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IB PHYSICS HL
REVIEW PACKET: OPTION HEM WAVES AND OPTICS
1.
This question is about the formation of coloured fringes when white light is reflected from thin films.
(a)
Name the wave phenomenon that is responsible for the formation of regions of different colour when white light is
reflected from a thin film of oil floating on water.
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(1)
(b)
A film of oil of refractive index 1.45 floats on a layer of water of refractive index 1.33 and is illuminated by white light
at normal incidence.
Illumination
Air
Oil
Water
When viewed at near normal incidence a particular region of the film looks red, with an average wavelength of about 650 nm.
An equation relating this dominant average wavelength , to the minimum film thickness of the region t, is = 4nt.
(i)
State what property n measures and explain why it enters into the equation.
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(2)
(ii)
(1)
(iii)
Describe the change to the conditions for reflection that would result if the oil film was spread over a flat sheet of
glass of refractive index 1.76, rather than floating on water.
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(2)
(Total 6 marks)
2.
State the name of the wave phenomenon that limits the resolution of any optical instrument.
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(1)
(b)
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(3)
(Total 4 marks)
3.
(Total 3 marks)
4.
A student uses a diffraction grating to view the visible part of the sodium emission spectrum.
(a)
Explain how the diffraction grating is able to separate light into component wavelengths.
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(3)
(b)
Sodium light is incident normally on a grating having 6000 lines per centimetre. Calculate the angle at which light of
wavelength 589.6 nm will be seen in the first order spectrum.
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(2)
(Total 5 marks)
5.
A student looks at two distant point sources of light. The wavelength of each source is 590 nm. The angular separation between
4
these two sources is 3.6 10 radians subtended at the eye. At the eye, images of the two sources are formed by the eye on the
retina.
(a)
State the Rayleigh criterion for the two images on the retina to be just resolved.
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(2)
(b)
(1)
(c)
Use your estimate in (b) to determine whether the student can resolve these two sources. Explain your answer.
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(2)
(Total 5 marks)
6.
ZW
b
slit
screen
The line XY, normal to the plane of the slit, is drawn from the centre of the slit to the screen and the points P and Q are the first
points of minimum intensity as measured from point Y.
The diagram also shows two rays of light incident on the screen at point P. Ray ZP leaves one edge of the slit and ray XP leaves
the centre of the slit.
The angle is small.
(a)
On the diagram, label the half angular width of the central maximum of the diffraction pattern.
(1)
(b)
State and explain an expression, in terms of for the path difference ZW between the rays ZP and XP.
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(2)
(c)
Hence deduce that the half angular width is given by the expression
=
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(3)
(d)
In a particular demonstration of single slit diffraction, = 450 nm, b = 0.15 mm and the screen is a long way from the
slits.
Calculate the angular width of the central maximum of the diffraction pattern on the screen.
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(2)
Using light of the same wavelength as above (450 nm), an arrangement is set up to demonstrate diffraction by a double slit. Each
slit has the same width as that above (0.15 mm) and the slit separation is d. The graph below shows the variation with the angle
of diffraction of the intensity I of the diffraction pattern on the screen.
I / arbitrary units
10
/ 103 rad
10
From the graph it can be seen that a maximum is missing at the angle = 3.0 103 rad.
(e)
(Total 10 marks)
7.
Monochromatic parallel light is incident on two slits of equal width and close together. After passing through the slits, the light is
brought to a focus on a screen. The diagram below shows the intensity distribution of the light on the screen.
I
(a)
Light from the same source is incident on many slits of the same width as the widths of the slits above. Draw on the
above diagram, a possible new intensity distribution of the light on the screen between the points A and B on the screen.
(2)
A parallel beam of light of wavelength 450 nm is incident at right angles on a diffraction grating. The slit spacing of the
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diffraction grating is 1.25 10 m.
(b)
Determine the angle between the central maximum and first order principal maximum formed by the grating.
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(2)
(Total 4 marks)
8.
(4)
(b)
(ii)
(c)
State, and explain, the origin of the continuous part of an X-ray spectrum.
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(2)
(Total 10 marks)
9.
glass
(a)
air
On the diagram, draw a ray of light to illustrate what is meant by critical angle. Mark the critical angle with the letter c.
(3)
A straight optic fibre has length 1.2 km and diameter 1.0 mm. Light is reflected along the fibre as shown below.
1.2 km
1.0 km
At each reflection, the angle of incidence is equal in value to the critical angle. The refractive index of the glass of the fibre is
1.5.
(b)
Deduce that the length of the light path along the optic fibre is about 1.8 km.
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(4)
8
1
The speed of light in the fibre is 2.0 10 m s .
(c)
Calculate the time for a pulse of light to travel the length of the fibre when its path is
(i)
(ii)
as calculated in (b).
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(1)
(Total 9 marks)
10.
(a)
In the space below, draw a possible shape of this image, as produced by a lens that causes spherical aberration.
(2)
(b)
(Total 4 marks)
11.
near point.
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(1)
(ii)
far point.
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(1)
The optical working of the eye may be modelled as a single lens of variable focal length. In this model, when the eye is focused on a
distant object which is not on the principal axis, the eye lens has a focal length of 1.7 cm.
(b)
(i)
Draw a labelled ray diagram to show how the eye lens forms an image of the distant object. (Note: this is a
sketch and does not need to be drawn to scale.)
(3)
(ii)
(1)
To focus on an object 50 cm away from the eye, the eye lens in the model changes shape to change its focal length. This enables
the image distance to remain the same for all object distances.
(c)
(i)
(2)
(ii)
Suggest what change takes place in the shape of the lens in this model. Explain your answer.
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(2)
In the human eye most of the refraction actually takes place due to the change of medium from air to the cornea (the transparent
structure at the front of the eye). The following refractive indices are known.
Material
air
cornea
water
(d) (i)
Refractive index
1.00
1.34
1.33
(2)
(ii)
Use the information to suggest why it is impossible for a person to see objects clearly when swimming
underwater.
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(2)
(Total 14 marks)
12.
(a)
principal axis
On the diagram,
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
show on the diagram where the eye must be placed in order to view this image.
(1)
For a particular lens, the focal length is 10.0 cm and the distance of O from the lens is such that the image is formed at the near
point of the eye. The distance of the lens from the eye is 3.0 cm.
(b)
(i)
(1)
(ii)
Calculate the distance of the object from the lens if the near point is 25.0 cm from the eye.
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(4)
(iii)
State, and explain, where the object should be placed if the image is to be formed at the far point.
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(2)
(Total 10 marks)
10
13.
Laser
B
The semi-circular block is rotated about the point P. The spot of light on the screen is seen to move downwards. When the spot
reaches point B, it disappears.
(a)
Complete the diagram below to show the position of the semi-circular block when the spot is at point B. The original
position of the block is shown as a dotted line.
Laser
(1)
In a particular experiment, the distance PA is 120 cm and distance AB is 138 cm.
(b)
(3)
The laser is changed for one emitting light of higher frequency. The experiment is then repeated.
(c)
State and explain whether the distance AB will be greater or less than 138 cm.
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(3)
(Total 7 marks)
11
14.
monochromatic.
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(1)
(ii)
coherent.
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(1)
(b)
The table below compares waves from different sources. The first two rows have been completed for you. Complete the
final three rows of the table.
electromagnetic
monochromatic
coherent
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
(3)
(c)
(Total 6 marks)
12
15.
The diagram shows a small object O represented by an arrow placed in front of a converging lens L. The focal points of
the lens are labelled F.
(i)
(2)
(ii)
On the diagram above, draw rays to locate the position of the image of the object formed by the lens.
(3)
(iii)
(1)
(b)
A convex lens of focal length 6.25 cm is used to view an ant of length 0.80 cm that is crawling on a table. The lens is
held 5.0 cm above the table.
(i)
(2)
(ii)
13
16.
1.30 cm
23.0 cm
Lens A
f =1.20 cm
Lens B
f =11.0 cm
An object O is placed 1.30 cm from lens A. An image of O in lens A is formed a distance of 15.6 cm from A.
(a)
This image forms an object for lens B. Calculate the object distance for lens B.
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(1)
(b)
(2)
(c)
14
17.
L1
O
F1
F1
F2
I1
The diagram also shows two rays from the object O to the position of the image I1 produced in the lens L1.
(a)
(i)
Mark the position of the other principal focus of lens L2. Label this position F2.
(1)
(ii)
The image I1 acts as an object for the lens L2. Draw two construction rays to locate the position of the image I2
formed by lens L2. Label this image I2.
(3)
(b)
(1)
(c)
(d)
State
(i)
the change, if any, in the positions of the lenses so that the final image in (a) (ii) is formed at infinity;
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(2)
(ii)
15
18.
bird
fish
(a)
Draw rays on the diagram above to locate the position of the image of the fish as seen by the bird.
(3)
(b)
(1)
(c)
The fish is 48 cm below the surface of the pond. The bird hovers vertically above the fish. Calculate the apparent depth
of the fish. The refractive index of water is 1.3.
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(2)
(Total 6 marks)
19.
(1)
(b)
A thin beam of white light is incident on one surface of a glass prism as shown below.
On the diagram above, draw lines to show the approximate paths of the red and of the blue light as it passes through the
prism and back into the air.
(3)
(c)
State and explain, with reference to your diagram, whether the refractive index of glass for blue light is greater or less
than that for red light.
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(3)
16
(d)
A second similar prism is placed close to the first prism in (b) as shown below.
Suggest the appearance and the direction of the light that emerges from the second prism.
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(2)
(Total 9 marks)
20.
L1
I2
L2
I1
I1 is the image of the object O formed by the objective lens L1. The final image formed is in the plane shown by the dotted line
labelled I2.
(a)
On the diagram above, construct a ray or rays to determine the position of the principal focus of the eyepiece. Label this
position with the letter F.
(2)
17
(b)
(ii)
the eyepiece.
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(1)
(c)
Use your answer to (b) to determine the total linear magnification of the microscope.
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(1)
(Total 5 marks)
18
MARK SCHEME!
1.
(a)
interference;
1 max
Award no marks for diffraction.
(b)
(i)
(ii)
t=
650
= 110 nm;
(4 1.45)
2 max
1 max
(iii)
()
()
2 max
[6]
2.
(a)
1 max
(b)
3 max
[4]
3.
light gets reflected from oil / air and oil / water interfaces;
these reflected rays interfere, because there is a path difference between them;
caused by the thickness of the oil film / the different index of refraction for
different wavelengths (dispersion);
the colour seen is white light minus that colour which suffers destructive
interference / the colour seen is that which suffers constructive interference;
3 max
19
4.
(a)
3 max
Award full marks for other explanations not of this format but the response must explain the creation
of the spectrum.
(b)
[5]
5.
(a)
the diffraction pattern of one point source has its central maximum on the first
minimum of the diffraction pattern of the other point source / OWTTE;
Full marks can be awarded for a clearly drawn and fully labelled diagram.
Partial credit is for answers that have some idea but lack precision.
(b)
3 ( 2) mm;
(c)
eg = 1.22
= 1.22 590 10
/ 0.003 = 2.4 10
radians.
4
Accept answers that miss the factor of 1.2 to get 2.0 10 radians.
correct comparison and answer;
2 max
eg this will be resolved as minimum angle is less than the separation of the point sources.
Watch for ecf this angle may or may not be resolved depending on the estimation of the diameter
of the aperture.
[5]
6.
(a)
(b)
YXP;
= with some justification, such as angles are small / screen is far away;
ZW
b
2
since ZW =
,=
Allow use of single slit diffraction formula b sin = n if it is clear that the candidate knows what
they are doing, ie they are not using the diffraction grating formula. n =1, is small, with a
justification, so sin , =
(d)
4.5 10 7
1.5 10 4
= 3.0 10
(e)
rad;
rad;
4 4.5 10 7
3.0 10 3
= 6.0 10
m;
or
recognize for missing orders that
so d = 4b = 6.0 10
d
b
= 4;
m;
2 max
20
7.
(a)
(b)
sin =
[4]
8.
(a)
(b)
(i)
or
change (accelerating) voltage / atomic number of target;
increase voltage / atomic number gives increase in intensity;
(ii)
(c)
[10]
9.
(a)
(b)
sin c =
1
;
1.5
Award [4] for any correct calculation that leads to 1.8 km.
(c)
1200
= 6.0 s;
2.0 10 8
(i)
time =
(ii)
time = 9.0 s;
1
1
[9]
21
10.
(a)
straight-line cross;
four outersides curving outwards;
Accept curving of lines in the opposite way or fuzzy in centre and focussed at edges or vice versa.
(b)
basic statement eg use two thin lenses / stop down to use only
paraxial rays;
further detail eg same f as the fatter lens;
2
[4]
11.
(a)
(i)
the position of the closest object that can be brought into focus by the
unaided eye / OWTTE;
(ii)
the position of the furthest object that can be brought into focus by the
unaided eye / OWTTE;
(b)
(i)
lens
Award [2 max] for a correct ray diagram showing rays diverging from an object at twice the focal
length (or more) from the lens.
(c)
(ii)
(i)
(ii)
(d)
(i)
(ii)
or
definition as ratio of sin (angle of incidence) to sin (angle of refraction);
explanation of how these angles are measured;
2
[14]
22
12.
(a)
converging lens
Eye
(b)
principal axis
(i)
1 max
(ii)
1 max
(iii)
1 max
(i)
if the object is nearer than this to the eye then the eye cannot
focus it clearly / OWTTE;
1 max
1
1 1
;
u
v f
(ii)
v = (25 3)cm = 22 cm
1 1
1
:
u 22 10
to give u = 6.9 cm;
4 max
Alternatively for scale drawing award [1] for scale, [2] for rays, [1] for position of image
and [1] for subtraction.
(iii)
2 max
[10]
13.
(a)
(b)
tan =
138
, = 49.0;
120
1
sin C
(c)
1
sin C
= 1.33).
[7]
23
14.
(a)
(i)
(ii)
3 max
Monochromatic
Coherent
(c)
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes / No
No
Yes
No
No
To achieve [1] it must be a situation where the use of laser light is appropriate and there
is sufficient outline detail to understand the situation. Accept any use (so long as not
ambiguous) without description.
[6]
15.
(a)
image
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Award [2] for any two appropriate rays and [1] for correct
positioning of the image (upright).
(b)
(i)
1 1 1
u v f
1
1
1
;
v 6.25 5.0
v = 25 cm, so distance is 25 cm;
v
u
v
25
M=
= 5 Accept M 5
5
u
M=
2
[10]
24
16.
(a)
(b)
1
1
1
;
v 11.0 7.4
(c)
M=
22.6 15.6
;
7.4 1.3
M = 36.7 37;
2
Award [0] for adding the individual magnifications to get 15.
[5]
17.
(a)
(i)
(ii)
(b)
(c)
(compound) microscope;
(d)
(i)
(ii)
L1 unchanged;
L2 moved (to right) so that I1 is at F2;
1
[9]
18.
(a)
(i)
(iii)
real depth
;
apparent depth
apparent depth =
48
37 cm ;
1.3
2
[6]
25
19.
(a)
(b)
(c)
refraction angle for blue light is less than for red light (at the first boundary);
since
sin i
;
sin r
Do not award marks for bald answers or answers with fallacious argument.
Allow ecf for consistent argument for switching of B and R from (b).
(d)
2
[9]
20.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(i)
2;
(ii)
3;
6;
1
[5]
26