Approval Standard

for
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
Pipe and Fittings for
Underground
Fire Protection Service

Class Number 1612

April 1999

2002 FM Approvals LLC. All rights reserved.

Foreword
The FM Approvals certification mark is intended to verify that the products and services described
will meet FM Approvals stated conditions of performance, safety and quality useful to the ends of
property conservation. The purpose of Approval Standards is to present the criteria for FM Approval
of various types of products and services, as guidance for FM Approvals personnel, manufacturers,
users and authorities having jurisdiction.
Products submitted for certification by FM Approvals shall demonstrate that they meet the intent of
the Approval Standard, and that quality control in manufacturing shall ensure a consistently uniform
and reliable product. Approval Standards strive to be performance-oriented. They are intended to
facilitate technological development.
For examining equipment, materials and services, Approval Standards:
a)

must be useful to the ends of property conservation by preventing, limiting or not

causing damage under the conditions stated by the Approval listing; and

b) must be readily identifiable.

Continuance of Approval and listing depends on compliance with the Approval Agreement,
satisfactory performance in the field, on successful re-examinations of equipment, materials, and
services as appropriate, and on periodic follow-up audits of the manufacturing facility.
FM Approvals LLC reserves the right in its sole judgment to change or revise its standards, criteria,
methods, or procedures.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Purpose .............................................................................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
1.3 Basis for Requirements ..................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.4 Basis for FM Approval ..................................................................................................................................................... 2
1.5 Basis for Continued Approval .......................................................................................................................................... 2
1.6 Effective Date .................................................................................................................................................................... 2
1.7 System of Units ................................................................................................................................................................. 2
1.8 Applicable Documents ...................................................................................................................................................... 3
1.9 Definitions ......................................................................................................................................................................... 4
2. GENERAL INFORMATION ................................................................................................................................................... 6
2.1 Product Information .......................................................................................................................................................... 6
2.2 Approval Application Requirements ................................................................................................................................. 7
2.3 Requirements for Samples for Examination .................................................................................................................... 7
3. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS ................................................................................................................................................ 8
3.1 Review of Documentation ................................................................................................................................................ 8
3.2 Physical or Structural Features ......................................................................................................................................... 8
3.3 Materials ............................................................................................................................................................................ 9
3.4 Markings .......................................................................................................................................................................... 10
3.5 Manufacturers Installation and Operation Instructions ................................................................................................. 10
3.6 Calibration ....................................................................................................................................................................... 11
4. PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS .................................................................................................................................. 11
4.1 Examination ..................................................................................................................................................................... 11
4.2 Standard Design .............................................................................................................................................................. 11
4.3 Quick-Burst Strength (Pipe Only) .................................................................................................................................. 11
4.4 Hydrostatic Strength (Pipe And Fittings) ....................................................................................................................... 12
4.5 Stiffness Factor (Pipe Only) ........................................................................................................................................... 12
4.6 Abuse Test (Pipe And Fittings) ...................................................................................................................................... 13
4.7 Vacuum Test .................................................................................................................................................................... 14
4.8 One-Hour Pressure Test .................................................................................................................................................. 14
4.9 Test Procedure ................................................................................................................................................................. 15
4.10 Additional Tests ............................................................................................................................................................. 15
5. OPERATIONS REQUIREMENTS ....................................................................................................................................... 15
5.1 Demonstrated Quality Control Program ......................................................................................................................... 15
5.2 Facilities and Procedures Audit (F&PA) ........................................................................................................................ 16
5.3 Manufacturers Responsibilities ...................................................................................................................................... 16
5.4 Manufacturing and Production Tests .............................................................................................................................. 16
APPENDIX A: UNITS OF MEASUREMENT ......................................................................................................................... 18
APPENDIX B: APPROVAL MARKS ........................................................................................................................................ 19
APPENDIX C: SAMPLE CALCULATION ............................................................................................................................ 20

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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Purpose
1.1.1 This Standard states Approval criteria for Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) pipe and fittings for underground fire
service water mains.
1.1.2 FM Approval criteria may include, but are not limited to, performance requirements, marking requirements, examination of manufacturing facility(ies), audit of quality assurance procedures, and a follow-up
program.

1.2 Scope
1.2.1 This Standard encompasses the design and performance requirements for 4 in. through 36 in. nominal size
PVC pipe and fittings for use in underground fire service mains. In cases where metric sized PVC pipe and
fittings are to be examined for Approval, test criteria comparable to the United States equivalent size shall
be used.
1.2.2 FM Approval Standards are intended to verify that the product described will meet stated conditions of
performance, safety and quality useful to the ends of property conservation.
1.2.3 FM Approvals will consider PVC pipe and fittings which are designed in accordance to national or
international standards, such as American Water Works Association (AWWA) C-900, C-905, C-907,
C-909. All FM Approval testing is to be conducted on production samples.

1.3 Basis for Requirements

1.3.1 The requirements of this Standard are based on experience, research and testing, and/or the standards of
other organizations. The advice of manufacturers, users, trade associations, jurisdictions and/or loss
control specialists was also considered.
1.3.2 The requirements of this Standard reflect tests and practices used to examine characteristics of PVC pipe
and fittings for the purpose of obtaining FM Approval. PVC pipe and fittings having characteristics not
anticipated by this Standard may be Approved if performance equal, or superior, to that required by this
Standard is demonstrated, or if the intent of the Standard is met. Alternatively, PVC pipe and fittings which
meet all of the requirements identified in this Standard may not be Approved if other conditions which
adversely affect performance exist or if the intent of this Standard is not met.

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1.4 Basis for FM Approval

FM Approval is based upon satisfactory evaluation of the product and the manufacturer in the following major
areas:
1.4.1 Examination and tests on production samples shall be performed to evaluate:
the suitability of the product
the performance of the product as specified by the manufacturer and required by FM Approvals; and as
far as practical,
the durability and reliability of the product.
1.4.2 An examination of the manufacturing facility(ies) and audit of quality control procedures shall be made
to evaluate the manufacturers ability to produce the product as examined and tested, and the marking
procedures used to identify the product. These examinations are repeated as part of FM Approvals Product
Follow-Up Program.

1.5 Basis for Continued Approval

Continued Approval is based upon:
production or availability of the product as currently Approved;
the continued use of acceptable quality assurance procedures;
satisfactory field experience;
compliance with the terms stipulated in the Approval Agreement;
satisfactory re-examination of production samples for continued conformity to requirements; and
satisfactory Facilities and Procedures Audits (F&PAs) conducted as part of FM Approvals Approved
Product Follow-Up Program.
Also, as a condition of retaining Approval, manufacturers may not change a product or service without prior
authorization by FM Approvals.

1.6 Effective Date

The effective date of an Approval Standard mandates that all products tested for Approval after the effective date
shall satisfy the requirements of that Standard. Products Approved under a previous edition shall comply with
the new version by the effective date or forfeit Approval.
The effective date of this Standard is April 30, 2000 for full compliance with all requirements.

1.7 System of Units

Units of measurement used in this Standard are United States (U.S.) customary units. These are followed by their
arithmetic equivalents in International System (SI) units, enclosed in parentheses. The first value stated shall be
regarded as the requirement. The converted equivalent value may be approximate. Appendix A lists the selected
units and conversions to SI units for measures appearing in this Standard. Conversion of U.S. customary units
is in accordance with the American National Standards Institute (ANSI)/Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers (IEEE)/American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) SI 10-97, Standard for Use of the
International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System.

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1.8 Applicable Documents

The latest versions of the following standards, test methods, and practices are referenced in this standard:
ANSI A21.1, American National Standard for Thickness Design of Cast Iron Pipe
ANSI/ASTM D883, Terminology Relating to Plastics (08.01)
ANSI/IEEE/ASTM SI 10-97, Standard for Use of the International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric
System
ASTM D1598, Standard Test Method for Time-to-Failure of Plastic Pipe Under Constant Internal Pressure
ASTM D1599, Standard Test Method for Short-Time Hydraulic Failure Pressure of Plastic Pipe, Tubing and
Fittings
ASTM D1784, Standard Specification for Rigid Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Compounds and Chlorinated Poly
(Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Compounds
ASTM D2122, Standard Test Method of Determining Dimensions of Thermoplastic Pipe and Fittings
ASTM D2152, Standard Test Method for Adequacy of Fusion of Extruded Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Pipe and
Molded Fittings by Acetone Immersion
ASTM D2241, Standard Specification for Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Pressure-Rated Pipe (SDR Series)
ASTM D2412, Standard Test Method for Determination of External Loading Characteristics of Plastic Pipe by
Parallel-Plate Loading
ASTM D2444, Standard Test Method for Determination of the Impact Resistance of Thermoplastic Pipe and
Fittings by Means of a Tup (Falling Weight)
ASTM D2487, Standard Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes, (Unified Soil Classification System)
ASTM D2774, Standard Practice for Underground Installation of Thermoplastic Pressure Piping
ASTM D2837, Standard Test Method for Obtaining Hydrostatic Design Basis for Thermoplastic Pipe Materials
ASTM D3139, Standard Specification for Joints for Plastic Pressure Pipes Using Flexible Elastomeric Seals
ASTM F412, Standard Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems
ASTM F477, Standard Specification for Elastomeric Seals (Gaskets) for Joining Plastic Pipe
ASTM F1483, Standard Specification for Oriented Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVCO) Pressure Pipe
American Water Works Association, (AWWA) C-900, Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pressure Pipe, 4 in. Through
12 in. for Water Distribution
AWWA C-905, Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Water Transmission Pipe, Nominal Diameters 14 in. through 36 in.
AWWA C-907, Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pressure Fittings for Water, 4 in. Through 8 in.
AWWA C-909, Molecularly Oriented Polyvinyl Chloride (PVCO) Pressure Pipe, 4 in. through 12 in. For Water
Distribution

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AWWA Manual M23, PVC Pipe Design and Installation

FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets
Plastic Pipe Institute, (PPI) TR-3, Policies and Procedures for Developing Recommended Hydrostatic Design
Stresses for Thermoplastic Pipe Materials

1.9 Definitions
Generally, terminology relating to PVC pipe and fittings shall be in accordance with ANSI/ASTM D883,
Standard Definitions of Terms Relating to Plastics and ASTM F412, Standard Terminology Relating to Plastic
Piping Systems, respectively. Any terminology not included within, or in contradiction to, those documents will
be separately defined where used in the Approval examination of PVC pipe and fittings. For purposes of this
Standard, the following terms apply:
Accepted
This term refers to installations acceptable to the authority enforcing the applicable installation rules.
When the authority is FM Global, such locations are termed FM Global Accepted. Acceptance is based
upon an overall evaluation of the installation. Factors other than the use of Approved equipment impact
upon the decision to accept, or not to accept. Acceptance is not a characteristic of a product. It is
installation specific. A product accepted for one installation may not be acceptable elsewhere. (Contrast
with Approved.)
Approval Mark
The FM Approval Mark is detailed in Appendix B. Its use is mandatory on all units of Approved pipe and
fittings. These registered marks cannot be used except as authorized by FM Approvals via the granting of
Approval to a specific product.
Approved
This term refers to products Approved by the FM Approvals. Such products are listed in the Approval
Guide, a publication of FM Approvals, issued annually, or one of the supplements. All products so listed
have been successfully examined by FM Approvals, and their manufacturers have signed and returned an
Approval Agreement (FM Approvals Form L-15) to FM Approvals. This form obligates the manufacturer
to allow re-examination of the product and audit of facilities and procedures at FM Approvals discretion.
It further requires the manufacturer not to deviate from the as-Approved configuration of the product
without review by and agreement of FM Approvals. Approval is product specific.
Dimension Ratio (DR)
The ratio of the average outside diameter of outside diameter-controlled plastic pipe to the minimum
specified wall thickness of the pipe, rounded to the nearest whole number.
Factor of Safety (F)
A number, greater than or equal to 2.0, by which the Hydrostatic Design Basis (HDB) is divided to obtain
the Hydrostatic Design Stress (HDS). The factor of safety is used to account for variations in conditions
from those contemplated in the design of an installation, rough handling of piping, and manufacturing
variations.
Hydrostatic Design Basis (HDB)
One of a series of established stress values for a plastic material. It is obtained by categorizing the Long
Term Hydrostatic Strength of the material as described in ASTM D2837.

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Hydrostatic Design Stress (HDS)

The recommended maximum allowable hoop stress used in the design of plastic pipe of a given material.
It is obtained by dividing the Hydrostatic Design Basis (HDB) by a minimum factor of safety.
HDS =

HDB
F

For water distribution pipe, nominal sizes 4 in. through 12 in., the minimum factor of safety is 2.5 as
described in AWWA C-900 and C-909. For water transmission pipe, nominal sizes 14 in. through 36 in.,
the minimum factor of safety is 2.0 as described in AWWA C-905.
Long Term Hydrostatic Strength (LTHS)
Plastic materials exhibit a time-dependent response to stress. This occurs in a predictable fashion. If
samples of plastic pipe are pressurized to various levels, they will fail after periods of time proportional
to those pressures. The specific relationship is that the logarithm of the time to failure is negatively
proportional to the logarithm of the stress.
log T = a b log S
Where a and b are constants.
This stress, S, is the hoop stress in the material due to internal pressure at a constant temperature. ASTM
D2837 details test procedures for obtaining this relationship. The relationship is then used to determine a
particular maximum S that should not cause failure until at least after a minimum desired life. That S is
termed the Long Term Hydrostatic Stress (LTHS) for the material in question. For purposes of Approval
of PVC Pipe, T=50 years shall be used to determine the LTHS.
Molecularly Oriented Polyvinyl Chloride (PVCO) Pressure Pipe
PVCO pressure pipe is made through a manufacturing process which reorients the molecular structure of
polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in the circumferential or hoop direction. The process starts by extruding a
smaller outside diameter, heavier wall stock pipe. The stock pipe is reheated and then expanded with
internal pressure to its final dimensions. The expansion causes the polymer molecules to orient in the hoop
direction. The orientation is locked in by cooling the pipe. The result is PVCO pressure pipe characterized by its strong mechanical properties (HDB) and light weight for water pressure applications.
Poly(vinyl Chloride) (PVC)
A polymer prepared by the polymerization of vinyl chloride as the sole monomer.
Pressure Class
The working-pressure rating of a specific pipe for water service at a maximum operating temperature of
73.4F (23C) defined as:
PC = 2t HDB - Ps
D-t
F
Where:
PC

Pressure Class, psi

Minimum Wall Thickness, inches

Average Outside Diameter, inches

HDB

Hydrostatic Design Basis, psi

Factor of Safety

Ps

Surge Allowance, psi

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Pressure Pipe for Water Distribution

Underground pipe used to carry water from underground transmission lines and distribute it throughout a
distribution system or a service area. For the purposes of this Standard, distribution pipe is limited to
nominal sizes 4 inches through 12 inches. Water distribution pipe pressure classes are based on a factor
of safety of 2.5 plus an allowance for surge protection.
Pressure Pipe for Water Transmission
Underground pipe used to carry water from a source of supply to the distribution system. For the purposes
of this Standard, transmission pipe is limited to nominal sizes 14 inches through 36 inches. Due to the
nature of their use, water transmission pipe pressure ratings are based on a factor of safety of 2.0. No
allowance is made for surge protection.
Pressure Rating (PR)
The maximum constant internal pressure that can be exerted continuously with a high degree of certainty
that failure of the pipe will not occur, at a given temperature defined as:
PR = 2t HDB
D-t
F

Where:
PR

Pressure Rating, psi

Minimum Wall Thickness, inches

Average Outside Diameter, inches

HDB

Hydrostatic Design Basis, psi

Factor of Safety

Surge Allowance (Ps)

Surge pressure allowance, in pounds per square inch, based on an instantaneous velocity change of 2 ft/s
(0.61 m/s).
Tup B
A cylindrical weight with a 2 in. (55 mm) radius nose, as defined in ASTM D2444.
Working Pressure Rating (WPR)
See Pressure Class.

2. GENERAL INFORMATION
2.1 Product Information
2.1.1 Nominal sizes of PVC pipe and fittings for fire protection service addressed in this Standard are: 4 inches
through 36 inches. Within this Standard a distinction is made between pipe designed as water distribution
pipe and that designed as water transmission pipe. For the purposes of this Standard, distribution pipe is
limited to nominal sizes 4 in. through 12 in., while transmission pipe is limited to nominal sizes 14 in.
through 36 in. Other sizes shall be evaluated on a case-by-case basis.

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2.1.2 PVC pipe and fittings are manufactured from materials with specific properties. They are thermoplastic
compounds prepared by combining PVC resin with modifiers to attain desirable properties, and with
stabilizers, lubricants, and pigments for processing, property control, and coloring.
2.1.3 PVC resin is usually either extruded (pipes) or injection molded (fittings) of specific thermoplastic
formulations, in conformance to nationally or internationally recognized standards.
2.1.4 In order to meet the intent of this Standard, PVC pipe and fittings must be examined on a model-by-model,
type-by-type, manufacturer-by manufacturer, and plant-by-plant basis. This is predicated on the basis that
identical designs, fabricated in identical materials by different manufacturers or, even by different plants
of the same manufacturer, have been seen to perform differently in testing. Sample PVC pipe and fittings
selected in conformance to this criterion, shall satisfy all of the requirements of this Standard.

2.2 Approval Application Requirements

To apply for an Approval examination the manufacturer, or its authorized representative, should submit a
request to:
Hydraulics Group Manager
FM Approvals Hydraulics Laboratory
743A Reynolds Road
West Glocester RI 02814
U.S.A.
The manufacturer shall provide the following preliminary information with any request for Approval
consideration:
A complete list of all types, sizes, and options for the products or services being submitted for Approval
consideration,
a complete set of manufacturing drawings, hydrostatic design basis (HDB) calculations, materials list(s),
anticipated marking format, brochures, sales literature, specification sheets, installation, operation and
maintenance procedures, and
the number and location of manufacturing facilities.
All documents shall identify the manufacturers name, document number or other form of reference, title, date
of last revision, and revision level. All foreign language documents shall be provided with English translation.

2.3 Requirements for Samples for Examination

Following set-up and authorization of an Approval examination, the manufacturer shall submit samples for
examination and testing. Sample requirements are to be determined by FM Approvals following review of the
preliminary information. Sample requirements may vary depending on design features, results of prior testing,
and results of the foregoing tests. It is the manufacturers responsibility to submit samples representative of
production. Any decision to use data generated utilizing prototypes is at the discretion of FM Approvals. The
manufacturer shall provide any special test fixtures, which may be required to evaluate the PVC pipe and fittings.

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3. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
3.1 Review of Documentation
During the initial investigation and prior to physical testing, the manufacturers specifications, technical data
sheets, and design details, (including verification of the appropriate design factor of safety), shall be reviewed
to assess the ease and practicality of installation and use. The product shall be capable of being used within the
limits of the Approval investigation.

3.2 Physical or Structural Features

3.2.1 PVC Pipe and fittings shall be designed for a minimum rated working pressure of 150 psi (1035 kPa).
3.2.2 Nominal sizes of PVC pipe and fittings shall be 4 inches through 36 inches. Other sizes may be evaluated
on a case-by-case basis.
3.2.3 PVC pipe shall be formed of homogeneous material. Material shall be assigned a hydrostatic design basis
(HDB) for water at 73F (23C). This value shall be derived from sustained pressure tests conducted per
ASTM D1598 and evaluated per ASTM D2837.
The testing shall have been performed on pipe made of the same raw material as that of the pipe submitted
for Approval and produced on equipment and under conditions equivalent to those to be used in its
commercial production. The hydrostatic design stress (HDS) shall then be determined in accordance with
ASTM D1598 and ASTM D2837. The actual factor of safety used shall be adjusted, if necessary, to
provide at least a projected 50 year life at the rated pressures and temperature. If the PPI has certified the
material in question to have an HDB meeting these requirements, even if that certification is based upon
a documented equivalency to other pipe rather than on direct testing to the pipe submitted for Approval,
that HDB shall be acceptable.
The manufacturer shall submit the long term hydrostatic test data used to calculate the HDB.
FM Approvals will verify the calculations and the suitability of the data per the applicable ANSI/ASTM
Standard.
3.2.4 PVC pipe and fitting materials shall be Class 12454 A or B as defined in ASTM D1784. When other
materials are submitted, special tests may be necessary to verify their suitability.
3.2.5 All pipe and fittings shall be designed and manufactured in accordance with the dimensional and other
requirements of the recognized national or international standard for the products in question. Where such
a standard does not exist, the manufacturer shall be prepared to submit detailed documentation, including
dimensional drawing and HDB calculations. A special investigation by FM Approvals will determine if the
products may be considered for Approval.
3.2.6 The maximum pressure rating for PVC pipe shall be determined using procedures outlined in AWWA
C900, C905, or C909, as applicable. A manufacturer need not take full advantage of the properties of his
material in establishing pressure ratings. That is, more conservative ratings than those derived from this
calculation may be assigned.
3.2.7 Pressure ratings for PVC fittings cannot be easily determined. Fittings submitted for use with a given pipe
must be of compatible material characteristics and must not fail before the pipe when tested to meet the
requirements described in Section 4.4 (Hydrostatic Strength).

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3.2.8 Testing shall use production pipe and fittings assembled according to the manufacturers published
instructions. All joining techniques submitted shall be tested in all sizes submitted. However, all fitting
configurations need not be tested for qualification of a given line. FM Approvals will designate those items
to be tested which, in its judgement, adequately sample the products submitted for Approval.
3.2.9 All gaskets submitted for Approval shall be in accordance with ASTM F477, or equivalent. Each gasket
shall be individually evaluated to the requirements of Section 4 (Performance Requirements).
3.2.10 Physical values given in this standard are subjected to the following tolerances:
Length

1 in. (25 mm)

Temperature

4F (2C)

Pressure

5 psi (35 kPa)

All Others

5 percent

3.2.11 All tests, unless otherwise noted, shall be run at an ambient temperature of 73F (23C). When tests are
conducted at temperatures above 73F (23C), required pressure values may be adjusted downwards
according to the thermal de-rating factors shown in Table 3.2.11.
Table 3.2.11. Thermal De-Rating Factors for PVC Pipes and Fittings

Multiply the Pressure Rating or

Pressure Class at 73.4F (23C)
by These Factors

80

(27)

0.88

90

(32)

0.75

Maximum Service Temperature

100

(38)

0.62

110

(43)

0.50

120

(49)

0.40

130

(54)

0.30

140

(60)

0.22

Note: 1. Interpolate between the temperatures listed to calculate other factors.

2. The de-rating factors assume sustained elevated pipe and fluid temperatures. When the contents of the PVC pressure
pipe under test are only intermittently and temporarily raised above the service temperature shown, a further de-rating
may not be needed.

3.3 Materials
3.3.1 Polyvinyl chloride is manufactured by polymerization of the monomer vinyl chloride, manufactured from
ethylene and chlorine. PVC is manufactured in a wide variety of compounds containing such materials as
plasticizers and impact modifiers to change the properties of the material. Only unplasticized PVC is used
for piping applications due to problems such as embrittlement. The Type I PVC has the highest long-term
strength and is usually used for piping applications.
3.3.2 Because of the possibility of connection to potable water systems, PVC piping addressed in this standard
shall use only material suitable for potable water service, as listed for this service by the NSF International
(NSF) or other nationally recognized and accredited testing laboratory. Tests shall be made in accordance
with requirements equivalent to those of NSF Standard Number 61, at minimum.

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3.4 Markings
3.4.1 All Approved pipe and fittings shall bear the FM Approval Mark (see Appendix B). The FM Approval
Mark shall be displayed visibly and permanently on the product. The manufacturer shall not use this Mark
on any other product unless such product is covered by separate agreement with FM Approvals.
3.4.2 Pipe markings shall be repeated at a minimum interval of 5 ft (1.5 m) along the pipe, and shall include,
as a minimum, the following information:
manufacturers name or trademark;
nominal size and outside diameter base (e.g., 6 CI, 6 IPS);
pressure class;
dimension ratio, (if applicable);
the letters PVC or PVCO, as applicable;
recognized standard to which the pipe is designed and manufactured;
specific production code, including day, month, year, shift, plant and extruder of manufacture, as
applicable; and
the FM Approval Mark.
3.4.3 Each fittings markings shall include, as a minimum, the following information:

manufacturers name, or trademark;

nominal size and outside diameter base;
pressure class;
the letters PVC;
mold cavity identification;

recognized standard to which the fitting is designed and manufactured;

specific source code, indicating location of manufacture, as applicable; and
the FM Approval Mark.
3.4.4 The order of these markings is optional, as long as all are present.
3.4.5 Additional markings are allowed if arranged in such a way as not to interfere with the legibility of the
required markings.
3.4.6 All markings shall be legible and durable throughout the useful life of the product.

3.5 Manufacturers Installation and Operation Instructions

The manufacturer shall provide installation instructions which clearly indicate that the PVC pipe and fittings
qualified under this Standard are restricted to underground service. The installation instructions shall define
requirements of installation including assembly of pipe sections, couplings, and other components; and laying
and back filling procedures. Adequate compaction of soil is of particular importance. Suitable designs for
transition connections to other materials shall be specified. Thrust blocking and other restraint requirements shall
also be specified. FM Approvals shall determine the minimum acceptable extent of these instructions based upon
the specific nature of the pipe and fittings submitted for Approval. Any instructions specific to FM Approval
constraints shall be labeled as such. FM Approvals required instructions may be included in a more general
instruction publication, provided that it is clearly stated that Approval of these products is contingent upon
observance of the FM Approvals constraints. Instructions shall be furnished by the manufacturer. Instructions
shall be provided with each shipment.

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3.6 Calibration
All examinations and tests performed in evaluation to this Standard shall use calibrated measuring instruments
traceable and certified to acceptable national standards.

4. PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS
4.1 Examination
4.1.1 Requirement
The PVC pipe and fittings shall conform to the manufacturers drawings and specifications and to
FM Approval requirements.
4.1.2 Test/Verification
A sample shall be examined and compared to drawings and specifications. It shall be verified that the
sample conforms to the physical and structural requirements described in Section 3, General Requirements.

4.2 Standard Design

4.2.1 Requirements
If the manufacturers literature or pipe markings reference any recognized standard specifying design,
manufacture, or performance, FM Approvals shall verify, as a part of its examination, that all criteria of
such a referenced standard are met. The intent of the requirement is that PVC pipe and fittings conform
to any recognized standard to which they are manufactured.
4.2.2 Test/Verification
The manufacturer shall submit to FM Approvals a copy of the relevant standard(s), along with drawings,
specifications, and other documents necessary to confirm compliance. FM Approvals shall verify that all
requirements of that standard are met.

4.3 Quick-Burst Strength (Pipe Only)

4.3.1 Requirement
A quick-burst test shall be conducted on all classes and sizes of pipe submitted for Approval. The test
specimen shall attain a hydrostatic pressure equal to or greater than the values shown in Tables 4.3.1a for
water distribution pipe and 4.3.2b for water transmission pipe during a test time of 60 to 70 seconds. The
values shown are based on a hoop stress of 6400 psi (44 125 kPa) for extruded AWWA C900 and C905
pipe. Specimen failure is not required to demonstrate that minimum quick-burst strength requirements
have been met.

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Table 4.3.1a. Water Distribution Pipe (Nominal Size 4 through 12 in.)

Pressure

Pressure Class

psi

(kPa)

150

755

(5210)

200

985

(6790)

Table 4.3.1b. Water Transmission Pipe (Nominal Size 14 through 36 in.)

Pressure

Pressure Rating

psi

(kPa)

160

510

(3515)

165

535

(3690)

200

640

(4415)

235

755

(5210)

310

985

(6790)

4.3.2 Test/Verification
At least one sample of each class and size of pipe, including any integral bell, shall be subjected to a 73F
(23C) quick-burst hydrostatic test. In this test the internal pressure shall be raised from 0 to the minimum
required pressure in not less than 60 and not more than 70 seconds.

4.4 Hydrostatic Strength (Pipe And Fittings)

4.4.1 Requirement
Hydrostatic strength test shall be conducted on all classes and sizes of pipe, including joints and fittings.
The test specimen shall attain a hydrostatic pressure equal to or greater than the values shown in
Table 4.4.1 for a period of 5 minutes without leakage, rupture, ballooning or weeping.
Table 4.4.1. Hydrostatic Strength Pressures
Type

Size

Required Test Pressure

Water Distribution

4 through 12 in.

4 Pressure Class or Pressure Rating

Water Transmission

14 through 36 in.

2.5 Pressure Class or Pressure Rating

4.4.2 Test/Verification
One sample of each size and class of pipe, joining method and fitting submitted for Approval, shall be
subjected to a hydrostatic strength test. Pipe segments between joints shall be, at minimum, 1 ft (305 mm)
long. Test pressure shall be as shown in Table 4.4.1. Pressure shall be maintained for 5 minutes.

4.5 Stiffness Factor (Pipe Only)

4.5.1 Requirements
Pipe submitted for Approval shall have sufficient stiffness to remain intact and not leak when exposed to
external forces caused by earth and heavy vehicle loads. Stiffness factors shall be determined on representative samples in accordance with references in Section 1.8. Pipe deflection shall be determined using
the Spangler Equation and the measured stiffness factors. Deflection of the pipe shall not exceed 5 percent
of the inside diameter of the pipe for all depths of bury from 2.5 ft (0.75 m) to 8 ft (2.44 m).

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The Spangler Equation used to determine pipe deflections is:

y =

(DlWe+Wl)Kr3
EI+0.061Er3

Also

PS =

F
y

SF = EI =

0.149Fr3
y

Where:
y

Vertical deflection of pipe, inches

Dl

Deflection Lag Factor = 1.25

We

Earth loads on pipe per unit length (As specified in Table C-1)

Wl

Live load on pipe per unit length (As specified in Table C-1)

Bedding Constant = 0.1

mean pipe radius, inches

Modulus of elasticity of pipe material, psi

Moment of Inertia of Pipe Wall per unit length, in3

Modulus of Soil Reaction = 400 psi (Minimum)

PS

Pipe Stiffness

SF

Stiffness Factor

4.5.2 Tests/Verification
Compliance shall be verified by test of a minimum of three 6 in. to 9 in. (150 to 230 mm) long samples
of each size and class of pipe submitted for Approval. Each specimen shall be subjected to the force
necessary to produce a 5 percent deflection of pipe measured by multiplying the average inside diameter
from a minimum of three measurements by 0.05. The force necessary to produce this deflection shall be
used in the above equations to determine the Pipe Stiffness. Using this value for the Pipe Stiffness, pipe
deflection shall be determined for all depths of bury from 2.5 ft (0.75 m) to 8 ft (2.44 m). Pipe deflections
shall not exceed 5 percent of the inside diameter for all depths of bury. We (earth loads on pipe per unit
length) and Wl (live load on pipe per unit length), as specified in Table 1-8 of ANSI A21.1 have been
reproduced in Appendix C, Table C-1 of this Standard.
A sample calculation is shown in Appendix C.

4.6 Abuse Test (Pipe And Fittings)

4.6.1 Requirements
A 100 lb-ft (135 N m) impact shall not impair hydrostatic integrity of the pipe and fittings. The intent of
the requirement is that piping be resistant to minor impacts encountered in handling, installation and
service. There should be no visible signs of shattering, cracking or splitting as a result of this test. If
necessary, following the impact test, the sample shall be hydrostatically pressurized to two times its
pressure class or pressure rating. No leakage is permitted as a result of this test.

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4.6.2 Tests/Verification
At least one sample assembly of each class and size of pipe and fitting type submitted for Approval shall
be impacted with a weight having a spherical impact nose as specified for a B tup in ASTM D2444. The
tup shall be dropped from a height necessary to produce a 100 lb-ft (135 N m) impact, once on the pipe
wall and once on the critical area of each fitting. A fitting type is determined by inspection for the
design of the various fittings submitted. For example, if wall thicknesses are identical, a 90 and 45 elbow
should be of the same fitting type and a test of a given size 90 elbow would suffice for the same size
45 elbow. Similarly, tees, reducing tees, and crosses are of the same fitting type, as are couplings and
reducers. The critical area of a fitting selected for impact is that area, which would be the most
vulnerable when the fitting is assembled to pipe. For most fittings this is the upper horizontal surface when
the fitting joins horizontal pipes. Because of the difficulty in design of transition fittings, which connect
the plastic piping to non-plastic piping or devices, all such fittings shall be subjected to the impact test.
If necessary, following the impact test, the sample shall be hydrostatically pressurized to two times its
pressure class or pressure rating. The pressure shall be maintained for 5 minutes. No leakage is permitted
as a result of this test.

4.7 Vacuum Test

4.7.1 Requirements
To verify the integrity of flexible elastomeric seals which are a component of the pipe joints, a one-hour
vacuum test shall be conducted. There shall be not leakage as a result of this test.
4.7.2 Tests/Verification
A test joint assembly shall be prepared using only the lubricant and procedure recommended by the
manufacturer. The joint shall be deflected axially in the socket to the maximum unstressed limit permitted
by dimensional clearance between spigot and bell, and restrained at that deflection for the remainder of
the test. The assembly shall then be subjected to a 22 inHg (75 kPa) vacuum for 60 minutes without
leakage.

4.8 One-Hour Pressure Test

4.8.1 Requirements
To verify the integrity of flexible elastomeric seals which are a component of the pipe joints, a one-hour
pressure test shall be conducted. There should be no leakage as a result of this test.
4.8.2 Tests/Verification
A test joint assembly shall be prepared using only the lubricant and procedures recommended by the
manufacturer. The joint shall be deflected axially in the socket to the maximum unstressed limit permitted
by dimensional clearances between the spigot and the bell, and restrained at that deflection for the
remainder of the test. The assembly shall then be hydrostatically pressurized to 2.5 times the rated pressure
for 60 minutes without leakage.
It is the manufacturers responsibility to provide a frame strong enough to restrain each joint test assembly
and to permit deflection of the joint as described above.
Following this test the sample shall be tested to the minimum short-term rupture requirement in not less
than 60 seconds or more than 70 seconds, as described in Section 4.3, without failure.

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4.9 Test Procedure

Pipe and fitting testing is normally performed by the manufacturer at his facility. FM Approvals shall witness
the testing and obtain copies of the data and calibration certificates. The range of tests to be conducted shall be
specified by FM Approvals.

4.10 Additional Tests

Additional tests may be required, depending on design features, results of any tests, material application, or to
verify the integrity and reliability of the PVC pipe and fittings, at the discretion of FM Approvals.
Unexplainable failures shall not be permitted. A re-test shall only be acceptable at the discretion of FM Approvals
and with adequate technical justification of the conditions and reasons for failure.

5. OPERATIONS REQUIREMENTS
A quality control program is required to assure that subsequent PVC pipe and fittings produced by the manufacturer at an authorized location, shall present the same quality and reliability as the specific PVC pipe and
fittings examined. Design quality, conformance to design, and performance are the areas of primary concern.
Design quality is determined during the Approval examination and tests, and is covered in the Approval Report.
Conformance to design is verified by control of quality and is covered in the Facilities and Procedures Audit
(F&PA). Quality of performance is determined by field performances and by periodic re-examination and testing.

5.1 Demonstrated Quality Control Program

5.1.1 The manufacturer shall demonstrate a quality assurance program which specifies controls for at least the
following areas:

existence of corporate quality assurance guidelines

incoming quality assurance, including testing
in-process quality assurance, including testing
final inspection and tests
equipment calibration
drawing and change control
packaging and shipping

handling and disposition of non-conformance materials.

in order to assure adequate traceability of materials and products, the manufacturer shall maintain
records of all quality control tests performed, and shall maintain these records for a minimum period of
two years from the date of manufacture.
5.1.2 Documentation/Manual
There should be an authoritative collection of procedures and policies. Such documentation shall provide
an accurate description of the quality management system while serving as a permanent reference for
implementation and maintenance of that system. The system should require that sufficient records are
maintained to demonstrate achievement of the required quality and verify operation of the quality system.

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5.1.3 Drawing and Change Control

The manufacturer shall establish a system of product configuration control that shall allow no unauthorized changes to the product. Changes to critical documents, identified in the Approval Report, must be
reported to, and authorized by, FM Approvals prior to implementation for production. The manufacturer
shall assign an appropriate person or group to be responsible for, and require that, proposed changes to
Approved or Listed products be reported to FM Approvals before implementation. The manufacturer shall
notify FM Approvals of changes in the product or of persons responsible for keeping FM Approvals
advised by means of FM Approvals Form 797, Approved Product Revision Report or Address/Contact
Change Notice. Records of all revisions to all Approved products shall be maintained.

5.2 Facilities and Procedures Audit (F&PA)

5.2.1 An audit of the manufacturing facility is part of the Approval investigation to verify implementation of the
quality control program. Its purpose is to determine that the manufacturers equipment, procedures, and
quality program are maintained to insure a consistently uniform and reliable product. Initial inspections of
facilities already producing similar Approved products may be waived at the discretion of FM Approvals.
5.2.2 Unannounced follow-up inspections shall be conducted at least annually by FM Approvals, or its designate, to determine continued compliance. More frequent audits may be required by FM Approvals.
5.2.3 The client shall manufacture the product or service only at the location(s) audited by FM Approvals and
as specified in the Approval Report. Manufacture of products bearing the FM Approval mark is not
permitted at any other locations without prior written authorization by FM Approvals.

5.3 Manufacturers Responsibilities

The manufacturer shall notify FM Approvals of changes in product construction, design, components, raw
materials, physical characteristics, coatings, component formulation or quality assurance procedures prior to
implementation of such changes.

5.4 Manufacturing and Production Tests

All tests shall be run at an ambient temperature of 73F (23C). For tests conducted at higher temperatures, the
de-rating factors shown in Table 3.2.11 may be applied.
5.4.1 Test Requirement No. 1 Dimension and Tolerances (Pipe and Fittings)
Pipe The manufacturer shall measure critical pipe dimensions, including bells, at the beginning of
production of each size and class of pipe. Thereafter, critical pipe dimensions shall be measured every
2 hours.
Fittings The manufacturer shall measure critical fitting dimensions, including bells, at the beginning of
production of each size and class of fitting. Thereafter, critical fitting dimensions shall be measured every
8 hours.

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5.4.2 Test Requirement No. 2 Hydrostatic Proof Test (Pipe Only)

The manufacturer shall conduct a hydrostatic proof test on each standard and random length of pipe at four
times the Pressure Class for distribution pipe or two times the Pressure Rating for transmission pipe. The
test shall be run for a minimum dwell of 5 seconds.
5.4.3 Test Requirement No. 3 Flattening Test (Pipe Only)
The manufacturer shall conduct a flattening capability test at the beginning of production of each size and
class of pipe by flattening a sample to 40 percent of the outside diameter of the pipe. Thereafter, the test
shall be conducted every 8 hours. No evidence of splitting, cracking, flaking or breaking is permitted.
5.4.4 Test Requirement No. 4 Extrusion Quality (Pipe Only)
The manufacturer shall conduct a test for extrusion quality by the acetone-immersion method as specified
in ASTM D2152 at the beginning of production of each size and class of pipe (or stocking stock, if
applicable). Thereafter, the test shall be conducted every 8 hours.
5.4.5 Test Requirement No. 5 Quick Burst (Distribution Pipe Only)
The manufacturer shall conduct a quick burst test at the beginning of production of each size and class of
distribution pipe. This test shall be conducted per the requirements of ASTM D1599. The bell shall be
included in this sample. Thereafter, one sample shall be tested every 24 hours. The sample must meet the
minimum requirements shown in Table 4.3.1a.
5.4.6 Test Requirement No. 6 Sustained Pressure Test (Distribution Pipe Test Only)
The manufacturer shall conduct a sustained pressure test as defined in ASTM D1598, at the sustained
pressures listed in Table 5.4.6 for 1,000 hours:
Table 5.4.6. Sustained Pressure Requirements
Pressure Class

Sustained Pressure Requirement

150

500 psi (3445 kPa)

200

650 psi (4480 kPa)

This test shall be conducted at the beginning of production and semi-annually thereafter. The pipe shall not
rupture, balloon, or weep.

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APPENDIX A:
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
LENGTH:

in. inches; (mm millimeters)

mm = in. 25.4
ft feet; (m meters)
m = ft 0.3048

MASS:

lb - pounds; (kg - kilograms)

kg = lb 0.454

PRESSURE:

psi pounds per square inch; (kPa kilopascals)

kPa = psi 6.895

VACUUM:

inHg inches of mercury

psi pounds per square inch (kPa kilopascals)
psi = inHg 0.4912; kPa = inHg 3.3864

TEMPERATURE:

F - degrees Fahrenheit; (C - degrees Celsius)

C = (F - 32) 0.556

TORQUE or MOMENT:

lb ft pound-feet; (N m newton-meter)
N m = lb ft 1.356

WORK:

ft lb foot-pounds; (J joule)
J = ft lb 1.356

FORCE:

lb pounds; (N Newtons)
N = lb 4.4482

FLOW:

gal/min gallons per minute; (L/min liter per minute)

L/min = gal/min 3.7854

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APPENDIX B:
APPROVAL MARKS

REPRODUCTION ART: FM Approval Marks

For use on nameplates, in literature, advertisements,
packaging and other graphics.
1) The FM diamond mark is acceptable to FM
Approvals as an Approval mark when used with
the word Approved.
2) The FM Approval logomark has no minimum
size requirement, but should always be large
enough to be readily identifiable.
3) Color should be black on a light background or a
reverse may be used on a dark background.

For Cast-On Marks

4) Where reproduction of the mark described
above is impossible because of production
restrictions, a modified version of the diamond is
suggested. Minimum size specifications are the
same as for printed marks. Use of the word
Approved with this mark is optional.

NOTE: These Approval marks are to be used only in conjunction with products or services that have been
FM Approved. The FM Approval marks should never be used in any manner (including advertising, sales or promotional
purposes) that could suggest or imply FM Approval or endorsement of a specific manufacturer or distributor. Nor should
it be implied that Approval extends to a product or service not covered by written agreement with FM Approvals. The
Approval marks signify that products or services have met certain requirements as reported by FM Approvals.
Additional reproduction art is available through
FM Approvals
P.O. Box 9102,
Norwood, Massachusetts 02062
USA

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APPENDIX C:
SAMPLE CALCULATION
Shown below is a sample stiffness factor calculation for 10 inch CIOD, Class 150, AWWA C909 PVCO pressure
pipe:
The average of three outside diameter (OD) measurements was found to be 11.105 inches.
The average of three wall thickness (t) measurements was found to 0.343 inches.
The average of three sample length (l) measurements was found to be 8.052 inches.
The sample inside diameter (ID) was calculated as follows:
ID = OD 2(t) = 10.419 inches.
The maximum allowable pipe deflection (ymax) was calculated as follows:
Ymax = (0.05) ID = 0.521 inches.
The sample was placed in a compression test apparatus and the force required to deflect the pipe
0.521 inches was found to be 279 lbs.
Re-writing the Spangler Equation from Section 4.5.1, we know that:
y =

(DlWe+Wl)Kr3

Eq. 1

EI+0.061Er3

Also, from ASTM D2412, we know that pipe stiffness (PS) and stiffness factor (SF) are related as follows:

PS =

SF = EI =

F
y
0.149Fr3
y

Eq. 2

Eq. 3

Where F is the force applied to produce a given deflection expressed in lbf/linear inch.
Substituting the pipe stiffness and other constants and knowing that the values of the earth loads (We) and
live loads (Wl) from Table 1-8 of ANSI A21.1, (reproduced in Table C-1 of this Standard), are given in
lb/lin ft the Spangler Equation can be re-written as:
y =

(1.25We+Wl)(K/12)r3

Eq. 4

0.149r3(PS)+24.4r3

Simplifying yields:
y = 0.00833

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(1.25We+Wl)
0.149(PS)+24.4

Eq. 5

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Knowing the force required to deflect the pipe 5 percent of its ID, and realizing that F is the force required
to produce a given deflection per linear inch, we can determine the pipe stiffness as follows:
279
F
8.052
PS =
=
= 66.51
y 0.521

Eq. 6

y = 0.0002428[1.25(We+Wl)]

Eq. 7

Substituting into Eq. 5 yields:

Using the We (448) and Wl (972) values from Table C-1 we can now check the percent deflection for a
depth of bury of 2.5 ft.
y = 0.0002428[1.25(448) + 972]
y = 0.372 inches
Percent Deflection = 0.372/10.419 x 100 = 3.6%
ACCEPTABLE
Using the We (1,645) and Wl (189) values from Table C-1 we can now check the percent deflection for
a depth of bury of 8 ft.
y = 0.0002428[1.25(1,645) + 189]
y = 0.545 inches
Percent Deflection = 0.545/10.419 x 100 = 5.23%
UNACCEPTABLE
Table C-1 Earth Loads (We) and Live Loads (Wl)*
Depth of Cover, ft
Pipe
Size
in.

212
We
lb/lin ft

312
Wl
lb/lin ft

We
lb/lin ft

5
Wl
lb/lin ft

We
lb/lin ft

8
Wl
lb/lin ft

We
lb/lin ft

Wl
lb/lin ft

226

297

324

162

471

81

765

54

309

567

448

324

657

189

1,075

94

380

783

557

486

824

297

1,356

148

10

448

972

666

621

992

378

1,645

189

12

511

1,161

770

756

1,159

459

1,950

243

14

568

1,217

868

807

1,318

540

2,218

270

16

617

1,307

959

879

1,470

590

2,381

324

18

665

1,400

1,042

964

1,616

632

2,533

364

20

714

1,524

1,119

1,076

1,755

729

2,686

410

24

814

1,662

1,256

1,159

2,011

769

2,994

462

30

963

1,925

1,457

1,356

2,340

918

3,459

564

36

1,121

2,182

1,668

1,577

2,628

1,090

3,927

632

* Extracted from Table 1-8, ANSI A21.1, American National Standard for Thickness Design of Cast-Iron Pipe.

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