Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Prof. R. Shanthini
05 J
Example 4:
Estimate the requirements of steam and heat transfer surface, and the
evaporating temperatures in each effect, for a triple effect evaporator
evaporating 500 kg h-1 of a 10% solution up to a 30% solution.
Steam is available at 200 kPa gauge and the pressure in the evaporation
space in the final effect is 60 kPa absolute. Assume that the overall heat
transfer coefficients are 2270, 2000 and 1420 J m-2 s-1 C-1 in the first,
second and third effects, respectively.
Neglect sensible heat effects and assume no boiling-point elevation, and
assume equal heat transfer in each effect.
Source: http://www.nzifst.org.nz/unitoperations/evaporation2.htm
Prof. R. Shanthini
05 J
500 kg h-1
10% solution
60 kPa (abs)
30% solution
Overall heat transfer coefficients are 2270, 2000 and 1420 J m -2 s-1 C-1 in the
first, second and third effects, respectively.
Estimate the requirements of steam and heat transfer surface, and the
evaporating temperatures in each effect.
Neglect sensible heat effects and assume no boiling-point elevation, and
assume equal heat transfer in each effect.
Prof. R. Shanthini
05 J
Solids
Feed
10% of total
= 50 kg/h
500 kg/h
Concentrated
product
50 kg/h
(50/30)*100
= 167 kg/h
Vapour from
all effects
333 kg/h
Prof. R. Shanthini
05 J
Steam properties:
Data: Steam is available at 200 kPa gauge and the pressure in the
evaporation space in the final effect is 60 kPa absolute. (Neglect sensible
heat effects and assume no boiling-point elevation)
Steam
pressure
Saturation
temperature
Latent heat of
vapourization
133.5oC
2164 kJ/kg
60 kPa (abs)
= 0.6 bar (abs)
86.0oC
2293 kJ/kg
Prof. R. Shanthini
05 J
Evaporator layout:
Data: Steam is available at 200 kPa gauge and the pressure in the
evaporation space in the final effect is 60 kPa absolute. (Neglect sensible
heat effects and assume no boiling-point elevation)
First effect
Second effect
Third effect
Steam
temperature
133.5oC
T 1oC
T2oC
Solution
temperature
T1 o C
T 2oC
86.0oC
Temperature
driving force
T1 = 133.5 T1
T2 = T1 T2
T1 = T2 86.0
Prof. R. Shanthini
05 J
Heat balance:
Data: Assume that the overall heat transfer coefficients are 2270, 2000
and 1420 J m-2 s-1 C-1 in the first, second and third effects respectively.
Assume equal heat transfer in each effect.
q1 = q2 = q3 which gives U1 A1 T1 = U2 A2 T2 = U3 A3 T3
U1, U2 and U3 are given.
A1, A2 and A3 can be found if T1, T2 and T3 are known.
Let us assume that the evaporators are so constructed that A1 = A2 = A3,
then we have
U1 T1 = U2 T2 = U3 T3
That is,
2270 (133.5 T1 ) = 2000 (T1 T2) = 1420 (T2 86.0 )
There are two equations and two unknowns in the above expression. The
equations can be solved to give the following:
Prof. R. Shanthini
05 J
Second effect
Third effect
133.5oC
T1 = 120.8oC
T2 = 106.3oC
Solution
temperature
T1 = 120.8oC
T2 = 106.3oC
86.0oC
Temperature driving
force
T1 = 12.7oC
T2 = 14.4oC
T1 = 20.3oC
Heat transfer
coefficient
U1 = 2270 J m-2
s-1 C-1
U2 = 2000 J m-2
s-1 C-1
U3 = 1420 J m-2
s-1 C-1
Latent heat of
vapourization of
steam
1 = 2164 kJ/kg
2 = 2200 kJ/kg
3 = 2240 kJ/kg
Latent heat of
vapourization of
solution
2200 kJ/kg
2240 kJ/kg
2293 kJ/kg
Steam temperature
Prof. R. Shanthini
05 J
133.5oC
Solution
temperature
T1 = 120.8oC
Temperature
driving force
T1 = 12.7 C
Heat transfer
coefficient
U1 = 2270 J m-2
s-1 C-1
Latent heat of
vapourization
of steam
1 = 2164 kJ/kg
Latent heat of
vapourization
of solution
2200 kJ/kg
Prof. R. Shanthini
05 J
Steam used = ?
Assuming feed enters at the boiling point,
S1 (1)
= V1 (Latent heat of vapourization of solution)
where
S1 is the flow rate of steam used in the
first effect and
V1 is the flow rate of vapour leaving the
first effect.
Therefore,
S1 (2164) = V1 (2200)
Steam used = ?
- Feed enters at the boiling point
- steam used in the second effect is the
vapour leaving the first effect
Steam
temperature
T1 = 120.8oC
Solution
temperature
T2 = 106.3oC
Temperature
driving force
T2 = 14.4oC
Heat transfer
coefficient
U2 = 2000 J m-2
s-1 C-1
Latent heat of
vapourization
of steam
2 = 2200 kJ/kg
where
Latent heat of
vapourization
of solution
2240 kJ/kg
Prof. R. Shanthini
05 J
Therefore,
V1 (2)
Steam used = ?
- Feed enters at the boiling point
- steam used in the third effect is the
vapour leaving the second effect
Steam
temperature
T2 = 106.3oC
Solution
temperature
86.0oC
Temperature
driving force
T1 = 20.3 C
Heat transfer
coefficient
U3 = 1420 J m-2
s-1 C-1
Latent heat of
vapourization
of steam
3 = 2240 kJ/kg
where
Latent heat of
vapourization
of solution
2293 kJ/kg
Prof. R. Shanthini
05 J
Therefore,
V2 (3)
Steam economy:
S1 (2164) = V1 (2200) = V2 (2240) = V3 (2293)
Vapour leaving the system = V1 + V2 + V3 = 333 kg/h (from the mass
balance)
Therefore,
S1 (2164/2200) + S1 (2164/2240) + S1 (2164/2293) = 333 kg/h
2164 S1 (1/2200 + 1/2240 + 1/2293) = 333 kg/h
2164 S1 (1/2200 + 1/2240 + 1/2293) = 333 kg/h
S1 = 115 kg/h
We could calculate the vapour flow rate as
V1 = 113.2 kg/h;
V2 = 111.2 kg/h;
V3 = 108.6 kg/h
Steam economy
Prof. R. Shanthini
05 J
133.5oC
Solution
temperature
T1 = 120.8oC
Temperature
driving force
T1 = 12.7oC
Heat transfer
coefficient
U1 = 2270 J m-2
s-1 C-1
Latent heat of
vapourization
of steam
1 = 2164 kJ/kg
Latent heat of
vapourization
of solution
2200 kJ/kg
Prof. R. Shanthini
05 J
A1 = S1 1 / U1 T1
= (115 kg/h) (2164 kJ/kg)
/ [2270 J m-2 s-1 C-1 x (12.7)C]
= (115 x 2164 x 1000 /3600 J/s)
/ [2270 x 12.7 J m-2 s-1]
= 2.4 m2
= 3 * A1
dQ
dt
= U A T
A T
(a t + b)0.5
, we can write
Example
In an evaporator handling an aqueous salt solution, overall heat
transfer coefficient U (kW/m2.oC) is related to the boiling time t (s)
by the following relation:
1/U2 = 7x10-5 t + 0.2
The heat transfer area is 40 m2, the temperature driving force is 40oC
and latent heat of vapourization of water is 2300 kJ/kg. Down-time
for cleaning is 4.17 h, the cost of a shutdown is Rs 120,000 and the
operating cost during boiling is Rs 12,000 per hour.
Estimate the optimum boiling times to give
a) maximum throughput and
b) minimum cost.
Prof. R. Shanthini
05 J
Data provided:
Since U is in kW/m2.oC and t is in s, a and b takes the following
units:
a = 7x10-5 m4.(oC)2/ kW2.s = 7x10-5 m4.(oC)2.s/ kJ2
b = 0.2 m4.(oC)2/ (kJ/s)2;
Other data are given as
A = 40 m2;
T = 40oC;
Latent heat of vapourization of water = 2300 kJ/kg;
tc = 4.17 = 4.17 x 3600 s = 15012 s;
Cc = Rs 120,000;
Cb = Rs 12,000 per hour = Rs 3.33 per s
Prof. R. Shanthini
05 J
Prof. R. Shanthini
05 J
Prof. R. Shanthini
05 J
Prof. R. Shanthini
05 J
Prof. R. Shanthini
05 J
Prof. R. Shanthini
05 J
Prof. R. Shanthini
05 J
Summary:
maximum
throughput
minimum
cost
7.81 h
15.63 h
46.9 x 106 kJ
72.6 x 106 kJ
0.473 kg/s
0.442 kg/s
Prof. R. Shanthini
05 J
Prof. R. Shanthini
05 J
http://video.geap.com/video/822743/gea-wiegand-animation-falling
Prof. R. Shanthini
05 J
Prof. R. Shanthini
05 J
Because of the low liquid holding volume in this type of unit, the
falling film evaporator can be started up quickly and changed to
cleaning mode or another product easily.
Falling film evaporators are highly responsive to alterations of
parameters such as energy supply, vacuum, feed rate,
concentrations, etc. When equipped with a well designed
automatic control system they can produce a very consistent
concentrated product.
Prof. R. Shanthini
05 J
Types of evaporators
Vertical Falling Film Evaporators:
The tube length is
typically 6 m to 11 m,
but can be as short as
1.5 m to 3 m (for
example, in deep
vacuum applications).
Diameters are
typically 20 mm to 64
mm.
Prof. R. Shanthini
05 J
Types of evaporators
Vertical Falling Film Evaporators:
Prof. R. Shanthini
05 J
Types of evaporators
Horizontal Falling Film Evaporators:
The liquid is evaporated at the outside of the tubes. It flows from one
tube to the other in form of droplets, jets or as a continuous sheet.
Feed
Vapour
Distributor
Steam
Condensate
Concentrate
Prof. R. Shanthini
05 J
Concentrate
Types of evaporators
Horizontal Falling Film Evaporators:
The liquid is evaporated at the outside of the tubes. It flows from one
tube to the other in form of droplets, jets or as a continuous sheet.
Prof. R. Shanthini
05 J
Types of evaporators
Horizontal Falling Film Evaporators:
Due to the impinging effect when flowing from one tube to the other
the heat transfer is higher compared to vertical falling film
evaporators.
In addition this unit type can be operated with even lower pressure
drops compared to the vertical design.
It is also possible to design a higher heat transfer area for a given
shell compared to the vertical units. Perforated plates or specially
designed spray nozzles can be used in order to guarantee a even
liquid distribution for each tube.
Cleaning of the outside tubes can be difficult, therefore this type of
evaporators is not used for processes with tendency to foul.
Tube dimensions are typically 0.75 to 1''.
Prof. R. Shanthini
05 J
Refilm =
4 (m/D)
L
Prof. R. Shanthini
05 J
4m
DL
Prof. R. Shanthini
05 J
Prof. R. Shanthini
05 J
Refilm = 500
Prof. R. Shanthini
05 J
Refilm = 5000
Heat Transfer
q = U A T = U A (TS T1)
The overall heat transfer coefficient U consists of the following:
- steam-side condensation coefficient
- a metal wall with small resistance (depending on steam pressure,
wall thickness)
- scale resistance on the process side
- a liquid film coefficient on the process side
Prof. R. Shanthini
05 J
Heat Transfer
For laminar flow (Refilm < 1800), the steam-side condensation coefficient
for vertical surfaces can be calculated by the following equation:
hL
Nu =
= 1.13
kL
L(L - V) g L3
0.25
L kL T
Nu Nusselt number
= 9.8066 m/s2
Heat Transfer
For turbulent flow (Refilm > 1800), the steam-side condensation coefficient
for vertical surfaces can be calculated by the following equation:
hL
Nu =
= 0.0077
kL
Prof. R. Shanthini
05 J
L2 g L3
L2
1/3
0.4
Re
Heat Transfer
For laminar flow (Refilm < 1800), the steam-side condensation coefficient
for horizontal surfaces can be calculated by the following equation:
hD
Nu =
= 0.725
kL
L(L - V) g D3
0.25
NL kL T
Nu Nusselt number
= 9.8066 m/s2
Prof. R. Shanthini
05 J