Introduction

3G wireless technology represents the convergence of various 2G wireless

telecommunications systems into a single uniform global system which includes terrestrial
and satellite components in its functioning.

3G or the third-generation wireless refers to near future developments in personal & business
wireless technology, especially relating to mobile communications. 3G or The Third
Generation will usher in many benefits as roaming capability, broad bandwidth and high
speed communication (upwards of 2Mbps).

Network operators & telecommunications service providers are embracing the recently
adopted global third generation (3G) wireless standards in order to cater to emerging user
demands and to offer new services to their customers.3G wireless technology represents a
shift from voice-centric services to multimedia-oriented like video, voice, data, fax services.

The most interesting & useful aspect of 3G wireless technology is its ability to unify existing
cellular standards such as GSM, CDMA and TDMA.

International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000), better known as 3G or 3rd

Generation, is a family of standards for mobile telecommunications defined by the
International Telecommunication Union,[1] which includes GSM EDGE, UMTS, and
CDMA2000 as well as DECT and WiMAX. Services include wide-area wireless voice
telephone, video calls, and wireless data, all in a mobile environment. Compared to 2G and
2.5G services, 3G allows simultaneous use of speech and data services and higher data rates
(up to 14.4 Mbit/s on the downlink and 5.8 Mbit/s on the uplink with HSPA+). Thus, 3G
networks enable network operators to offer users a wider range of more advanced services
while achieving greater network capacity through improved spectral efficiency.

The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) defined the third generation (3G) of
mobile telephony standards – IMT-2000 – to facilitate growth, increase bandwidth, and
support more diverse applications. For example, GSM (the current most popular cellular

1
phone standard) could deliver not only voice, but also circuit-switched data at download
speeds up to 14.4 kbps. But to support mobile multimedia applications, 3G had to deliver
packet-switched data with better spectral efficiency, at far greater speeds.

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Overview

In 1999, ITU approved five radio interfaces for IMT-2000 as a part of the ITU-R M.1457
Recommendation; WiMAX was added in 2007.

There are evolutionary standards that are backwards-compatible extensions to pre-existing

2G networks as well as revolutionary standards that require all-new networks and frequency
allocations. The later group is the UMTS family, which consists of standards developed for
IMT-2000, as well as the independently-developed standards DECT and WiMAX, which
were included because they fit the IMT-2000 definition.

While EDGE is part of the 3G standard, most GSM/UMTS phones report EDGE (“2.75G”)
and UMTS (“3G”) network availability as separate functionality.

History

The first pre-commercial 3G network was launched by NTT DoCoMo in Japan branded, in
May 2001 on a pre-release of W-CDMA technology. The first commercial launch of 3G was
also by NTT DoCoMo in Japan on October 1, 2001, although it was initially somewhat
limited in scope, broader availability was delayed by apparent concerns over reliability. The
second network to go commercially live was by SK Telecom in South Korea on the 1xEV-
DO technology in January 2002. By May 2002 the second South Korean 3G network was by
KTF on EV-DO and thus the Koreans were the first to see competition among 3G operators.

The first European pre-commercial network was at the Isle of Man by Manx Telecom, the
operator then owned by British Telecom, and the first commercial network in Europe was
opened for business by Telenor in December 2001 with no commercial handsets and thus no
paying customers. These were both on the W-CDMA technology.

The first commercial United States 3G network was by Monet Mobile Networks, on
CDMA2000 1x EV-DO technology, but this network provider later shut down operations.

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The second 3G network operator in the USA was Verizon Wireless in October 2003 also on
CDMA2000 1x EV-DO, and this network has grown strongly since then.

The first pre-commercial demonstration network in the southern hemisphere was built in
Adelaide, South Australia by m.Net Corporation in February 2002 using UMTS on 2100
MHz. This was a demonstration network for the 2002 IT World Congress. The first
commercial 3G network was launched by Hutchison Telecommunications branded as Three
in March 2003.

In December 2007, 190 3G networks were operating in 40 countries and 154 HSDPA
networks were operating in 71 countries, according to the Global Mobile Suppliers
Association (GSA). In Asia, Europe, Canada and the USA, telecommunication companies
use W-CDMA technology with the support of around 100 terminal designs to operate 3G
mobile networks.

In Europe, mass market commercial 3G services were introduced starting in March 2003 by 3
(Part of Hutchison Whampoa) in the UK and Italy. The European Union Council suggested
that the 3G operators should cover 80% of the European national populations by the end of
2005.

Roll-out of 3G networks was delayed in some countries by the enormous costs of additional
spectrum licensing fees. (See Telecoms crash.) In many countries, 3G networks do not use
the same radio frequencies as 2G, so mobile operators must build entirely new networks and
license entirely new frequencies; an exception is the United States where carriers operate 3G
service in the same frequencies as other services. The license fees in some European
countries were particularly high, bolstered by government auctions of a limited number of
licenses and sealed bid auctions, and initial excitement over 3G's potential. Other delays were
due to the expenses of upgrading equipment for the new systems.

By June 2007 the 200 millionth 3G subscriber had been connected. Out of 3 billion mobile
phone subscriptions worldwide this is only 6.7%. In the countries where 3G was launched
first - Japan and South Korea - 3G penetration is over 70%.[11] In Europe the leading country

4
is Italy with a third of its subscribers migrated to 3G. Other leading countries by 3G
migration include UK, Austria, Australia and Singapore at the 20% migration level. A
confusing statistic is counting CDMA 2000 1x RTT customers as if they were 3G customers.
If using this definition, then the total 3G subscriber base would be 475 million at June 2007
and 15.8% of all subscribers worldwide.

Still several developing countries such as Indonesia have not awarded 3G licenses and
customers await 3G services. China delayed its decisions on 3G for many years, mainly
because of their Government's delay in establishing well defined standards.[12] China
announced in May 2008, that the telecoms sector was re-organized and three 3G networks
would be allocated so that the largest mobile operator, China Mobile, would retain its GSM
customer base. China Unicom would retain its GSM customer base but relinquish its
CDMA2000 customer base, and launch 3G on the globally leading WCDMA (UMTS)
standard. The CDMA2000 customers of China Unicom would go to China Telecom, which
would then launch 3G on the CDMA 1x EV-DO standard. This meant that China would have
all three main cellular technology 3G standards in commercial use. Finally in January 2009,
Ministry of industry and Information Technology of China has awarded licenses of all three
standards ， TD-SCDMA to China Mobile, WCDMA to China Unicom and CDMA2000 to
China Telecom.

In November 2008, Turkey has auctioned four IMT 2000/UMTS standard 3G licenses with
45, 40, 35 and 25 MHz top frequencies. Turkcell has won the 45MHz band with its €358
million offer followed by Vodafone and Avea leasing the 40 and 35MHz frequencies
respectively for 20 years. The 25MHz top frequency license remains to be auctioned.

The first African use of 3G technology was a 3G videocall made in Johannesburg on the
Vodacom network in November 2004. The first commercial launch of 3G in Africa was by
EMTEL in Mauritius on the W-CDMA standard. In north African Morocco in late March
2006, a 3G service was provided by the new company Wana.

5
Telus first introduced 3G services in Canada in 2005. Rogers Wireless began implementing
3G HSDPA services in eastern Canada early 2007 in the form of Rogers Vision. Fido
Solutions and Rogers Wireless now offer 3G service in most urban centres.

T-Mobile, a major Telecommunication services provider has recently rolled out a list of over
120 U.S. cities which will be provided with 3G Network coverage in the year 2009.[13]

In 2008, India entered into 3G Mobile arena with the launch of 3G enabled Mobile services
by Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL). MTNL is the first Mobile operator in
India to launch 3G services.

6
Features

There are a lot of mobile phone brands in the market that are attracting the users at ease.
These brands are launching a number of models. Many of these models on one side have
wonderful features, while on the other hand, they come enriched with astonishing looks. Sony
Ericsson and Samsung are the two brands that are popular among a large number of people
throughout the world. These two brands have launched a number of gadgets that have
become the first choice of many users.

One model of each can be taken as example. A few days back, Sony Ericsson launched the
Sony Ericsson C905 in the handset market. This is a very nice handset that supports 3G
technology. It has most of the features required by the users of the present days. It has an
astonishing camera option that allows you to capture the images of digital cam quality. It has
8 mega pixels of camera that supports the image resolution of 3264 x 2448 pixels. It has some
additional features also such as auto focus and xenon flash. Xenon flash is the flash light
feature that enables the users to capture crystal clear images even in faint light also. This
handset contains the advance Internet options such as RSS reader. You can read the RSS
feeds on the World Wide Web. Surfing can be done with its WAP and HTML browsers too.
Moreover, it has a lot of sophisticated features such as TV-out features in order, to view the
images and video clips on the television screen, picture editor for editing the pictures and
many others.

Samsung is also not behind anyone in terms of features. Samsung F480 Tocco model can be
taken as one of the instances. It is also a 3G supported handset. It has 5 mega pixels camera
with 2592 Ñ… 1944 pixels image resolution. This handset also allows the users to take
pictures even in dim light with its LED flash features. It also has WAP and HTML browsers
for smart surfing. Document viewer allows you to access the MS-office as well as PDF
documents. Much more features are also available in this handset.

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Apart from all this, the Sony Ericsson C905 and Samsung F480 Tocco handsets have a lot of
similar features. Beautiful quotes and other text messages, multimedia graphics etc., can be
sent to friends and relatives. Moreover, the Bluetooth feature would allow you to transfer the
videos, audios and other files. This is the wireless system that would allow you to send all
your contents to other compatible devices within a specific range totally free of cost.

Moreover, both these models consist of astonishing looks. Sony Ericsson C905 model has
136 grams of weight along with the dimensions of 104 x 49 x 18-19.5 mm. Whereas, the
F480 is comprised of 100.6 grams of weight and the dimensions of 98.4 x 55 x 11.6 mm.
Entertainment is another aspect for which people like to by a handset. The Sony Ericsson
C905 has the audio player that support the popular music file formats such as MP3, MP4,
AAC etc. The audio player of Samsung F480 Tocco also supports MP3, AAC and MPEG4
file formats. Conclusively, it can be said that, both these handsets may be the right options for
the users. Users can also choose any of these as per their requirements.

Andrew Peterson is a professional writer, presently working for online shopping community
store. He is writing on various products and services to distinguish price comparison on
cheap mobiles, broadband comparison, cheap gas and electricity providers, Contract Phones,
Latest Mobile Phones and many others.

Data rates

ITU has not provided a clear definition of the data rate users can expect from 3G equipment
or providers. Thus users sold 3G service may not be able to point to a standard and say that
the rates it specifies are not being met. While stating in commentary that "it is expected that
IMT-2000 will provide higher transmission rates: a minimum speed of 2 Mbit/s and
maximum of 14.4 Mbit/s for stationary users, and 348 kbit/s in a moving vehicle," [14] the ITU
does not actually clearly specify minimum or average rates or what modes of the interfaces

8
qualify as 3G, so various rates are sold as 3G intended to meet customers expectations of
broadband speed.

Security•
• Protection against active attacks on the radio interface.
• New integrity mechanism added to protect critical signaling information on the radio
interface
• Enhanced authentication protocol provides mutual authentication and freshness of
cipher/integrity key towards the user
• Enhanced encryption
• Stronger algorithm, longer key
• Encryption terminates in the radio network controller rather than the base station
• Core network security
• Potential for secure global roaming

• Ensure that the resources and services provided are adequately protected against
misuse or misappropriation
• Ensure that the security features standardised are compatible with world-wide
availability
• Ensure that the security features are adequately standardised to ensure world-wide
interoperability and roaming between different serving networks
• Ensure that the level of protection afforded to users and providers of services is better
than that provided in contemporary fixed and mobile networks (including GSM)
• Ensure that the implementation of 3GPP security features and mechanisms can be
extended and enhanced as required by new threats and services

9
3G Standards

The dream of 3G is to unify the world's mobile computing devices through a single,
worldwide radio transmission standard. Imagine being able to go anywhere in the world
secure in the knowledge that your mobile phone is compatible with the local system, a
scenario known as "global roaming". Unfortunately, the process of unifying the numerous
international standards has proved to be extremely difficult. After difficult negotiation, a 3G
"standard" called IMT-2000 emerged as a rather unsatisfactory compromise. IMT-2000, in
fact, represents several incompatible standards lumped together under one banner. The hope
of IMT-2000 is that phones using these different standards will be able to move seamlessly
between all networks, thus providing global roaming.

The rather fragmented nature of IMT-2000 has resulted in a proliferation of confusion

acronyms (e.g., TDMA, UMTS, EDGE) often referred to as "alphabet soup". Possibly the
most important acronym to remember is "UMTS": this is the 3G standard for Europe and
Japan.

UMTS is the successor to the current ultra-successful GSM mobile phone standard in Europe.
UMTS is being very heavily sold as the 3G standard (some sources use the terms "3G" and
"UMTS" synonymously, though this is really not correct and just adds to the confusion).

10
11
Evolution from 2G to 2.5 G

In the 2G and 2.5G mobile, several technological developments have been introduced to
increase the capacity bandwidth of the networks and to enable provision of new services in
these platforms. Standard bandwidth for data services in GSM networks is 9.6 Kbps per time
slot. However, many providers offer 14.4 Kbps per time slot using more efficient modulation
technologies. To increase the available capacity at the end user’s site in GSM networks, two
approaches are used:

• Deployment of several time slots. This is called HSCSD (High Speed Circuit
Switched Data).
• Deployment of packet oriented IP based technologies like GPRS and EDGE.

When using HSCSD technology, a maximum capacity of 38.4 Kbps will be achieved if 9.6
Kbps per time slot is used (and 57.6 Kbps in the case of 14.4 Kbps per time slot). In both
cases, the assumption is that all 8 time slots are used: 4 time slots for uplink and 4 for
downlink.

GPRS, on the other hand, is packet-based and is optimized for IP traffic. In GPRS, the
capacity per time slot depends on the deployed technology:
• CS1: 9.05 Kbps per time slot
• CS2: 13.4 Kbps per time slot
• CS3: 15.6 Kbps per time slot
• CS4: 21.4 Kbps per time slot.
In theory, using 8 time slots and CS4 technology, a maximum capacity of 171.3 Kbps can be
achieved.

EDGE can be seen as a technology with the same characteristics as GPRS, but with more
efficient modulation techniques and, consequently, higher capacities per time slot.
Theoretically, it is possible to achieve 59 Kbps per time slot, providing a maximum capacity
of 472 Kbps. The capacity will depend on the deployed technology (MsC1 to MsC9), and a

12
maximum capacity per time slot of 48 Kbps is considered realistic in mature EDGE networks
giving a maximum overall capacity of 384 Kbps.

One important issue here is that even though GPRS and EDGE are capable of offering high
bandwidth connectivity to the end users, the amount of frequency resources in the GSM
network is far below the resources necessary to cope with the ever increasing demand of the
end users for data services.

The technological evolution path towards 3G networks and the standards that will be
deployed in different markets depend primarily on the current 2G markets. The natural
consequence of this has been the definition of a variety of variants of IMT-2000 standard,
that can be chosen by different operators based on parameters like reusability,
interoperability, etc.

Mobile telephones have been a tremendous successstory. Although GSM was originally
conceived as apan-European system there are now over 400 operators in157 countries
worldwide [1]. Since the launch of the first GSM systems in the early nineties, customer
numbers have grown very quickly resulting in today’s highly competitive mass market. In
particular, the more recent development of ‘pre-pay’ packages has been very successful in
attracting new customers. For many mobile operators more than 50% of their customers use
pre-pay. At present, GSM use is dominated by voice services, although there has been a

13
great increase in uses for the short message service (SMS), atext-based messaging system.
GSM provides a ‘circuitswitched’ data service similar to PSTN dial-up data services. The
nominal GSM data rate is 9.6 kbit/s. In recent years, a new coding scheme has been approved
that takes this data rate to 14.4 kbit/s although not all operators will adopt this. However,
these data rates do not provide high
speed access to services such as e-mail and the World Wide Web (WWW). Also, the use of
‘circuit-switched’ connections, where the channel is dedicated to one user, is not the most
efficient way of carrying the ‘bursty’ traffic of these types of services that are accessed over
the Internet.

14
Evolution from 2.5 G to 3G

GPRS networks evolved to EDGE networks with the introduction of 8PSK encoding.
Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS), or IMT Single
Carrier (IMT-SC) is a backward-compatible digital mobile phone technology that allows
improved data transmission rates, as an extension on top of standard GSM. EDGE can be
considered a 3G radio technology and is part of ITU's 3G definition, but is most frequently
referred to as 2.75G. EDGE was deployed on GSM networks beginning in 2003—initially by
Cingular (now AT&T) in the United States.

EDGE is standardized by 3GPP as part of the GSM family, and it is an upgrade that provides
a potential three-fold increase in capacity of GSM/GPRS networks. The specification
achieves higher data-rates by switching to more sophisticated methods of coding (8PSK),
within existing GSM timeslots

15
Evolution towards 4G

Both 3GPP and 3GPP2 are currently working on further extensions to 3G standards, named
Long Term Evolution and Ultra Mobile Broadband, respectively. Being based on an all-IP
network infrastructure and using advanced wireless technologies such as MIMO, these
specifications already display features characteristic for IMT-Advanced (4G), the successor
of 3G. However, falling short of the speed requirements for 4G (which is 1 Gbit/s for
stationary and 100 Mbit/s for mobile operation), these standards are classified as 3.9G or Pre-
4G.

3GPP plans to meet the 4G goals with LTE Advanced, whereas Qualcomm has halted
development of UMB in favour of the LTE family.

Objectives

4G is being developed to accommodate the QoS and rate requirements set by forthcoming
applications like wireless broadband access, Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), video
chat, mobile TV, HDTV content, Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB), minimal services like
voice and data, and other services that utilize bandwidth.

The 4G working group has defined the following as objectives of the 4G wireless
communication standard:

• A spectrally efficient system (in bits/s/Hz and bits/s/Hz/site)

• High network capacity: more simultaneous users per cell,
• A data rate of at least 100 Mbit/s between any two points in the world,
• Smooth handoff across heterogeneous networks,
• Seamless connectivity and global roaming across multiple networks,
• High quality of service for next generation multimedia support (real time audio, high
speed data, HDTV video content, mobile TV, etc)
• Interoperability with existing wireless standards, and
• An all IP, packet switched network.

16
In summary, the 4G system should dynamically share and utilize network resources to meet
the minimal requirements of all the 4G enabled users.

Approaches

As described in 4G consortia including WINNER, WINNER - Towards Ubiquitous Wireless

Access, and WWRF, a key technology based approach is summarized as follows, where
Wireless-World-INitiative-NEw-Radio (WINNER) is a consortium to enhance mobile
communication systems.

Consideration points

• Coverage, radio environment, spectrum, services, business models and deployment

types, users.

Principal technologies

• Baseband techniques
o OFDM: To exploit the frequency selective channel property
o MIMO: To attain ultra high spectral efficiency
o Turbo principle: To minimize the required SNR at the reception side
• Adaptive radio interface
• Modulation, spatial processing including multi-antenna and multi-user MIMO
• Relaying, including fixed relay networks (FRNs), and the cooperative relaying
concept, known as multi-mode protocol

4G features

According to the members of the 4G working group, the infrastructure and the terminals of
4G will have almost all the standards from 2G to 4G implemented. Although legacy systems
are in place to adopt existing users, the infrastructure for 4G will be only packet-based (all-
IP). Some proposals suggest having an open Internet platform. Technologies considered to be

17
early 4G include: Flash-OFDM, the 802.16e mobile version of WiMax (also known as WiBro
in South Korea), and HC-SDMA . 3GPP Long Term Evolution may reach the market 1–2
years after Mobile WiMax is released.

An even higher speed version of WiMax is the IEEE 802.16m specification. LTE Advanced
will be the later evolution of the 3GPP LTE standard.

As the wireless standards evolved, the access techniques used also exhibited increase in
efficiency, capacity and scalability. The first generation wireless standards used plain TDMA
and FDMA. In the wireless channels, TDMA proved to be less efficient in handling the high
data rate channels as it requires large guard periods to alleviate the multipath impact.
Similarly, FDMA consumed more bandwidth for guard to avoid inter carrier interference. So
in second generation systems, one set of standard used the combination of FDMA and
TDMA and the other set introduced a new access scheme called CDMA. Usage of CDMA
increased the system capacity and also placed a soft limit on it rather than the hard limit. Data
rate is also increased as this access scheme is efficient enough to handle the multipath
channel. This enabled the third generation systems to use CDMA as the access scheme IS-
2000, UMTS, HSXPA, 1xEV-DO, TD-CDMA and TD-SCDMA. The only issue with
CDMA is that it suffers from poor spectrum flexibility and scalability.

Recently, new access schemes like Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), Single Carrier FDMA
(SC-FDMA), Interleaved FDMA and Multi-carrier code division multiple access (MC-
CDMA) are gaining more importance for the next generation systems. WiMax is using
OFDMA in the downlink and in the uplink. For the next generation UMTS, OFDMA is being
considered for the downlink. By contrast, IFDMA is being considered for the uplink since
OFDMA contributes more to the PAPR related issues and results in nonlinear operation of
amplifiers. IFDMA provides less power fluctuation and thus avoids amplifier issues.
Similarly, MC-CDMA is in the proposal for the IEEE 802.20 standard. These access schemes
offer the same efficiencies as older technologies like CDMA. Apart from this, scalability and
higher data rates can be achieved.

18
The other important advantage of the above mentioned access techniques is that they require
less complexity for equalization at the receiver. This is an added advantage especially in the
MIMO environments since the spatial multiplexing transmission of MIMO systems
inherently requires high complexity equalization at the receiver.

In addition to improvements in these multiplexing systems, improved modulation techniques

are being used. Whereas earlier standards largely used Phase-shift keying, more efficient
systems such as 64QAM are being proposed for use with the 3GPP Long Term Evolution
standards.

IPv6 support

Main articles: Network layer, Internet protocol, and IPv6

Unlike 3G, which is based on two parallel infrastructures consisting of circuit switched and
packet switched network nodes respectively, 4G will be based on packet switching only. This
will require low-latency data transmission.

By the time that 4G is deployed, the process of IPv4 address exhaustion is expected to be in
its final stages. Therefore, in the context of 4G, IPv6 support is essential in order to support a
large number of wireless-enabled devices. By increasing the number of IP addresses, IPv6
removes the need for Network Address Translation (NAT), a method of sharing a limited
number of addresses among a larger group of devices, although NAT will still be required to
communicate with devices that are on existing IPv4 networks.

As of June 2009, Verizon has posted specifications that require any 4G devices on its
network to support IPv6.

19
Advanced Antenna Systems

Main articles: MIMO and MU-MIMO

The performance of radio communications obviously depends on the advances of an antenna

system, refer to smart or intelligent antenna. Recently, multiple antenna technologies are
emerging to achieve the goal of 4G systems such as high rate, high reliability, and long range
communications. In the early 90s, to cater the growing data rate needs of data
communication, many transmission schemes were proposed. One technology, spatial
multiplexing, gained importance for its bandwidth conservation and power efficiency. Spatial
multiplexing involves deploying multiple antennae at the transmitter and at the receiver.
Independent streams can then be transmitted simultaneously from all the antennae. This
increases the data rate into multiple folds with the number equal to minimum of the number
of transmit and receive antennae. This is called MIMO (as a branch of intelligent antenna).

Apart from this, the reliability in transmitting high speed data in the fading channel can be
improved by using more antennae at the transmitter or at the receiver. This is called transmit
or receive diversity. Both transmit/receive diversity and transmit spatial multiplexing are
categorized into the space-time coding techniques, which does not necessarily require the
channel knowledge at the transmit. The other category is closed-loop multiple antenna
technologies which use the channel knowledge at the transmitter..

Software-Defined Radio (SDR)

SDR is one form of open wireless architecture (OWA). Since 4G is a collection of wireless
standards, the final form of a 4G device will constitute various standards. This can be
efficiently realized using SDR technology, which is categorized to the area of the radio
convergence.

20
Developments

The Japanese company NTT DoCoMo has been testing a 4G communication system
prototype with 4x4 MIMO called VSF-OFCDM at 100 Mbit/s while moving, and 1 Gbit/s
while stationary. In February 2007, NTT DoCoMo completed a trial in which they reached a
maximum packet transmission rate of approximately 5 Gbit/s in the downlink with 12x12
MIMO using a 100MHz frequency bandwidth while moving at 10 km/h, and is planning on
releasing the first commercial network in 2010.

Digiweb, an Irish fixed and wireless broadband company, has announced that they have
received a mobile communications license from the Irish Telecoms regulator, ComReg. This
service will be issued the mobile code 088 in Ireland and will be used for the provision of 4G
Mobile communications. Digiweb launched a mobile broadband network using FLASH-
OFDM technology at 872 MHz.

Pervasive networks are an amorphous and at present entirely hypothetical concept where the
user can be simultaneously connected to several wireless access technologies and can
seamlessly move between them (See vertical handoff, IEEE 802.21). These access
technologies can be Wi-Fi, UMTS, EDGE, or any other future access technology. Included in
this concept is also smart-radio (also known as cognitive radio technology) to efficiently
manage spectrum use and transmission power as well as the use of mesh routing protocols to
create a pervasive network.

Verizon Wireless announced on September 20, 2007 that it plans a joint effort with the
Vodafone Group to transition its networks to the 4G standard LTE. On December 9, 2008,
Verizon Wireless announced that they intend to build and begin to roll out a LTE network by
the end of 2009.

Telus and Bell Canada, the major Canadian cdmaOne and EV-DO carriers, have announced
that they will be cooperating towards building a fourth generation (4G) LTE wireless

21
broadband network in Canada. As a transitional measure, they are implementing 3G UMTS
to go live by early 2010.

Sprint announced it will be offering a 3G/4G connection plan for $79.99, but it is only
currently available in the following cities: Atlanta, GA; Baltimore, MD; Bellingham, WA;
Boise, ID; Las Vegas, NV; Portland.

Applications

At the present rates of 15-30 Mbit/s, 4G is capable of providing users with streaming high-
definition television. At rates of 100 Mbit/s, the content of a DVD-5 (for example a movie)
can be downloaded within about 5 minutes for offline access.

4G wireless standards

3GPP is currently standardizing LTE Advanced as future 4G standard. A first set of 3GPP
requirements on LTE Advanced has been approved in June 2008. The working groups are
currently evaluating various proposals for standardization. LTE Advanced will be
standardized as part of the Release 10 of the 3GPP specification

22
23
Issues

Although 3G was successfully introduced to users across the world, some issues are debated
by 3G providers and users:

• Expensive input fees for the 3G service licenses in some jurisdictions

• Differences in licensing terms between states
• Level of debt incurred by some telecommunication companies, which makes
investment in 3G difficult
• Lack of state support for financially troubled operators
• Cost of 3G phones
• Lack of coverage in some areas
• High prices for 3G in some countries
• Demand for high speed services in a hand-held device
• Battery life of 3G phones

24
Viewing Usage Statistics

Awareness of how you use your phone and knowing how long your battery typically lasts can
help you improve its battery life. You can view your phone usage statistics by tapping the
Settings icon on the Home screen and choosing General > Usage. Under the “Time since last
full charge” heading you’ll see two items:

Usage: Amount of time phone has been awake and in use since the last full charge. The
phone is awake when you’re on a call, using email, listening to music, browsing the web, or
sending and receiving text messages, or during certain background tasks such as auto-
checking email.

Standby: Amount of time phone has been powered on since its last full charge, including the
time the phone has been asleep

Charging Tips

3G Phones cannot be charged with a FireWire power adapter or FireWire-based car charger.
Make sure your computer is on while charging Phone via USB. If Phone is connected to a
computer that’s turned off or is in sleep or standby mode, the Phone battery may drain.

Maximum Battery Life

Phone 3GS offers up to 5 hours of talk time on 3G, 12 hours of talk time on 2G, 5 hours of
Internet use on 3G, 9 hours of Internet use on Wi-Fi, 10 hours of video playback, or 30 hours
of audio playback on a full charge at original capacity. In addition,i- Phone(APPLE) features
up to 300 hours of standby time.

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A properly maintained phone battery is designed to retain up to 80% of its original capacity at
400 full charge and discharge cycles. You may choose to replace your battery when it no
longer holds sufficient charge to meet your needs.

Charging your phone while in certain carrying cases may generate excess heat, which can
affect battery capacity. If you notice that your phone gets hot when you charge it, take it out
of its case first.

• Increased AT&T data plan price negates any savings you get up front on the
phone. Screams of "IT'S NOT ACTUALLY CHEAPER, APPLE IS
FOOLING US" have us wondering about how much more you're really paying
over two years compared with the old phone or similarly featured 3G
smartphones on AT&T and other providers. Here's what we found.
Over two years, the phone 3G will cost $160 more than the original phone. This includes the
unlimited data plan plus the additional $5 SMS plan you need to get to match the original's
200 included messages. What the chart doesn't indicate, in pure dollars, is how much 3G is
worth.

Compared with a similar 3G phone on AT&T, the phone 3G costs exactly the same over two
years as AT&T's HTC Tilt (minus $100 for the increased initial phone price). Compared to
Sprint, you're coming out slightly behind by $20 because of Sprint's included unlimited
SMS/MMS, but unlimited 3G data still costs the same $30. Verizon's data and texting plan is
also on par with AT&T's, and you get an extra 50 text messages.

So what can we conclude? Yes, the phone 3G will cost you $160 more than the original
phone over two years. If you don't need 3G at all (or GPS), you might not need to upgrade if
you've got an old one. Otherwise, $160 is a small price to pay—for us at least—over the
course of two years to drastically increase your email and browsing speeds.

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 SUMMARY

3 G network is one of the leading technologies in today’s wireless technology. This service is
available with any wireless phones. Verizon is the first one to use this. It was first
implemented on CDMA phones .now this service is coming soon with GSM.3G is an
exciting new technology that is being incorporated into mobile devices across the globe.
Users are now able to make person-to-person calls, download data and do a variety of other
tasks they never imagined possible all via their 3G cell phones. With 3G you can do
everything you do now, but you can do it much better, a lot faster and from almost anywhere!
Some of the main advantages are that 3G allows for higher call volumes and supports
multimedia data applications such as video, email, SMS, games etc.A great deal of potential
exists for new applications in the future as 3G packet based networks will allow users to be
on line all the time. The capabilities of wireless networks in terms of bandwidth must still,
however, be improved upon .

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 REFERENCES

 www.wikipedia.org

 www.google.com

 www.three-g.net

 www.ictregulationtoolkit.org

 www.cn-c114.net

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