EHV SWITCHYARD

EQUIPMENTS, SWITCHING
SCHMES & LAYOUTS
Switchyard Type
 Conventional Air Insulated Type.
 Gas Insulated type.
 Outdoor Gas Insulated type.
Selection of Bus Switching Scheme

 PRE-REQUISITES

1)System security
2)Operational flexibility
3)Simplicity of protection arrangements
4)Ability to limit short circuit levels (ease of
sectionalizing)
5)Maintenance – Its effect on system
security
6)Ease of extension
7)Total land area
8)cost
DESIGN GUIDELINES CONTD…
 OPTIONS/ALTERNATIVES

1)Single sectionalised bus

2)Main and transfer bus
3)Sectionalised Main bus with transfer bus
4)Sectionalised double main and transfer
bus
5)Double Bus Scheme
6)Ring bus
7)One and a half breaker
8)Double bus, double breaker
 CONTD…
 DESIGN PRACTICES/PHYLOSOPHY

1) Consideration in Selection of Bus

Switching Scheme

2) Comparison of Schemes
a) Sectionalized main bus with transfer bus
(Scheme-I)

b) Sectionalized double main and

transfer bus (Scheme-II)

c) One and a half breaker (Scheme-

III)
DISCUSSIONS OF SCHEMES
 SCHEME 1

Main and Transfer Bus Scheme

SCHEMES CONTD…
 SCHEME 2

Sectionalised Double Main and Transfer Bus Scheme

SCHEMES CONTD…
SCHEME 3

One and Half Breaker Bus Scheme

System Security Main & Transfer Double Main & One & Half
(Reliability
Transfer Breaker

i) feeder fault i) require i) require i)require

operation of one operation of one operation of two
breaker breakers
ii) Bus fault breaker
ii) supply would ii) continuity of
ii) supply would supply is
be interrupted
be interrupted maintained
until all the
until all the because each
feeders are
feeders are circuit gets fed
transferred to the
transferred to the through two
iii) Redundancy in healthy bus
healthy bus paths
design iii) No alternate
iii) No alternate iii) Alternate path
path
path is available
(Offline
(Offline (Online
redundancy
redundancy redundancy
available)
available) available)
Operational Switching operation to Switching operation to A breaker can be
Flexibility: take out the breaker take out the breaker taken out of service
from the bay more from the bay more without the need for
extensive extensive additional switching

Simplicity of Protection
Protection Protection arrangement is
Arrangements Protection arrangement simplified as no AC
arrangement involves AC & DC & DC switching
involves AC & DC switching & bus involve and Bus
switching . differential differential
protection is protection is simple.
complicated as it
involves CT
switching. Sectionalising of
bus bars or
Ability to limit introduction of
Sectionalising of
Short Circuit Sectionalising of reactors in buses
bus bars or
Levels (Ease of bus bars or with a view to limit
introduction of
Sectionalizing) introduction of short circuit level is
reactors in buses
reactors in buses adoptable.
with a view to limit
with a view to limit
short circuit level is
short circuit level is
adoptable.
adoptable.
Ease of Switchyard shall Switchyard shall Switchyard shall
extension be suitable for be suitable for be suitable for
future extension future extension future extension
without loss of without loss of without loss of
feeders. This feeders. This feeders. This
scheme is flexible scheme is flexible scheme is flexible
for such future for such future for such future
additions additions additions

Total land area This scheme This scheme This scheme

occupy more or occupy more or occupy more or
less the same land less the same land less the same land
area as of the area as of the area as of the
other two other two other two
schemes. schemes. schemes.

one breaker per one breaker per Three breaker per

Cost feeder is required feeder is required 2 feeder is
required
Switchyard layout
Objective:
Substation layout consists essentially in
arranging a number of switchgear components
in an orderly pattern governed by their
function and rules of spatial separation as
described in electrical single line diagram.
Pre-requisites:
1) single line diagram
2) general layout plan of power plant
3) orientation of line evacuation
4) control room building
LAYOUT CONTD…
 Options / Alternatives
The layout will vary for the
following:
1) Switching schemes
2) Type of insulation - Air
Insulated/Gas Insulated.
LAYOUT CONTD…
 Design Philosophy / Practice

1) Space around the switchyard

2) Switchyard location
3) Switchyard fencing.

4) Clearance.
i) phase to earth clearance
ii) phase to phase clearance
iii) section clearance
iv) ground clearance
 TABLE I: INSULATION LEVELS & CLEARANCE
REQUIREMENTS AT DIFFERENT VOLTAGE LEVELS
INSULATION LEVELS HIGHEST MINIMUM CLEARANCE GROUND SECTIONAL HEIGHT OF
NOMINAL SYSTEM CLEARANCECLEARANCE SUPPORTS
VOLTAGE KV (MM) (MM) (mm)
SYSTEM
VOLTAGE LIGHTNING SWITCHING POWER BETWEEN BETWEEN
IMPULSE LEVEL SURGE LEVEL FREQUENCY PHASE ANDPHASES
KV (kVp) (kVp) IMPULSE
LEVEL EARTH (MM)
(kVrms) (MM)

33 170 - 70 36 320 320 3700 2800 2500

66 325 - 140 72.5 630 630 4000 3000 2500
132 650 - 275 145 1300 1300 4600 3500 2500
220 1050 - 460 245 2100 2100 5500 4300 2500
400 1425 1050 630 420 3500 4000 8000 6500 2500
765 2100 1550 830 800 6400 9400 -- 10300 2500
Clearance contd…
5) Equipment spacing
a) Ease of maintenance/removal of
equipment.
b) Equipment foundation & their cable
trenches.
c) Distance between LA and
equipment based on the protection reach of
LA.
d) The spacings are generally kept in
order to achieve various clearances
specified at Table-I.
Clearance contd…
6) Bus bars:
The bus bars of 400 kV switchyard are generally made up 4 “IPS
aluminum tube or Quad Moose rated for 3000 A”.
The bus bars of 220/132kV switchyard are generally made up of 3 “IPS
aluminum tube or quad/ twin moose conductor”. Bus bars are placed at
right angles to the feeders for tapping the power.

7) Equipment Interconnection

8) Spacer spans and locations

9) Connection Level

10) Land & Road Layout

11) Sequence and mounting of line traps

Clearance contd….
12) Control Room Layout

13) Lighting System

14) Cabling Philosophy

15) Gravel Filling

16) Earthing System

17) Lightning Protection System

EVOLVING A SUBSTATION
LAYOUT

LAYING OUT A SUBSTATION INVOLVES STEP-BY-STEP

PROCEDURE. MOST IMPORTANT POINTS TO BE
CONSIDERED ARE BRIEFLY DESCRIBED BELOW:

THE IMPORTANT ELECTRICAL PARAMETERS ARE

ESTABLISHED BY THE SYSTEM DESIGN. THE MAIN
PARAMETERS ARE:

1) THE VOLTAGE AND BASIC INSULATION LEVEL OR

SWITCHING SURGE LEVEL., THE SITE AND CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS, THE METHOD OF CIRCUIT CONNECTION,
AND SWITCHING OVER-VOLTAGE CONDITIONS.

2) THE BUS BAR SYSTEM DIAGRAM, THE NUMBER OF

CIRCUITS AND THEIR PURPOSE I.E. THE CONTROL
OF GENERATORS, TRANSFORMERS, FEEDERS, ETC.

THE DIAGRAM SHOULD INCLUDE DETAILS OF

EXTENSIONS AND FUTURE CONVERSION TO A
DIFFERENT BUS BAR SYSTEM, IF INTENDED.
EVOLVING A SUBSTATION
LAYOUT
1) THE CONTINUOUS CURRENT RATING OF THE BUS BARS
AND CIRCUITS.

2) THE SHORT CIRCUIT RATING OF BUS BARS AND

EQUIPMENTS.

3) PARTICULARS OF REACTORS, NEUTRAL EARTHING

EQUIPMENT AND REACTING, Interconnecting Transformers
REQUIRED.

4) METHOD OF CONNECTION OF CIRCUITS, WHETHER BY

OVERHEAD LINES OR BY CABLES.

5) DETAILS OF LIGHTNING PROTECTION EQUIPMENT.

6) DETAILS OF PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT, DETERMINING THE

INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS REQUIREMENTS, CARRIER
CURRENT EQUIPMENT ETC.
EVOLVING A SUBSTATION
LAYOUT
THE EXTENT TO WHICH CIRCUIT AND BUSBAR OUTAGES FOR
MAINTENANCE WILL BE POSSIBLE.

SOME PARAMETERS WHICH INFLUENCE THE FORM OF THE LAYOUT

ARE DETERMINED BY THE LOCAL CONDITIONS. THESE ARE:

1) THE AVAILABLE LAND AREA, SITE AND CLIMATE

CONDITIONS, PLANNING AUTHORITY REQUIREMENTS AND
AESTHETIC CONSIDERATIONS DETERMINE THE TYPE OF
SUBSTATION.

2) THE DIRECTION OF OVERHEAD LINE ENTIRES POSITION

AVAILABLE FOR TERMINAL TOWERS, LOCATION OF
TRANSFORMERS AND REACTORS, ETC.

3) THE AVAILABILITY OF MATERIALS AND THE TRANSPORT AND

ACCESS FACILITIES.

4) THE CAPABILITY AND SKILL OF THE MAINTENANCE STAFF

DETERMINES THE IMPORTANCE OF CLARITY OF LAYOUT AND
SIMPLICITY OF MAINTENANCE ZONING.
 PREPARATION OF BASIC
LAYOUT
 WHILE MEETING ALL THE NEEDS ESTABLISHED THE
FOLLOWING IDEALS SHOULD BE AIMED AT IN MAKING THE
BASIC CIRCUIT LAYOUT.

 MINIMUM GROUND AREA

 MINIMUM QUANTITIES OF CONDUCTOR, JOINTS AND

STRUCTURE

 MINIMUM NUMBER OF INDEPENDENT INSULATORS,

ESPECIALLY IN THE BUS BAR ZONE.

 AFTER HAVING DETERMINED THE ELECTRICAL CLEARANCE BE

USED A ROUGH CIRCUIT LAYOUT IS MADE. SEVERAL
POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVES ARE PREPARED FROM WHICH THE
MOST SUITABLE ONE WILL BE SELECTED. SOME VARIATION
IS NEEDED, TO MEET THE REQUIREMENTS OF DIFFERENT
TYPES OF CIRCUIT.

 IT IS ALSO NECESSARY TO CALCULATE SHORT CIRCUIT AND

ATMOSPHERIC FORCES TO DETERMINE THE STRESSES IN
CONDUCTORS, INSULATORS AND STRUCTURES. THESE HELD
IN DECIDING THE MOST OPTIMUM DIMENSIONS.
PURPOSE OF EARTHING
 THE OBJECT OF EARTHING IS TO MAINTAIN A
LOW POTENTIAL ON ANY OBJECT.

 THE PURPOSE OF A EARTHING SYSTEM IN A

SUBSTATION AREA IS TO LIMIT THE POTENTIAL
GRADIENT WITHIN AND IMMEDIATELY OUTSIDE
THE AREA IS A VALUE, SAFE FOR THE WORKING
PERSONNEL. SAFETY IS TO BE ENSURED UNDER
NORMAL AS WELL AS ABNORMAL OPERATING
CONDITION.
REQUIREMENTS OF A GOOD
EARTHING SYSTEM
FOLLOWING BASIC REQUIREMENTS ARE TO BE SATISFIED SO AS TO
ENSURE A PROPER AND SOUND EARTHING SYSTEM.

1) THE EARTH RESISTANCE FOR THE SWITCHYARD AREA

SHOULD BE LOWER THAN A CERTAIN LIMITING VALUE
“RA” IN ORDER TO ENSURE THAT A SAFE POTENTIAL
GRADIENT IS MAINTAINED IN THE SWITCHYARD AREA
AND PROTECTIVE RELAY EQUIPMENT OPERATE
SATISFACTORILY. FOR MAJOR SWITCHYARDS AND
SUBSTATIONS IN INDIA, THIS LIMITING VALUE OF EARTH
RESISTANCE (RA) IS TAKEN TO BE LESS THAN 0.5 OHM.

2) THE GROUNDING CONDUCTOR MATERIAL SHOULD BE

CAPABLE OF CARRYING THE MAXIMUM EARTH FAULT
CURRENT WITHOUT-OVERHEATING AND MECHANICAL
DAMAGE. THE MAXIMUM FAULT LEVEL IN THE 400 KV
SYSTEM HAS BEEN ESTIMATED TO BE 40 KA AND THIS
VALUE OF FAULT CURRENT TO USED IS THE DESIGN OF
EARTH MAT FOR THE 400 KV SUBSTATION.
REQUIREMENTS OF A GOOD
EARTHING SYSTEM
 ALL METALLIC OBJECTS WHICH DO NOT CARRY
CURRENT AND INSTALLED THE SUBSTATION SUCH
AS STRUCTURES, PARTS OF ELECTRICAL
EQUIPMENTS, FENCES, ARMOURING AND SHEATHS
OF THE LOW VOLTAGE POWER AND CONTROL
CABLES SHOULD BE CONNECTED TO THE
EARTHING ELECTRODE SYSTEM.
.
 THE DESIGN OF THE GROUND CONDUCTOR
SHOULD TAKE CARE OF THE EFFECT OF
CORROSION FOR THE TOTAL LIFE SPAN OF THE
PLANT.
Switchyard Equipments.
 Circuit Breaker.
 Disconnectors (Isolators)
 Current Transformers.
 Capacitor Voltage Transformers
(CVT).
 Lightning Arrestors.
 Post Insulators.
 Wave Traps
General Parameters
 Dielectric Parameters .(IEC 694)
- Power Frequency Voltage.
- Lightning Impulse Voltage.
- Switching Impulse Voltage.
- Corona Extinction Voltage.
- RIV Level.
General Parameters (Contd.)
 Rated Current.
 Short Time Current.
 Creepage Distance.
400kV Equipments

a.
b.
c.

d.
Circuit Breakers Type (IEC: 62271-100)

 MOCB.
 ABCB.
 SF6

 Rated operating duty cycle- O-0.3 sec-CO-3

min.-CO
 Operating mechanism
 Total Break Time
 Pre Insertion Resistor –( 300-450Ώ)
Disconnectors
 HCB Type.
 Double Break Type.
 Pantograph type.
 Vertical Break type.
 Provision of Earth Switches.
 Motor / manual operated.
 Gang operated/Single pole type.
Current Transformer ( IEC 60044, IS
2705)
 Dead tank/Live tank type.
 Bar Primary type.
 Ring Type.
 No. of Cores.
 Ratio.
 Accuracy.
 rated primary current
 Rated burden for metering
 Knee Point voltage
Capacitor Voltage Transformer (IEC
60044, IS 3156)

 Capacitance.
 Voltage Ratio.
 No. Of Cores.
 Accuracy.
 Output Burden
 Rated Secondary Voltage
Lightning Arrestor ( IEC 60099)
 Gap Type / Gapless Type.
 Voltage Rating.
 Energy Capability.
 Monitoring.
 Location.
 Nominal Discharge Current.
Post Insulators
 Voltage Rating.
 Cantilever Strength.
 Fixing Details.
Wave Trap (IEC 60353)
 Rated Inductance(0.5/1.0 mH).
 Rated current.
 Band Width.
 Coupling (Phase to Phase).
 SWITCHYARD AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
 CONTROL ROOM
 HVAC FOR CONTROL ROOM
 A RELIABLE 415V AC SUPPLY ( LT SWGR)
 220 V & 48 V DC SUPPLY( BATTERY & BATTERY
CHARGER)
 POWER & CONTROL CABLE
 LIGHTING ( Yard lighting & indoor lighting of control
room)
 Other items-Clamps, connectors , Insulator strings , BMK
etc.
COMPARASON BETWEEN AIS AND GIS SUBSTATION
FOOTPRINT FOR HECTOR

192

400kV AIS

400kV GIS
69 ~10%
Trfr 1 Trfr 2 Trfr 3 Trfr 4 SVC Trfrs

275kV GIS

275kV AIS
INDOOR GIS
OUTDOOR GIS - SEISMIC AREAS
 PHASE SPACING

Conductor
Phase Spacing
OVERHEAD STRUNG BUSBARS
 SAG DUE TO CONDUCTOR

Lc

T fs

9,81.mi

fs = 9,81.mi.Lc2
8.T

fs = maximum conductor sag (m)

mi = mass of conductor (kg/m)

Lc = conductor span length (m)

T = tension per conductor (N)

LOW PROFILE SUPPORTED TUBULAR BUSBAR SUBSTATIONS
TUBE SAG EXCESSIVE INCORRECTLY SELECTED
TYPICAL TUBULAR BB BUS SECTION BAY
 CANTILEVER FORCES DUE TO FAULT CURRENT
COMBINATION SUPPORT STRUCTURE FOR 3 PHASES

Attraction Repulsion

M M M
 TUBULAR BUSBAR EXPANSION CLAMP

TUBE

F S
TRANSFORMER FIRE AT MINERVA
Upgradation of transmission voltage
from 400kV AC to 765kV AC.
 Presently the highest AC Transmission voltage is 400kV only.
NTPC is fully geared up for implementing next AC voltage of
765kV.
 Advantages:
 Step up from generation voltage to 765kV.
 High Capacity Transmission to the order of 2500MW per line
with lower right of way requirement.
 765kV Transmission system is techno economically better
option whenever power transmission system requires multi
point tapping at various location for catering the load
requirement of high growth area.
 765kV system offers low transmission losses, resulting in
higher utilisation of generating capacity and optimises the
resource required for capacity addition.
765kV Major Parameters

 Highest system voltage : 800 kV rms


 Lightning Impulse voltage : ± 2100 kVp
 Switching impulse voltage : ± 1550 kVp
 Power frequency withstand : 830kV(rms)
 for 1 min. (rms) :
 Max. fault level (1 sec.) : 40 kA

 Minimum creepage distance : 20000 mm
 Max. Radio Interference Voltage : 2500 micro volts.
 level at 508kV (rms).
 Corona extinction voltage : 508kV (rms minimum)
 Phase to earth clearance : 4900 mm Conductor to Structure
 : 6400 mm Rod to Structure
 Phase to phase clearance : 7600 mm Conductor to Conductor
 : 9400 mm Rod to Conductor
 Section clearance : 10300 mm
 Average electric field at 1.8 m from ground 10kV/m
 Average magnetic field 500 micro tesla
((((
ADOPTION OF CONTROLLED SWITCHING OF TRANSFORMER AND
REACTORS.

Switching of transformer, shunt reactors, capacitors and uncharged overhead

lines is normally a 'three-phase' process, where all three phases are switched
simultaneously. The actual circuit closing or opening instant is left up to
chance. This results in high inrush currents or switching surges causing undue
repercussions to switchgear equipment and networks system. For overcoming
this the switching in and out is done at desired point on wave so that the
overvoltages are reduced.
765KV CIRCUIT BREAKER
765KV DISCONNECTOR WITH 1E/S
THANK YOU!