Beruflich Dokumente
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Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, C.S. Azad Univ. of Agric. and Tech., Kanpur 208 002 U.P.
Agriculture Research Station, Kalai, Aligarh (C.S. Azad Univ. of Agric. and Tech., Kanpur)
3
Department Biotechnology, Ch. Charan Singh Univeristy, Meerut-250004
4
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, N.D. Univ. of Agric. and Tech., Faizabad 224229
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Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur 208 024 Uttar Pradesh
2
ABSTRACT
Molecular markers play an important role in improvement of field crops. Many morphological
markers generally corresponds the QTLs that can be seen visually. A range of reliable markers like
RFLP, RAPDs, AFLPS and SSRs etc. has been introduced to fulfill the demand of selection/
characterization in breeding programmes. The molecular markers (non morphological markers)
proved then importance having more merits over the morphological markers (conventional or
traditional markers). In the era of scientific progress, the old disciplines of quantitative genetics and
plant taxonomy have been reviewed by marker approach, which have immediate apply in supportive
research for advanced breeding programmes to achieved best yield for development of economic
condition of their country. Therefore, the successful application of DNA molecular markers as an
advanced technology for being genetic improvement in crops plant would base on close interaction
between plant breeders and technology, availability of skilled manpower and financial investors on
researches.
Key words:
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is
provides
way
to
directly
follow
meiosis
to
produce
gametes,
MODERATION OF RAPD
The polymorphism inheritance take place as
normal-mutant traits to create causes of lack of
information associated with markers which is
showed co-dominance.
Primers are very short; a mismatch of even a single
nucleotide can often prevent the primer from
annealing which result loss of band.
RAPDs are very sensitive to change the PCR
condition to create altering in amplified fragments.
Suffers from problems of repeatability in many
systems, especially when transferring between
populations or laboratories as is frequently
necessary with marker assisted selection
programme (Liu et al., 1994).
AFLP (AMPLIFIED
POLYMORPHISM)
APPROACHES
FRAGMENT
LENGTH
226
Advantages :
More sensitive
Highly reproducible activity
It has universal applicable to detection of diversity.
Allow detection of restriction fragments in any
background with involvement of pooled DNA
samples and cloned DNA.
SIMPLE
SEQUENCE
REPEATS
OR
SHORT
(SELECTIVE
AMPLIFICATION
OF
Kumar et al.,
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precision breeding.
At present, Heat stress due to increased
temperature is an important agricultural problem in
many areas of the world (Wahid et al., 2007). High
temperature during post-anthesis is a major problem of
wheat yield reduction in some regions in India as well
as in many wheat-growing regions of the world.
Mohamed et al., 2011 studied the inheritance pattern
of the grain filling rate as indicator for heat tolerant
genes and their study indicated that SSR markers,
combined with bulked segregant analysis, could be
used to identify molecular markers linked to the grain
filling rate as indicator for heat tolerance genes in
wheat and suggested that marker-assisted selection
with microsatellite primers might be useful for
developing to improved cultivars.
SORGHUM
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Kumar et al.,
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Such as seed or flower color are seriously limited in number and their expression can be
differentially affected by the environment.
Proteins
Seed storage proteins, structural proteins and isozymes provide very cost effective markers
but their number may be limiting and their expression is not neutral.
Requires hybridization of probe DNA with sampled plant DNA and although provides high
quality data has a severely restricted throughput potential.
Random amplified
polymorphic DNA (RAPD)
The first of a new generation of markers based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). This
technique uses arbitrary primers for initiating amplification of random pieces of the sampled
plant DNA. This technique requires no knowledge of the genome to be screened but suffers
from problems of inconsistency when transferred between populations and laboratories.
This technique provides high quality, highly consistent results but the markers are expensive
to develop as they require extensive sequence data from the species of interest. However,
once developed this type of marker is easily transferred between populations or laboratories
and is amenable to high throughput screening.
In this approach the sample DNA is enzymatically cut up into small fragments (as with RFLP
analysis) but only a fraction of fragments are studied following selective PCR amplification.
Although this assay provides a great quantity of marker information, it is not particularly well
suited to high throughput marker assisted selection.
The development of EST markers is dependent on extensive sequence data of regions of the
genome that are expressed. However, once developed they provide high quality, highly
consistent results and because they are limited to expressed regions of the genome, markers
themselves are directly associated with functional genes. As with SSR markers, EST
markers are amenable to high throughput screening.
(EST)
Single nucleotide
polymorphism
The majority of differences between individuals are point mutations due to single nucleotide
polymorphisms. As such, there are a vast number of potential SNP markers in all species.
Massive amounts of sequence data are required to develop SNP markers, particularly as
many may be population specific. However, their great advantage lies in the potential to
screen them through simply yes/no tests that can be readily automated to facilitate
mega-throughput screening through the use of technologies such as micro arrays.
230
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