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Male Reproductive System Testes - held by spermatic cords, within scrotum, drop from abdominal cavity 2 months before

birth, too warm inside


body to produce sperm, composed of lobules containing seminiferous tubules, spermatogenesis occurs here. Spermatogenesis -production of
sperm, spermatogonia (undifferentiated, germ cells, mitsos, 46 chromosomes)Primary Spermatocytes (away from tubule walls, 46
chromosomes, meiosis) Secondary Spermatocytes (23 chromosomes, mitosis) Spermatids (Differentiate, immature sperm)
Spermatozoa (Sperm, nursed by sertoli cells). Sperm (couple hundred million/day, live for 5 days, Head 23 chromosomes in nucleus, covered by
acrosome containing enzymes for fertilization middle piece mitochondria tail 9+2 pattern of microtubules Path of Sperm (Seminiferous tubules
epididymis (mature here)vas deferens (through inguinal canal to urethra)seminal vesicles (add nutrients)prostate gland
(basic fluid, prostaglandins)cowpers/bulbourethral gland (mucoid fluid) ejaculation
Hormonal regulation in males Male hormonal regulation is controlled by hypothalamus, gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) secreted by the
hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete the gonadotropic hormones FSH, Follicle stimulating hormone, acts on seminiferous
tubules, stimulates production of sperm and inhibin, LH, Luteinizing hormone, acts on interstitial cells in testes, stimulates production of testosterone.
Both inhibin & testosterone inhibit the release of hormones from hypothalamus & anterior pituitary, negative feedback control allows relatively
constant production of sperm & testosterone. Testosterone, hormone responsible for normal functioning of sexual organs & for secondary sexual
characteristics in males( eg deep voice, facial hair)

Female reproductive system, Structures Built for production of female gamete (ovum), provide environment for child, and receive male gamete.
Ovaries, Double structure that produces eggs (ova) and the hormones estrogen/progesterone. Release of egg from ovary is called ovulation, after
ovulation egg moves to oviducts(aka fallopian tubes), fertilization occurs here, uterus is a thick muscular organ that holds developing fetus after
fertilization, aka womb. Capable of stretching from 5cm to 30+ cm, lining of uterus is endometrium, composed of connective tissue, glands, and
blood vessels, lines uterus and forms placenta during pregnancy. End of uterus is called the cervix, cervical cancer is one of most common forms
of cancer in women, cervix leads into vagina, muscular tube that opens outside the body, area acts as birth canal and repository for sperm, leads into
vulva, collective term for external female genitalia. 2 sets of skin folds called labia that cover external opening of vagina. Estrogen and
Progesterone, are female sex hormones, estrogen triggers maturation of uterus and vagina during puberty, necessary for egg development.
Secondary effects of estrogen are, fat, enlargement of pelvis, wider hips, boobs. Ovarian Cycle women are born w/ 2 million follicles
(oocytes(eventual eggs) plus surrounding collicular cells), 350 will reach maturity, once every 28 days small # of eggs begin developing, 1 makes it to
maturity. Follicles found in ovaries and contain oocytes plus surrounding follicular cells. Ovarian cycle split into Follicular phase (before ovulation),
luteal phase (after ovulation). Follicular phase During first half of 28 days FSH from anterior pituitary stimulates follicle development in the ovary,
primary follicles consisting of an oocyte and epithelial cells are affected, as primary follicles are triggered to develop they begin releasing
estrogen, oocyte continues to grow within follicle, taking on a pool of fluid, becoming a secondary follicle, secondary follicle continues to grow into
graafian/mature follicle and eventually pushes into the wall on the surface of the ovary. Oocyte matures into an egg, ready for release. ovum is
released out of ovary at end of follicular phase, called ovulation usually occurs at day 14. Luteal phase begins, follicle, missing egg, becomes
corpus luteum, acts like gland, releasing estrogen and progesterone, degenerates over 10 days. Hormonal regulation of Ovarian Cycle, regulated
by 3 hormones, GnRH, stimulates anterior pituitary, FSH, LH. FSH triggers follicles to begin developing, they release estrogen and small amount
of progesterone. As estrogen rises, triggers surge in GnRH. Results in surge of FSH and LH. Causes end of follicular phase and ovulation.
Presence of LH stimulates egg-less follicle to become corpus luteum, releases progesterone and small amounts of estrogen. Progesterone
triggers change in endometrium, high progesterone and estrogen levels during luteal phase cause hypothalamus to stop producing GnRH, stops
pituitary from producing FSH & LH. Female Feedback Loops, Uterine Cycle, happenings in ovaries & pituitary tied to uterus, changes take place in
uterus broken into Menstruation, Proliferate phase, Secretory Phase. Proliferate phase, begin, increased estrogen from developing follicle causes
endometrium of uterus to thicken, occurs over days 6-13, as endometrium thickens proliferation in amount of blood, vessels, and mucous glands
present. @ Day 14 ovum is released from ovary and begins towards uterus. Secretory Phase, after ovulation corpus luteum releases progesterone,
causes thickness of endometrium to double and mucous glands begin secreting a thick mucous, occurs over day 15-28, endometrium needs high
levels of progesterone to maintain thickness, progesterone comes from corpus luteum which relies on LH, as LH drops corpus luteum breaks down.
As Corpus luteum degrades progesterone levels drop, low progesterone levels cause endometrium to break up (around day 28). Menstruation low
levels of hormones in uterus cause menstruation (day 1-5) degrading of lining of uterus, blood is released through vagina, endometrium is thinnest.
Fertilization & Pregnancy Ovarian and uterine cycles change if fertilization occurs, (sperm reaches egg), sperm in vagina survive for up to 5 days,
takes 10 hours for sperm to get to oviduct, about 1% enter uterus. Prostaglandins in seminal fluid cause uterine contractions, help move sperm to
uterus. Eggs are viable for a day after ovulation, thus fertilization occurs in oviducts because eggs in uterus are no longer viable, 1 sperm will fertilize
egg, acrosome cap releases enzymes which break through outer layer of egg. Cell membranes of egg & sperm fuse, sperm nucleus enters egg,
fertilized egg develops as it travels down oviduct, embryo embeds in endometrial lining several days after fertilization, termed implantation. Uterine
cycle changes to allow embryo to survive, outer layers of implanted embryo release human chorionic gonadotropin HCG which temporarily maintains
corpus luteum to prevent endometrium from breaking up. Placenta forms from fetal and maternal tissues, is site of exchange of materials between
maternal and fetal blood, also secretes estrogen and progesterone which helps in two ways, progesterone maintains endometrium, estrogen
suppresses anterior pituitary which prevents follicles from developing. By 10th week of pregnancy placenta is developed enough to produce
sufficient levels of progesterone and estrogen, production of HCG diminishes and corpus luteum finally breaks up. Childbirth, oxytocin, positive
feedback triggering of chilbirth involves oxytocin from mothers pituitary, causes uterus to contract(is also used in artificial labour), just before birth
babys head exerts pressure against cervix, pressure triggers sensory nerves in cervix to send nerve signal to posterior pituitary to release oxytocin
into blood, positive feedback causes more uterine contractions and oxytocin until child is removed.
Fimbria

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