BROADBAND

COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Reporter: Cleider Rey B. Mujeres

COMMUNICATION

WHAT IS BROADBAND COMMUNICATION?

The broadband communication works on the

principle of wide band frequencies ,it
offers much greater bandwidth than the
older narrow band technologies.

Broadband refers to a signaling wide band

of frequencies, which be divide into
channels of frequency bins.

Does higher bandwidth give you faster speed?

Imagine that you're driving on a road with 4

lanes in a car that can go at a maximum of
300km/hr. No matter the amount of lanes on the
road, your car can only go at a maximum of
300km/hr and no faster. However, this same road
with four lanes comes in handy when your family
members having their own cars share the same
road and reach the same destination at a
shorter time as opposed to having a single lane
road where they will have to queue up. Likewise
for our broadband service, with a higher
bandwidth you can actually do more at the same
time or share the connection with your family
members using a bigger pipe.

Mutiplexing
- Frequency-division Multiplex
- Time-division Mulitplex
Short-and Medium-Haul System
- Coaxial Cables
- Fiber Optic Links
- Microwave Links
- Tropospheric Scatter Links
Long-Haul System
- Submarine Cables
- Satellite Communications

WHAT IS BROADBAND COMMUNICATION?

The broadband communication works on the

principle of wide band frequencies ,it
offers much greater bandwidth than the
older narrow band technologies.

Broadband refers to a signaling wide band

of frequencies, which be divide into
channels of frequency bins.

Multiplexing

Multiplexing is the set of techniques that allows

the simultaneous transmission of multiple
signals across a single data link.
A Multiplexer (MUX) is a device that combines
several signals into a single signal.
A Demultiplexer (DEMUX) is a device that
performs the inverse operation.

Categories of
Multiplexing

Frequency-division Multiplexing
(FDM)

FDM is an analog technique that can be applied when

the bandwidth of a link is greater than the combined
bandwidths of the signals to be transmitted.

Frequency-division
Multiplexing (FDM)

In FDM signals
generated by each
device modulate
different carrier
frequencies. These
modulated signals
are combined into a
single composite
signal that can be
transported by the
link.

FDM is an analog multiplexing technique

that combines signals.

Frequency-division Multiplexing (FDM)

In FDM signals generated by each device

modulate different carrier frequencies. These
modulated signals are combined into a single
composite signal that can be transported by
the link.
Carrier frequencies are separated by enough
bandwidth to accommodate the modulated
signal.
These bandwidth ranges arte the channels
through which various signals travel.
Channels must separated by strips of unused
bandwidth (guard bands) to prevent signal
overlapping.

Frequency-division Multiplexing (FDM)

In FDM, signals are modulated onto separate

carrier frequencies using either AM or FM
modulation.

Time-division Multiplexing
(TDM)

Time-division multiplexing (TDM) is a digital process

that can be applied when the data rate capacity of
the transmission medium is greater than the data
rate required by the sending and receiving devices.

TDM

TDM is a digital multiplexing technique to

combine data.

Time-division Multiplexing (TDM)

TDM can be implemented in two ways:
synchronous TDM and asynchronous TDM.

In synchronous time-division multiplexing, the

term synchronous means that the multiplexer
allocates exactly the same time slot to each
device at all times, whether or not a device has
anything to transmit.

Frames
Time slots are grouped into frames. A frame
consists of a one complete cycle of time slots,
including one or more slots dedicated to each
sending device.

Interleaving

Asynchronous TDM
Synchronous TDM does not guarantee that the full
capacity of a link is used. Because the time slots
are
preassigned and fixed, whenever a connected device
is not transmitting, the corresponding slot is
empty.

Asynchronous time-division multiplexing, or

statistical time-division multiplexing, is designed
to avoid this type of waste.

Like synchronous TDM, asynchronous TDM allows

a number of lower-speed input lines to be
multiplexed to a single higher-speed line. However,
in asynchronous TDM the total speed of the input
lines can be greater than the capacity of the link.

Asynchronous TDM

Addressing and Overhead

In asynchronous TDM each time slot must carry

an address telling the demultiplexer how direct
the data. This address, for local use only, is
attached by the multiplexer and discarded by
the demultiplexer once it has been read.
Asynchronous TDM is efficient only when the
size of the time slots kept relatively large.

Short-& Medium-Haul System

To provide the required number of telephone and
other channels in national trunk routes, broadband
system are universally employed consisting of:

coaxial cables
fiber-optic cables
microwave links
domestic satellites or occasionally tropospheric scatter
links.

Coaxial Cable

Coaxial cable is a type ofcablethat has

an inner conductor surrounded by a
tubular insulating layer, surrounded by a
tubular conducting shield. Manycoaxial
cablesalso have an insulating outer
sheath or jacket.

Advantages

Sufficient frequency range to support multiple

channel, which allows for much greater
throughput (Bandwidth up to 1 gigahertz, in
some cases).
Lower error rates. because the inner conductor is
in a Faraday shield, noise immunity is improved,
and coax has a lower error rates and therefore
slightly better performance than twisted pair.
Greater spacing between amplifiers coax's cable
shielding reduces noise and crosstalk, which
means amplifiers can be spaced farther apart
than with twisted pair.

Disadvantage

More expensive to install compare to twisted

pair cable.

The thicker the cable, the more difficult to work

with.

Fiber Optics

The medium of transmission is light. Light

waves have an extremely high frequency
and travel at 186,000-miles (300,000Km)
per second.

A single OF cable can theoretically carry

trillions of bits of information every second
(Data rates up to10 Gbpswith a bandwidth
of20Ghz).

Compared to a coaxial cable, optical

fiber has ten advantages:

Much greater capacity.

Low and very uniform attenuation (signal
loss) over a wide frequency range. This
greatly simplifies amplification of the
signal.
Virtual immunity to all types of
interference
No problems with leakageor causing
interference with other signals
Insensitivity to temperature variations
Extremely small size

Will not short out in bad weather or even

in water

Low cost

High reliabilityThe fibers do not corrode or

break down in moisture or salt air the way
copper wires do.

Light weightSince they are not based on

metal conductors, OF cables are lighter
and much easier to transport and install.

Microwave Links

A microwave link is a communications

system that uses a beam ofradio
wavesin the microwave frequency range
to transmit information between two
fixed locations on the earth.

Microwave Advantages and

Disadvantages
Advantages
No

cables needed
Multiple channels available
Wide bandwidth (frequenciesof roughly
1.0gigahertz(GHz) to 300GHz.)

Disadvantages
Line-of-sight

will be disrupted if any obstacle, such as

new buildings, are in the way
Signal absorption by the atmosphere. Microwaves
suffer from attenuation due to atmospheric conditions.
Towers are expensive to build

Tropospheric Scatter Links

Is a method of communicating withmicrowave

radiosignals over considerable distances often
up to 300km, and further depending on terrain
and climate factors.
Normally, signals in the microwave frequency
range travel in straight lines, and so are limited
toline of sightapplications, in which the
receiver can be 'seen' by the transmitter. So
communication distances are limited by
thevisual horizonto around 3040 miles.
Troposcatter allows microwave communication
beyond the horizon.

Long-Haul System

Long-haul communications are characterized

by a higher level of users, more rigorous
performance requirements, longer distances
between users, including world wide
distances, higher traffic volumes and
densities, larger switches and trunk cross
sections, and fixed and recoverable assets.

Submarine Cable

Asubmarinecommunicationscableis
acablelaid on the sea bed between landbased stations to carry
telecommunication signals across
stretches of ocean.
The
firstsubmarinecommunicationscables,
laid in the 1850s, carried telegraphy
traffic.

Submarine Cable

These cables are just three inches thick,

carry just a few optic fibers, and have total
capacities of between 40Gbps and 10Tbps,
and latencies that are close to the speed of
light and just a few milliseconds in duration.

Facts About the Internet's

Undersea Cables

Cable installation is slow, tedious,

expensive work.
Sharks are trying to eat the internet.
The internet is as vulnerable underwater
as it is underground.
Spies love underwater cables.
Submarine communication cables are
faster and cheaper than satellites

The good news is that its hard to cut

through a submarine communications
cable
The bad news is that itispossible, as
seen in Egypt in 2013.
The internets undersea backbone is built
to last for 25 years.
Underwater cables are not easy to repair.

International Submarine Cable Network

Wireless WANs: Satellite Networks

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

40

Brief history of satellite communication

Name

Date of
launch

note

SPUTNIK I

October 4,
1957

the world's first orbital spacecraft. Nov 1957,

Sputnik 2 and a dog escape earth and enter
outerspace

SCORE

December 18,
1958

The first communication satellite which

broadcasted a Christmas message for 12 days
until the batteries failed

Echo 1

August 12,
1960

a passive reflector satellite, the technology was

soon abandoned

April 12, 1961

First man in space

Telstar

1962

First telecommunication satellite, first real-time

active

Intelsat

1964-1979

geosynchronous earth orbit ,open to use by all

nations

Inmarsat

1979

used in international shipping

ACTS

1993

spot beams, on-board storage and processing, and

all digital transmission

DirecTV

1994

begins Direct Broadcast to Home

41

162SATELLITENETWORKS

A satellite network is a combination of nodes, some of

which are satellites, that provides communication from one
point on the Earth to another. A node in the network can be
a satellite, an Earth station, or an end-user terminal or
telephone.

42

Figure Satellite orbits

43

Table 1 Satellite frequency bands

44

Example 16.1

What is the period of the Moon, according to Keplers law?

Here C is a constant approximately equal to 1/100. The

period is in seconds and the distance in kilometers. The
Moon is located approximately 384,000 km above the
Earth. The radius of the Earth is 6378 km. Applying the
formula, we get.

45

Example 16.2

According to Keplers law, what is the period of a satellite

that is located at an orbit approximately 35,786 km above
the Earth?
Solution

This means that a satellite located at 35,786 km has a

period of 24 h, which is the same as the rotation period of
the Earth. A satellite like this is said to be stationary to the
Earth. The orbit, as we will see, is called a geosynchronous
orbit.
46

Figure 16.14 Satellite categories

GEO: EXACTLY 22 238 miles

MEO: typically around 8000 miles

HEO: var.

Low Earth Orbit (LEO)

Medium Earth Orbit (MEO)
Geosynchronous Orbit (GEO)

16.47

LEO: typically between 500 and 1000 miles

Figure 16.15 Satellite orbit altitudes

48

Geosynchronous Orbit (GEO)

Satellite
Systems
Advantages:

large area coverage, stay where they are at 35,786km

(22,000miles) above the Earth
satellite rotation is synchronous to earth
three satellites can cover the whole globe
low system complexity

Disadvantages:

long propagation delay (~125 msec)

high transmission power is required

Figure 16.16 Satellites in geostationary orbit

50

Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) Satellite

Systems
Advantages:

slightly longer propagation delays (~40 msec)

slightly higher transmission power required
more expensive than LEOs but cheaper than GEOs

Disadvantages:

coverage spot greater than a LEO, but still less than a GEO
still the need to be in rotation to preserve their low altitude 6-8
hours to circle the earth.
multiple MEO satellites are still needed to cover a region
continuously
handovers and satellite tracking are still needed, hence, high
complexity

Global Position System

GPS project was started from(GPS)
1973 by the US Department of Defence
Orbiting at an altitude about 18,000km
Consists of 24 satellites in 6 orbits; 32 by June
2014
At any time, >4 satellites are visible from any
point on Earth
The GPS system concept is based on time
The satellites carry very stable atomic clocks
that are synchronized to each other and to
ground clocks.
A GPS receiver monitors multiple satellites and
16.52
solves equations to determine the exact

If we now our distance from three points, we

know exactly where we are. (three circles
meet at one signal point)
53

Application of GPS
Military forces
Navigation
Clock synchronization, CDMA
cellular system

54

Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Satellite

Systems

Advantages:

short propagation delays (10-15 msec)

low transmission power required
low price for satellite and equipment

Disadvantages:

small coverage spot

they have to be in rotation to preserve their low altitude (90 mins
period)
a network of at least 6 LEO satellites is required to cover a region
continuously
high system complexity due the need for handovers and satellite
tracking

Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Satellite Systems

16.56

LEO satellites have polar orbits

Altitude is between 500-2000 km
Rotation period of 90-120 min.
An LEO system has a cellular type of access
Footprint has a diameter of 8000 km.
Delay < 20 ms, accept for telephony
Work together as a network, connected through intersatellite
links (ISLs)

Figure LEO satellite system

57

Three categories of LEO

58

Little LEO, under 1GHz, for low date

rate message.

Big LEO: between 1-3 GHz, Globalstar

and Iridium system.

Broadband LEO provide

communication similar to fibre optic
network.

Uplin
k

Downlink

\\end

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