in the
rms ac voltage greater than 110percent at
the power frequency for a duration longer
than 1 min.
load switching (e.g., switching off a large
load or energizing a capacitor bank).
Incorrect tap settings on transformers can
also result in system overvoltages.
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Under voltage
An undervoltage is a decrease in the rms ac voltage
to less than 90 percent at the power frequency for a
duration longer than 1 min.
opposite of the events that cause overvoltages.
load switching on or a capacitor bank switching off can
cause an under voltage
Brownout
The term brownout is often used to describe sustained
periods of undervoltage initiated as a specific utility
dispatch strategy to reduce power demand.
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Sustained Interruptions
When the supply voltage has been zero for a period of
time in excess of 1 min, the long-duration voltage
variation is considered a sustained interruption.
Voltage interruptions longer than 1 min are often
permanent and require human intervention to repair the
system for restoration.
Outage
Utilities use outage or interruption to describe
phenomena of similar nature for reliability reporting
purposes. However, this causes confusion for end users
who think of an outage as any interruption of power that
shuts down a process.
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Voltage Sag
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Voltage swell
Voltage swell is an increase in RMS voltage at the power
frequency for duration of 0.5 cycles to 300
cycles.
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Voltage Swell
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Short interruption
Short interruption is the complete loss of the supply voltage with in
a time period of 0.5 cycles up to 150 cycles.
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Voltage Flicker
A waveform may exhibit voltage flicker if its
waveform amplitude is modulated at frequencies less
than 25 Hz, which the human eye can detect as a
variation in the lamp intensity of a standard bulb.
Voltage flicker is caused by an arcing condition on
the power system.
Flicker problems can be corrected with the
installation of filters, static VAR systems, or
distribution static compensators
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Harmonics
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Harmonics
The base frequency of the power supply is said
to be the fundamental frequency or first
harmonic.
The fundamental frequency or first harmonic of a
60 Hz power supply is 60 Hz.
Additional harmonics can appear on the power
supply. These harmonics are usually whole
number multiplies of the first harmonic.
The third harmonic of a 60 Hz power supply, for
example, is 180 Hz (60 x 3).
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Harmonics
When
a
harmonic
waveform
is
superimposed on the fundamental sine
wave a distinctive waveform is produced.
In this example, the third harmonic is seen
superimposed
on
the
fundamental
frequency. The problem of waveform
distortion becomes more complex when
additional harmonics are present.
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A.S.S.Murugan,SL/EEE,KLNCE,P
ottapalayam
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Harmonic Distortion
Harmonics are multiples of the fundamental
frequency
=
f(x) = sin(x)
Sin(5 X )
f (X )
5
Sin(5 X )
f ( X ) Sin( X )
5
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Effect of harmonics on
waveform
180 Out
of Phase
In
Phase
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Sources of Harmonics
Solid State Electronic Devices which contain a poor
power supply
Computers (PCs/CPUs)
Laser Printers
Copy Machines
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Interharmonics
Interharmonics are defined as frequency
components of voltages or currents that are not an
integer multiple of the normal system frequency (e.g., 60
or 50 Hz).
The main sources of interharmonics are static
frequency converters, cycloconverters, induction motors,
and arcing devices. Power line carrier signals can be
considered as interharmonics. The effects of
interharmonics are not well known but have been shown
to affect power line carrier signaling and induce visual
flicker in display devices such as cathode ray tubes
(CRTs).
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DC Link
AC-DC
Conversion
AC Input;
fixed Frequency,
fixed Voltage
June 19, 2016
Capacitor
or
Inductor
DC-AC
Conversion
Motor
AC Output;
variable Frequency,
variable Voltage
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NOISE
Noise refers to unwanted electrical signals (with broadband
spectral content lower than 200 kHz) that produce undesirable effects in
the circuits of control systems in which they Noise in power systems can
be caused by power electronic devices, control circuits, arcing
equipment, loads with solid-state rectifiers, and switching power
supplies. Noise problems are mainly caused by improper grounding.
There are two types of noise voltages:
Common-mode noise voltage:
A noise voltage that appears between current carrying conductors
and ground. That is, this noise voltage appears equally and in phase
from each current-carrying conductor to the ground.
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Others
Voltage
Fluctuation
PQ
Frequency
Variation
Notching
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Voltage Unbalance
Deviation of magnitude and/or phase in 3phase system
Can result in heating of induction motors
Notching
Caused by commutation in semiconductor
converters
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Sources of Transients
Lightning
Static
Arc Welding
Switching
Contactor
Relays
SCRs
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Harmonic Indices
Two important indices, THD and TDD, are
used to describe the effects of harmonics
on power system components and
communication systems.
These indices are used to measure the
deviation of a periodic waveform
containing harmonics from a perfect sine
wave.
For a perfect sine wave, the deviation (or
the distortion) is zero.
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IEEE 519-1992
IEEE standard 519 - 1992 specifies the allowable
limits for voltage and current distortion at various bus
and system voltages. These are given in Tables 1 and 2.
The important terminology used in this standard are
explained below:
The Point of Common Coupling (PCC) is the location of
the harmonic voltage and current distortion to be
calculated or measured.
Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) is the total harmonic
voltage distortion calculated or measured at PCC.
Total Demand Distortion (TDD) is the percentage of total
harmonic current distortion calculated or measured at
PCC.
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THD
x 100
THDV =
h2
Vh2
X 100
2
V1
h2
I h2
x 100
2
I1
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THANK YOU