Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
USO:
Se utilizan para hablar sobre posibilidades reales en "tiempo general" y hechos dudosos pero posibles en el futuro.
FORMA:
La oracin condicional comienza con IF/IF...NOT (o a veces UNLESS). El verbo normalmente est en presente.
La oracin de resultado suele contener verbos en presente (para hablar sobre posibilidades en "tiempo general") o en
futuro y modales tales como CAN, MAY, MUST o SHOULD (para hablar sobre hechos dudosos en el futuro).
Se puede comenzar una oracin con una oracin condicional o de resultado.
POSIBILIDADES EN TIEMPO GENERAL
(El verbo de la oracin de resultado est en presente.)
EJEMPLOS:
ORACIN CONDICIONAL
Unless you give
plants enough water,
If it isn't coldenough,
ORACIN RESULTADO
they die."
it doesn't snow."
ORACIN RESULTADO
"It's time to eat
"Talk to your plants
ORACION CONDICIONAL
unless you are not hungry."
if you want them to grow."
ORACIN RESULTADO
I'm going to hit you!"
I'll take an umbrella."
she may fail the exam."
ORACIN RESULTADO
" They will come to the party
" I'm going to buy a new dress
" He won't wash the car
ORACIN CONDITIONAL
if they find a baby-sitter."
if I get paid today."
unless you pat him."
PASADO PERFECTO
USO:
Se utiliza para enfatizar la diferencia temporal entre dos estados, acciones o hechos en el pasado que se
mencionan en la misma oracin. Por lo general empleamos el pretrito perfecto si queremos enfatizar
que un hecho o estado aconteci antes que otro.
EJEMPLO:
"I was really surprised when I met Fred at Jill's party last week. I hadn't seen him for five years, and he looked really
different. I asked him what he'd been doing since we left school, but he didn't tell me. Then somebody told me he'd been in
prison..."
PASADO PERFECTO SIMPLE
USO:
Se utiliza para enfatizar que un hecho aconteci antes que otro (conectado mediante conjunciones como WHEN
y BEFORE) o en el modo indirecto, cuando el "verbo informante" est en pasado y la afirmacin o idea
"original" estaba en pretrito, presente perfecto o pretrito perfecto.
FORMA:
AFIRMATIVO
USO:
Se utiliza para hablar de acciones o estados continuos que continuan hasta un momento dado del pasado.
FORMA:
[SUJETO + HAD/HAD NOT + BEEN + VERB + ING...](HADN'T)
EJEMPLOS:
"I'd been waiting for an hour when the train pulled in."
"He hadn't been studying much until he failed his first exam."
"They'd been waiting for two hours when the bus finally arrived."
"May I ask what your name is?" is politer than "What's your name?"
[MAIN CLAUSE + IF or WH-WORD + NOUN CLAUSE]
EXAMPLES:
"He's asking you if you like chocolate."
"Please ask him who that boy is."
"I wonder why the President didn't go to Rome."
"Do you know how many windows were broken."
"Could you tell me where the station is?"
CONDITION CLAUSE
if I studied more."
if they knew."
if he were at home."
if we weren't studying."
PRONOUNS
Pronouns must be changed to fit the reported statement.
EXAMPLES:
Tom: "I bought my girlfriend a pin for her birthday."
Tom said that he'd bought his girlfriend a pin for her birthday.
Alice: "Can I borrow your car?"
Alice asked me if she could borrow my car.
TIME ADVERBIALS
When the reporting verb is in the Past Tense "time adverbials" may also change.
DIRECT - INDIRECT/REPORTED
NOW - THEN/AT THAT TIME
Ali: "I live in Paris now."
He said he lived in Paris then/at that time.
TODAY - THAT DAY/THE SAME DAY
The Workers: "We're going to finish the job today."
They told us they were going to finish the job that day/the same day.
TOMORROW - THE NEXT/FOLLOWING DAY
Toshio and Kumi: "We'll see you tomorrow."
They said they'd see us the next/following day.
NEXT WEEK, etc. - THE NEXT/FOLLOWING WEEK, etc.
Mr. Edison: "We can go to Rio next year."
He said they could go to Rio the following year.
REPORTED SPEECH
USE:
To report what somebody says or thinks without using their exact words.
FORM:
The main clause contains the "reporting or question verb":
REPORTING VERBS: SAY, TELL, PROMISE, KNOW, BELIEVE, THINK, CLAIM, etc.
QUESTION VERBS: ASK, WONDER, WANT/WOULD LIKE TO KNOW
The noun clause contains the statement or question which is being reported.
EXAMPLES:
"I asked Smith why he'd robbed that bank."
"He told me that he needed money."
"He said he'd never had any luck."
"He wanted to know if I would help him."
STATEMENTS and QUESTIONS
For statements, we use the conjunction THAT, which is omitted in informal English.
[MAIN CLAUSE + (THAT) + NOUN CLAUSE]
EXAMPLES:
"Mr. Jones says (that) he'll call later."
"She said (that) she was leaving."
For questions, we use IF (Yes/No Questions) or WHO, WHAT, WHEN, WHY, WHERE, HOW, HOW MUCH, or
HOW MANY (Wh-Questions). Notice that the verb in the noun clause takes the normal affirmative or negative
form and not the question form.
We often use "double questions" with ASK, TELL, or KNOW to make a polite request for information.
"May I ask what your name is?" is politer than "What's your name?"
[MAIN CLAUSE + IF or WH-WORD + NOUN CLAUSE]
EXAMPLES:
"He's asking you if you like chocolate."
"Please ask him who that boy is."
TIME ASPECTS
When the reporting verb (SAY, THINK, ASK, etc.) is in the Past Tense, the "original" statement/idea or question
may be modified.
VERB IN REPORTED NOUN CLAUSE
When the reporting verb in the main clause is in the Past Tense,the verb in the noun clause is usually also in the
Past Tense, even when theoriginal statement or idea was in the Present Tense.
DIRECT SPEECH
INDIRECT/REPORTED SPEECH
Be Present
Present Simple
Present Progressive
Past Simple
Present/Past Perfect
Modals
Be Past
Past Simple
Past Progressive
Past Perfect
Past Perfect
Past Modals
EXAMPLES:
Mary: "I want to go alone."
Mary said she wanted to go alone.
Tony: "I'll pay you when I see you."
Tony said he'd pay me when he saw me.
PRONOUNS:
Pronouns must also be changed to fit the reported statement.
EXAMPLES:
Tom:"I bought my girlfriend a pin for her birthday."
Tom said that he'd bought his girlfrienda pin for her birthday.
Alice: "Can I borrow your car?"
Alice asked me if she could borrow my car.
TIME ADVERBIALS
When the reporting verb is in the Past Tense, "time adverbials" may also change.
Here are some possible changes:
DIRECT
Now
Today
Tomorrow
INDIRECT/REPORTED
Then/At that time
That day/The same day
The next/following day
EXAMPLES:
"The boss didn't let me go home early."
"They're not having their house painted this year."
"He couldn't get them to clean their room."
"When will you let me use your computer?"
"Can't you get him to apologize?"
"Where are you getting him to take you tonight?"
FORM:
AFFIRMATIVE
[SUBJECT + CAUSATIVE + Object + PAST PARTICIPLE [V3]]
EXAMPLES:
"I want the dishes washed."
"You are getting your car fixed by the best mechanic in town!"
"He would like his eggs cooked for 3 minutes."
"We are having a new house built next year."
NEGATIVE and QUESTIONS
We can use WANT, WOULD LIKE, HAVE, and GET in their normal negative and question forms.
EXAMPLES:
"I don't want the house painted blue!"
"I won't have my hair cut today."
"She didn't get the computer fixed last week."
"How would you like your steak cooked, madam?"
When the pronoun is the subject of the verb in the relative clause, we use pronouns WHO for people and
WHICH for animals, things, or a whole idea.
FORM:
[NOUN, + WHO/WHICH + VERB...]
EXAMPLES:
"My father, who lives in England, is an artist."
"The Empire State Building, which used to be the tallest skyscraper in the world, is in New York."
USE:
WHOEVER, WHENEVER, etc. may be used as either the subject or object in noun clauses to describe or define
a whole class of people, objects, places etc. WHOEVER... is used with the same meaning as: ALL THE
PEOPLE WHO... or WHATEVER... means ALL THE THINGS THAT... or EVERYTHING THAT... WHOEVER and
WHATEVER can also mean ANYTHING THAT...
EXAMPLE:
"Anna is an obedient child. She does whatever her parents tell her to do."
FORM:
WHOEVER and WHATEVER can act as the subject or the object of the verb in the relative clause.
As SUBJECT OF THE RELATIVE CLAUSE:
[...WHOEVER/WHATEVER + VERB...]
EXAMPLES:
"Please tell whoever calls that I'll be back by noon."
"I hope to be back sooner, but I'll be back by noon, whatever happens."
Notice that WHOEVER and WHATEVER are always singular and take the normal 3rd person singular "-s" with
Simple Present Tense verbs.
As OBJECT OF THE RELATIVE CLAUSE:
[...WHOEVER/WHATEVER + SUBJECT + VERB]
EXAMPLES:
"Tom's very friendly. He says hello to whoever
he meets."
"Whatever Sally does she does well."
WHOEVER and WHATEVER can act as the subject or the object of the main clause.
As SUBJECT:
[WHOEVER/WHATEVER (+ SUBJECT) + VERB... + VERB...]
EXAMPLES:
"Whatever arrives by post comes to this office first."
As OBJECT:
[SUBJECT + VERB + WHOEVER/WHATEVER (+SUBJECT) + VERB...]
EXAMPLES:
"The police questioned whoever arrived atthe house."
"Some people believe whatever they readin the newspapers."
WHEREVER... means ALL THE PLACES WHERE... or EVERY PLACE WHERE... or ANY PLACE WHERE...
and WHENEVER means EVERY TIME WHEN... or ANY TIME WHEN...
FORM:
Clauses containing WHEREVER or WHENEVER are normally used like adverbs, to provide information about
the verb in the main clause.
EXAMPLE:
"I will always think of you, wherever I am."
USE:
WHOSE is a relative pronoun which shows possession. It can refer to people or things.
FORM:
WHOSE is used together with nouns in the same way as HIS, HERS, etc.
[NOUN + WHOSE + SUBJECT + VERB...]
EXAMPLE:
"My Uncle Jack, whose house burned down last week, is living with us now."
WHERE
USE:
A relative clause which describes a place can begin with WHERE.
FORM:
[NOUN + WHERE + SUBJECT + VERB...]
EXAMPLE:
"This is a photograph of my first school, where I studied until I was twelve."