Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................4
1.2. SCOPE...........................................................................................................4
2.1. ABBREVIATIONS...........................................................................................4
2.2. DEFINITIONS.................................................................................................4
5. THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS............................................................................6
9 CONCLUSION........................................................................................................22
EXAMPLE ...............................................................................................................25
1.1. OBJECT
Colocation of UMTS sites with existing GSM-900 / GSM-1800 sites requires the
evaluation of potential interference.
In the present document, the following points have been treated:
• First of all, the interference mechanisms due to system GSM/ UMTS
• Then a theorical study considers each of these latter phenomena and gives the
required isolation between GSM / UMTS
In order to evaluate this and deduce the necessary engineering rules, two kinds of
antennas characteristics has been studied:
Out of band radiation
Decoupling between two antennas
In a first step, these two characteristics have been analyzed through measurements,
which was made with the help of a Research Center.
1.2. SCOPE
This document only considers the decoupling between GSM-900/UMTS, GSM-
1800/UMTS and Dual antenna/UMTS antennas in the UMTS band frequency. This
study is done on directive antennas.
2.1. ABBREVIATIONS
GSM : Global System for Mobile communications
DL : Downlink
UL : Uplink
UMTS : Universal Mobile Telecommunication System
2.2. DEFINITIONS
Antenna decoupling: Signal attenuation between two antennas.
• The interfered BTS transmitting in in-band and out-band of its transmitting band
(DL)
• The victim BTS receiving in in-band and out-band of its transmitting band.
The following tables gives the transmitting and receiving bands of GSM 900 R-GSM,
GSM 1800 and UMTS
• Wideband noise
The wideband noise describes unwanted emissions outside the channel bandwith resulting from
the modulation process and non linearity in the transmitter but excluding the spurious emissions.
So, the jamming transmit part can generate wideband noise in the receive part and can raise the
noise level of this latter. Wideband noise depends on the frequency between the transmit carrier
and the receiving band.
• Spurious emissions
The spurious emissions are emissions, which are caused by unwanted transmitter effects such as
harmonics emissions, parasitic emissions, intermodulation products. So, the spurious emissions
issued from the transmit part can jam the receiver, as parasitic signal.
• Blocking
The receiver can be blocked by the normal transmitted carrier of the transmitter, which simply
means that reception can be disturbed in presence of a strong interfering signal.
Even if intermodulations products are above all spurious emissions, specifications consider this
type of interference in specific paragraph. Indeed:
-The transmitter can generate intermodulation products, which can fall in the receiver
band and cause jamming. However, since the transceiver is complying the recommendations, the
the intermodulation product will have a level below a certain limit: actually the GSM and UMTS
recommendations specify some tests to verify that the transmitter is able to restrict the
generation of interfering signals in its non linear elements.
- High signals, issued from the transmitter, can also induce intermodulation products
inside the receiver RF parts and cause degradation in reception. Maximum level of interfering
signals have been defined in recommendation, guaranteeing the good reception: actually, the
GSM and UMTS recommendations specify some tests to verify that the receiver is able to
receive a wanted signal despite the presence of two interfering signals, which have a specific
frequency relationship to the wanted signal.
These five mechanisms are the only one taken into account in the GSM and UMTS
recommendations. Actually, other phenomena might exist, but they are not controlled by any
rules. For example, electromagnetic compatibility problems may be encountered in a site
between:
- feeders
- antennas
- transceivers and receivers.
Any way these problems cannot be forecast and must be treated on site, case by case.
5. THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS
In this part we only consider the GSM recommendations and the UMTS recommendation to
calculate the necessary decoupling between:
The following configuration have been assumed for the calculation of the necessary isolation
between systems:
- As the channel bandwidths are differents in GSM and in UMTS, we prefer to use all
the signal power levels (GSM and UMTS) per Herz
- 43dBm output power (per carrier) is assumed to be at the antenna port of GSM
BTS.
- 48 dBm output power for one carrier is assumed to be at the antenna port of UMTS
BTS. It is the maximum output power we can have with the UMTS BTS,
considering a STSR configuration with 2 PA per sector at full power.
- The noise figure of GSM BTS is assumed to be 3.3dB so k.T.F (thermal noise +
noise figure) is equal to –170.7dBm/Hz
- Within the receiving channel, there is no specification about the maximum level of
any signal disturbing the reception.
Meanwhile, it seems that the GSM spurious emissions level in the UMTS receiving band (new
GSM requirement) has been specified so that degradation at the UMTS receiver of 0.8dB has
been allowed. So, there is also the UMTS tolerable interference level at the antenna connector ao
that the degradation of the thermal noise floor + noise figure (k.T.F) of 0.8 dB is accepted.
Considering the k.T.F equal to –170.7 dBm/Hz, there will be a degradation of 0.8 dB of this
level if there is an interfering signal of –178dBm/Hz. It means that the maximum tolerable
interference level in the UMTS receiving channel is about –178dBm/Hz
As the frequency separation between the GSM 900/ R-GSM band and the UMTS band and
between the GSM 1800 band and the UMTS band is large, we assume that the transmit part
(GSM 900 / R-GSM / GSM 1800) do not generate wideband noise in the receive part (UMTS).
This assumption is in compliance with the GSM 05.05, which only considers the modulation
spectrum (i.e wideband noise) up to 2 MHz either side of the transmit band.
The GSM recommendation 05.05 specifies a maximum level of spurious emisssions in the
frequency band 1 – 12.5 GHz, including the UMTS receiving band. This maximum power
should not be greater than –30dBm at the base station RF output port, power measured in 3 MHz
bandwidth, what is equivalent to –95dBm/Hz
Note:
According to a new requirement added to the GSM 05.05 in july 2000, which considers the
colocation of GSM BTS with UMTS BTS the measured power of the spurious emissions within
the UMTS receiving band shall be no more than 96dBm over 100kHz, what is equivalent to –
146 dBm/Hz.
To calculate the necessary isolation between antennas we keep the worst case which a spurious
emission of –95dBm/Hz.
5.2.3 INTERMODULATIONS
It is the same level than the one specified for the spurious emissions, so we need the same
decoupling between antenna connectors.
The UMTS TS 25.104 recommendation specifies a test to verify the receiver performance: the
reference sensitivity performance shall be met when two interfering signals, with a power equal
to –48dBm, are coupled to the UMTS BTS antenna connector.
5.2.4 BLOCKING
The UMTS TS 25.104 recommendation specifies that out-of-band, the maximum level of
interfering signals (CW carrier) for blocking is equal to –15dBm.
The GSM power is assumed to be 43dBm at antenna connector. This power is over 200kHz,
rather than a CW interfering source as defined in TS 25.104.
Comparing this value to the blocking point, the necessary isolation between the two antennas
can be calculated.
5.3 CONCLUSION
The isolation required to protect UMTS from GSM interference is 83 dB. This value is very
high, it is explained by the fact that GSM standard was fixed without thinking about protection
of UMTS. (cositing UMTS /GSM has been taken into account in the UMTS standard and there
should not be problem of interference from UMTS in GSM Rx Band.)
This high value of 83dB concerns the BTS installed before july 2000, the BTS installed after this
date should comply with the new GSM recommendation which fix the level of spurious
emissions lower than –146 dBm/Hz, so the isolation required for this equipment is 32 dB.
Now all these calculations have been done only considering the GSM and UMTS
specification. But often, the products have better performances than these specifications. It
means that the necessary isolation to avoid any disturbance between systems will be
reduced. So it is important to get the real performances of the products.
The next part of the document is a study regarding the possibility to reach the necessary isolation
by antenna decoupling.
In UMTS band :
• directive crosspolar antenna, 65° horizontal aperture, 17 dBi max. gain:
named antenna2000X
For the GSM-900 transmission case, the CW signal generator is connected to the GSM-
900 port, and for the GSM-1800 transmission case it is connected to the GSM-1800
port.
Antenna 1 Antenna 2
Antenna 1 Antenna 2
front view top view
Figure 1 : Basic horizontal separation
Antenna 1 and 2 are the following ones and d varies in the following range :
In that default case, both antennas are oriented in the same direction, perpendicular to
the axe of the study.
Measurements for distance lower than 0.5 m was not feasible due to the mechanical
aspects of the system.
Antenna 1 Antenna 2
d
top view
Figure 2 : Horizontal separation with an azimuth divergence
Antenna 1
Antenna 2
The distance d between the two antennas varies in the following range :
Antenna 1 Antenna2 d (m)
Antenna900X Antenna2000X 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Antenna1800X Antenna2000X 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
DualantennaX Antenna2000X 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Antenna 1
Antenna 2
The distance d between the two antennas varies in the following range:
Antenna 1 Antenna 2 α (deg) d (m)
Antenna900X Antenna2000X 90 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Antenna1800X Antenna2000X 90 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
DualantennaX Antenna2000X 90 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
In that case, both antennas are not tilted.
Antenna 1
d Antenna 2
d’
Both antennas are pointing in the same direction, the d' axis study.
Antenna 1
d Antenna 2
α
Antenna 1
d'
d’ Antenna 2
Antenna 1
Antenna 2
Network analyser
S’ Input Signal
generator
S
Figure 7
8.1 COMMENTS
The results show that there is no difference between the S’ measurements when the
signal is taken from the output +45° and the signal measured at the output –45° of the
UMTS antenna.
Consequently, decoupling is independent on polarization aspects.
Only the signal measured at the +45° output port will be taken into account for the
following results.
8.3.1 COMMENTS
¾ S' decreases with the growth of the vertical distance between the two antennas. This
is due to basic separation distance effects. Compared to horizontal separation,
higher decoupling is obtained thanks to limited antenna vertical radiation pattern.
¾ The decoupling between the UMTS antenna and GSM-900 antenna is always the
greatest.
¾ The minimum decoupling measured for each antenna is in the case of closed
antennas.
¾ There is no much gain to obtain in widely separating antennas: 10 dB from 0.5m to
3m.
¾ Isolation measured for the dual band antenna in case of GSM-900 transmission is
roughly 10-15 dB below than the one of GSM-900 antenna.
¾ The minimum and maximum decoupling for each antenna are noted in the
following table:
8.4.1 COMMENTS
¾ Decoupling increases with the growth of the vertical distance between the two
antennas.
¾ The decoupling between the UMTS antenna and GSM-900 antenna is always the
greatest.
¾ The comparison between the results of the basic vertical separation and of this
position shows that the second position gives a better decoupling between the
antennas. This is due to radiation filtering in angles.
¾ The minimum decoupling measured for each antenna is in the case of closed
antennas.
¾ Isolation measured for the dual band antenna in case of GSM-900 transmission is
roughly 10-15 dB below than the one of GSM-900 antenna.
¾ There is no much gain to obtain in widely separating antennas: 10 dB from 0.5m to
3m.
¾ The minimum and maximum decoupling for each antenna are noted in the
following table:
8.5.2 COMMENTS
¾ Decoupling increases with the growth of the vertical distance between the two
antennas, but doesn't fluctuate very much with the horizontal distance. 1.5m vertical
distance is enough to reach basic attenuation. Between 0.5m and 1.5m horizontal
separation 10 dB are to gain, not more is expected.
¾ The decoupling between the UMTS antenna and GSM-900 antenna is always the
greatest.
¾ Decoupling values for the dual antenna in case of GSM-1800 transmission and for
the GSM-1800 antenna are very closely.
¾ Isolation measured for the dual band antenna in case of GSM-900 transmission is
roughly 10-15 dB below than the one of GSM-900 antenna.
¾ The minimum and maximum decoupling for each antenna are noted in the
following table:
8.6.1 COMMENTS
¾ Decoupling increases with the growth of the vertical distance between the two
antennas, but doesn't fluctuate very much with the horizontal distance.
¾ The decoupling between the UMTS antenna and GSM-900 antenna is always the
greatest.
¾ Decoupling values for the dual antenna for the two cases of transmission and for the
GSM-1800 antenna are very closely.
¾ The comparison between the results of the basic horizontal – vertical separation and
of this position shows that first position gives a better decoupling between the
antennas.
¾ The minimum decoupling measured for each antenna is in the case of closed
antennas.
¾ Isolation measured for the dual band antenna in case of GSM-900 transmission is
roughly 10-15 dB below than the one of GSM-900 antenna.
¾ 1.5m vertical distance is enough to reach basic decoupling. Between 0.5 and 1.5m
horizontal separation 10 dB are to gain.
To summarize, the minimum and maximum decoupling for each antenna are noted in
the following table:
α = azimuth difference
Using the above information, we can draw some guidelines to enable the engineer to
determine his antenna locations where other operators are already present.
Firstly, line of sight between antennas should be avoided. This can be achieved by
using available masks on the rooftop (eg. penthouse, chimney). Wall mounting the
antennas should be considered where possible. The design of the site should not
compromise its quality.
Secondly, where line of sight between antennas cannot be avoided, the engineer should
prioritize the vertical decoupling with or without azimuth divergence (there is a better
isolation with azimuth divergence) a minimum distance of 1 m between antennas is
needed.
The measurements regarding the Vertical + Horizontal decoupling were only done on
the GSM antenna’s axis.
d’
UMTS antenna
ß
Axis X
GSM Antenna
-60 +60
-90 +90
d d