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Integration
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Integration
Introduction
WHY DO WE HAVE
TO FIND AREA UNDER
THE CURVE ??
The
Definite
Integral
Example 1
By integration,
Area of triangle,
Area = (base)
x (height)
Area = (b)(b)
2
x
x
0 x dx 2
b
=
b2
b2
0
2
2
b
2
Similarly,
By integration,
Average value
Example 2
b
1
Average
f ( x) dx
ba a
3
1
4 - x dx
30
1
x
4x
3
2
2
1
32
4(3) -
3
2
5
Example 3
Calculate the area bounded by the x-axis and the parabola
y 6 x x
Solution:
x
x
3(6 x x )dx 6 x 2 3
2
8
9 27
12 2 18
3
2 3
5
20
6
Example 4
Solution :
0
( x x 2 x)dx
3
x
x
2
x
4 3
12
3
2
(
x
x
2 x)dx
x
x
2
x
4 3
5
8 37
Total enclosed area
units
12
3 12
Definite integral
Area
[ f ( x) g ( x)]dx
a
Example 5
Find the area enclosed by the parabola y=2 x2 and
the line y = x.
Revision :
Equation of straight line y mx c,
where m slope, c intercept on y - axis
y
y x
straight line
negative slope
passing through origin
x
y=x
y 2 x
when x 0, y 2
Find intersecti on on x - axis :
when y 0, x 2
y 2 x2
dy
2 x (slope)
dx
dy
when
0, x 0
dx
when x 0, y 2
turning point (0,2)
d2y
2 (maxima)
2
dx
d2y
Note : when 2 negative (maxima),
dx
positive (minima)
2 x x
2
x x20
2
( x 1)( x 2) 0
x 1, x 2
When x 1, y 1
When x 2 , y 2
Intersecti on points are (1, 1) and (2, 2)
Combining both
graphs,
Note:
- Slope of curves
- Turning point
- Maxima
- Intersection points
Solution for
area between
2 curves:
[ f ( x) g ( x)]dx
2
[(
2
x
) ( x )]dx
1
2
2
(
2
x
) dx
x
x
2x
2
3
1
4 8
1 1
4 2
2 3
2 3
unit 2
2
2
Example 6
Solution:
Area A
Limits of integration are a=0, b=2.
Area B
Solving simultaneously y x and y x 2
x ( x 2) x 4 x 4
2
x 5 x 4 0
( x 1)( x 4) 0
x 1, x 4
2
f ( x) g ( x) x
For 2 x 4 :
f ( x) g ( x) x - (x - 2)
2
Solution:
Solving simultaneous equation of
x y2
and
x y2
A [ f ( y ) g ( y )]dy
a
2
(
2
y
) dy
10
Exercise
Net Area
Consider the region R bounded by the graph of a
continuous function f and the x-axis between x = a and x =
b. The net area of R is the area of the parts of R that lie
above the x-axis minus the area of the parts of R that lie
below the x-axis on [a, b].
Exercise