9.6-2) Prediction of Effect of Process Variables on Drying Rate.

Using the conditions in example 9.6-3 for the constant rate drying period, do as follows:
a Predict the effect on Rc if the air velocity is only 3.05 m/s
b

Predict the effect if the gas temperature is raised tom 76.7C and it remains the same.

GIVEN:
From example 9.6-3
A = 0.457 x 0.457 m
b = 25.4 mm
v = 6.1 m/s
T db = 65.6C
H = 0.010 kg H2O/kg d.a
REQUIRED:
a

Rc if v = 3.05 m/s

Rc with T = 76.6C

SOLUTION:
a) From ex. 9.6-3

1.037

kg
m3

b) @ T = 76.7C
H = 0.010 kg H2O/kg d.a

G v
3.05

m
s
kg
3600 1.037 3
s
hr
m

G = 11386.26 kg m2/h

0. 8

h
T TW
W
35.8703
65.6 28.9 3600

24331000

Rc

Rc = 1.9479 kg/ m2-h

-3

VH = 1.0056 m3/kg da

h 0.0204G 0.8
0.020411386.26
W
h 35.8703 2
m K

2.83x10 4.56 x10 0.010 273 76.7

VH 2.83x10 3 4.56 x10 3 H T

1.0 0.010
kg
1.0044 3
1.0056
m

G v
6.1

m
s
3600
s
hr

1.0044

G = 22056.1447 kg/ h-m2

h 0.0204G 0.8
0.0204 22056.1447
W
h 60.8771 2
m K

0. 8

kg

m3

h
T TW
W
60.8771
76.7 28.9 3600

24331000

Rc

Rc = 4.21 kg/h-m2

9.3-1 Humidity from Vapor Pressure. (Geankoplis)

The air in a room is at 37.8oC and a total Pressure of 101.3 Kpa abs. containing water vapor with a partial
pressure pA= 3.59 KPa. Calculate:
a) Humidity
b) Saturation humidity and percentage Humidity
c) Percentage Relative Humidity
GIVEN:
Troom = 37.8oC
PT
= 101.3 Kpa abs

Pa

= 3.59 KPa

REQUIRED:
a) H
b) Hs
c) %RH
SOLUTION:
From Steam Table

(Handbook: Table 2-8)

@ 37.8 oC = 310.8 K
PoA = 6509.67664 Pa
PoA = 6.5097 KPa

a) Humidity, H

Humidity , H =

H=

MW water
PA
MW air P T P0 A

kg H 2 O
18
3.59
=.0235
29 101.36.65097
Kg dry air

b) Saturation Humidity, Hs

MW water
P0 A
Hs=
MW air PT P0 A
H=

kg H 2 O
18
6.65097
=.0426
29 101.36.65097
Kg dry air

c) Percent RH

%RH=

H
( 100 )
Hs

%RH=

.0235
( 100 ) =55.1643
.0426

9.3-6 Adiabatic Saturation of Air

Air enters an adiabatic saturator having a temperature of 76.7 oC and a dew-point temperature of 40.6 oC.
It leaves the saturator 90 % saturated. What are the final values of H and T oC?

GIVEN:

90% RH
o

Td = 76.7 C
ADIABATIC
SATURATOR
Dp = 40.6 oC

H2 = .065 Kg water/ dry air

REQUIRED:
Final values for H and T oC
Tdb = 46 oC

SOLUTION:

using Figure 9.3-2 (Geankoplis)

Tdb = 76.7 oC

100 % RH

90 % RH

Tdew = 40.6 oC

90 % RH

It is proposed to install a batch drier large enough to handle 350 lb dry solids containing 220lb
water. From the following data, calculate the total drying time required.

Critical free moisture content = 0.5

lb H 2 O
lb dry solid

Equilibrium moisture content = 0.4

lb H 2 O
lb dry solid

Moisture content of product = 0.8

lb H 2 O
lb dry solid

The curve for the falling rate period is a straight line. The rate of drying at a constant rate
lb
period is 0.6 min .
Given:
Feed,
350 lb dry solids
lb H 2 O
lb dry solid

DRIER

220 lb water
ARc= 0.6
Reqd: t = ?
Soln:
Assume: A = 1ft2
Free Moisture:
X* = 0.04
320
X 1=

350

0.04 = 0.5866

X2 = 0.08 0.04 = 0.04

Xc = 0.50 0.04 = 0.46

Tt =

tT =

Ms
Xc
[ ( X 1Xc ) + Xc ln
]
ARc
X2
350
0.46
[ 0.58660.46 )+ 0.46 ln

0.04
0.6(1)

tT = 729.2171 min

lb
min

; Xc= 0.5

X2= 0.8

lb H 2 O
lb dry solid

A porous solid is dried in a batch dryer under constant drying conditions. Seven hours are
required to reduce the moisture content from 35% to 10%. The critical moisture content was found to
be 20% and the equilibrium moisture is 4%. All the moisture contents are on the dry basis.
Assuming that the rate of drying during the falling rate period is proportional to the free-moisture
content, how longs should it take to dry a sample of the same solid from 35% to 5% under the same
drying conditions?
GIVEN:
First Condition

Second Condition

t T = 7 hrs

tT = ?

X1 = 0.35 - 0.04 = 0.31

X1 = 0.35 - 0.04 = 0.31

X2 = 0.10 - 0.04 = 0.06

X2 = 0.05 - 0.04 = 0.01

Xc = 0.20 - 0.04 = 0.16

Xc = 0.20 - 0.04 = 0.16

X* = 0.04

X* = 0.04
REQUIRED: tT for the 2nd condition
SOLUTION:

tT =

ms
Xc
[(x 1xc )+ xcln
]
ARc
X2

7 Hrs=

ms
0.16
lb H 2O
[( 0.310.16)+0.16 ln(
)]
Arc
0.06 lb dry solution
mS
= 22.8063
AR c

t T ,2 nd =22.8063[(0.310.16)+ 0.16 ln(

0.16
)]
0.01

t T ,2 nd =13.5381hrs

A wet solid is dried form 36% to 8% in 5 hours under constant drying conditions. Critical
moisture is 14% and the equilibrium moisture is 4%. All moisture contents are on wet basis.
(a)
How much longer (in hours) would it take, under the same drying
conditions, to dry from 8% to 5% moisture?
(b)
The solid is a 2-in thick slab, 1 ft2 and dried from both sides. It has a density
of120 lb dry solid/ft3 wet solid. What is the drying rate at the
instant the moisture
content is 8%
GIVEN:
First Condition
t T = 5 hrs

Second Condition
tT = ?

x1 = 0.36

x 1 = 0.36

x 2 = 0.08

x 2 = 0.05

x c = 0.14
x* = 0.04

x c = 0.14
x* = 0.04

REQUIRED:
a) t@8% to 5%
b) R @ x2= 0.08
SOLUTION:

tT =

ms
Xc
[(x 1xc )+ xcln
]
ARc
X2

x1=

0.36 0.04

=0.5208
0.64 0.96

x1=

0.08 0.04

=0.0453
0.92 0.96

x1=

0.34 0.04

=0.1211
0.86 0.96

5 hrs=

ms
0.1211
[(0.52080.1211)+0.12 ln
]
ARc
0.0453

ms
=9.6365
ARc

2nd Condition:

5 hrs=9.6365[(0.52080.1211)+0.12 ln

tT= 6.6566 hrs

t@8% to 5%=(6.6555-5) hrs
t@8% to 5%= 1.6555 hrs
(b)
@ t=0.08
Condition: Falling Rate Period
R= ax+ b

0.1211
]
0.011

RcR' ( )
R= XcX ' x
ms
A (9.6365)

Rc =

ms = 120

lbdry solid
2
(1 ft 2)( ft)=20lb
ft 3 wet solid
12

2(1 ft 2)( 9.6365)

Rc=
20 lb dry solid

Rc
R= Xc

at the origin R'=0,X'=0

1.0377
R=

R= 0.388

lb
( 0.0453 )
ft 2hr
0.1211

lb
ft 2.hr

10000 cfm of air are to be cooled fr4om 90F to 72F, by the use of a horizontal spray type humidifier,
employing a counterflow of air and water. The air has an initial humidity of 0.011 lb water vapor per lb of
dry air. The unevaporated water collects inside the apparatus to be recirculated to the spray nozzles,
and makeup water at 70F is fed to the pump. Calculate the following based on the data given below:
a) cross section of spray chamber in ft2
b) lbs of water sprayed per hour
c)lbs of make up water required per hour
d)length of spray chamber in ft
d) humidity of air leaving the chamber as lb water per lb of dry air
Data: Assume the spray chamber operates adiabatically with normal barometric pressure. When
spraying 1200 lb water per hour per ft2 of cross section and employing an air rate of 2400 lb of dry air
per hour per ft2 of cross section, the overall coefficient of heat transfer is 90 BTU/ hr F Ft3 of spray
chamber.
GIVEN:
Gx = 1200 lb/hr.ft2
Gy= 2400 lb d.a/ hr.ft2
U = 90 Btu/hr.F.ft3
REQUIRED:
a) S
b) La
c) lbs of makeup water
d) Zt
SOLUTION:
a) m d.a =

S=

q
a

md . a
Gy

@ pt b: Yb = 0.011

0.7302( 90+460)
1
VH = [
=14. 094 ft3/lb d.a
1 0.011
+

29
18
md.a=

10000 ft 3/min
14.094 ft 3/lbd . a = 709. 53 lb d.a/min

S=

60 min
)
hr
= 17.74 ft2
2400 lb d . a/hr . ft 2

b) La =

1200 lb
h r . ft 2 (17.74 ft2) = 21285.65 lb/hr

709.53 lb d . a /min (

c) E = m d.a[ Ya- Yb]

Tdb72 F

Ya [ Tw=70 F

E= 709.52(

] = 0.0155 lb H2O/lb d.a

60
[ 0.0155-0.011] = 0.011
1

E= 191. 57 lb H2O/hr
d) m d.a CSave( Tyb - Tya) = U (TyTx)l Sz
CSa = 0.24 + 0.45(0.0155)= 0.02470
CSb = 0.24 + 0.45(0.011) = 0.2450
CSave= 0.2460

(TyTx)l=

( 9070)(7270)
9070
= 7.82F
ln
7270

(0.2460)(709.52)(60/1)(90-72)= 90
Zt = 15.10 ft

Btu
hr F . ft 3 (7.82)(17.74)(Zt)

Air entering an adiabatic cooling chamber has a temperature of 32.2

and a

percentage relative humidity of 65%. It is cooled by a cold water spray and saturated
with water in the chamber. After leaving, it is heated to 23.9 . The final air has a %
relative humidity of 40%. (a) what is the initial humidity of the air? (b) what is the final
humidity after heating? (c) what is the temperature before heating?
Given:

Required: a) Y1
b) Y3
c) T3
Solution:
a)

b)

c)