Magnetic Circuits

and Transformers
Discussion D10.1
Chapter 6

Hans Christian Oersted (1777 1851)

1822
In 1820 he showed that a current
produces a magnetic field.
Ref: http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/~eugeniik/history/oersted.htm
2

Andr-Marie Ampre (1775 1836)

French mathematics professor who only
a week after learning of Oersteds
discoveries in Sept. 1820 demonstrated
that parallel wires carrying currents
attract and repel each other.
attract

A moving charge of 1 coulomb

per second is a current of
1 ampere (amp).

repel
3

Michael Faraday (1791 1867)

Self-taught English chemist and physicist
discovered electromagnetic induction in
1831 by which a changing magnetic field
induces an electric field.

A capacitance of 1 coulomb per volt

is called a farad (F)

Faradays electromagnetic
induction ring 4

Joseph Henry (1797 1878)

American scientist, Princeton University
professor, and first Secretary of the
Smithsonian Institution.

Discovered selfinduction

Built the largest

electromagnets of
his day

Unit of inductance, L, is the Henry

Magnetic Fields and Circuits

A current i through a coil produces a
magnetic flux, , in webers, Wb.
BgdA

BA

B = magnetic flux density in Wb/m2.

B H

H = magnetic field intensity in A/m.

= magnetic permeability
Ampere's Law:

Hl Ni

Hgdl i

Magnetomotive force F Ni

reluctance

F R

Magnetic Flux
Magnetic flux, , in webers, Wb.

Current entering
"dots" produce
fluxes that add.

11 flux in coil 1 produced by current in coil 1

12 flux in coil 1 produced by current in coil 2

21 flux in coil 2 produced by current in coil 1

22 flux in coil 2 produced by current in coil 2

1 total flux in coil 1 11 12

2 total flux in coil 2 21 22

Faraday's Law
i

Total flux linking coil 1: 1 N11

d 1
d1
N1
Faraday's Law: induced voltage in coil 1 is v1 (t )
dt
dt

Sign of induced voltage v1 is such that the current i through

an external resistor would be opposite to the current i1 that
produces the flux 1.
Symbol L of inductance from Lenz
Example of Lenz's law
8

Mutual Inductance

Faraday's Law
v1 (t ) N1

d1
d
d
N1 11 N1 12
dt
dt
dt

In linear range, flux is proportional to current

di1
di2
v1 (t ) L11
L12
dt
dt

self-inductance

mutual inductance

Mutual Inductance

di1
di2
v1 (t ) L11
L12
dt
dt
di1
di2
v2 (t ) L21
L22
dt
dt

L2 L22

di1
di
M 2
dt
dt

di1
di2
v2 (t ) M
L2
dt
dt

Linear media
L12 L21 M
Let

v1 (t ) L1

L1 L11

10

Ideal Transformer - Voltage

d
v1 (t ) N1
dt

The input AC voltage, v1,

produces a flux

This changing flux through

coil 2 induces a voltage, v2
across coil 2
d
v1 N1 dt
N1

v2 N 2 d N 2
dt

v1 (t )dt

N1

v2 (t ) N 2

d
dt

N2
v2
v1
N1

11

Ideal Transformer - Current

Magnetomotive force, mmf

F Ni

The total mmf applied to core is

F N1i1 N 2i2 R

For ideal transformer, the reluctance R is zero.

N1i1 N 2i2

N1
i2
i1
N2

12

Ideal Transformer - Impedance

Load impedance

V2
ZL
I2
N1
V1
V2
N2

Input impedance

V1
Zi
I1

N1
Zi
ZL
N 2
ZL
Zi 2
n

Turns ratio

N2
I1
I2
N1
N2
n
N1

13

Ideal Transformer - Power

P vi

Power delivered to primary

P2 v2i2

P1 v1i1
N2
v2
v1
N1

Power delivered to load

N1
i2
i1
N2

P2 v2i2 v1i1 P1

Power delivered to an ideal transformer by the source

is transferred to the load.

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L.V.D.T.
Linear Variable Differential Transformer
Position transducer

http://www.rdpelectronics.com/displacement/lvdt/lvdt-principles.htm
http://www.efunda.com/DesignStandards/sensors/lvdt/lvdt_theory.cfm
15

LVDT's are often used on clutch actuation

and for monitoring brake disc wear

LVDT's are also used for

sensors in an automotive
active suspension system

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