EE101

Calculus and
Analytical
Geometry 2

CONICS

ngcy@ucsiuniversity.edu.my

PARABOL
Conic sections
A

The vertex must located at origin (0,0)

The vertex must located at origin (0,0)

Conic sections
HYPERBOL
A

Standard form equation for Hyperbolas centred at the origin

Standard form equation for Hyperbolas centred at the origin

ELLIPS
E

Conic sections

Ellipses
HORIZONTAL MAJOR AXIS

FOCI
(-c,0) & (c,0)

CO-VERTICES
(0,b)& (0,-b)

Vertices
(-a,0) & (a,0)

x
y
1
2
2
a
b

CENTER (0,0) 2

Ellipses
VERTICAL MAJOR AXIS

FOCI
(0,-c) & (0,c)

CENTER (0,0)

CO-VERTICES
(b, 0)& (-b,0)

x
y
2 2 1
b
a

Vertices
(0,-a) & (0, a)

Ellipse Notes

* Must make sure

the types of Ellipse
before sketch
HORIZONTAL /
VERTICAL major
axis ?

Length of major axis = a (vertex & larger

#)
Length of minor axis = b (co-vertex &
smaller#)
To Find the foci (c) use:

c2 = a 2 - b 2

 Lies inside rectangle bounded by:

x = a and y = b
Crosses axes at points (a,0) and
(0,b).
Major axis = 2a
Minor axis = 2b
Semi major axis = a
Semi minor axis = b
2
2
Centre-to-focus
distance
c a b =

Application of
Conics

Classifying Conic
Sections

by
Eccentricity

Eccentricity (e)
Eccentricity reveals the conic sections type
(circle, ellipse, parabola or hyperbola) and the
degree to which it is squashed or flattened.

Eccentricity (e), is the ratio of the distance to the

focus divided by the distance to the vertex. That is,
e = c/a
Eccentricity is often used in astronomy to describe
the path of the planets, moons, or comets which
orbit another object.

In an ellipse, the foci are closer together than the vertices, ratio < 1.
In a hyperbola, the foci are farther apart than the vertices, ratio >1.

Conic
Circle
Ellipse
Parabola
Hyperbola

Eccentricity
e=0
0<e<1
e=1
e>1

Find a Cartesian equation for the

hyperbola centered at the origin that
has a focus at (3,0) and the line x = 1
as the corresponding directrix
Apply the formula:

Directrix, x = a/e

D (1,0)
P (x,y)

Eccentricity, e = c/a
PF = e. PD

0 1

x
F (3,0)

Classifying Conic
Sections

by Quadratic
Equations

Classifying the conics

Given in general form:

Ellipse
2

B 4AC 0
Parabola
2

B 4AC 0

Hyperbola
2

B 4AC 0

Classifying Conics
classify the conic
2
2

5x 2y 20x 4y 24 0

A5
B0
C2

B 4AC
2
0 4(5)(2)
40

Ellipse

Classifying Conics
classify the conic

y 8x 12y 0

A0
B0
C 1

B 4AC
2
0 4(0)(1)
0

Parabola

Classifying Conics
classify the conic
2
2

24x 18y 18 0
A 24
B 4AC
2
B 18 0 4(24)(18)
C0
1728
2

Hyperbola

Classifying Conics
classify the conic

16 xy 0
A 0 B 2 4AC
B 1 (1) 2 4(0)(0)
C0
1

Hyperbola

SHIFTING
CONIC
SECTIONS

In the preceding sections,

we studied:
Parabolas with vertices at the
origin (0, 0).
Ellipse
In
this section,
we:
and hyperbolas
with centers

the originconics
(0, 0). whose vertices
atConsider
and centers are not necessarily
at the origin.
Determine how this affects their
equations.

Shifting of
Parabola

Shifting of
Hyperbola

Shifting of
Ellipse

All Shifted conics are shifted so that what

used to be the origin is now (h, k).
Parabola

Hyperbola

Vertices: (h, ka)

Ellipse

Shifted
Parabola

Shifted Parabola
Applying shifts to parabolas leads to the equations and
graphs shown in Figure 3.

(a) (x h)2 = 4p(y k) p > 0

Figure 3

(b) (x h)2 = - 4p(y k) p < 0

Shifted Parabola
Applying shifts to parabolas leads to the equations and
graphs shown in Figure 3.

(c) (y k)2 = 4p(x h) p > 0

(b) (y k)2 = - 4p(x h) p < 0

Figure 3

Example 1 Graphing a Shifted

Parabola
Determine the vertex, focus, and directrix, and sketch a graph of the
parabola.
x2 4x = 8y 28
Solution :
We complete the square in x to put this equation into one of the forms
in Figure 3.
x2 4x + 4 = 8y 28 + 4
(x 2)2 = 8y 24

Add 4 to complete
the square

Example 1 Solution
(x 2)2 = 8(y 3)
This parabola opens upward with vertex at (2, 3). It is
obtained from the parabola
x = 8y
2

Parabola with vertex

at origin

by shifting right 2 units and upward 3 units.

Example 1 Solution

contd

Since 4p = 8, we have p = 2, so the focus is 2 units above

the vertex and the directrix is 2 units below the vertex.
Thus the focus is (2, 5), and the directrix is y = 1.
The graph is shown in Figure 4.

x2 4x = 8y 28
Figure 4

Shifted Ellipse

Example 2

Shifted
Hyperbola

Example 3

The End
Prepared by:
Dr. Ng Ching Yin
ngcy@ucsiuniversity.edu.my