2ac Reverse Spending

No Link- The plan doesnt eliminate any spending, it just requires

warrants for Drone Use. No programs get cut

[and] No cyber impact

Healey 3/20 Jason, Director of the Cyber Statecraft Initiative at the Atlantic
Council, "No, Cyberwarfare Isn't as Dangerous as Nuclear War", 2013,
www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/world-report/2013/03/20/cyber-attacks-not-yet-anexistential-threat-to-the-us
America does not face an existential cyberthreat today, despite recent
warnings. Our cybervulnerabilities are undoubtedly grave and the threats we face are severe but
far from comparable to nuclear war. The most recent alarms come in a Defense Science Board report
on how to make military cybersystems more resilient against advanced threats (in short, Russia or China). It warned
that the "cyber threat is serious, with potential consequences similar in some ways to the nuclear threat of the Cold
War." Such fears were also expressed by Adm. Mike Mullen, then chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, in 2011. He
called cyber "The single biggest existential threat that's out there" because "cyber actually more than theoretically,

While it is true that cyber attacks might do

these things, it is also true they have not only never happened but are far
more difficult to accomplish than mainstream thinking believes. The
consequences from cyber threats may be similar in some ways to nuclear , as the Science Board
concluded, but mostly, they are incredibly dissimilar . Eighty years ago, the generals of the U.S.
can attack our infrastructure, our financial systems."

Army Air Corps were sure that their bombers would easily topple other countries and cause their populations to

A study of the 25-year history of cyber conflict , by

has shown a similar dynamic where the
impact of disruptive cyberattacks has been consistently overestimated .
panic, claims which did not stand up to reality.

the Atlantic Council and Cyber Conflict Studies Association,

Rather than theorizing about future cyberwars or extrapolating from today's concerns, the history of cyberconflict
that have actually been fought, shows that cyber incidents have so far tended to have effects that are either

No attacks, so far, have been both

widespread and persistent. There have been no authenticated cases of anyone
dying from a cyber attack. Any widespread disruptions , even the 2007 disruption against
Estonia, have been short-lived causing no significant GDP loss. Moreover, as with conflict in other
widespread but fleeting or persistent but narrowly focused.

domains, cyberattacks can take down many targets but keeping them down over time in the face of determined
defenses has so far been out of the range of all but the most dangerous adversaries such as Russia and China. Of
course, if the United States is in a conflict with those nations, cyber will be the least important of the existential
threats policymakers should be worrying about. Plutonium trumps bytes in a shooting war . This is
not all good news. Policymakers have recognized the problems since at least 1998 with little significant progress.

Still, experts have been

warning of a cyber Pearl Harbor for 20 of the 70 years since the actual
Pearl Harbor. The transfer of U.S. trade secrets through Chinese cyber espionage could
someday accumulate into an existential threat. But it doesn't seem so seem just
yet, with only handwaving estimates of annual losses of 0.1 to 0.5 percent to the total U.S. GDP of around $15
trillion. That's bad, but it doesn't add up to an existential crisis or "economic cyberwar."
Worse, the threats and vulnerabilities are getting steadily more worrying.

[and] No cuts cause a downgrade

Newman 13 (US News. Rick Newman is an award-winning finance columnist for US news.

What Will
Cause the Next U.S. Credit Downgrade. Jan. 3, 2013. https://www.google.com/search?sourceid=chromepsyapi2&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8&q=%22rick%20newman%20is%22.)

Washington still has to axe

hundreds of billions in annual spending to stabilize its finances. Some hope it will happen as
A failure to cut spending in 2013. Just about everybody agrees that

part of a deal to extend the debt ceiling. The problem is that most government spending actually benefits
somebodyseniors, home buyers, the poor, defense contractorsand Congress has proven itself particularly
reluctant to reduce anybody's benefits.

Moody's wants to see spending cuts, and perhaps even

more tax hikes, as part of a big budget deal in the first few months of 2013 that would convincingly improve
the government's long-term finances. "The debt trajectory resulting from this process is likely
to determine whether the Aaa rating is returned to a stable outlook or downgraded,"
Moody's said in a statement following the January 1 fiscal-cliff deal. If Congress continually delays spending cuts
the habit in recent yearsa downgrade could come by summer.

[and] That kills the economy

Hill 13 [Patrice, Washington Times. Patrice Hill is the chief economics
correspondent for the Washington Times. With U.S. fiscal problems unresolved,
treasured AAA rating may fall off cliff
http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/jan/7/us-fiscal-problems-unresolvedaaa-rating-may-drop/?page=all]
Despite the indifference in some parts of Washington, analysts say this time could
be different and that a second downgrade by Moodys or Fitch has the potential to
cause significant market turmoil and damage the countrys privileged
financial status, which includes the lowest government borrowing rates in
the world and the many prerogatives that go with printing the worlds main
reserve currency, the U.S. dollar. Rebound would be difficult Economic analysts say
that, once lost, it would be difficult for the U.S. to regain its top rating , and the
move would confirm in the eyes of much of the world that the U.S. is slowly
sliding into second-tier economic status. The next step is a very serious cliff that involves the credit rating of the U.S. It
doesnt get more serious than that, and one hopes that will cause some to be more responsible than they might otherwise be, said David Kelleher, president of Better Markets Inc. and a
former Senate Democratic aide. Unfortunately, the last debate over the debt ceiling in 2011 doesnt give much hope. The downgrade in August 2011 provoked a major drop in
consumer and business confidence and prompted a dizzying drop of more than 600 points in the Dow Jones industrial average the day it happened. But the impact proved to be
transient, with most losses recouped within a matter of weeks or months, leading many in Washington to question whether another downgrade will have any lasting significance or
effect. Plus, there are too many saying they are going to hold the credit rating of the U.S. hostage to their policy preferences, Mr. Kelleher said. If politicians arent careful, they could
actually make everything much worse. Sounding the alarm Some in Congress mostly Republicans agree that Washington should be worried about the next downgrade. America
cannot afford for Moodys alarm to fall on deaf ears, said Rep. Tim Huelskamp, Kansas Republican. In 2011, Washington was given ample notice that Americas stellar credit rating was
on thin ice, but Washington passed on the opportunity to deliver a solution. Unfortunately for America, the so-called fiscal cliff legislation was another last-minute deal instead of a real
solution. There were consequences for inaction last time, and clearly there will be consequences this time around as well. But skepticism that Washington will rise to the occasion also is
plentiful. Liberal groups such as the Economic Policy Institute, a labor-backed think-tank, argue that there is little need to cut the deficit with Treasurys 10-year borrowing rates at alltime lows of less than 2 percent. They say the U.S. should take advantage of such low rates and increase spending on infrastructure, unemployment benefits and other economic
stimulus programs. Some respected voices on the left believe that a focus on the deficit is an overblown reaction to a manageable problem, said David Hollingsworth, adviser for the
Third Way, a centrist Democratic group that is pushing for further measures to reduce the deficit. They argue that if our debt was really a big deal, investors wouldnt be supplying us
with capital so cheaply. Robert Shapiro, an economic adviser in the Clinton administration, advocates additional measures to gradually reduce spending on entitlement programs and
bring down the deficit, but he blames the last downgrade on Republicans, not Democrats, and said it could happen again if conservatives insist on coupling an increase in the debt limit
with unpopular spending reforms. The last time that House and Senate hyper-conservatives went down that path, it cost the U.S. government its triple-A rating from one of the three
major credit-rating agencies, he said, suggesting that Democrats will try to pin any further downgrades on Republicans if it happens again this year, and to use it to political advantage.
Any political leader or party that helps to bring about such a catastrophe will prove themselves unfit to govern for a very long time, he said. Wall Street worries The growing
intransigence on the left and right has led many on Wall Street and Main Street to question whether another agreement delivering more budget cuts will emerge from the latest round of
negotiations. Tom Porcelli, chief economist at RBC Capital Markets, said he expects Republicans to fight hard for spending cuts that eluded them in last weeks deal, but the outcome is in

it is likely that the U.S. is downgraded, he said. And

this downgrade is likely to have a more significant market impact than the
S&P downgrade, because it will force investment funds around the world to
reshuffle the securities in their portfolios to ensure they are maintaining AAA or
other targeted rating levels, he said. This will cause widespread disruptions in
global markets as investors recalibrate their portfolios, causing a cascade
doubt. In the absence of a grand bargain in the next two months,

effect on assets other than Treasurys, he said. John Browne, senior economic
consultant at Euro Pacific Capital, said the damage from further downgrades
would affect the U.S. status in the economic world for a long time . The U.S.
dollar is the worlds dominant currency, he said, because debt troubles in the
eurozone have tarnished the appeal of the euro, which had been ascending as a
replacement for the dollar in the past decade. This privileged position has
conferred on Washington the vital element of time to organize viable revisions to its
entitlements, whose uncontrolled growth is at the root of the U.S. debt problem, he
said. But political leaders appear to be squandering the luxury of time they got
from the ongoing European debt crisis, he said. The spectacle of American
politicians failing to agree on budgets, spending limits or any type of fiscal discipline
can affect the credit rating of the U.S. Over the longer term, a major fall in the credit
rating is likely to increase U.S. interest rates, he said. But perhaps the greatest
impact is to the U.S. reputation. The blatant dereliction of duty on display in
Washington will diminish national prestige, Mr. Browne said.

[and] US economic decline causes great WMD wars

Nyquist 05 [J.R. renowned expert in geopolitics and international relations,

WorldNetDaily contributing editor, The Political Consequences of a Financial Crash,
February 4, www.financialsense.com/stormw...2005/0204.html]

Should the United States experience a severe economic contraction during the second term of President Bush ,
the American people will likely support politicians who advocate further restrictions and controls on our market
economy guaranteeing its strangulation and the steady pauperization of the country. In Congress today, Sen.
Edward Kennedy supports nearly all the economic dogmas listed above. It is easy to see, therefore, that the
coming economic contraction, due in part to a policy of massive credit expansion, will have serious political

an economic
contraction will encourage the formation of anti-capitalist majorities and a turning
away from the free market system. The danger here is not merely economic. The political left
openly favors the collapse of Americas strategic position abroad. The withdrawal of
the U nited S tates from the Middle East, the Far East and Europe would
catastrophically impact an international system that presently allows 6 billion
people to live on the earths surface in relative peace . Should anti-capitalist dogmas
overwhelm the global market and trading system that evolved under American leadership, the planets
economy would contract and untold millions would die of starvation. Nationalistic
totalitarianism, fueled by a politics of blame, would once again bring war to Asia
and Europe. But this time the war would be waged with mass destruction
weapons and the United States would be blamed because it is the center of global capitalism. Furthermore, if
the anti-capitalist party gains power in Washington, we can expect to see policies of
appeasement and unilateral disarmament enacted. American appeasement and
disarmament, in this context, would be an admission of guilt before the court of world opinion. Russia and
China, above all, would exploit this admission to justify aggressive wars, invasions
and mass destruction attacks. A future financial crash, therefore, must be prevented
at all costs. But we cannot do this. As one observer recently lamented, We drank the poison and now we
consequences for the Republican Party (to the benefit of the Democrats). Furthermore,

must die.

Dispo Bad
Dispositionality is a voting issue
A. Education the NEG only goes for what has the least coverage and
analysis, preventing in-depth discussion
B. StratSkew dispo undermines AFF ability to generate offense and
skews time allocation undermining AFF ability to hedge against the block
C. Advocacy dispo prevents the NEG from learning consistent advocacy
and encourages argument irresponsibility
D. No Offense pre-tournament research capture all NEG offense and
theres no incentive to straight turn

Commercial Drones will help prevent disease/pandemic spread,

but federal provisions are a pre-requisite
Hindustan Times 6/25, Indian news journal, Microsoft's drones to catch
mosquitoes and help stop epidemics, Hindustan Times, 6/25/15,
http://www.hindustantimes.com/science/microsoft-s-drones-to-catch-mosquitoesand-help-stop-epidemics/article1-1359218.aspx

Microsoft researchers are developing autonomous drones that collect

mosquitoes to look for early signs that potentially harmful viruses are
spreading, with the goal of preventing disease outbreaks in humans.
Project Premonition, launched by American tech company Microsoft, is
developing a system that aims to detect infectious disease outbreaks
before they become widespread. Project Premonition could eventually
allow health officials to get a jump start on preventing outbreaks of a
disease like dengue fever or avian flu before it occurs, whether or not it is a
disease spread by mosquitoes, researchers said. It will do that by relying on what
Ethan Jackson, the Microsoft researcher who is spearheading the project, calls
'nature's drones' - mosquitoes - to look for early signs that a particular illness could
be on the move. Researchers have developed a new mosquito trap that uses less
energy and relies on lighter weight batteries. It also has a new bait system for luring
mosquitoes, a sensor that automatically sorts the mosquitoes from the other bugs
and chemicals that can preserve the mosquitoes for lab study. It is expected to be
significantly cheaper and lighter than current traps. The team will use drones
that can fly the mosquito traps into and out of remote areas in a semiautonomous way, rather than having to be constantly directed from the
ground. Microsoft researchers are beginning to develop ways to make the
drones even more autonomous, and they are also working with US Federal
Aviation Administration officials on regulatory requirements, according to

a post on the company's blog. Once the mosquitoes have been collected, the
next challenge is to analyse them for microbes and viruses that could pose a threat
to humans. Until recently, the idea of culling through mosquitoes to try to
find diseases that are both known and unknown would have been wildly
impractical, according to James Pipas, a professor of molecular biology at the
University of Pittsburgh who also is working on Project Premonition. But now, the
latest developments in molecular biology and genetic sequencing are allowing
researchers to cull through samples to look for multiple viruses, including ones that
have not been discovered yet. Researchers can then create cloud-based databases
of the information they find, and come up with algorithms for evaluating which of
these viruses could present a threat to humans or animals that humans rely on.
Pipas expects that it will be very difficult to figure out which of the viruses they
identify in mosquitoes are a threat, but he also said such a system holds incredible
promise for preventing outbreaks.

Disease causes extinction---zoonotic diseases overwhelm

burnout
Arturo Casadevall 12, M.D., Ph.D. in Biochemistry from New York University, Leo
and Julia Forchheimer Professor and Chair of the Department of Microbiology and
Immunology at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, former editor of the ASM journal
Infection and Immunity, The future of biological warfare, Microbial Biotechnology
Volume 5, Issue 5, pages 584587, September 2012,
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1751-7915.2012.00340.x/full
it is worthwhile to review the
known existential threats. At this time this writer can identify at three major existential threats to
In considering the importance of biological warfare as a subject for concern

humanity: (i) large-scale thermonuclear war followed by a nuclear winter, (ii) a planet killing asteroid impact and (iii)

infectious disease. To this trio might be added climate change making the planet uninhabitable. Of the
three existential threats the first is deduced from the inferred cataclysmic effects of nuclear war. For the second
there is geological evidence for the association of asteroid impacts with massive extinction (Alvarez, 1987). As to an

recent decades have provided unequivocal evidence for

the ability of certain pathogens to cause the extinction of entire species. Although
infectious disease has traditionally not been associated with extinction this view
has changed by the finding that a single chytrid fungus was responsible for the
extinction of numerous amphibian species (Daszak et al., 1999; Mendelson et al., 2006).
Previously, the view that infectious diseases were not a cause of extinction was
predicated on the notion that many pathogens required their hosts and that some
proportion of the host population was naturally resistant . However, that calculation
does not apply to microbes that are acquired directly from the environment
and have no need for a host, such as the majority of fungal pathogens. For those types
of hostmicrobe interactions it is possible for the pathogen to kill off every last member
of a species without harm to itself, since it would return to its natural habitat upon
killing its last host. Hence, from the viewpoint of existential threats environmental
microbes could potentially pose a much greater threat to humanity than the known
existential threat from microbes

pathogenic microbes, which number somewhere near 1500 species (Cleaveland et al., 2001; Taylor et al., 2001),
especially if some of these species acquired the capacity for pathogenicity as a consequence of natural evolution or
bioengineering.

Surveillance gathers data and info about people.

Fuchs 10 (Christian, Department of Informatics and Media Studies, Uppsala
University, The Internet & Surveillance - Research Paper Series, October 1, 2010,
http://www.sns3.uti.at/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/The-Internet-SurveillanceResearch-Paper-Series-1-Christian-Fuchs-How-Surveillance-Can-Be-Defined.pdf)//ghsVA
Dandeker (2006, 225) identifies three meanings of the term surveillance: (1) the
collection and storage of information, presumed to be useful, about people or
objects; (2) the supervision of the activities of people or objects through
the issuing of instructions or the physical design of the natural and built environments; and (3)
the application of information-gathering activities to the business of
monitor-ing the behaviour of those under supervision and, in the case of subject
populations, their compliance with instructions, or with non-subject populations, their compliance with agreements,
or simply monitoring their behaviour from which, as in the control of disease, they may have expressed a with to
benefit.

C. Reasons to prefer