Statics Chapter 5

PROBLEM 5.
1
Locate the centroid of the plane area shown.
SOLUTION
A, in 2 x , in. y , in. xA, in 3 yA, in 3

1 8 × 6 = 48 −4 9 −192 432
2 16 × 12 = 192 8 6 1536 1152
Σ 240 1344 1584
Σ xA 1344 in 3
Then X = = or X = 5.60 in. W
ΣA 240 in 2
Σ yA 1584 in 3
and Y = = or Y = 6.60 in. W
ΣA 240 in 2
PROBLEM 5.2
SOLUTION
A, mm 2 x , mm y , mm xA, mm3 yA, mm3

1
1 × 60 × 75 = 2250 40 25 90 000 56 250
2
2 105 × 75 = 7875 112.5 37.5 885 900 295 300
Σ 10 125 975 900 351 600
ΣxA 975 900 mm3

Then X = = or X = 96.4 mm W
ΣA 10 125 mm 2
Σ yA 351 600 mm3
and Y = = or Y = 34.7 mm W
ΣA 10 125 mm 2
PROBLEM 5.3
SOLUTION
For the area as a whole, it can be concluded by observation that

2
Y = ( 24 in.) or Y = 16.00 in. W
3
A, in 2 x , in. xA, in 3
1 2
1 × 24 × 10 = 120 (10 ) = 6.667 800
2 3
1 1
2 × 24 × 16 = 192 10 + (16 ) = 15.333 2944
2 3
Σ 312 3744
Σ xA 3744 in 3
Then X = = or X = 12.00 in. W
ΣA 312 in 2
PROBLEM 5.4
SOLUTION

1 21 × 22 = 462 1.5 11 693 5082
1
2 − ( 6 )( 9 ) = −27 −6 2 162 −54
2
1
3 − ( 6 )(12 ) = −36 8 2 −288 −72
2
Σ 399 567 4956
Σ xA 567 mm3
Then X = = or X = 1.421 mm W
ΣA 399 mm 2
Σ yA 4956 mm3
and Y = = or Y = 12.42 mm W
ΣA 399 mm 2
PROBLEM 5.5
SOLUTION

1 120 × 200 = 24 000 60 120 1 440 000 2 880 000
π ( 60 )
2
2 − = −5654.9 94.5 120 −534 600 −678 600
2
Σ 18 345 905 400 2 201 400
Σ xA 905 400 mm3

ΣA 18 345 mm 2
Σ yA 2 201 400 mm3

and Y = = or Y = 93.8 mm W
ΣA 18 345 mm 2
PROBLEM 5.6
SOLUTION
A, in 2 x , in. y , in. x A, in 3 y A, in 3
π (9)
2 −4 ( 9 )
1 = 63.617 = −3.8917 3.8917 −243 243
4 ( 3π )
1
2 (15)( 9 ) = 67.5 5 3 337.5 202.5
2
Σ 131.1 94.5 445.5
Σ xA 94.5 in 3
Then X = = or X = 0.721 in. W
ΣA 131.1 in 2
Σ yA 445.5 in 3
and Y = = or Y = 3.40 in. W
ΣA 131.1 in 2
PROBLEM 5.7
SOLUTION
First note that symmetry implies X = Y
A, mm 2 x , mm xA, mm3
1 40 × 40 = 1600 20 32 000
π (40) 2
2 − = −1257 16.98 −21 330
4
Σ 343 10 667
Σ xA 10 667 mm3
ΣA 343 mm 2
and Y = X = 31.1 mm W
PROBLEM 5.8
SOLUTION
First note that symmetry implies X =0 W
A, in 2 y , in. yA, in 3
π ( 4)
2
1 − = −25.13 1.6977 −42.67
2
π ( 6)
2
2 = 56.55 2.546 144
2
Σ 31.42 101.33
Σ yA 101.33 in 3
Then Y = = or Y = 3.23 in. W
ΣA 31.42 in 2
PROBLEM 5.9
For the area of Problem 5.8, determine the ratio r2 /r1 so that y = 3r1/4.
SOLUTION
A y yA
π 4r1 2
1 − r12 − r13
2 3π 3
π 4r2 2 3
2 r22 r2
2 3π 3
π
Σ
2
(r 2
2
− r12 ) 3
(
2 3
r2 − r13 )
Then Y ΣA = Σy A
π 2
or
3
4
r1 ×
2
(
r2 − r12 =
2 3
3
r2 − r13) ( )
9π  r2    r 3
2
  − 1 =  2  − 1
16  r1    r1 
 
r2
Let p=
r1
9π
16
[ ( p + 1)( p − 1)] = ( p − 1)( p 2 + p + 1)
or 16 p 2 + (16 − 9π) p + (16 − 9π) = 0

PROBLEM 5.9 CONTINUED
−(16 − 9π) ± (16 − 9π) 2 − 4(16)(16 − 9π)

Then p=
2(16)
or p = −0.5726 p = 1.3397
r2
Taking the positive root = 1.340 W
r1
PROBLEM 5.10
Show that as r1 approaches r2 , the location of the centroid approaches that
of a circular arc of radius ( r1 + r2 ) / 2.
SOLUTION
First, determine the location of the centroid.
2 sin 2 − α (π )
From Fig. 5.8A: y2 = r2 π A2 = ( π2 − α ) r22
3 2
−α ( )
2 cos α
= r2 π
3 2(−α )
2 cos α
Similarly y1 = r1 A1 = ( π2 − α ) r12
(
3 π2 − α )
2 cosα  π 2 cosα  π
Then Σ yA = r2 π (
− α r22  − r1 π ) − α r12  ( )
3 (
2
− α  2
)  3 2
− α  2  ( )
=
2 3
3
(r2 − r13 cosα)
π  π 
and Σ A =  − α  r22 −  − α  r12
2  2 
π  2
=  − α  r2 − r1
2 
2
( )
Now Y Σ A = Σ yA
 π  2 3

Y  − α  r22 − r12  =
 2 
( 3
)
r2 − r13 cos α ( )
2 r23 − r13 cos α
Y =
3 r22 − r12 π2 − α
1
Using Figure 5.8B, Y of an arc of radius ( r1 + r2 ) is
2
Y =
1 sin − α
( r1 + r2 ) π 2
(π )
2 (
2
−α )
1 cos α
= (r1 + r2 ) π (1)
2 ( 2
−α )
Now
r23 − r13
=
(
( r2 − r1 ) r22 + r1 r2 + r12 )
r22 − r12 ( r2 − r1 )( r2 + r1 )
r + r1 r2 + r12
2
= 2
r2 + r1
Let r2 = r + ∆
r1 = r − ∆
1
Then r = ( r1 + r2 )
2
and
r23 − r13
=
( r + ∆ ) + ( r + ∆ )( r − ∆ ) + ( r − ∆ )
2 2
2
r2 − r1 2
(r + ∆) + (r − ∆)
3r 2 + ∆ 2
=
2r
In the limit as ∆ → 0 (i.e., r1 = r2 ), then
r23 − r13 3
2 2
= r
r2 − r1 2
3 1
= × (r1 + r2 )
2 2
2 3 cos α 1 cos α
so that Y = × ( r1 + r2 ) π or Y = ( r1 + r2 ) π W
3 4 2
−α 2 2
−α
Which agrees with Eq. (1).
PROBLEM 5.11
SOLUTION
First note that symmetry implies X =0 W
r2 = 2 2 in., α = 45°
y2′ =
2r sin α 2 2 2 sin
=
( ) ( ) = 1.6977 in.
π
4
3α 3 π4 ( )
A, in 2 y , in. y A, in 3
1
1 ( 4)(3) = 6 1 6
2
π
(2 2 )
2
2 = 6.283 2 − y ′ = 0.3024 1.8997
4
1
3 − ( 4)( 2) = −4 0.6667 −2.667
2
Σ 8.283 5.2330
Then Y Σ A = Σ yA
( )
Y 8.283 in 2 = 5.2330 in 3 or Y = 0.632 in. W
PROBLEM 5.12
SOLUTION
1 (40)(90) = 3600 −15 20 −54 000 72 000

π ( 40)( 60)
2 = 2121 10 −15 6750 −10 125
4
1
3 (30)( 45) = 675 −25.47 −19.099 −54 000 −40 500
2
Σ 6396 −101 250 21 375
Then XA = Σ xA
( )
X 6396 mm 2 = −101 250 mm3 or X = −15.83 mm W
and YA = Σ yA
( )
Y 6396 mm 2 = 21 375 mm3 or Y = 3.34 mm W
PROBLEM 5.13
SOLUTION

2
1 ( 40)(80) = 2133 48 15 102 400 32 000
3
1
2 − ( 40)(80) = −1600 53.33 13.333 −85 330 −21 330
2
Σ 533.3 17 067 10 667
Then X Σ A = Σ XA
( )
X 533.3 mm 2 = 17 067 mm3 or X = 32.0 mm W
and Y Σ A = Σ yA
( )
Y 533.3 mm 2 = 10 667 mm3 or Y = 20.0 mm W
PROBLEM 5.14
SOLUTION

2
1 (150 )( 240 ) = 24 000 56.25 96 1 350 000 2 304 000
3
1
2 − (150)(120) = −9000 50 40 −450 000 −360 000
2
Σ 15 000 900 000 1 944 000
Then X Σ A = Σ xA
( )
X 15 000 mm 2 = 900 000 mm3 or X = 60.0 mm W
and Y Σ A = Σ yA
( )
Y 15 000 mm 2 = 1 944 000 or Y = 129.6 mm W
PROBLEM 5.15
SOLUTION

1
1 (10)(15) = 50 4.5 7.5 225 375
3
π
2 (15)2 = 176.71 6.366 16.366 1125 2892
4
Σ 226.71 1350 3267
Then X Σ A = Σx A
( )
X 226.71 in 2 = 1350 in 3 or X = 5.95 in. W
and Y ΣA = Σy A
( )
Y 226.71 in 2 = 3267 in 3 or Y = 14.41 in. W
PROBLEM 5.16
SOLUTION

2
1 (8)(8) = 42.67 3 2.8 128 119.47
3
2
2 − ( 4)( 2) = −5.333 1.5 −0.8 −8 4.267
3
Σ 37.33 120 123.73
Then X Σ A = Σx A
( )
X 37.33 in 2 = 120 in 3 or X = 3.21 in. W
and Y ΣA = Σy A
( )
Y 37.33 in 2 = 123.73 in 3 or Y = 3.31 in. W
PROBLEM 5.17
The horizontal x axis is drawn through the centroid C of the area shown
and divides the area into two component areas A1 and A2. Determine
the first moment of each component area with respect to the x axis, and
explain the results obtained.
SOLUTION
Note that Qx = Σ yA
Then (Qx )1 =  53 1 

m  × 6 × 5 m 2
2 
or ( Qx )1 = 25.0 × 103 mm3 W
 2  1   1  1 
and ( Qx )2 =  − × 2.5 m  × 9 × 2.5  m 2 +  − × 2.5 m  × 6 × 2.5  m 2
 3  2   3  2 
or ( Qx ) 2 = −25.0 × 103 mm3 W
Now Qx = ( Qx )1 + ( Qx ) 2 = 0
This result is expected since x is a centroidal axis ( thus y = 0 )
and Qx = Σ y A = Y Σ A (y = 0 ⇒ Qx = 0 )
PROBLEM 5.18
The horizontal x axis is drawn through the centroid C of the area shown
and divides the area into two component areas A1 and A2. Determine
the first moment of each component area with respect to the x axis, and
explain the results obtained.
SOLUTION
First, locate the position y of the figure.
A, mm 2 y , mm yA, mm3
1 160 × 300 = 48 000 150 7 200 000
2 −150 × 80 = −16 000 160 −2 560 000
Σ 32 000 4 640 000
Then Y ΣA = Σy A
( )
Y 32 000 mm 2 = 4 640 000 mm3
or Y = 145.0 mm
A I: Q I = Σ yA
155 115
= (160 × 155) +  − ( 80 × 115) 
2 2 
6 3
= 1.393 × 10 mm W
A II : Q II = Σ yA
145  85 
=− (160 × 145) −  − 2 ( 80 × 85 ) 
2  
= −1.393 × 106 mm3 W
∴ ( Qarea ) x = QI + QII = 0
Which is expected since Qx = Σ yA = yA and y = 0 ,

since x is a centroidal axis.
PROBLEM 5.19
The first moment of the shaded area with respect to the x axis is denoted
by Qx . (a) Express Qx in terms of r and θ . (b) For what value of θ is
Qx maximum, and what is the maximum value?
SOLUTION
(a) With Qx = Σ yA and using Fig. 5.8 A,
(
 2 r sin π − θ )
Qx =  3 π 2
 − θ 
( ) ( 32 r sin θ )  12 × 2r cos θ × r sin θ 
  r 2 π2 − θ  −

 2 
2
(
= r 3 cos θ − cos θ sin 2 θ
3
)
2 3
or Qx = r cos3 θ W
3
(b) By observation, Qx is maximum when θ =0W
2 3
and then Qx = r W
3
PROBLEM 5.20
A composite beam is constructed by bolting four plates to four
2 × 2 × 3/8-in. angles as shown. The bolts are equally spaced along the
beam, and the beam supports a vertical load. As proved in mechanics of
materials, the shearing forces exerted on the bolts at A and B are
proportional to the first moments with respect to the centroidal x axis of
the red shaded areas shown, respectively, in parts a and b of the figure.
Knowing that the force exerted on the bolt at A is 70 lb, determine the
force exerted on the bolt at B.
SOLUTION
From the problem statement: F ∝ Qx
FA FB
so that =
(Qx ) A (Qx ) B
(Qx ) B
and FB = F
(Qx ) A A
Now Qx = ∑ yA
 0.375 
So ( Qx ) A =  7.5 in. + in.  10 in. × ( 0.375 in.)  = 28.82 in 3
 2 
 0.375 
and ( Qx )B = ( Qx ) A + 2  7.5 in. − in.  (1.625 in.)( 0.375 in.) 
 2 
+ 2 ( 7.5 in. − 1 in.) ( 2 in.)( 0.375 in.) 
= 28.82 in 3 + 8.921 in 3 + 9.75 in 3
= 47.49 in 3
47.49 in 3
Then FB = ( 70 lb) = 115.3 lb W
28.82 in 3
PROBLEM 5.21
A thin, homogeneous wire is bent to form the perimeter of the figure
indicated. Locate the center of gravity of the wire figure thus formed.
SOLUTION
First note that because the wire is homogeneous, its center of gravity will
coincide with the centroid of the corresponding line.
L, in. x , in. y , in. xL, in 2 yL, in 2

1 16 8 0 128 0
2 12 16 6 102 72
3 24 4 12 96 288
4 6 −8 9 −48 54
5 8 −4 6 −32 48
6 6 0 3 0 18
Σ 72 336 480
Then X ΣL = Σ x L
X ( 72 in.) = 336 in 2 or X = 4.67 in.
and Y ΣL = Σ y L
Y (72 in.) = 480 in 2 or Y = 6.67 in.

PROBLEM 5.22
SOLUTION
First note that because the wire is homogeneous, its center of gravity will coincide with the centroid of the
corresponding line.
L, mm x , mm y , mm xL, mm 2 yL, mm 2
1 165 82.5 0 13 612 0
2 75 165 37.5 12 375 2812
3 105 112.5 75 11 812 7875
4 602 + 752 = 96.05 30 37.5 2881 3602
Σ 441.05 40 680 14 289
Then X ΣL = Σx L
X (441.05 mm) = 40 680 mm 2 or X = 92.2 mm
and Y ΣL = Σ y L
Y (441.05 mm) = 14 289 mm 2 Y = 32.4 mm

PROBLEM 5.23
SOLUTION
First note that because the wire is homogeneous, its center of gravity will coincide with the centroid of the
corresponding line.
L, mm x , mm y , mm xL, mm 2 yL, mm 2
1 122 + 62 = 13.416 6 3 80.50 40.25

2 16 12 14 192 224
3 21 1.5 22 31.50 462
4 16 −9 14 −144 224
5 62 + 92 = 10.817 −4.5 3 −48.67 32.45

Σ 77.233 111.32 982.7
Then X ΣL = Σx L
X (77.233 mm) = 111.32 mm 2 or X = 1.441 mm
and Y ΣL = Σ y L
Y (77.233 mm) = 982.7 mm 2 or Y = 12.72 mm

PROBLEM 5.24
SOLUTION
First note that because the wire is homogeneous, its center of gravity will
coincide with the centroid of the corresponding line.
By symmetry X =0
L, in. y , in. yL, in 2

1 2 0 0
π ( 6) 2 ( 6)
2 = 3.820 72
π
3 2 0 0
4 π ( 4) 2 ( 4)
= 2.546 32
π
Σ 35.416 104
Then Y ΣL = Σ y L
Y (35.416 in.) = 104 in 2 or Y = 2.94 in.

PROBLEM 5.25
A 750 = g uniform steel rod is bent into a circular arc of radius 500 mm
as shown. The rod is supported by a pin at A and the cord BC. Determine
(a) the tension in the cord, (b) the reaction at A.
SOLUTION
First note, from Figure 5.8B: X =
( 0.5 m ) sin 30°
π/6
1.5
= m
π
Then W = mg
(
= ( 0.75 kg ) 9.81 m/s 2 )
= 7.358 N
Also note that ∆ ABD is an equilateral triangle.
Equilibrium then requires
(a) ΣM A = 0:
  1.5  
0.5 m −  m  cos 30° ( 7.358 N ) − ( 0.5 m ) sin 60° TBC = 0
  π  
or TBC = 1.4698 N or TBC = 1.470 N
(b) ΣFx = 0: Ax + (1.4698 N ) cos 60° = 0
or Ax = −0.7349 N
ΣFy = 0: Ay − 7.358 N + (1.4698 N ) sin 60° = 0
or Ay = 6.085 N thus A = 6.13 N 83.1°

PROBLEM 5.26
The homogeneous wire ABCD is bent as shown and is supported by a pin
at B. Knowing that l = 8 in., determine the angle θ for which portion
BC of the wire is horizontal.
SOLUTION
First note that for equilibrium, the center of gravity of the wire must lie
on a vertical line through B. Further, because the wire is homogeneous,
its center of gravity will coincide with the centroid of the corresponding
line.
Thus ΣM B = 0, which implies that x = 0 or ΣxL = 0
Hence
(π × 6 in.) + 
2(6 in.) 8 in. 
−  ( 8 in.)
π  2 
 6 in. 
+  8 in. − cosθ  ( 6 in.) = 0
 2 
4
Then cosθ = or θ = 63.6°
9
PROBLEM 5.27
The homogeneous wire ABCD is bent as shown and is supported by a pin
at B. Knowing that θ = 30°, determine the length l for which portion CD
of the wire is horizontal.
SOLUTION
First note that for equilibrium, the center of gravity of the wire must lie on
a vertical line through B. Further, because the wire is homogeneous, its
center of gravity will coincide with the centroid of the corresponding line.
Thus ΣM B = 0, which implies that x = 0 or Σxi Li = 0
 2 ( 6 in.) 
Hence − cos 30° + ( 6 in.) sin 30°  (π × 6 in.)
 π 
 ( l in.) 
+ cos 30° ( l in.)
 2 
 6 in. 
+ ( l in.) cos 30° − ( 6 in.) = 0
 2 
or l 2 + 12.0l − 316.16 = 0
with roots l1 = 12.77 and −24.77.

Taking the positive root
l = 12.77 in.
PROBLEM 5.28
The homogeneous wire ABCD is bent as shown and is attached to a hinge
at C. Determine the length L for which the portion BCD of the wire is
horizontal.
SOLUTION
First note that for equilibrium, the center of gravity of the wire must lie on
a vertical line through C. Further, because the wire is homogeneous, its
center of gravity will coincide with the centroid of the corresponding line.
Thus ΣM C = 0, which implies that x = 0
or Σ xi Li = 0
L
Hence ( L ) + ( −4 in.)(8 in.) + ( −4 in.)(10 in.) = 0
2
or L2 = 144 in 2 or L = 12.00 in.

PROBLEM 5.29
Determine the distance h so that the centroid of the shaded area is as close
to line BB′ as possible when (a) k = 0.2, (b) k = 0.6.
SOLUTION
ΣyA
Then y =
ΣA
a  (a + h) 
( ab ) −    kb ( a − h ) 
2  2 
or y =
ba − kb ( a − h )
1 a (1 − k ) + kh
2 2
=
2 a(1 − k ) + kh
h
Let c =1− k and ζ =
a
a c + kζ 2
Then y = (1)
2 c + kζ
Now find a value of ζ (or h) for which y is minimum:
(
a 2kζ ( c + kζ ) − k c + kζ
2
)
dy
dζ
=
2 ( c + kζ ) 2
=0 or ( )
2ζ ( c + kζ ) − c + kζ 2 = 0 (2)
Expanding (2) 2cζ + 2ζ 2

− c − kζ 2
=0 or kζ 2
+ 2cζ − c = 0
−2c ± ( 2c) 2 − 4 ( k ) ( c )
Then ζ=
2k
Taking the positive root, since h > 0 (hence ζ > 0 )
−2 (1 − k ) + 4 (1 − k ) + 4k (1 − k )
2
h=a
2k
−2 (1 − 0.2 ) + 4 (1 − 0.2 ) + 4 ( 0.2 )(1 − 0.2 )

2
(a) k = 0.2: h=a or h = 0.472a
2 ( 0.2 )
−2 (1 − 0.6 ) + 4 (1 − 0.6 ) + 4 ( 0.6 )(1 − 0.6 )

2
(b) k = 0.6: h=a or h = 0.387a
2 ( 0.6 )
PROBLEM 5.30
Show when the distance h is selected to minimize the distance y from
line BB′ to the centroid of the shaded area that y = h.
SOLUTION
From Problem 5.29, note that Eq. (2) yields the value of ζ that minimizes h.
Then from Eq. (2)
c + kζ 2
We see 2ζ = (3)
c + kζ
Then, replacing the right-hand side of (1) by 2ζ , from Eq. (3)
a
We obtain y = ( 2ζ)
2
h
But ζ=
a
So y =h Q.E.D.
PROBLEM 5.31
Determine by direct integration the centroid of the area shown. Express
your answer in terms of a and h.
SOLUTION
h
For the element of area (EL) shown y = x
a
and dA = ( h − y ) dx
 x
= h 1 −  dx
 a
Then xEL = x
1
yEL = (h + y)
2
h x
= 1 + 
2 a
a
a  x  x2  1
Then area A = ∫ dA = ∫ h 1
0 
−  dx = h  x −  = ah
 a  2a  2
0
a
a   x   x 2 x3  1 2
and ∫ xEL dA = ∫x h 1
0  
−  dx  = h 
a 
−  = a h
   2 3a 
0
6
a h x   x   h2 a  x2 
∫ yEL dA = ∫0 
2
1 + h
 
a  
1 − dx
 
a 
=
2 0 
1 −
∫  a 2 dx

a
h2  x3  1 2
=  x −  = ah
2  3a 2  3
0
Hence xA = ∫ xEL dA
1  1
x  ah  = a 2h
2  6
1
x = a
3
yA = ∫ yEL dA
1  1
y  ah  = ah 2
2  3
2
y = h
3
PROBLEM 5.32
SOLUTION
For the element (EL) shown
h
At x = a, y = h : h = ka3 or k =
a3
a 1/3
Then x= y
h1/3
Now dA = xdy
a 1/3
= y dy
h1/3
1 1 a 1/3
xEL = x= y , yEL = y
2 2 h1/ 3
h
Then A = ∫ dA =∫0
h
h
a 1/3
1/3
y dy =
3 a
4 h1/3
( )
y 4/3
0
=
3
4
ah
h
h 1 a 1/3  a 1/3  1 a  3 5/3  3 2
and ∫ xEL dA = ∫0 y  1/3 y dy  = 2/3 
y  = a h
2 h1/3 h  2 h  5 0 10
h
h  a 1/3  a  3 7/3  3 2
∫ yEL dA = ∫0 y  h1/3 y dy  = h1/3  7 y  = 7 ah
   0
3  3 2 2
Hence xA = ∫ xEL dA : x  ah  = a h x = a
 4  10 5
3  3 4
yA = ∫ yEL dA: y  ah  = ah 2 y = h
4  7 7
PROBLEM 5.33
SOLUTION
h
At x = a, y = h: h = k1a3 or k1 =
a3
a
a = k 2 h3 or k2 =
h3
Hence, on line 1
h 3
y = x
a3
and on line 2
h 1/3
y = x
a1/3
Then
 h h  1  h 1/3 h 3
dA =  1/3 x1/3 − 3 x3  dx and yEL =  1/3 x + 3 x 
a a  2 a a
a
a h h   3 1  1
∴ A = ∫ dA = ∫0  1/3 x1/3 − 3 x3  dx = h  1/3 x 4/3 − 3 x 4  = ah
 a a   4a 4 a 0 2
a
a  h 1/3 h   3 1  8 2
∫ xELdA = ∫ x
0  1/3
x − 3 x3  dx = h  1/3 x7/3 − 3 x5  = a h
a a   7a 5a  0 35
a 
1 h 1/3 h 3  h
1/3 3 h
∫ yEL dA = ∫0 2  a1/3 x + a3 x  a1/3 x − a3 x  dx
  
a
h 2 a  x 2/3 x 6  h 2  3 x5/3 1 x 6  8 2
= ∫ 
0  2/3
− 6 dx =  5/3
− 6 = ah
2 a a  2 5 a 7a  35
0
 ah  8 2 16
From xA = ∫ xEL dA: x   = a h or x = a
 2 35 35
 ah  8 2 16
and yA = ∫ yEL dA: y   = ah or y = h
 2  35 35
PROBLEM 5.34
Determine by direct integration the centroid of the area shown.
SOLUTION
First note that symmetry implies x =0
2r
yEL = (Figure 5.8B)
π
dA = π rd r
r2
 r2  π 2
Then A = ∫ dA = ∫
r2
r1
π rd r = π   =
2 2
r2 − r12 ( )
  r1
r2
and
r
∫ yEL dA = ∫r1
2 2r
π
1
3

( π rd r ) = 2  r 3  = r23 − r13
3
2
( )
r 1
π
So (
 2 3
yA = ∫ yEL dA: y  r22 − r12  =
2  3
)
r2 − r13 ( )
4 r23 − r13
or y =
3π r22 − r12
PROBLEM 5.35
SOLUTION
y = R cos θ, x = R sin θ
dx = R cos θ d θ
dA = ydx = R 2 cos 2θ dθ
Hence
α
α  θ sin 2θ  1 2
A = ∫ dA = 2∫0 R 2 cos 2 θ dθ = 2 R 2  +  = R ( 2α sin 2α )
 2 4 0 2
α
α R
( 31
) 2 
∫ yEL dA = 2∫0 2 cosθ R cos θ dθ = R  3 cos θ sin θ + 3 sin θ 
2 2

2
0
R3
=
3
(
cos 2 α sin α + 2sin α )
R3
3
(
cos 2 α sin α + 2sin α )
But yA = ∫ yEL dA so y =
R2
( 2α + sin 2α )
2
or
2
y = R sin α
(cos 2 α + 2 )
3 ( 2α + sin 2α )
2 3 − sin 2 α
Alternatively, y = R sin α
3 2α + sin 2α
PROBLEM 5.36
SOLUTION
b 2
y = a − x2
a
and dA = ( b − y ) dx
=
b
a( )
a − a 2 − x 2 dx
a+ a −x )
2a (
1 b
xEL = x; y = ( y + b ) =
EL
2 2
2
A = ∫ dA = ∫ ( a − a − x ) dx
b a 2 2
Then 0
a
To integrate, let x = a sin θ : a 2 − x 2 = a cosθ , dx = a cosθ dθ
π /2 b
Then A = ∫0 ( a − a cosθ )( a cosθ dθ )
a
π /2
b θ 2θ    π
=  a 2 sin θ − a 2  + sin  = ab  1 − 
a 2 4  0  4
π /2
a b
 a (  b  a
 a  2) 1
and ∫ xEL dA = ∫0 x  a − a 2 − x 2 dx  =  x 2 + a 2 − x 2
3
( )
3/2  

 0
1 3
= ab
6
a b
(
2 2 b 2
) (
2 
∫ yEL dA = ∫0 2a a + a − x  a a − a − x dx 
 
)
a
b2 a 2 b 2  x3 
=
2a 2 ∫0
x dx =( )  
2a 2  3 
=
1 2
6
ab
0
  π  1 2a
xA = ∫ xEL dA: x  ab 1 −   = a 2b or x =
  4  6 3 ( 4 − π)
  π  1 2b
yA = ∫ yEL dA: y  ab 1 −   = ab 2 or y =
  4  6 3 ( 4 − π)
PROBLEM 5.37
your answer in terms of a and b.
SOLUTION
For the element (EL) shown on line 1 at
b
x = a, b = k2a 2 or k2 =
a2
b 2
∴ y = x
a2
−2b
On line 2 at x = a, −2b = k1a3 or k2 =
a3
−2b 3
∴ y = x
a3
 b 2b 
dA =  2 x 2 + 3 x3  dx
a a 
a
b 
a 2 x3  b  x3 2 x 4 
Then A = ∫ dA = ∫ 2  x 2 + dx = +
0
a  x  a 2  3 4a 
0
 1 1 5
= ab  +  = ab
 3 2 6
a
a  b 2 2b 3  b  x 4 2 x5  2 1 2
and ∫ xEL dA = ∫ x
0  2
x + 3
x  dx = 2
 +  = a b  + 
a a  a  4 5a  4 5
0
13 2
= ab
20
a1 b 2 2b 3   b 2 2b 3  
∫ yEL dA = ∫0 2  a 2 x − a3 x   a 2 x + a3 x  dx 
    
a
1  b
2 2
a   2b  b 2  x5 2 
= ∫  2 x 2  −  3 x 3 
0
 dx = 
4
− 2 x7 
2  a  a   2a  5 7a 0
 1 2 13
= b 2a5  −  = − ab 2
 10 7  70
 5  13 2 39
Then xA = ∫ xEL dA: x  ab  = ab or x = a
 6  20 50
 5  13 2 39
yA = ∫ yEL dA: y  ab  − ab or y = − b
 6  70 175
PROBLEM 5.38
SOLUTION
At x = 0, y = b
b
b = k (0 − a)
2
or k =
a2
b
Then y = ( x − a )2
a2
y b
2(
x − a)
2
Now xEL = x, yEL = =
2 2a
b
and dA = ydx = ( x − a )2 dx
a2
b b a 1
2(
x − a ) dx = 2 ( x − a )  = ab
a 2 3
Then A = ∫ dA = ∫0
a 3a  0 3
∫ xEL dA = ∫0 x  a 2 ( x − a ) dx  = a 2 ∫0 ( x − 2ax + a x )dx

a  b 2  a 3b 2 2
and
 
b  x4 2 3 a2 2  1 2
= 2
 − ax + x  = ab
a  4 3 2  12
a
b 2 b   b2 1 5
∫ yEL dA = ∫0 2a 2 ( x − a )  a 2 ( x − a ) dx  = 2a 4  5 ( x − a ) 
a 2
   0
1 2
= ab
10
1  1 2 1
Hence xA = ∫ xEL dA: x  ab  = ab x = a
 3  12 4
1  1 2 3
yA = ∫ yEL dA: y  ab  = ab y = b
 3  10 10
PROBLEM 5.39
SOLUTION
Have xEL = x
1 a x x2 
yEL = y = 1 − + 2 
2 2 L L 
 x x2 
dA = ydx = a 1 − + 2  dx
 L L 
2L
2L  x x2   x2 x3  8
Then A = ∫ dA = ∫ 0
a 1− + 2  dx = a  x − + 2  = aL
 L L   2 L 3L 0 3
2L
2L   x x2    x2 x3 x4 
and ∫ xEL dA = ∫0 x  a 1 − L + L2  dx  = a  2 − 3L + 4L2 
     0
10 2
= aL
3
2L a x x2    x x2  
∫ yEL dA = ∫0 
2 
1 − +   a
L L2   
1 − +  dx 
L L2  
a 2 EL  x x2 x3 x 4 
= ∫  1 − 2 + 3 − 2 +  dx
2 0  L L2 L3 L4 
2L
a2  x 2 x3 x4 x5  11
= x − + 2 − 3 + 4  = a2L
2  L L 2L 5L  0 5
 8  10 2 5
Hence xA = ∫ xEL dA: x  aL  = aL x = L
3  3 4
 1  11 33
yA = ∫ yEL dA: y  a  = a 2 y = a
8  5 40
PROBLEM 5.40
SOLUTION
2b
For y1 at x = a, y = 2b 2b = ka 2 or k =
a2
2b 2
Then y1 = x
a2
( x + 2b) = b  2 − 

b x
By observation y2 = −
a a
Now xEL = x
and for 0 ≤ x ≤ a :
1 b 2b 2
yEL = y1 = 2 x 2 and dA = y1dx = x dx
2 a a2
For a ≤ x ≤ 2a :
1 b x  x
yEL = y2 =  2 −  and dA = y2dx = b  2 −  dx
2 2 a  a
a 2b 2 2a  x
Then A = ∫ dA = ∫0 2
x dx + ∫a b  2 − dx
a  a
a 2a
2b  x3   a x 
2
7
= 2   + b  −  2 −   = ab
a  3 0  2  a   6
0
a  2b 2  2a   x 
and ∫ xEL dA = ∫0 x  a 2 x dx  + ∫a x b  2 − a  dx 
     
a 2a
2b  x 4   2 x3 
=   + b x − 
a2  4 0  3a  0
=
1 2
2 {
a b + b ( 2a ) − ( a )  +
2 2 1  2
 3a  ( )
3 
2a − ( a )  

7 2
= ab
6
a b 2  2b 2  2a b  x  x 
∫ yEL dA = ∫0 a 2 x  a 2 x dx  + ∫0 2  2 − a  b  2 − a  dx 
      
a 2a
b2  a  x 
3
2b 2  x5 
= 4   +  −  2 −  
a  5 0 2  3  a  
a
17 2
= ab
30
7  7
Hence xA = ∫ xEL dA: x  ab  = a 2b x =a
6  6
 7  17 2 17
yA = ∫ yEL dA: y  ab  = ab y = b
 6  30 35
PROBLEM 5.41
SOLUTION
a
For y2 at x = a, y = b : a = kb 2 or k =
b2
b 1/2
Then y2 = x
a
Now xEL = x
a y b x1/2 x1/2
and for 0≤ x≤ : yEL = 2 = , dA = y2dx = b dx
2 2 2 a a
a 1 b  x 1 x1/2 
For ≤ x ≤ a : yEL = ( y1 + y2 ) =  − + 
2 2 2a 2 a 
 x1/2 x 1 
dA = ( y2 − y1 ) dx = b  − +  dx
 a a 2
a/2 x1/2 a  x1/2 x 1 

Then A = ∫ dA = ∫0 b dx + ∫a/2 b  − +  dx
a  a a 2
a/2 a
b  2 3/2   2 x3/2 x2 1 
= 3 x  + b  − + x
a  0 3 a 2a 2  a/2
2 b  a  a 
3/2 3/2
  + ( a ) −   
3/2
=
3 a  2   2  
 1  
a  1
2
 a  
( )
+ b  −  a −    + ( a ) −    
2
 2a   2   2   2  

13
= ab
24
a/2  x
1/2  a   x1/2 x 1  
and ∫ EL
x dA = ∫0 x  b dx  + ∫ b 
x − +  dx
 a  a/2   a a 2  
a/2 a
b  2 5/2   2 x5/2 x3 x 4 
= x + b  − + 
a  5 
0  5 a 3a 4  a/2
2 b  a  a 
5/2 5/2
  + ( a ) −   
5/2
=
5 a  2   2  
 1  3  a 3  1  2  a 2  
+ b  − ( a ) −    +  ( a ) −    
 3a   2   4   2   

71 2
= ab
240
a/2 b x1/2  x1/2 
∫ yEL dA = ∫0 2 b dx 
a a 
a b x 1 x1/2    x1/2 x 1  
+ ∫a/2  − +  b  − +  dx 
2 a 2 a    a a 2  
a
b 2  x 2 1  x 1  
a/2 3
b2  1 2 
= x +   −  −  
2a  2  0 2  2a 3a  a 2   
  a/2
b  a 
2 2 3
a b2  a 1 
  + ( a ) −  
2
= −  − 
4a  2  2  6a  2 2 
11 2
= ab
48
 13  71 2 17
Hence xA = ∫ xEL dA: x  ab  = ab x = a = 0.546a
 24  240 130
 13  11 2 11
yA = ∫ yEL dA: y  ab  = ab y = b = 0.423b
 24  48 26
PROBLEM 5.42
A homogeneous wire is bent into the shape shown. Determine by direct
integration the x coordinate of its centroid. Express your answer in terms
of a.
SOLUTION
First note that because the wire is homogeneous, its center of gravity
coincides with the centroid of the corresponding line
1
Have at x = a, y = a : a = ka 2 or k =
a
1 2 2
Thus y = x and dy = xdx
a a
2 2
 dy  2 
Then dL = 1 +   dx = 1 +  x  dx
 dx  a 
a
4 x 4x2 a 2 4x2 
a
∴ L = ∫ dL = ∫ 1 + 2 x 2 dx =  1 + 2 + ln  x + 1 + 2 
0
a 2 a 4 a a 
  0
=
a
2
a
(
5 + ln 2 + 5 = 1.4789a
4
)
a
a
 4x2   2  a2   4  
3/2
∫ xELdL = ∫ x
0 
1 + 2 dx  =    1 + 2 x 2  
a   3  8  a  
   0
a 2 3/2
=
12
( )
5 − 1 = 0.8484a 2
Then xL = ∫ xEL dL: x (1.4789a ) = 0.8484a 2 x = 0.574a

PROBLEM 5.43
integration the x coordinate of its centroid.
SOLUTION
Now xEL = r cos θ and dL = rd θ
7π /4 7π /4 3
Then L = ∫ dL = ∫π /4 rdθ = r [θ ]π /4 = πr
2
7π /4
and ∫ xELdL = ∫π /4 r cosθ ( rdθ )
7π /4  1 1 
= r 2 [sin θ ]π /4 = r 2  − − 2
 = −r 2
 2 2
3  2 2
Thus xL = ∫ xdL : x  π r  = −r 2 2 x =− r
2  3π
PROBLEM 5.44
integration the x coordinate of its centroid.
SOLUTION
Now xEL = a cos3 θ and dL = dx 2 + dy 2
Where x = a cos3 θ : dx = −3a cos 2 θ sin θ dθ
y = a sin 3 θ : dy = 3a sin 2 θ cosθ dθ

1/2

( ) + (3a sin θ cosθ dθ ) 
2 2
Then dL =  −3a cos 2 θ sin θ dθ 2

( )
1/2
= 3a cosθ sin θ cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ dθ
= 3a cosθ sin θ dθ
π /2
π /2 1 
∴ L = ∫ dL = ∫0 3a cosθ sin θ dθ = 3a  sin 2 θ 
 2 0
3
= a
2
π /2
∫ xEL dL = ∫0 a cos θ ( 3a cosθ sin θ dθ )
3
and
π /2
 1  3 2
= 3a 2  − cos5 θ  = a
 5 0 5
3  3 2
Hence xL = ∫ xEL dL : x  a  = a 2 x = a
2  5 5
Alternative solution
2/3
 x
x = a cos3 θ ⇒ cos 2 θ =  
 a
2/3
 y
y = a sin θ ⇒ sin θ =  
3 2
 a
2/3 2/3
 x  y
( )
3/2
∴   +  =1 or y = a 2/3 − x 2/3
 a  a
dy
( ) (−x )
1/2 −1/3
Then = a 2/3 − x 2/3
dx
Now xEL = x
1/2
2  2
 dy  
( ) (−x )  
1/2
−1/3
and dL = 1 +   dx = 1 +  a 2/3 − x 2/3   dx
 dx    
a
a a1/3 3  3
Then L = ∫ dL = ∫0 1/ 3
dx = a1/3  x 2/3  = a
x  2 0 2
a
a a 
1/3
1/3  3 5/3  3
and ∫ xELdL = ∫ 0
x  1/3
dx = a  x  = a 2
x  5 0 5
3  3 2
Hence xL = ∫ xEL dL : x  a  = a 2 x = a
2  5 5
PROBLEM 5.45
SOLUTION
2 2
Have xEL = r cosθ = aeθ cosθ
3 3
2 2 θ
yEL = r sin θ = ae sin θ
3 3
1 1
and dA = ( r )( rdθ ) = a 2e2θ dθ
2 2
Then
π
π 1 1 1
2 2

0
1
(
A = ∫ dA = ∫0 a 2e 2θ dθ = a 2  e 2θ  = a 2 e2π − 1 = 133.623a 2
2 4
)
π 2 θ  2 2θ 1 3 π 3θ 1
and ∫ xELdA = ∫0 3ae cosθ  2 a e dθ  = 3 a ∫0 e cosθ dθ
 
To proceed, use integration by parts, with
u = e3θ and du = 3e3θ dθ

dv = cosθ dθ and v = sin θ
∫ e cosθ dθ = e sin θ − ∫ sin θ ( 3e dθ )

3θ 3θ 3θ
Then
Now let u = e3θ then du = 3e3θ dθ

dv = sin θ dθ , then v = − cosθ
∫ e sin θ dθ = e sin θ − 3  −e cosθ − ∫ ( − cosθ ) ( 3e dθ ) 

3θ 3θ −3θ 3θ
Then
e3θ
∫ e cosθ dθ = 10 ( sin θ + 3cosθ )
3θ
So that
π
1  e3θ  a3
∴ ∫ xEL dA = a3 
3  10 0 30
(
( sin θ + 3cos θ)  = −3e3π − 3 = −1239.26a3 )
π 2 θ  2 2θ 
1 3 π 3θ 1
Also ∫ yEL dA = ∫0 3 ae sin θ  2 a e dθ  = 3 a ∫0 e sin θ dθ
 
Using integration by parts, as above, with
u = e3θ and du = 3e3θ dθ

dv = ∫ sin θ dθ and v = − cosθ
∫ e sin θd θ = −e cos θ − ∫ ( − cos θ) ( 3e d θ)

3θ 3θ 3θ
Then
e3θ
So that ∫ e3θ sin θd θ = ( − cos θ + 3sin θ)
10
π
1  e3θ  a3
∴ ∫ yEL dA = a3 
3  10 0 30
(
( − cos θ + 3sin θ)  = e3π + 1 = 413.09a3 )
( )
Hence xA = ∫ xEL dA: x 133.623a 2 = −1239.26a3 or x = −9.27a
yA = ∫ yEL dA: y (133.623a ) = 413.09a

2 3
or y = 3.09a
PROBLEM 5.46
SOLUTION
1 πx
Have xEL = x, yEL = x sin
2 L
and dA = ydx
L/2
L/2 πx  L2 πx L πx L2
A = ∫ dA = ∫0 x sin dx =  2 sin − x cos  =
L π L π L 0 π2
L/2  πx 
and x = ∫ xEL dA = ∫0 x  x sin dx 
 L 
L/2
 2 L2  π x  2 L3  π x  L 2  π x  L3 L3
=  2 x sin   + 3 cos   − x sin   = −2
π  L  π  L  π  L 0 π2 π3
L/2 1 πx πx 
Also y = ∫ yEL dA = ∫0 x sin  x sin dx 
2 L  L 
L/2
1  2 L2 πx  L 2 L3  π x
=  2 x sin −  x − 3  cos 
2  π L π π  L 
0
1  1  L3  L2  L   L3
=    −  
2  6  8  4π 2  2 
( − 1)  =
 96π
2 (
6 + π2 )
 L2   1 z 
Hence xA = ∫ xEL dA: x  2  = L3  2 − 3 
π  π π 
or x = 0.363L
 L2  L3  1 2 
yA = ∫ yEL dA: y  2  = 2 2
− 3
 π  96π  π π 
or y = 0.1653L
PROBLEM 5.47
Determine the volume and the surface area of the solid obtained by
rotating the area of Problem. 5.2 about (a) the x axis, (b) the line
x = 165 mm.
SOLUTION
From the solution to Problem 5.2:
A = 10 125 mm 2 , X area = 96.4 mm, Yarea = 34.7 mm ( Area )

L = 441.05 mm X line = 92.2 mm, Yline = 32.4 mm ( Line )

Applying the theorems of Pappus-Guldinus, we have
(a) Rotation about the x axis:
Area = 2π Yline L = 2π ( 32.4 mm )( 441.05 mm ) = 89.786 × 103 mm 2
A = 89.8 × 103 mm 2
Volume = 2π Yarea A = 2π ( 34.7 mm )(10 125 mm ) = 2.2075 × 106 mm3
V = 2.21 × 106 mm3

(b) Rotation about x = 165 mm:
( )
Area = 2π 165 − X line L = 2π (165 − 92.2 ) mm  ( 441.05 mm ) = 2.01774 × 105 mm 2
A = 0.202 × 106 mm 2
( )
Volume = 2π 165 − X area A = 2π (165 − 96.4 ) mm  (10 125 mm ) = 4.3641 × 106 mm3
V = 4.36 × 106 mm3

PROBLEM 5.48
rotating the area of Problem 5.4 about (a) the line y = 22 mm, (b) the
line x = 12 mm.
SOLUTION
A = 399 mm 2 , X area = 1.421 mm, Yarea = 12.42 mm (Area)

L = 77.233 mm, X line = 1.441 mm, Yline = 12.72 mm (Line)
(a) Rotation about the line y = 22 mm:
( )
Area = 2π 22 − Yline L = 2π ( 22 − 12.72 ) mm  ( 77.233 mm ) = 4503 mm 2
A = 4.50 × 103 mm 2
( ) ( )
Volume = 2π 22 − Yarea A = 2π ( 22 − 12.42 ) mm  399 mm 2 = 24 016.97 mm3
V = 24.0 × 103 mm3

(b) Rotation about line x = 12 mm:
( )
Area = 2π 12 − X line L = 2π (12 − 1.441) mm  ( 77.233 mm ) = 5124.45 mm 2
A = 5.12 × 103 mm 2
( )
Volume = 2π (12 − 1.421) A = 2π (12 − 1.421) mm  399 mm 2 = 26 521.46 mm3
V = 26.5 × 103 mm3

PROBLEM 5.49
rotating the area of Problem 5.1 about (a) the x axis, (b) the line
x = 16 in.
SOLUTION
A = 240 in 2 , X area = 5.60 in., Yarea = 6.60 in. (Area)

L = 72 in., X line = 4.67 in., Yline = 6.67 in.
(a) Rotation about the x axis:
Ax = 2π Yline L = 2π ( 6.67 in.)( 72 in.) = 3017.4 in 2
A = 3020 in 2
( )
Vx = 2π Yarea A = 2π ( 6.60 in.) 240 in 2 = 9952.6 in 3
V = 9950 in 3
(b) Rotation about x = 16 in.:
( )
Ax =16 = 2π 16 − X line L = 2π (16 − 4.67 ) in. ( 72 in.) = 5125.6 in 2
Ax =16 = 5130 in 2
( ) ( )
Vx =16 = 2π 16 − X area A = 2π (16 − 5.60 ) in. 240 in 2 = 15 682.8 in 3
Vx =16 = 15.68 × 103 in 3

PROBLEM 5.50
Determine the volume of the solid generated by rotating the semielliptical
area shown about (a) the axis AA′, (b) the axis BB′, (c) the y axis.
SOLUTION
Applying the second theorem of Pappus-Guldinus, we have

(a) Rotation about axis AA′:
 π ab 
Volume = 2π yA = 2π ( a )  =π ab
2 2
V = π 2a 2b
 2 
(b) Rotation about axis BB′:
 π ab 
Volume = 2π yA = 2π ( 2a )   = 2π a b
2 2
V = 2π 2a 2b
 2 
(c) Rotation about y-axis:
 4a  π ab  2 2 2 2
Volume = 2π yA = 2π    = πa b V = πa b
 3π  2  3 3
PROBLEM 5.51
Determine the volume and the surface area of the chain link shown,
which is made from a 2-in.-diameter bar, if R = 3 in. and L = 10 in.
SOLUTION
First note that the area A and the circumference C of the cross section of the bar are
π
A= d2 and C = πd
4
Observe that the semicircular ends of the link can be obtained by rotating the cross section through a horizontal
semicircular arc of radius R. Then, applying the theorems of Pappus-Guldinus, we have
Volume = 2 (Vside ) + 2 (Vend ) = 2 ( AL ) + 2 (π RA) = 2 ( L + π R ) A
π 2
= 2 10 in. + π ( 3 in.)   ( 2 in.) 
4 
= 122.049 in 3
V = 122.0 in 3
Area = 2 ( Aside ) + 2 ( Aend ) = 2 ( CL ) + 2 (π RC ) = 2 ( L + π R ) C
= 2 10 in. + π ( 3 in.)  π ( 4 in.) 
= 488.198 in 2
A = 488 in 2
PROBLEM 5.52
Verify that the expressions for the volumes of the first four shapes in
Figure 5.21 on page 261 are correct.
SOLUTION
Following the second theorem of Pappus-Guldinus, in each case a
specific generating area A will be rotated about the x axis to produce the
given shape. Values of y are from Fig. 5.8A.
(1) Hemisphere: the generating area is a quarter circle
 4a  π 
Have V = 2π yA = 2π   a 2 
 3π  4 
2 3
or V = πa
3
(2) Semiellipsoid of revolution: the generating area is a quarter ellipse
 4a  π 
Have V = 2π yA = 2π   ha 
 3π  4 
2 2
or V = πa h
3
(3) Paraboloid of revolution: the generating area is a quarter parabola
 3  2 
Have V = 2π yA = 2π  a  ah 
 8  3 
1 2
or V = πa h
2
(4) Cone: the generating area is a triangle

 a  1 
Have V = 2π yA = 2π   ha 
 3  2 
1 2
or V = πa h
3
PROBLEM 5.53
A 15-mm-diameter hole is drilled in a piece of 20-mm-thick steel; the
hole is then countersunk as shown. Determine the volume of steel
removed during the countersinking process.
SOLUTION
The required volume can be generated by rotating the area shown about the y axis. Applying the second
theorem of Pappus-Guldinus, we have
 5   1 
V = 2π xA = 2π  + 7.5  mm  ×  × 5 mm × 5 mm 
 3    2 
or V = 720 mm3
PROBLEM 5.54
Three different drive belt profiles are to be studied. If at any given time
each belt makes contact with one-half of the circumference of its pulley,
determine the contact area between the belt and the pulley for each
design.
SOLUTION
Applying the first theorem of Pappus-Guldinus, the contact area AC of a
belt is given by
AC = π yL = πΣ yL
Where the individual lengths are the “Lengths” of the belt cross section
that are in contact with the pulley
Have AC = π  2 ( y1L1 ) + y2 L2 
  2.5    2.5 mm 
= π 2  60 −  mm   
  2    cos 20° 

+ ( 60 − 2.5 ) mm  (12.5 mm ) 

or AC = 3.24 × 103 mm 2
Have AC = π  2 ( y1L1 ) 
 7.5    7.5 mm 
= 2π  60 − 1.6 −  mm  ×  D 
 2    cos 20 
or AC = 2.74 × 103 mm 2
 2× 5 
Have AC = π ( y1L1 ) = π  60 −  mm  (π × 5 mm )
 π  
or AC = 2.80 × 103 mm 2
PROBLEM 5.55
Determine the capacity, in gallons, of the punch bowl shown if R = 12 in.
SOLUTION
The volume can be generated by rotating the triangle and circular sector shown about the y axis. Applying the
second theorem of Pappus-Guldinus and using Fig. 5.8A, we have
V = 2π xA = 2πΣxA = 2π ( x1 A1 + x2 A2 )
   
 1 1   1 1 3   2 R sin 30D   π  
= 2π  × R   × R × R  +  cos30D   R 2  
 3 2   2 2 2   3× π   6  

  6  
 R3 R3  3 3
= 2π  +  = π R3
 16 3 2 3  8
3 3
π (12 in.) = 3526.03 in 3
3
=
8
Since 1 gal = 231 in 3
3526.03 in 3
V = = 15.26 gal
231 in 3/gal
V = 15.26 gal
PROBLEM 5.56
The aluminum shade for a small high-intensity lamp has a uniform
thickness of 3/32 in. Knowing that the specific weight of aluminum is
0.101 lb/in 3 , determine the weight of the shade.
SOLUTION
The weight of the lamp shade is given by

W = γ V = γ At
where A is the surface area of the shade. This area can be generated by rotating the line shown about the
x axis. Applying the first theorem of Pappus-Guldinus, we have
A = 2π yL = 2πΣyL = 2π ( y1L1 + y2 L2 + y3 L3 + y4 L4 )
 0.6 mm 0.60 + 0.75 

= 2π  ( 0.6 mm ) +   mm × ( 0.15 mm )2 + (1.5 mm )2
 2  2 
 0.75 + 1.25 
+  mm × ( 0.50 mm )2 + ( 0.40 mm )2
 2 
 1.25 + 1.5  
+  mm × ( 0.25 mm )2 + (1.25 mm )2 
 2  
2
= 22.5607 in
3
Then W = 0.101 lb/in 3 × 22.5607 in 2 × in. = 0.21362 lb
32
W = 0.214 lb W
PROBLEM 5.57
The top of a round wooden table has the edge profile shown. Knowing
that the diameter of the top is 1100 mm before shaping and that the
density of the wood is 690 kg/m3 , determine the weight of the waste
wood resulting from the production of 5000 tops.
SOLUTION
All dimensions are in mm
Have Vwaste = Vblank − Vtop
Vblank = π ( 550 mm ) × ( 30 mm ) = 9.075π × 106 mm3

2
Vtop = V1 + V2 + V3 + V4
Applying the second theorem of Pappus-Guldinus to parts 3 and 4
Vtop = π ( 529 mm ) × (18 mm )  + π ( 535 mm ) × (12 mm ) 

2 2
   
  4 × 12   π 2

+ 2π   535 +  mm  × (12 mm ) 
   3π   4 
  4 × 18   π 2

+ 2π   529 +  mm  × (18 mm ) 
   3π   4 
= π ( 5.0371 + 3.347 + 0.1222 + 0.2731) × 106 mm3
= 8.8671π × 106 mm3
∴ Vwaste = ( 9.0750 − 8.8671) π × 106 mm3

= 0.2079π × 10−3 m3
Finally Wwaste = ρ wood Vwaste g N tops
( )
= 690 kg/m3 × 0.2079π × 10−3 m3 × 9.81 m/s 2 × 5000 ( tops )
or Wwaste = 2.21 kN W
PROBLEM 5.58
The top of a round wooden table has the shape shown. Determine how
many liters of lacquer are required to finish 5000 tops knowing that each
top is given three coats of lacquer and that 1 liter of lacquer covers 12 m2.
SOLUTION
Referring to the figure in solution of Problem 5.57 and using the first theorem of Pappus-Guldinus, we have
Asurface = Atop circle + Abottom circle + Aedge
= π ( 535 mm )  + π ( 529 mm ) 

2 2
   
  2 × 12   π 
+ 2π  535 +  mm  × (12 mm ) 
  π   2 
  2 × 18   π 
+ 2π  529 +  mm  × (18 mm ) 
  π   2 
= 617.115π × 103 mm 2
Then # liters = Asurface × Coverage × N tops × N coats

1 liter
= 617.115π × 10−3 m 2 × × 5000 × 3
12 m 2
or # liters = 2424 L W
PROBLEM 5.59
The escutcheon (a decorative plate placed on a pipe where the pipe exits
from a wall) shown is cast from yellow brass. Knowing that the specific
3
weight of yellow brass is 0.306 lb/in . determine the weight of the
escutcheon.
SOLUTION
The weight of the escutcheon is given by W = (specific weight)V
where V is the volume of the plate. V can be generated by rotating the area A about the x axis.
Have a = 3.0755 in. − 2.958 in. = 0.1175 in.
0.5
and sin φ = ⇒ φ = 0.16745 R = 9.5941°
3
Then 2α = 26D − 9.5941D = 16.4059D or α = 8.20295D = 0.143169 rad

The area A can be obtained by combining the following four areas, as indicated.
Applying the second theorem of Pappus-Guldinus and then using Figure 5.8A, we have
V = 2π yA = 2πΣ yA
A, in 2 y , in. yA, in 3
1 1
1 ( 3.0755)(1.5) = 2.3066 (1.5) = 0.5 1.1533
2 3
2 ( 3) sin α
−α ( 3) = −1.28851 × sin (α + φ ) = 0.60921
2
2 –0.78497
3α
1 1
3 − ( 2.958)( 0.5) = −0.7395 ( 0.5 ) = 0.16667 –0.12325
2 3
1
4 − ( 0.1755 )( 0.5 ) = −0.05875 ( 0.5) = 0.25 –0.14688
2
Σ yA = 0.44296 in 3
Then ( )
V = 2π 0.44296 in 3 = 1.4476 in 3
so that ( )
W = 1.4476 in 3 0.306 lb/in 3 = 0.44296 lb W = 0.443 lb W
PROBLEM 5.60
The reflector of a small flashlight has the parabolic shape shown.
Determine the surface area of the inside of the reflector.
SOLUTION
First note that the required surface area A can be generated by rotating
the parabolic cross section through 2π radians about the x axis. Applying
the first theorem of Pappus-Guldinus, we have
A = 2π yL
x = a : a = k ( 7.5 )
2 2
Now, since x = ky , at
or a = 56.25 k (1)
x = ( a + 15 ) mm: a + 15 = k (12.5 )
2
At
or a + 15 = 156.25k (2)
Eq. (2) a + 15 156.25k

Then : = or a = 8.4375 mm
Eq. (1) a 56.25k
1
Eq. (1) ⇒ k = 0.15
mm
dx
∴ x = 0.15 y 2 and = 0.3 y
dy
2
 dx 
Now dL = 1 +   dy = 1 + 0.09 y 2 dy
 dy 
So A = 2π yL and yL = ∫ ydL
12.5
∴ A = 2π ∫7.5 y 1 + 0.09 y 2 dy
12.5
2  1  3/2 
= 2π  
3
  0.18 
(
 1 + 0.09 y
2
) 
 7.5
= 1013 mm 2 or A = 1013 mm 2 W
PROBLEM 5.61
For the beam and loading shown, determine (a) the magnitude and
location of the resultant of the distributed load, (b) the reactions at the
beam supports.
SOLUTION
Resultant R = R1 + R2
(a) Have R1 = ( 40 lb/ft )(18 ft ) = 720 lb
1
R2 = (120 lb/ft )(18 ft ) = 1080 lb
2
or R = 1800 lb
The resultant is located at the centroid C of the distributed load x
1
Have ΣM A: (1800 lb ) x = ( 40 lb/ft )(18 ft )( 9 ft ) + (120 lb/ft )(18 ft )(12 ft )
2
or x = 10.80 ft
R = 1800 lb W
x = 10.80 ft
(b) ΣFx = 0: Ax = 0
ΣFy = 0: Ay − 1800 lb = 0, Ay = 1800 lb ∴ A = 1800 lb W
ΣM A = 0: M A − (1800 lb )(10.8 ft ) = 0
M A = 19.444 lb ⋅ ft or M A = 19.44 kip ⋅ ft W

PROBLEM 5.62
beam supports.
SOLUTION
(a) Have RI = ( 300 N/m )( 6 m ) = 1800 N

1
RII = ( 6 m )( 900 N/m ) = 1800 N
3
Then ΣFy : − R = − RI − RII
or R = 1800 N + 1800 N = 3600 N
ΣM A : − x ( 3600 N ) = − ( 3 m )(1800 N ) − ( 4.5 m )(1800 N )
or x = 3.75 m
R = 3600 N W
x = 3.75 m
(b) Reactions
ΣFx = 0: Ax = 0
ΣM A = 0: ( 6 m ) By − ( 3600 N )( 3.75 m ) = 0
or By = 2250 N B = 2250 N W
ΣFy = 0: Ay + 2250 N = 3600 N
or Ay = 1350 N A = 1350 N W
PROBLEM 5.63
Determine the reactions at the beam supports for the given loading.
SOLUTION
Have RI = (100 lb/ft )( 4 ft ) = 400 lb

1
RII = ( 200 lb/ft )( 6 ft ) = 600 lb
2
RIII = ( 200 lb/ft )( 4 ft ) = 800 lb
Then ΣFx = 0: Ax = 0
ΣM A = 0: ( 2 ft )( 400 lb ) − ( 4 ft )( 600 lb ) − (12 ft )(800 lb ) + (10 ft ) By =0

or By = 800 lb B = 800 lb W
ΣFy = 0: Ay + 800 lb − 400 lb − 600 lb − 800 = 0
or Ay = 1000 lb A = 1000 lb W
PROBLEM 5.64
SOLUTION
Have RI = ( 9 ft )( 200 lb/ft ) = 1800 lb

1
RII = ( 3 ft )( 200 lb/ft ) = 300 lb
2
ΣM A = 0: − ( 4.5 ft )(1800 lb ) − (10 ft )( 300 lb ) + ( 9 ft ) By = 0
or By = 1233.3 lb B = 1233 lb W
ΣFy = 0: Ay − 1800 lb − 300 lb + 1233.3 lb = 0
or Ay = 866.7 lb A = 867 lb W
PROBLEM 5.65
SOLUTION
1
Have RI = ( 200 N/m )( 0.12 m ) = 12 N
2
RII = ( 200 N/m )( 0.2 m ) = 40 N
ΣFy = 0: Ay + 18 N − 12 N − 40 N = 0
or Ay = 34 N A = 34.0 N W
ΣM A = 0: M A − ( 0.8 m )(12 N ) − ( 0.22 m )( 40 N ) + ( 0.38 m )(18 N )
or M A = 2.92 N ⋅ m M A = 2.92 N ⋅ m W
PROBLEM 5.66
SOLUTION
First, replace the given loading with the loading shown below. The two loadings are equivalent because both
are defined by a linear relation between load and distance, and the values at the end points are the same.
Have RI = (1.8 m )( 2000 N/m ) = 3600 N
1
RII = (1.8 m )( 4500 N/m ) = 4050 N
2
ΣM B = 0: − ( 3 m ) Ay − ( 2.1 m )( 3600 N ) + ( 2.4 m )( 4050 N )
or Ay = 270 N A = 270 N W
ΣFy = 0: 270 N − 3600 N + 4050 N − By = 0
or By = 720 N B = 720 N W
PROBLEM 5.67
SOLUTION
1
Have RI = ( 4 m )( 2000 kN/m ) = 2667 N
3
1
RII = ( 2 m )(1000 kN/m ) = 666.7 N
3
ΣFy = 0: Ay − 2667 N − 666.7 N = 0
or Ay = 3334 N A = 3.33 kN W
ΣM A = 0: M A − (1 m )( 2667 N ) − ( 5.5 m )( 666.7 N )
or M A = 6334 N ⋅ m M A = 6.33 kN ⋅ m W
PROBLEM 5.68
SOLUTION
First, replace the given loading with the loading shown below. The two loadings are equivalent because both
are defined by a parabolic relation between load and distance, and the values at end points are the same.
Have RI = ( 8 ft )(100 lb/ft ) = 800 lb
2
RII = (8 ft )( 600 lb/ft ) = 3200 lb
3
ΣM A = 0: 11B + ( 5 ft )( 800 lb ) − ( 4 ft )( 3200 ) lb = 0
or B = 800 lb W
ΣFy = 0: Ay − 3200 lb + 800 lb + 800 lb = 0
or A = 1600 lb W
PROBLEM 5.69
Determine (a) the distance a so that the vertical reactions at supports A
and B are equal, (b) the corresponding reactions at the supports.
SOLUTION
1
(a) Have RI = ( a ft )(120 lb/ft ) = ( 60a ) lb
2
1
RII = (12 − a )( 40 lb/ft ) = ( 240 − 20a ) lb
2
Then ΣFy = 0: Ay − 60a − ( 240 − 2a ) + By = 0
or Ay + By = 240 + 40a
Now Ay = By ⇒ Ay = By = 120 + 20a (1)
 a    1 
Also ΣM B = 0: − (12 m ) Ay + ( 60a ) lb  12 −  ft  +  (12 − a ) ft   ( 240 − 20a ) lb  = 0
 3    3 
140 10 2
or Ay = 80 − a− a (2)
3 9
Equating Eqs. (1) and (2)
140 10
120 + 20a = 80 − a − a2
3 9
40 2
or a − 320a + 480 = 0
3
Then a = 1.6077 ft, a = 22.392
Now a ≤ 12 ft a = 1.608 ft W
(b) Have ΣFx = 0: Ax = 0
Eq. (1) Ay = By = 120 + 20 (1.61) = 152.2 lb
A = B = 152.2 lb W
PROBLEM 5.70
Determine (a) the distance a so that the vertical reaction at support B is
minimum, (b) the corresponding reactions at the supports.
SOLUTION
1
(a) Have RI = ( a ft )(120 lb/ft ) = 60a lb
2
1
RII = (12 − a ) ft  ( 40 lb/ft ) = ( 240 − 20a ) lb
2
a   a 
Then ΣM A = 0: −  ft  ( 60a lb ) − ( 240 − 20a ) lb   8 +  ft  + (12 ft ) By = 0
3   3 
10 2 20
or By = a − a + 160 (1)
9 3
dBy 20 20
Then = a− =0 or a = 3.00 ft W
da 9 3
10 20
(b) Eq. (1) By = ( 3.00 )2 − ( 3.00 ) + 160
9 3
= 150 lb B = 150.0 lb W
and ΣFx = 0: Ax = 0
ΣFy = 0: Ay − 60 ( 3.00 )  lb −  240 − 20 ( 3.00 )  lb + 150 lb = 0
or Ay = 210 lb A = 210 lb W
PROBLEM 5.71
Determine the reactions at the beam supports for the given loading when
w0 = 1.5 kN/m.
SOLUTION
1
Have RI = ( 9 m )( 2 kN/m ) = 9 kN
2
RII = ( 9 m )(1.5 kN/m ) = 13.5 kN
Then ΣFx = 0: Cx = 0
ΣM B = 0: − 50 kN ⋅ m − (1 m )( 9 kN ) − ( 2.5 m )(13.5 kN ) + ( 6 m ) C y = 0
or C y = 15.4583 kN C = 15.46 kN W
ΣFy = 0: By − 9 kN − 13.5 kN + 15.4583 = 0
or By = 7.0417 kN B = 7.04 kN W
PROBLEM 5.72
Determine (a) the distributed load w0 at the end D of the beam ABCD
for which the reaction at B is zero, (b) the corresponding reactions at C.
SOLUTION
1
Have RI = ( 9 m ) ( 3.5 − w0 ) kN/m  = 4.5 ( 3.5 − w0 ) kN
2
RII = ( 9 m ) ( w0 kN/m ) = 9w0 kN
(a) Then ΣM C = 0: − 50 kN ⋅ m + ( 5 m )  4.5 ( 3.5 − w0 ) kN  + ( 3.5 m ) ( 9w0 kN ) = 0
or 9w0 + 28.75 = 0
so w0 = −3.1944 kN/m w0 = 3.19 kN/m W

Note: the negative sign means that the distributed force w0 is upward.
(b) ΣFx = 0: Cx = 0
ΣFy = 0: − 4.5 ( 3.5 + 3.19 ) kN + 9 ( 3.19 ) kN + C y = 0
or C y = 1.375 kN C = 1.375 kN W
PROBLEM 5.73
A grade beam AB supports three concentrated loads and rests on soil and
the top of a large rock. The soil exerts an upward distributed load, and
the rock exerts a concentrated load RR as shown. Knowing that P = 4 kN
and wB = 12 wA , determine the values of wA and RR corresponding to
equilibrium.
SOLUTION
Have RI = (1.2 m )( wA kN/m ) = 1.2 wA kN
(1.8 m )  wA kN/m  = 0.45 wA kN

1 1
RII =
2 2 
1 
RIII = (1.8 m )  wA kN/m  = 0.9 wA kN
 2 
Then ΣM C = 0: − ( 0.6 m ) (1.2 wA ) kN  + ( 0.6 m ) ( 0.45 wA ) kN/m 
+ ( 0.9 m ) ( 0.9 wA ) kN/m  − (1.2 m )( 4 kN/m )
− ( 0.8 m )(18 kN/m ) + ( 0.7 m )( 24 kN/m ) = 0
or wA = 6.667 kN/m wA = 6.67 kN/m W
and ΣFy = 0: RR + (1.2 m )( 6.67 kN/m ) + ( 0.45 m )( 6.67 kN/m )

+ ( 0.9 m )( 6.67 kN/m ) − 24 kN − 18 kN − 4 kN
or RR = 29.0 kN RR = 29.0 kN W
PROBLEM 5.74
A grade beam AB supports three concentrated loads and rests on soil and
the top of a large rock. The soil exerts an upward distributed load, and
the rock exerts a concentrated load RR as shown. Knowing that wB =
0.4wA, determine (a) the largest value of P for which the beam is in
equilibrium, (b) the corresponding value of wA.
In the following problems, use γ = 62.4 lb/ft3 for the specific weight of
fresh water and γc = 150 lb/ft3 for the specific weight of concrete if U.S.
customary units are used. With SI units, use ρ = 103 kg/m3 for the
density of fresh water and ρc = 2.40 × 103 kg/m3 for the density of
concrete. (See the footnote on page 222 for how to determine the specific
weight of a material given its density.)
j
SOLUTION
Have RI = (1.2 m )( wA kN/m ) = 1.2 wA kN
1
RII = (1.8 m )( 0.6 wA kN/m ) = 0.54 wA kN
2
RIII = (1.8 m )( 0.4 wA kN/m ) = 0.72 wA kN
(a) Then ΣM A = 0: ( 0.6 m ) (1.2 wA ) kN  + (1.2 m ) RR + (1.8 m ) ( 0.54 wA ) kN 

+ ( 2.1 m ) ( 0.72 wA ) kN  − ( 0.5 m )( 24 kN )
− ( 2.0 m )(18 kN ) + ( 2.4 m ) P = 0
or 3.204 wA + 1.2 RR − 2.4 P = 48 (1)
and ΣFy = 0: RR + 1.2 WA + 0.54 WA + 0.72 WA − 24 − 18 − P = 0
or RR + 2.46 WA − P = 42 (2)
Now combine Eqs. (1) and (2) to eliminate wA :
( 3.204 ) Eq. 2 − ( 2.46 ) Eq. 1 ⇒ 0.252 RR = 16.488 − 2.7 P
Since RR must be ≥ 0, the maximum acceptable value of P is that for which R = 0,

or P = 6.1067 kN P = 6.11 kN W
(b) Then, from Eq. (2): 2.46 WA − 6.1067 = 42 or WA = 19.56 kN/m W

PROBLEM 5.75
The cross section of a concrete dam is as shown. For a dam section of

unit width, determine (a) the reaction forces exerted by the ground on the
base AB of the dam, (b) the point of application of the resultant of the
reaction forces of part a, (c) the resultant of the pressure forces exerted
by the water on the face BC of the dam.
In the following problems, use γ = 62.4 lb/ft3 for the specific weight of
fresh water and γc = 150 lb/ft3 for the specific weight of concrete if U.S.
customary units are used. With SI units, use ρ = 103 kg/m3 for the
density of fresh water and ρc = 2.40 × 103 kg/m3 for the density of
concrete. (See the footnote on page 222 for how to determine the specific
weight of a material given its density.)
SOLUTION
The free body shown consists of a 1-m thick section of the dam and the
triangular section BCD of the water behind the dam.
Note: X1 = 6 m
X 2 = ( 9 + 3) m = 12 m
X 3 = (15 + 2 ) m = 17 m
X 4 = (15 + 4 ) m = 19 m
(a) Now W = ρ gV so that
( )( 1
 2
) 
W1 = 2400 kg/m3 9.81 m/s 2  ( 9 m )(15 m )(1 m )  = 1589 kN

( )( )
W2 = 2400 kg/m3 9.81 m/s 2 ( 6 m )(18 m )(1 m )  = 2543 kN
( )( 1
2
) 
W3 = 2400 kg/m3 9.81 m/s 2  ( 6 m )(18 m )(1 m )  = 1271 kN

( )( 1
2
) 
W4 = 2400 kg/m3 9.81 m/s 2  ( 6 m )(18 m )(1 m )  = 529.7 kN

Also P=
1
2
1
2  ( )( )
Ap = (18 m )(1 m )   103 kg/m3 9.81 m/s 2 (18 m ) 

= 1589 kN
Then ΣFx = 0: H − 1589 kN = 0
or H = 1589 kN H = 1589 kN W
ΣFy = 0: V − 1589 kN − 2543 kN − 1271 kN − 529.7 kN
or V = 5933 kN V = 5.93 MN W
(b) Have ΣM A = 0: X ( 5933 kN ) + ( 6 m )(1589 kN )

− ( 6 m )(1589 kN ) − (12 m )( 2543 kN )
− (17 m )(1271 kN ) − (19 m )( 529.7 ) = 0
or X = 10.48 m X = 10.48 m W
to the right of A
(c) Consider water section BCD as the free body.
Have ΣF = 0
Then −R = 1675 kN 18.43°
or R = 1675 kN 18.43° W
Alternative solution to part (c)

Consider the face BC of the dam.
Have BC = 62 + 182 = 18.9737 m
6
tan θ = θ = 18.43°
18
and ( )(
p = ( ρ g ) h = 1000 kg/m3 9.81 m/s 2 (18 m ))
= 176.6 kN/m 2
Then R=
1
2
1
(
Ap = (18.97 m )(1 m )  176.6 kN/m 2
2
)
= 1675 kN
∴ R = 1675 kN 18.43°
PROBLEM 5.76
The cross section of a concrete dam is as shown. For a dam section of
unit width, determine (a) the reaction forces exerted by the ground on the
base AB of the dam, (b) the point of application of the resultant of the
reaction forces of part a, (c) the resultant of the pressure forces exerted
by the water on the face BC of the dam.
SOLUTION
The free body shown consists of a 1-ft thick section of the dam and the parabolic section of water above (and
behind) the dam.
5
Note x1 = (16 ft ) = 10 ft
8
 1 
x2 = 16 + ( 6 )  ft = 19 ft
 2 
 1 
x3 =  22 + (12 )  ft = 25 ft
 4 
 5 
x4 =  22 + (12 )  ft = 29.5 ft
 8 
Now W = γV
( 2
) 
W1 = 150 lb/ft 3  (16 ft )( 24 ft ) × (1 ft )  = 38, 400 lb
 3 
( )
W2 = 150 lb/ft 3 ( 6 ft )( 24 ft ) × (1 ft )  = 21, 600 lb
( 1
3
) 
W3 = 150 lb/ft 3  (12 ft )(18 ft ) × (1 ft )  = 10,800 lb

( 2
3
) 
W4 = 62.4 lb/ft 3  (12 ft )(18 ft ) × (1 ft )  = 8985.6 lb

Also P=
1
2
1
( )
Ap = (18 × 1) ft 2  × 62.4 lb/ft 3 × 18 ft = 10,108.8 lb
2
(a) Then ΣFx = 0: H − 10,108.8 lb = 0
or H = 10.11 kips W
ΣFy = 0: V − 38, 400 lb − 21, 600 lb − 10,800 lb − 8995.6 lb = 0
or V = 79,785.6 V = 79.8 kips W
(b) ΣM A = 0: X ( 79, 785.6 lb ) − ( 6 ft )( 38, 400 lb ) − (19 ft )( 21,600 lb ) − ( 25 ft )(10,800 lb )

− ( 29.5 ft )( 8985.6 lb ) + ( 6 ft )(10,108.8 lb ) = 0
or X = 15.90 ft
The point of application of the resultant is 15.90 ft to the right of A W
(c) Consider the water section BCD as the free body.
Have ΣF = 0
∴ R = 13.53 kips
θ = 41.6°
On the face BD of the dam
R = 13.53 kips 41.6° W
PROBLEM 5.77
The 9 × 12-ft side AB of a tank is hinged at its bottom A and is held in
place by a thin rod BC. The maximum tensile force the rod can withstand
without breaking is 40 kips, and the design specifications require the
force in the rod not exceed 20 percent of this value. If the tank is slowly
filled with water, determine the maximum allowable depth of water d in
the tank.
SOLUTION
Consider the free-body diagram of the side.

1 1
Have P= Ap = A (γ d )
2 2
d
Now ΣM A = 0: ( 9 ft ) T − P=0
3
Then, for d max:
( 9 ft ) ( 0.2 ) ( 40 × 103 lb ) − ( )

d max  1 
 (12 ft ) ( d max )  62.4 lb/ft d max  = 0
3
3 2 
or 216 × 103 ft 3 = 374.4 d max

3
3
or d max = 576.92 ft 3 d max = 8.32 ft W
PROBLEM 5.78
The 9 × 12-ft side of an open tank is hinged at its bottom A and is held
in place by a thin rod. The tank is filled with glycerine, whose specific
weight is 80 lb/ft 3. Determine the force T in the rod and the reactions at
the hinge after the tank is filled to a depth of 8 ft.
SOLUTION
Consider the free-body diagram of the side.

1 1
Have P= Ap = A (γ d )
2 2
=
1
2
( )
( 8 ft )(12 ft )  80 lb/ft 3 ( 8 ft ) = 30, 720 lb
Then ΣFy = 0: Ay = 0
8 
ΣM A = 0: ( 9 ft ) T −  ft  ( 30, 720 lb ) = 0
3 
or T = 9102.22 lb
T = 9.10 kips W
ΣFx = 0: Ax + 30,720 lb − 9102.22 lb = 0
or A = −21, 618 lb
A = 21.6 kips W
PROBLEM 5.79
The friction force between a 2 × 2-m square sluice gate AB and its
guides is equal to 10 percent of the resultant of the pressure forces
exerted by the water on the face of the gate. Determine the initial force
needed to lift the gate that its mass is 500 kg.
SOLUTION
Consider the free-body diagram of the gate.
Now PI =
1
2
1
2 ( )( )
ApI = ( 2 × 2 ) m 2   103 kg/m3 9.81 m/s 2 ( 3 m ) 

= 58.86 kN
PII =
1
2
1
( )( )
ApII = ( 2 × 2 ) m 2   103 kg/m3 9.81 m/s 2 ( 5 m ) 
2  
= 98.10 kN
Then F = 0.1P = 0.1( PI + PII )
= 0.1( 58.86 + 98.10 ) kN
= 15.696 kN
Finally (
ΣFy = 0: T − 15.696 kN − ( 500 kg ) 9.81 m/s 2 = 0 )
or T = 20.6 kN W
PROBLEM 5.80
The dam for a lake is designed to withstand the additional force caused
by silt which has settled on the lake bottom. Assuming that silt is
equivalent to a liquid of density ρ s = 1.76 × 103 kg/m3 and considering
a 1-m-wide section of dam, determine the percentage increase in the
force acting on the dam face for a silt accumulation of depth 1.5 m.
SOLUTION
First, determine the force on the dam face without the silt.
1 1
Have Pw = Apw = A ( ρ gh )
2 2
=
1
2
( )( )
( 6 m )(1 m )   103 kg/m3 9.81 m/s 2 ( 6 m ) 
 
= 176.58 kN
Next, determine the force on the dam face with silt.
Have Pw′ =
1
2  ( )( )
( 4.5 m )(1m )   103 kg/m3 9.81 m/s 2 ( 4.5 m ) 

= 99.326 kN
( Ps )I ( )( )
= (1.5 m )(1 m )   103 kg/m3 9.81 m/s 2 ( 4.5 m ) 
 
= 66.218 kN
( Ps )II =
1
2
( )( )
(1.5 m )(1 m )   1.76 × 103 kg/m3 9.81 m/s 2 (1.5 m ) 
 
= 19.424 kN
Then P′ = Pw′ + ( Ps )I + ( Ps )II = 184.97 kN
The percentage increase, % inc., is then given by
% inc. =
P′ − Pw
× 100% =
(184.97 − 176.58) × 100% = 4.7503%
Pw 176.58
% inc. = 4.75% W
PROBLEM 5.81
The base of a dam for a lake is designed to resist up to 150 percent of the
horizontal force of the water. After construction, it is found that silt
(which is equivalent to a liquid of density ρ s = 1.76 × 103 kg/m3 ) is
settling on the lake bottom at a rate of 20 mm/y. Considering a 1-m-wide
section of dam, determine the number of years until the dam becomes
unsafe.
SOLUTION
From Problem 5.80, the force on the dam face before the silt is deposited, is Pw = 176.58 kN. The maximum
allowable force Pallow on the dam is then:
Pallow = 1.5Pw = (1.5 )(176.58 kN ) = 264.87 kN
Next determine the force P′ on the dam face after a depth d of silt has settled.
Have Pw′ =
1
2  ( )( )
( 6 − d ) m × (1 m )   103 kg/m3 9.81 m/s 2 ( 6 − d ) m 

= 4.905 ( 6 − d ) kN
2
( Ps )I ( )( )
=  d (1 m )   103 kg/m3 9.81 m/s 2 ( 6 − d ) m 
 
(
= 9.81 6d − d 2 kN )
( Ps )II =
1
2
( )( )
 d (1 m )   1.76 × 103 kg/m3 9.81 m/s 2 ( d ) m 
 
= 8.6328d 2 kN
 ( ) ( )
P′ = Pw′ + ( Ps )I + ( Ps )II =  4.905 36 − 12d + d 2 + 9.81 6d − d 2 + 8.6328d 2  kN

= 3.7278d 2 + 176.58 kN
Now required that P′ = Pallow to determine the maximum value of d.
∴ ( 3.7278d 2
)
+ 176.58 kN = 264.87 kN
or d = 4.8667 m
m
Finally 4.8667 m = 20 × 10−3 ×N
year
or N = 243 years W
PROBLEM 5.82
The square gate AB is held in the position shown by hinges along its top
edge A and by a shear pin at B. For a depth of water d = 3.5 m,
determine the force exerted on the gate by the shear pin.
SOLUTION
First consider the force of the water on the gate.

1 1
Have P= Ap = A ( ρ gh )
2 2
Then PI =
1
2
( )( )
(18 m )2 103 kg/m3 9.81 m/s2 (1.7 m )
= 26.99 kN
PII =
1
2
( )( )
(18 m )2 103 kg/m3 9.81 m/s2 (1.7 × 1.8cos 30° ) m
= 51.74 kN
1 2
Now ΣM A = 0: ( LAB ) PI + ( LAB ) PII − LAB FB = 0
3 3
1 2
or ( 26.99 kN ) + ( 51.74 kN ) − FB = 0
3 3
or FB = 43.49 kN
FB = 4.35 kN 30.0° W
PROBLEMS 5.83 AND 5.84
Problem 5.83: A temporary dam is constructed in a 5-ft-wide fresh
water channel by nailing two boards to pilings located at the sides of the
channel and propping a third board AB against the pilings and the floor of
the channel. Neglecting friction, determine the reactions at A and B when
rope BC is slack.
Problem 5.84: A temporary dam is constructed in a 5-ft-wide fresh
water channel by nailing two boards to pilings located at the sides of the
channel and propping a third board AB against the pilings and the floor of
the channel. Neglecting friction, determine the magnitude and direction
of the minimum tension required in rope BC to move board AB.
SOLUTION
First, consider the force of the water on the gate.
1 1
Have P= Ap = A (γ h )
2 2
So that PI =
1
2
(
 )
(1.5 ft )( 5 ft )   62.4 lb/ft 3 (1.8 ft ) 

= 421.2 lb
PII =
1
2
(
 )
(1.5 ft )( 5 ft )   62.4 lb/ft 3 ( 3 ft ) 

= 702 lb
5.83 Find the reactions at A and B when rope is slack.
ΣM A = 0: − ( 0.9 ft ) B + ( 0.5 ft )( 421.2 lb ) + (1.0 ft )( 702 lb ) = 0
or B = 1014 lb
B = 1014 lb W
4 4
ΣFx = 0: 2 Ax + ( 421.2 lb ) + ( 702 lb ) = 0
5 5
or Ax = −449.28 lb
Note that the factor 2 (2 Ax ) is included since Ax is the horizontal force
exerted by the board on each piling.
3 3
ΣFy = 0: 1014 lb − ( 421.2 lb ) − ( 702 lb ) + Ay = 0
5 5
or Ay = −340.08 lb
∴ A = 563 lb 37.1° W
PROBLEMS 5.83 AND 5.84 CONTINUED
5.84 Note that there are two ways to move the board:
1. Pull upward on the rope fastened at B so that the board
rotates about A. For this case B → 0 and TBC is
perpendicular to AB for minimum tension.
2. Pull horizontally at B so that the edge B of the board moves
to the left. For this case Ay → 0 and the board remains
against the pilings because of the force of the water.
Case (1) ΣM A = 0: −1.5TBC + ( 0.5 ft )( 421.2 lb )
+ (1.0 ft )( 702 lb ) = 0
or TBC = 608.4 lb
Case (2) ΣM B = 0: − (1.2 ft ) ( 2 Ax ) − ( 0.5 ft )( 702 lb )
− (1.0 ft )( 421.2 lb ) = 0
or 2 Ax = − 643.5 lb
4
ΣFx = 0: − TBC − 643.5 lb + ( 421.2 lb )
5
4
+ ( 702 lb ) = 0
5
or TBC = 255.06 lb
∴ ( TBC )min = 255 lb W

Problem 5.85: A 2 × 3-m gate is hinged at A and is held in position by
rod CD. End D rests against a spring whose constant is 12 kN/m. The
spring is undeformed when the gate is vertical. Assuming that the force
exerted by rod CD on the gate remains horizontal, determine the
minimum depth of water d for which the bottom B of the gate will move
to the end of the cylindrical portion of the floor.
Problem 5.86: Solve Problem 5.85 if the mass of the gate is 500 kg.
SOLUTION
First, determine the forces exerted on the gate by the spring and the
water when B is at the end of the cylindrical portion of the floor.
1
Have sin θ = ∴ θ = 30°
2
Then xsp = (1.5 m ) tan 30°
and Fsp = kxsp
= (12 kN/m )(1.5 m ) tan 30°
= 10.39 kN
Assume d ≥ 2m
1 1
Have P= Ap = A ( ρ g ) h
2 2
Then PI =
1
2 ( )( )
( 2 m )( 3 m )   103 kg/m3 9.81 m/s 2 ( d − 2 ) m 

= 29.43 ( d − 2 ) kN
PII =
1
2
( )( )
( 2 m )( 3 m )   103 kg/m3 9.81 m/s 2 ( d − 2 + 2cos 30° ) m 
 
= 29.43 ( d − 0.2679 ) kN
5.85 Find d min so that gate opens, W = 0.

Using the above free-body diagrams of the gate, we have
2 
ΣM A = 0:  m   29.43 ( d − 2 ) kN 
3 
4 
+  m   29.43 ( d − 0.2679 ) kN 
3 
− (1.5 m )(10.39 kN ) = 0
or 19.62 ( d − 2 ) + 39.24 ( d − 0.2679 ) = 15.585
58.86d = 65.3374
or d = 1.1105 m d = 1.110 m W
5.86 Find d min so that the gate opens.
( )
W = 9.81 m/s 2 ( 500 kg ) = 4.905 kN
Using the above free-body diagrams of the gate, we have

2 
ΣM A = 0:  m   29.43 ( d − 2 ) kN 
3 
4 
+  m   29.43 ( d − 0.2679 ) kN 
3 
− (1.5 m )(10.39 kN ) +
− ( 0.5 m )( 4.905 kN ) = 0
or 19.62 ( d − 2 ) + 39.24 ( d − 0.2679 ) = 18.0375
or d = 1.15171 m d = 1.152 m W
Problem 5.87: The gate at the end of a 3-ft-wide fresh water channel is
fabricated from three 240-lb, rectangular steel plates. The gate is hinged
at A and rests against a frictionless support at D. Knowing that d = 2.5 ft,
determine the reactions at A and D.
Problem 5.88: The gate at the end of a 3-ft-wide fresh water channel is
fabricated from three 240-lb, rectangular steel plates. The gate is hinged
at A and rests against a frictionless support at D. Determine the depth of
water d for which the gate will open.
SOLUTION
5.87 Note that in addition to the weights of the gate segments, the water exerts pressure on all submerged
surfaces ( p = γ h ) .
Thus, at ( )
h = 0.5 ft, p0.5 = 62.4 lb/ft 3 ( 0.5 ) ft = 31.2 lb/ft 2
( )
h = 2.5 ft, p2.5 = 6.24 lb/ft 3 ( 2.5 ) ft = 156.0 lb/ft 2
Then P1 =
1
2
(
( 0.5 ft )( 3 ft )  31.2 lb/ft 2 = 23.4 lb )
( )
P2 = ( 2 ft )( 3 ft )  31.2 lb/ft 2 = 187.2 lb
P3 =
1
2
( )
( 2 ft )( 3 ft )  31.2 lb/ft 2 = 93.6 lb
P4 =
1
2
(
( 2 ft )( 3 ft )  156 lb/ft 2 = 468 lb)
 1  
and ΣM A = 0: − 4 D + ( 2 ft )( 240 lb ) + (1 ft )( 240 lb ) −  2 + × 0.5  ft ( 23.4 lb )  − (1 ft )(187.2 lb )
 3  
2 1
− ( 2 ft )( 93.6 lb ) − ( 2 ft )( 468 lb ) = 0
3 3
or D = 11.325 lb ∴ D = 11.33 lb W
ΣFx = 0: Ax + 11.32 + 23.4 + 93.6 + 468 = 0
or Ax = −596.32 lb
ΣFy = 0: Ay − 240 − 240 − 240 + 187.2 = 0
or Ay = 532.8 lb ∴ A = 800 lb 41.8° W
5.88 At h = ( d − 2 ) ft, pd − 2 = γ ( d − 2 ) lb/ft 2 where γ = 62.4 lb/ft 3
h = d ft, pd = (γ d ) lb/ft 2
1 1 3
A1 pd − 2 = ( d − 2 ) ft × ( 3 ft )  γ lb/ft 3 ( d − 2 ) ft  = γ ( d − 2 ) lb
2
Then P1 =
2 2 2
(Note: For simplicity, the numerical value of the density γ will be substituted into the equilibrium equations
below, rather than at this level of the calculations.)
P2 = A2 pd − 2 = ( 2 ft )( 3 ft )  γ ( d − 2 ) ft  = 6γ ( d − 2 ) lb
1 1
P3 = A3 pd − 2 = ( 2 ft )( 3 ft )  γ ( d − 2 ) ft  = 3γ ( d − 2 ) lb
2 2
1 1
P4 = A4 pd = ( 2 ft )( 3 ft )  γ ( d ft ) = ( 3γ d ) lb = 3γ ( d − 2 ) + 6γ  lb
2 2
As the gate begins to open, D → 0
( 2 ft )( 240 lb ) + (1 ft )( 240 lb ) − 2 ft + ( d − 2 ) ft   2 

1 3
∴ ΣM A = 0: γ ( d − 2 ) lb  +
 3 2 
2 
− (1 ft ) 6γ ( d − 2 ) lb  −  ( 2 ft )  3γ ( d − 2 ) lb 
3 
1 
−  ( 2 ft )  3γ ( d − 2 ) lb + 6γ lb  = 0
3 
1 720
or ( d − 2 )3 + 3 ( d − 2 )2 + 12 ( d − 2 ) = −4
2 γ
720
= −4
62.4
= 7.53846
Solving numerically yields d = 2.55 ft W
PROBLEM 5.89
A rain gutter is supported from the roof of a house by hangers that are
spaced 0.6 m apart. After leaves clog the gutter’s drain, the gutter slowly
fills with rainwater. When the gutter is completely filled with water,
determine (a) the resultant of the pressure force exerted by the water on
the 0.6-m section of the curved surface of the gutter, (b) the force-couple
system exerted on a hanger where it is attached to the gutter.
SOLUTION
(a) Consider a 0.6 m long parabolic section of water.
1 1
Then P= Ap = A ( ρ gh )
2 2
=
1
2
( )( )
( 0.08 m )( 0.6 m )  103 kg/m3 9.81 m/s2 ( 0.08 m )
= 18.84 N
Ww = ρ gV
( )( 2
3
) 
= 103 kg/m3 9.81 m/s 2  ( 0.12 m )( 0.08 m )( 0.6 m ) 

= 37.67 N
Now ΣF = 0: ( −R ) + P + Ww =0
Ww
So that R = P 2 + Ww2 , tan θ =
P
= 42.12 N, θ = 63.4° R = 42.1 N 63.4° W
(b) Consider the free-body diagram of a 0.6 m long section of water and
gutter.
Then ΣFx = 0: Bx = 0
ΣFy = 0: By − 37.67 N = 0
or By = 37.67 N
ΣM B = 0: M B + ( 0.06 − 0.048 ) m  ( 37.67 N ) = 0
or M B = −0.4520 N ⋅ m
The force-couple system exerted on the hanger is then
37.7 N , 0.452 N ⋅ m W
PROBLEM 5.90
The composite body shown is formed by removing a hemisphere of
radius r from a cylinder of radius R and height 2R. Determine (a) the
y coordinate of the centroid when r = 3R/4, (b) the ratio r/R for which
y = −1.2 R.
SOLUTION
Note, for the axes shown
V y yV
1 (π R ) ( 2R ) = 2π R
2 3
−R −2π R 4
2 2 3 1 4
− π r3 − r πr
3 8 4
 r3   r4 
Σ 2π  R3 −  −2π  R 4 − 
 3  8 
1
R4 − r 4
Σ yV 8
Then Y = =−
ΣV 1
R − r3
3
3
4
1 r 
1−  
8 R 
= 3
1 r 
1−  
3 R 
4
1 3
1−  
3 3 4
(a ) r = R: y = − 3
R
4 1 3
1−  
3 4
or y = −1.118R W
4
1 r 
1−  
8 R 
(b) y = −1.2 R : − 1.2 R = − 3
R
1 r 
1−  
3 R 
4 3
r r
or   − 3.2   + 1.6 = 0
R R
r
Solving numerically = 0.884 W
R
PROBLEM 5.91
Determine the y coordinate of the centroid of the body shown.
SOLUTION
First note that the values of Y will be the same for the given body and the body shown below. Then
V y yV
1 2 1 1
Cone πa h − h − π a 2h 2
3 4 12
2
a 1 1 1 2 2
Cylinder −π   b = − π a 2b − b πa b
2
  4 2 8
π π
Σ
12
a 2 ( 4h − 3b ) −
24
(
a 2 2h 2 − 3b 2 )
Have Y ΣV = ΣyV
π π
Then
12

 24
(
Y  a 2 ( 4h − 3b )  = − a 2 2h 2 − 3b 2 )
2h 2 − 3b 2
or Y = − W
2 ( 4h − 3b )
PROBLEM 5.92
Determine the z coordinate of the centroid of the body shown. (Hint:
Use the result of Sample Problem 5.13.)
SOLUTION
First note that the body can be formed by removing a “half-cylinder” from a “half-cone,” as shown.
V z zV
1 2 a 1 3
Half-Cone πa h − * − ah
6 π 6
2
π a π 4 a 2a 1 3
Half-Cylinder − 2
  b=− ab −  =− ab
22 8 3π  2  3π 12
π 1 3
Σ a 2 ( 4h − 3b ) − a ( 2h − b )
24 12
From Sample Problem 5.13

Have Z ΣV = ΣzV
π  1
Then Z  a 2 ( 4h − 3b )  = − a3 ( 2h − b )
 24  12
2a 2h − b
or Z = − W
π 4h − 3b
PROBLEM 5.93
Consider the composite body shown. Determine (a) the value of x when
h = L/2 , (b) the ratio h/L for which x = L .
SOLUTION
V x xV
1 1 2
Rectangular prism Lab L L ab
2 2
1 b 1 1  1 
Pyramid a h L+ h abh  L + h 
3 2 4 6  4 
 1  1  2  1 
Then ΣV = ab  L + h  ΣxV = ab 3L + h  L + h  
 6  6   4 
Now X ΣV = ΣxV so that
  1  1  1 
X  ab  L + h   = ab  3L2 + hL + h 2 
  6  6  4 
 1 h 1  h 1 h2 
or X 1 +  = L  3 + +  (1)
 6 L 6  L 4 L2 
1
(a) X = ? when h = L
2
h 1
Substituting = into Eq. (1)
L 2
1  1  1  1 11 
2

X 1 +    = L 3 +   +   
 6  2   6   2  4  2  
57
or X = L X = 0.548L W
104
h
(b) = ? when X = L
L
 1 h 1  h 1 h2 
Substituting into Eq. (1) L 1 +  = L  3 + + 
 6 L  6  L 4 L2 
1h 1 1h 1 h2
or 1+ = + +
6L 2 6 L 24 L2
h2 h
or = 12 ∴ = 2 3W
L2 L
Problem 5.94: For the machine element shown, determine the
x coordinate of the center of gravity.
Problem 5.95: For the machine element shown, determine the
y coordinate of the center of gravity.
SOLUTIONS
First, assume that the machine element is homogeneous so that its center of gravity coincides with the
centroid of the corresponding volume.
V , in 3 x , in. y , in. xV , in 4 yV , in 4
I (4)(3.6)(0.75) = 10.8 2.0 0.375 21.6 4.05
II (2.4)(2.0)(0.6) = 2.88 3.7 1.95 10.656 5.616
III π(0.45)2 (0.4) = 0.2545 4.2 2.15 1.0688 0.54711
IV −π(0.5) 2 (0.75) = − 0.5890 1.2 0.375 −0.7068 −0.22089
Σ 13.3454 32.618 9.9922
5.94
Have X ΣV = Σ x V
( )
X 13.3454 in 3 = 32.618 in 4 or X = 2.44 in. W
5.95
Have Y ΣV = Σ yV
( )
Y 13.3454 in 3 = 9.9922 in 4 or Y = 0.749 in. W
Problem 5.96: For the machine element shown, locate the x coordinate
of the center of gravity.
Problem 5.97: For the machine element shown, locate the y coordinate
of the center of gravity.
SOLUTIONS
First, assume that the machine element is homogeneous so that its center of gravity coincides with the
centroid of the corresponding volume.
V , mm3 x , mm y , mm xV , mm 4 yV , mm 4
1 (160 )( 54 )(18) = 155 520 80 9 12 441 600 1 399 680
1
2 (120 )( 42 )( 54 ) = 136 080 40 32 5 443 200 4 354 560
2
π 36
3 (27) 2 (18) = 6561π 160 + 9 3 534 114 185 508
2 π
4 −π(16)2 (18) = −4608π 160 9 −2 316 233 −130 288
Σ 297 736 19 102 681 5 809 460
5.96
Have X ΣV = Σ x V
( )
X 297 736 mm3 = 19 102 681 mm 4 or X = 64.2 mm W
5.97
Have Y ΣV = Σ yV
( )
Y 297 736 mm3 = 5 809 460 mm 4 or Y = 19.51 mm W
Problem 5.98: For the stop bracket shown, locate the x coordinate of the
center of gravity.
Problem 5.99: For the stop bracket shown, locate the z coordinate of the
center of gravity.
SOLUTIONS
First, assume that the bracket is homogeneous so that its center of gravity coincides with the centroid of the
corresponding volume.
1
Have.. Z II = 24 mm + (90 + 86) mm = 112 mm
2
1
Z III = 24 mm + (102) mm = 58 mm
3
1
X III = 68 mm + ( 20) mm = 78 mm
2
2
Z IV = 110 mm + ( 90) mm = 170 mm
3
2
X IV = 60 mm + (132) mm = 156 mm
3
V , mm3 x , mm z , mm xV , mm 4 zV , mm 4
I ( 200 )(176 )( 24 ) = 844 800 100 12 84 480 000 1 013 760
II ( 200 )( 24 )(176 ) = 844 800 100 112 84 480 000 94 617 600
1
III ( 20 )(124 )(102 ) = 126 480 78 58 9 865 440 733 840
2
1
IV − ( 90 )(132 )( 24 ) = −142 560 156 170 −22 239 360 −24 235 200
2
Σ 1 673 520 156 586 080 8 785 584
5.98
Have X ΣV = ΣxV
( )
X 1 673 520 mm3 = 156 586 080 mm 4 or X = 93.6 mm W
5.99
Have Z ΣV = ΣzV
( )
Z 1 673 520 mm3 = 8 785 584 mm 4 or Z = 52.5 mm W
PROBLEM 5.100
Locate the center of gravity of the sheet-metal form shown.
SOLUTION
First, assume that the sheet metal is homogeneous so that the center of gravity coincides with the centroid of
the corresponding area.
A, mm 2 x , mm y , mm z , mm xA, mm3 yA, mm3 zA, mm3

1
1
( 90 )( 60 ) 30
120 + 20
0 81 000 378 000 0
2
= 140
= 2700
( 90 )( 200 )
2 45 60 80 810 000 1 080 000 1 440 000
= 18 000
− ( 45 )(100 )
3 22.5 30 120 −101 250 −135 000 −540 000
= −4500
π
( 45)2 160 +
( 4 )( 45)
4 2 45 0 3π 143 139 0 569 688
= 1012.5π = 179.1
Σ 19 380.9 932 889 1 323 000 1 469 688
Have X ΣA = ΣxA:
( )
X 19 380.9 mm 2 = 932 889 mm3
or = 48.1 mm X = 48.1 mm W
Y ΣA = Σ yA
( )
Y 19 380.9 mm 2 = 1 323 000 mm3
or Y = 68.3 mm Y = 68.3 mm W
Z ΣA = Σ zA
( )
Z 19 380.9 mm 2 = 1 469 688 mm3
or Z = 75.8 mm Z = 75.8 mm W
PROBLEM 5.101
A mounting bracket for electronic components is formed from sheet
metal of uniform thickness. Locate the center of gravity of the bracket.
SOLUTION
First, assume that the sheet metal is homogeneous so that the center of gravity of the bracket coincides with
the centroid of the corresponding area. Then (see diagram)
4 ( 6.25 )
zV = 22.5 −
3π
= 19.85 mm
π
AV = − ( 6.25)2
2
= −61.36 mm 2
A, mm 2 x , mm y , mm z , mm xA, mm3 yA, mm3 zA, mm3

I ( 25)( 60) = 1500 12.5 0 30 18 750 0 45 000
II (12.5)( 60 ) = 750 25 −6.25 30 18 750 −4687.5 22 500
III ( 7.5)( 60 ) = 450 28.75 −12.5 30 12 937.5 −5625 13 500
IV − (12.5 )( 30 ) = −375 10 0 37.5 −3750 0 −14 062.5
V −61.36 10 0 19.85 −613.6 0 −1218.0
Σ 2263.64 46 074 −10 313 65 720
Have X ΣA = ΣxA
( )
X 2263.64 mm 2 = 46 074 mm3 or X = 20.4 mm W
Y ΣA = Σ yA
( )
Y 2263.64 mm 2 = −10 313 mm3 or Y = −4.55 mm W
Z ΣA = Σ zA
( )
Z 2263.64 mm 2 = 65 720 mm3 or Z = 29.0 mm W
PROBLEM 5.102
SOLUTION
First, assume that the sheet metal is homogeneous so that the center of gravity of the form coincides with the
centroid of the corresponding area.
4
yI = 6 + = 7.333 in.
3
1
zI = ( 6) = 2 in.
3
1
xII = yII = ( 2)( 6) = 3.8197 in.
π
1
xIV = 11 − ( 4)(1.5) = 10.363 in.
3π
A, in 2 x , in. y , in. z , in. x A, in 3 y A, in 3 z A, in 3

I 12 0 7.333 2 0 88 24
II 56.55 3.8197 3.8197 3 216 216 169.65
III 30 8.5 0 3 255 0 90
IV −3.534 10.363 0 3 −36.62 0 −10.603
Σ 95.01 434.4 304 273.0
Have X ΣA = Σ x A
( )
X 95.01 in 2 = 434 in 3 or X = 4.57 in. W
Y ΣA = Σ y A
( )
Y 95.01 in 2 = 304.0 in 3 or Y = 3.20 in. W
Z ΣA = Σ z A
( )
Z 95.01 in 2 = 273.0 in 3 or Z = 2.87 in. W
PROBLEM 5.103
An enclosure for an electronic device is formed from sheet metal of
uniform thickness. Locate the center of gravity of the enclosure.
SOLUTION
First, assume that the sheet metal is homogeneous so that the center of gravity of the form coincides with the
Consider the division of the back, sides, and top into eight segments according to the sketch.
Note that symmetry implies Z = 6.00 in. W
and
A8 = A2
A7 = A 3
A6 = A5
Thus
1 (12 )( 9 ) = 108 0 4.5 0 486
2 (11.3)( 9 ) = 101.7 5.6 4.5 569.5 457.6
1
3 (11.3)( 2.4 ) = 13.56 7.467 9.8 101.25 132.89
2
4 (12 )(11.454 ) = 137.45 5.6 10.2 769.72 1402.0
1
5 (1.5)(11.454 ) = 8.591 7.467 10.6 64.15 91.06
2
6 8.591 7.467 10.6 64.15 91.06
7 13.56 7.467 9.8 101.25 132.89
8 101.7 5.6 4.5 569.5 457.6
Σ 493.2 2239.5 3251.1
Have ( )
X ΣA = ΣxA: X 493.2 in 2 = 2239.5 in 3 or X = 4.54 in. W
Y ΣA = Σ yA: Y ( 493.2 in ) = 3251.1 in

2 3
or Y = 6.59 in. W
PROBLEM 5.104
A 200-mm-diameter cylindrical duct and a 100 × 200-mm rectangular
duct are to be joined as indicated. Knowing that the ducts are fabricated
from the same sheet metal, which is of uniform thickness, locate the center
of gravity of the assembly.
SOLUTION
First, assume that the sheet metal is homogeneous so that the center of gravity of the duct coincides with the
centroid of the corresponding area. Also note that symmetry implies Z = 0W
A, m 2 x, m y, m xA, m3 yA, m3
1 π ( 0.2 )( 0.3) = 0.1885 0 0.15 0 0.028274
π
− ( 0.2 )( 0.1) = −0.0314 2 ( 0.1)
2 2 = 0.06366 0.25 −0.02000 −0.007854
π
−4 ( 0.1)
π = −0.04244
3 ( 0.1) = 0.01571
2
3π 0.30 −0.000667 0.004712
2
4 ( 0.3)( 0.2 ) = 0.060 0.15 0.30 0.00900 0.001800

5 ( 0.3)( 0.2 ) = 0.060 0.15 0.20 0.00900 0.001200
π 4 ( 0.1)
6 − ( 0.1)2 = −0.1571 0.20 −0.000667 −0.003142
2 3π
7 ( 0.3)( 0.1) = 0.030 0.15 0.25 0.004500 0.007500
8 ( 0.3)( 0.1) = 0.030 0.15 0.25 0.004500 0.007500
Σ 0.337080 0.023667 0.066991
Have X ΣA = Σ xA: X (0.337080 mm 2 ) = 0.023667 mm3

or X = 0.0702 m X = 70.2 mm W
( )
Y ΣA = Σ yA: Y 0.337080 mm 2 = 0.066991 mm3
or Y = 0.19874 m Y = 198.7 mm W
PROBLEM 5.105
An elbow for the duct of a ventilating system is made of sheet metal of
uniform thickness. Locate the center of gravity of the elbow.
SOLUTION
First, assume that the sheet metal is homogeneous so that the center of gravity of the duct coincides with the
centroid of the corresponding area. Also, note that the shape of the duct implies Y = 1.5 in. W
2
Note that xI = zI = 16 in. − (16 in.) = 5.81408 in.
π
2
xII = 16 in. − (8 in.) = 10.9070 in.
π
2
zII = 12 in. − (8 in.) = 6.9070 in.
π
4
xIV = zIV = 16 in. − (16 in.) = 9.2094 in.
3π
4
xV = 16 in. − (8 in.) = 12.6047 in.
3π
4
zV = 12 in. − (8 in.) = 8.6047 in.
3π
Also note that the corresponding top and bottom areas will contribute equally when determining x and z .
Thus A, in 2 x , in. z , in. xA, in 3 zA, in 3

π
I (16 )( 3) = 75.3982 5.81408 5.81408 438.37 438.37
2
π
II (8)( 3) = 37.6991 10.9070 6.9070 411.18 260.39
2
III 4 ( 3) = 12 8 14 96.0 168.0
 π
2   (16) = 402.1239
2
IV 9.2094 9.2094 3703.32 3703.32
 4
π 2
V −2   ( 8 ) = −100.5309 12.6047 8.6047 −1267.16 −865.04
4
VI −2 ( 4 )( 8 ) = −64 12 14 −768.0 −896.0
Σ 362.69 2613.71 2809.04
Have ( )
X ΣA = Σ xA: X 362.69 in 2 = 2613.71 in 3
or X = 7.21 in. W
( )
Z ΣA = Σ zA: Z 362.69 in 2 = 2809.04 in 3
or Z = 7.74 in. W
PROBLEM 5.106
A window awning is fabricated from sheet metal of uniform thickness.
Locate the center of gravity of the awning.
SOLUTION
First, assume that the sheet metal is homogeneous so that the center of gravity of the awning coincides with
the centroid of the corresponding area.
yII = yVI = 80 +
( 4 )( 500 ) = 292.2 mm
3π
zII = zVI =
( 4 )( 500 ) = 212.2 mm
3π
yIV = 80 +
( 2 )( 500 ) = 398.3 mm
π
zIV =
( 2 )( 500 ) = 318.3 mm
π
π
AII = AVI = ( 500 )2 = 196 350 mm 2
4
π
AIV = ( 500 )( 680 ) = 534 071 mm2
2
A, mm 2 y , mm z , mm yA, mm3 zA, mm3

I (80)(500) = 40 000 40 250 1.6 × 106 10 × 106
II 196 350 292.2 212.2 57.4 × 106 41.67 × 106
III (80)(680) = 54 400 40 500 0.2176 × 106 27.2 × 106
IV 534 071 398.3 318.3 212.7 × 106 170 × 106
V (80)(500) = 40 000 40 250 1.6 × 106 10 × 106
VI 196 350 292.2 212.2 57.4 × 106 41.67 × 106
Σ 1.061 × 106 332.9 × 106 300.5 × 106
Now, symmetry implies X = 340 mm W

and (
Y ΣA = Σ yA: Y 1.061 × 10 mm 6 2
) = 332.9 × 10 6
mm 3
or Y = 314 mm W
( )
Z ΣA = Σ zA: Z 1.061 × 106 mm 2 = 300.5 × 106 mm3
or Z = 283 mm W
PROBLEM 5.107
The thin, plastic front cover of a wall clock is of uniform thickness.
Locate the center of gravity of the cover.
SOLUTION
First, assume that the plastic is homogeneous so that the center of gravity of the cover coincides with the
Next, note that symmetry implies X = 150.0 mm
A, mm 2 y , mm z , mm y A, mm3 z , mm3
1
( 300 )( 280 ) 0 140 0 11 760 000
= 84 000
2
( 280 )( 50 ) 25 140 350 000 1 960 000
= 14 000
3
( 300 )( 50 ) 25 0 375 000 0
= 15 000
4
( 280 )( 50 ) 25 140 350 000 1 960 000
= 14 000
−π (100 )
2
5 0 130 0 −4 084 070
= −31 416
−π
6
( 30 )2 0 260 −
( 4 )( 30 ) = 247.29 0 −174 783
4
3π
= −706.86
−π
7
( 30 )2 0 260 −
( 4 )( 30 ) = 247.29 0 −174 783
4
3π
= −706.86
Σ 94 170 1 075 000 11 246 363
Have ( )
Y Σ A = Σ yA: Y 94 170 mm 2 = 1 075 000 mm3
or Y = 11.42 mm W
( )
Z Σ A = Σ zA: Z 94 170 mm 2 = 11 246 363 mm3
or Z = 119.4 mm W
PROBLEM 5.108
A thin steel wire of uniform cross section is bent into the shape shown,
where arc BC is a quarter circle of radius R. Locate its center of gravity.
SOLUTION
First, assume that the wire is homogeneous so that its center of gravity coincides with the centroid of the
corresponding line.
L, in 2 x , in. y , in. z ,in. x L, in 2 y L, in 2 z L, in 2
1 15 0 7.5 0 0 112.5 0
2 14 7 0 0 98 0 0
 5
9 
3 13  12  0 6 149.5 0 78
= 11.5
π 3  2 × 15  30 24
(15) 
5 π 

4 2 π π 135.0 225.0 180.0
= 23.56 = 5.73 = 9.549 = 7.639
Σ 65.56 382.5 337.5 258.0
Have X ΣL = Σ x L: X ( 65.56 in.) = 382.5 in 2 or X = 5.83 in. W
Y ΣL = Σ y L: Y ( 65.56 in.) = 337.5 in 2 or Y = 5.15 in. W
Z ΣL = Σ z L: Z ( 65.56 in.) = 258.0 in 2 or Z = 3.94 in. W

PROBLEM 5.109
A thin steel wire of uniform cross section is bent into the shape shown,
where arc BC is a quarter circle of radius R. Locate its center of gravity.
SOLUTION
First, assume that the wire is homogeneous so that its center of gravity coincides with the centroid of the
corresponding line
Have x2 = z2 =
( 2 )(8) =
16
ft
π π
L1 = 82 + 32 = 8.5440 ft
8π
L 2 = 2 = 4π ft
L, ft x , ft y , ft z , ft x L, ft 2 y L, ft 2 z L, ft 2
1 8.5440 4 1.5 0 34.176 12.816 0
16
2 4π 16π 0 64.0 0 64.0
π
3 8 0 0 4 0 0 32
4 3 0 1.5 0 0 4.5 0
32.110 98.176 17.316 96.0
Have X ΣL = Σ x L: X ( 32.110 ft ) = 98.176 ft 2 or X = 3.06 ft W
Y ΣL = Σ y L: Y ( 32.110 ft ) = 17.316 ft 2 or Y = 0.539 ft W
Z ΣL = Σ z L: Z ( 32.110 ft ) = 96.0 ft 2 or Z = 2.99 ft W

PROBLEM 5.110
The frame of a greenhouse is constructed from uniform aluminum

channels. Locate the center of gravity of the portion of the frame shown.
SOLUTION
First, assume that the channels are homogeneous so that the center of gravity of the frame coincides with the
centroid of the corresponding line.
Note x8 = x9 =
( 2 )( 0.9 ) = 0.57296 m
π
y8 = y9 = 1.5 +
( 2 )( 0.9 ) = 2.073 m
π
π
L 7 = L8 = ( 0.9 ) = 1.4137 m
2
L, m x, m y, m z, m xL, m 2 yL, m 2 zL, m 2

1 0.6 0.9 0 0.3 0.540 0 0.18
2 0.9 0.45 0 0.6 0.4050 0 0.54
3 1.5 0.9 0.75 0 1.350 1.125 0
4 1.5 0.9 0.75 0.6 1.350 1.125 0.9
5 2.4 0 1.2 0.6 0 2.880 1.44
6 0.6 0.9 1.5 0.3 0.540 0.9 0.18
7 0.9 0.45 1.5 0.6 0.4050 1.350 0.54
8 1.4137 0.573 2.073 0 0.8100 2.9306 0
9 1.4137 0.573 2.073 0.6 0.8100 2.9306 0.8482
10 0.6 0 2.4 0.3 0 1.440 0.18
Σ 11.827 6.210 14.681 4.8082
Have X ΣL = Σ xL: X (11.827 m ) = 6.210 m 2 or X = 0.525 m W
Y ΣL = Σ yL: Y (11.827 m ) = 14.681 m 2 or Y = 1.241 m W
Z ΣL = Σ zL: Z (11.827 m ) = 4.8082 m 2 or Z = 0.406 m W

*
PROBLEM 5.111
The decorative metalwork at the entrance of a store is fabricated from
uniform steel structural tubing. Knowing that R = 1.2 m, locate the center
of gravity of the metalwork.
SOLUTION
First, assume that the tubes are homogeneous so that the center of gravity of the metalwork coincides with the
centroid of the corresponding line.
Note that symmetry implies Z = 0W
L, m x, m y, m xL, m 2 yL, m 2
1 3 (1.2) cos 45° = 0.8485 1.5 2.5456 4.5
2 3 (1.2) cos 45° = 0.8485 1.5 2.5456 4.5
3 1.2π 0 3.7639 0 14.1897
4 1.2π
( 2 )(1.2 ) = 0.7639 3 2.88 11.3097
π
5 0.6π
( 2 )(1.2 ) = 0.7639 3.7639 1.44 7.0949
π
Σ 15.425 9.4112 41.594
Have X ΣL = Σ xL: X (15.425 m ) = 9.4112 m 2 or X = 0.610 m W
Y ΣL = Σ yL: Y (15.425 m ) = 41.594 m 2 or Y = 2.70 m W

PROBLEM 5.112
A scratch awl has a plastic handle and a steel blade and shank. Knowing
that the specific weight of plastic is 0.0374 lb/in 3 and of steel is
0.284 lb/in 3, locate the center of gravity of the awl.
SOLUTION
First, note that symmetry implies Y = Z = 0W
2π
xI =
5
8
( )
( 0.5 in.) = 0.3125 in., WI = 0.0374 lb/in 3   ( 0.5 in.)3 = 0.009791 lb
 3 
( )
xII = 1.6 in. + 0.5 in. = 2.1 in. WII = 0.0374 lb/in 3 (π )( 0.5 in.) ( 3.2 in.) = 0.093996 lb
2
π 
( )
xIII = 3.7 in. − 1 in. = 2.7 in., WIII = − 0.0374 lb/in 3   ( 0.12 in.) ( 2 in.) = −0.000846 lb
4
2
π 
( 4
)
xIV = 7.3 in. − 2.8 in. = 4.5 in., WIV = 0.284 lb/in 3   ( 0.12 in.) ( 5.6 in.) = 0.017987 lb
2 2
π
xV = 7.3 in. +
1
4
( 3
)
( 0.4 in.) = 7.4 in., WV = 0.284 lb/in 3   ( 0.06 in.)2 ( 0.4 in.) = 0.000428 lb
W , lb x , in. xW , in ⋅ lb
I 0.009791 0.3125 0.003060
II 0.093996 2.1 0.197393
III −0.000846 2.7 −0.002284
IV 0.017987 4.5 0.080942
V 0.000428 7.4 0.003169
Σ 0.12136 0.28228
Have X ΣW = ΣxW : X ( 0.12136 lb ) = 0.28228 in.⋅ lb or X = 2.33 in. W

PROBLEM 5.113
A bronze bushing is mounted inside a steel sleeve. Knowing that the
density of bronze is 8800 kg/m3 and of steel is 7860 kg/m3 , determine
the center of gravity of the assembly.
SOLUTION
First, note that symmetry implies X = Z = 0W
Now W = ( ρ g )V
 π  
( )( ) ( )
yI = 4 mm , WI = 7860 kg/m3 9.81 m/s2    0.0362 − 0.0152 m 2  ( 0.008 m ) 
 4    
= 0.51887 N
 π  
( )( )
 4  
(  )
yII = 18 mm, WII = 7860 kg/m3 9.81 m/s 2    0.02252 − 0.052 m 2  ( 0.02 m ) 

= 0.34065 N
 π  
( )( ) ( )
yIII = 14 mm, WIII = 8800 kg/m3 9.81 m/s2    0.152 − 0.102 m 2  ( 0.028 m ) 
 4    
= 0.23731 N
Have Y ΣW = Σ yW
Y =
( 4 mm)( 0.5189 N ) + (18 mm)( 0.3406 N ) + (14 mm )( 0.2373 N )
0.5189 N + 0.3406 N + 0.2373 N
or Y = 10.51 mm W
( above base )
PROBLEM 5.114
A marker for a garden path consists of a truncated regular pyramid carved
from stone of specific weight 160 lb/ft3. The pyramid is mounted on a
steel base of thickness h. Knowing that the specific weight of steel is
490 lb/ft3 and that steel plate is available in 14 in. increments, specify the
minimum thickness h for which the center of gravity of the marker is
approximately 12 in. above the top of the base.
SOLUTION
First, locate the center of gravity of the stone. Assume that the stone is
homogeneous so that the center of gravity coincides with the centroid of
the corresponding volume.
3 1
Have y1 = ( 56 in.) = 42 in., V1 = (12 in.)(12 in.)( 56 in.)
4 3
= 2688 in 3
3 1
y2 = ( 28 in.) = 21 in., V2 = − ( 6 in.)( 6 in.)( 28 in.)
4 3
= −366 in 3
Then Vstone = 2688 in 3 − 366 in 3

= 2352 in 3
ΣyV
and Y =
ΣV
( 42 in.) ( 2688 in 3 ) + ( 21 in.) ( −366 in 3 )
=
2352 in 3
= 45 in.
Therefore, the center of gravity of the stone is ( 45 − 28 ) in. = 17 in.

above the base.
3
 1 ft 
Now (
Wstone = γ stoneVstone = 160 lb/ft 3
)( 3
2352 in  ) 
 12 in. 
= 217.78 lb
Wsteel = γ steelVsteel
3
 1 ft 
( 3
)
= 490 lb/ft (12 in.)(12 in.) h   
 12 in. 
= ( 40.833h ) 1b
ΣyW
Then Ymarker = = 12 in.
ΣW
(17 in.)( 217.78 lb ) +  −

h 
in.  ( 40.833 h ) lb
=  2 
( 217.78 + 40.833h ) lb
or h 2 + 24h − 53.334 = 0
With positive solution h = 2.0476 in.
∴ specify h = 2 in. W
PROBLEM 5.115
The ends of the park bench shown are made of concrete, while the seat
and back are wooden boards. Each piece of wood is 36 × 120 ×
1180 mm. Knowing that the density of concrete is 2320 kg/m3 and of
wood is 470 kg/m3 , determine the x and y coordinates of the center of
gravity of the bench.
SOLUTION
First, note that we will account for the two concrete ends by counting twice the weights of components 1, 2,
and 3.
( )( )
W1 = ( ρc g )V1 = 2320 kg/m3 9.81 m/s 2 ( 0.480 m )( 0.408 m )( 0.072 m ) 
= 320.9 N
( )( )
W2 = − ( ρc g )V2 = − 2320 kg/m3 9.81 m/s 2 ( 0.096 m )( 0.048 m )( 0.072 m ) 
= −7.551 N
( )( )
W3 = ( ρc g )V3 = 2320 kg/m3 9.81 m/s 2 ( 0.096 m )( 0.384 m )( 0.072 m ) 
= 60.41 N
W4 = W5 = W6 = W7 = ρ wVboard
( )( )
= 470 kg/m3 9.81 m/s 2 ( 0.120 m )( 0.036 m )(1.180 m ) 
= 23.504 N
W, N x , mm y , mm x W, mm ⋅ N y W, mm ⋅ N
1 2 ( 320.4 ) = 641.83 312 −204 200 251.4 −130 933.6
2 2 ( −7.551) = −15.10 312 −384 −4711.8 5799.1
3 2 ( 60.41) = 120.82 84 192 10 148.5 23 196.5
4 23.504 228 18 5358.8 423.1
5 23.504 360 18 8461.3 423.1
6 23.504 442 18 10 388.5 423.1
7 23.504 124.7 328.3 2930.9 7716.2
8 23.504 160.1 139.6 3762.9 3281.1
Σ 865.06 236 590 −89 671
Have X ΣW = Σ xW : X ( 865.06 N ) = 236 590 mm ⋅ N
or X = 274 mm W
Y ΣW = Σ yW : Y ( 865.06 N ) = −89 671 mm ⋅ N
or Y = −103.6 mm W
PROBLEM 5.116
Determine by direct integration the values of x for the two volumes

obtained by passing a vertical cutting plane through the given shape of
Fig. 5.21. The cutting plane is parallel to the base of the given shape and
divides the shape into two volumes of equal height.
A hemisphere.
SOLUTION
Choose as the element of volume a disk of radius r and thickness dx.
Then
dV = πr 2dx, xEL = x
The equation of the generating curve is x 2 + y 2 = a 2 so that

r 2 = a 2 − x 2 and then
( )
dV = π a 2 − x 2 dx
Component 1
a/2
 x3 
V1 = ∫
a/2
0
π ( 2
)
a − x dx = π a 2 x − 
2
 3 0
11 3
= πa
24
∫1 xEL dV = ∫0 x π ( a − x ) dx 
a/2 2 2
and
a/2
 x2 x4 
= π a 2 − 
 2 4 0
7
= π a4
64
 11  7
Now x1V1 = ∫1 xEL dV : x1  π a3  = π a4
 24  64
21
or x1 = aW
88
Component 2
a
 x3 
V2 = ∫
a
a /2
π ( 2 2
)
a − x dx = π  a 2 x − 
3  a/2

 3 
 a3 

a
= π a 2 ( a ) −  − a2   −
( a2 )
 
 3 
   2  3 
  
5
= πa 3
24
a
 2 x2 x4 
and
a
( 2
)
∫2 xELdV = ∫a/2 x π a − x dx  = π  a 2 − 4 
2
  a/2
 

( ) ( a2 )
2 4
 2 (a) ( a )   2 a2
2 4
=π a −  − a −  
  2 4   2 4 
  
  
9
= π a4
64
 5  9
Now x2V2 = ∫2 xELdV : x2  π a3  = π a4
 24  64
27
or x2 = aW
40
PROBLEM 5.117

A semiellipsoid of revolution.
SOLUTION
Then
x2 y2
The equation of the generating curve is + = 1 so that
h2 a 2
a2 2
r2 =
h2
( )
h − x 2 and then
a2 2
dV = π
h2
(
h − x 2 dx)
Component 1
h/2
a2 2 a2  2 x3 
V1 = ∫
h/2
0
π
h2
(h − x 2
)
dx = π 
h2 
h x − 
3 0
11 2
= πa h
24
 a2 
∫1 xEL dV = ∫0 x π h 2 ( h − x ) dx 
h/2 2 2
and
 
h/2
a2  2 x2 x4 
=π 2 h − 
h  2 4 0
7
π a 2h 2
=
64
 11  7
Now x1V1 = ∫1 xEL dV : x1  π a 2h  = π a 2h 2
 24  64
21
or x1 = hW
88
Component 2
h
a2 2 a2  x3 
h
V2 = ∫h/2 π
h 2 ( )
h − x 2 dx = π 2 h 2 x − 
h  3 h/2
  h 
()
3
a 2  2
= π 2 h ( h ) −
( h)   2  h 
3
− h   − 2 

h  3    2 3 
  
 

5
= πa 2 h
24
 a2 
∫2 xELdV = ∫h/2 x π h2 ( h − x ) dx 
h 2 2
and
 
h
a2  2 x2 x4 
=π h − 
h2  2 4  h/2
 

( ) ( h2 )
2 4
a2  2 ( h ) ( h )   2 h2
2 4
= π 2 h − − h −  
h  2 4   2 4 
     
9
= π a 2h 2
64
 5  9
 24  64
27
or x2 = hW
40
PROBLEM 5.118

A paraboloid of revolution.
SOLUTION
Then
h 2
The equation of the generating curve is x = h − y so that
a2
a2
r2 = ( h − x ) and then
h
a2
dV = π ( h − x ) dx
h
Component 1
a2
V1 = ∫0 π
h/2
( h − x ) dx
h
h/2
a2  x2 
=π  hx − 
h  2 0
3 2
= πa h
8
h/2  a 
2
and ∫1 EL
x dV = ∫0  h ( h − x ) dx 
x π
 
h/2
a 2  x 2 x3 
=π h − 
h  2 3 0
1
= π a 2h 2
12
3  1
8  12
2
or x1 = hW
9
Component 2
h
a2 a2  x2 
h
V2 = ∫h/2 π ( h − x ) dx = π  hx − 
h h  2  h/2
 

( h2 )
2
( h)    h 
2
a2   
=π  h (h) −
  − h  −
h   2   2 2 
    
1 2
= πa h
8
h
 a2  a 2  x 2 x3 
∫2 xELdV = ∫h/2 x π h ( h − x ) dx  = π h  h 2 − 3 
h
and
    h/2
 3 

( ) ( h2 )
2
a2  ( h ) ( h )   h2
2 3
=π 
 h −  − h −  
h  2 3   2 3 
   
  
1
= π a 2h 2
12
1  1
Now x2V2 = ∫2 xEL dV : x2  π a 2h  = π a 2h2
 8  12
2
or x2 = hW
3
PROBLEM 5.119
Locate the centroid of the volume obtained by rotating the shaded area
about the x axis.
SOLUTION
First note that symmetry implies y = 0W
z = 0W
Then
 x2 
Now r = b1 − 2  so that
 a 
2
2x2 
dV = πb 1 − 2  dx
 a 
2
a  x2  a  2x2 x4 
Then V = ∫0 π b 2 1 − 2  dx = ∫0 π b 2  1 − 2 + 4  dx
 a   a a 
a
2 2 x3 x5 
= π b  x − 2 + 4 
 3a 5a 
0
 2 1
= π ab 2 1 − + 
 3 5
8
= π ab 2
15
a 2  2x2 x4 
and ∫ EL
x dV = ∫0 π b x 
 1 − + 4  dx
 a2 a 
a
2x2 2x4 x6 
= π b  − 2 + 4 
 2 4a 6a 
0
1 1 1
= π a 2b 2  − + 
2 2 6
1 2 2
= πa b
6
 8  1
Then xV = ∫ xEL dV : x  π ab 2  = π a 2b 2
 15  16
15
or x = aW
6
PROBLEM 5.120
about the x axis.
SOLUTION
First, note that symmetry implies y = 0W
z = 0W
Then
1
Now r = 1 − so that
x
2
 1
dV = π 1 −  dx
 x
 2 1 
= π 1 − + 2  dx
 x x 
3
3  2 1   1
Then V = ∫1 π 1 − + 2  dx = π  x − 2 ln x − 
 x x   x 1
 1  1 
= π  3 − 2 ln3 −  − 1 − 2 ln 1 −  
 3  1 
= ( 0.46944π ) m3
3
3   2 1    x2 
and ∫ x ELdV = ∫x π
1   1 − + 2
dx  = π  − 2 x + ln x 
  x x   2 1
  32  13  
= π   − 2 ( 3) + ln 3 −  − 2 (1) + ln1 
  2  2  
= (1.09861π ) m
Now ( )
xV = ∫ x EL dV : X 0.46944π m3 = 1.09861π m 4
or x = 2.34 m W
PROBLEM 5.121
about the line x = h.
SOLUTION
First, note that symmetry implies x = hW
z = 0W
Then
dV = πr 2dy, yEL = y
h2 2
Now x 2 =
a
(
2 )
a − y 2 so that r = h −
h 2
a
a − y2
h2
( )
2
Then dV = π 2 a − a 2 − y 2 dy
a
h2
( ) dy
2
a
and V = ∫0 π 2
a − a2 − y2
a
Let y = a sin θ ⇒ dy = a cos θ d θ
h 2 π /2
( ) a cosθ dθ
2
2 2 2
Then V =π ∫ a − a − a sin θ
a2 0
h 2 π /2  2
=π
a2 0 
2 2 2
(
∫ a − 2a ( a cosθ ) + a − a sin θ  a cosθ dθ )
π /2
= π ah 2 ∫0 ( 2 cosθ − 2 cos θ − sin θ cosθ ) dθ
2 2
π /2
  θ sin 2θ  1 3 
= π ah 2  2sin θ − 2  +  − sin θ 
 2 4  3 0
  π  1
= π ah 2  2 − 2 2  − 
2 3
   
= 0.095870π ah 2
 h2
( ) 
2
a
∫ y ELdV = ∫0 y π a 2 a − a − y dy 
2 2
and
 
=π
h2 a
a 2 ∫0(2a 2 y − 2ay a 2 − y 2 − y 3 dy )
a
h2  2 2 2
( ) 1 4
3/2
2 2
=π a y + 3 a a − y − y
a2  4  0
h2  2 3/2  
=π 2 
a 
1  2
a ( a ) − a4  −  a a2
2
4  3
( ) 

1
= π a 2h 2
12
Now (
yV = ∫ y EL dV : y 0.095870π ah 2 = ) 1
12
π a 2h 2
or y = 0.869a W
PROBLEM 5.122
Locate the centroid of the volume generated by revolving the portion of
the sine curve shown about the x axis.
SOLUTION
First, note that symmetry implies y = 0W
z = 0W
Then
πx
Now r = b sin
2a
πx
so that dV = πb 2 sin 2 dx
2a
2a πx
Then V = ∫a π b 2 sin 2 dx
2a
2a
 x sin π2ax 
= πb  −
2

 2 2 πa 
a
( ) ( a2 )
= π b 2  22a −

1
= π ab 2
2
2a   πx
∫ x ELdV = ∫a x  π b sin 2a dx 
2 2
and
 
Use integration by parts with
πx
u = x dV = sin 2
2a
x sin π x
du = dx V = − 2π
a
2 a
  
2a
 
2 x sin πax 2a  x sin π x
Then ∫ EL
x dV = π b   x  − 2π   − ∫a  − 2π a  dx 

   2 a   a 2 a  


π x  
2a
  2a   a   1 a2
= π b 2   2a   − a    −  x 2 + cos  
   2   2   4 2π 2 a a 

 3  1
 a2 1 a 2  
= π b 2  a 2  −  ( 2a ) + ( )
2 2
− a + 
 2   4 2π 2 4 2π 2  
3 1 
= π a 2b 2  − 2 
 4 π 
= 0.64868π a 2b 2
1 
Now xV = ∫ x EL dV : x  π ab 2  = 0.64868π a 2b 2
2 
or x = 1.297a W
PROBLEM 5.123
Locate the centroid of the volume generated by revolving the portion of
the sine curve shown about the y axis. (Hint: Use a thin cylindrical shell
of radius r and thickness dr as the element of volume.)
SOLUTION
First note that symmetry implies x = 0W
z = 0W
Choose as the element of volume a cylindrical shell of radius r and
thickness dr.
1
Then dV = ( 2πr )( y )( dr ) , yEL = y
2
πr
Now y = b sin
2a
πr
so that dV = 2πbr sin dr
2a
2a πr
Then V = ∫a 2πbr sin dr
2a
πr
u =r dv = sin dr
2a
2a πr
du = dr v=− cos
π 2a
  2a πr  
2a
2a  2a πr  
Then V = 2πb ( r )  − cos   − ∫a  cos  dr 
 π 2a  a  π 2a  
 
 2a  4a 2 πr  
2a

= 2πb − ( 2a ) ( −1)  +  2 sin  
 π π 2a a 

 4a 2
4a 2
V = 2πb  − 2 
 π π 
 1
= 8a 2b 1 − 
 π
= 5.4535 a 2b
2a   πr  πr
Also ∫ y ELdV = ∫a  12 b sin 2a   2πbr sin 2a dr 
2a πr
= πb 2 ∫a r sin 2 dr
2a

πr
u =r dv = sin 2 dr
2a
r sin πar
du = dr v= − 2π
2 a
  
2a
 
2 r sin πar 2a  r sin π r
Then ∫ y EL dV = π b  ( r )  2 − 2π   − ∫a  − 2π a  dr 
  
 a   a 2 a  

π r  
2a
  2a   a   r 2 a2
= π b 2   ( 2a )   − ( a )    −  + cos  
   2   2   4 2π 2 a a 

3  ( 2a ) 2 a2 ( a )2 + a 2  

= π b2  a 2 −  + − 
 2  4 2π 2 4 2π 2  

3 1 
= π a 2b 2  − 2 
4 π 
= 2.0379a 2b 2
Now ( )
yV = ∫ y EL dV : y 5.4535a 2b = 2.0379a 2b 2
or y = 0.374b W
PROBLEM 5.124
Show that for a regular pyramid of height h and n sides ( n = 3, 4, … ) the

centroid of the volume of the pyramid is located at a distance h / 4 above
the base.
SOLUTION
Choose as the element of a horizontal slice of thickness dy. For any
number N of sides, the area of the base of the pyramid is given by
Abase = kb 2
where k = k ( N ) ; see note below. Using similar triangles, have

s h−y
=
b h
b
or s = (h − y)
h
b2
dV = Aslicedy = ks 2dy = k 2 ( h − y ) dy
2
Then
h
h
b2 b2  1 3
and
h
V = ∫0 k ( h − y ) 2
dy = k − 3 ( h − y ) 
h2 h2  0
1 2
= kb h
3
Also yEL = y
h  b 
2
b2 h
 h
2
 h
(
so then ∫ y EL dV = ∫0 y k 2 ( h − y ) dy  = k 2 ∫0 h 2 y − 2hy 2 + y 3 dy )
h
b2  1 2 2 2 3 1 4  1 2 2
=k 2 
h y − hy + y  = kb h
h 2 3 4 0 12
1  1 2 2
Now yV = ∫ y EL dV : y  kb 2h  = kb h
3  12
1
or y = h Q.E.D. W
4
Note
1 b 
Abase = N  × b × 2

tan Nπ
2 
N
= b2
4 tan Nπ
= k ( N ) b2
PROBLEM 5.125
Determine by direct integration the location of the centroid of one-half of a
thin, uniform hemispherical shell of radius R.
SOLUTION
The element of area dA of the shell shown is obtained by cutting the shell
with two planes parallel to the xy plane. Now
dA = (π r )( Rdθ )
2r
yEL = −
π
where r = R sin θ
so that dA = π R 2 sin θ dθ
2R
yEL = − sin θ
π
π π
Then A = ∫02 π R 2 sin θ dθ = π R 2 [ − cosθ ]02
= π R2
∫ y ELdA = ∫02  − π sin θ  (π R sin θ dθ )


π 2R  2
and
 
π
3 θ
sin 2θ  2
= −2 R  −
2 4  0
π
=− R3
2
π
Now yA = ∫ y EL dA: y π R 2 = −( ) 2
R3
1
or y = − R W
2
1
Symmetry implies z = y∴ z =− RW
2
PROBLEM 5.126
The sides and the base of a punch bowl are of uniform thickness t. If
t << R and R = 350 mm, determine the location of the center of gravity
of (a) the bowl, (b) the punch.
SOLUTION
(a) Bowl
z = 0W
for the coordinate axes shown below. Now assume that the bowl may be
treated as a shell; the center of gravity of the bowl will coincide with the
centroid of the shell. For the walls of the bowl, an element of area is
obtained by rotating the arc ds about the y axis. Then
dAwall = ( 2π R sin θ )( Rdθ )
and ( yEL ) wall = − R cos θ

π /2 π /2
Then Awall = ∫π /6 2π R 2 sin θ dθ = 2π R 2 [ − cosθ ]π /6
= π 3R 2
and ywall Awall = ∫ ( yEL )wall dA
π /2
(
= ∫π /6 ( − R cosθ ) 2π R 2 sin θ dθ )
π /2
= π R3 cos 2 θ 
π /6
3
= − π R3
4
π 3
By observation Abase = R2, ybase = − R
4 2
Now y ΣA = ΣyA
 π  3 π  3 
or y  π 3R 2 + R 2  = − π R3 + R 2  − R
 4  4 4  2 
or y = −0.48763R R = 350 mm
∴ y = −170.7 mm W
(b) Punch
z = 0W
and that because the punch is homogeneous, its center of gravity will
coincide with the centroid of the corresponding volume. Choose as the
element of volume a disk of radius x and thickness dy. Then
dV = π x 2dy, yEL = y
Now x2 + y 2 = R2 so that (
dV = π R 2 − y 2 dy ) 0
Then V =∫
0
− 3/2 R
π ( ) 

1 
R 2 − y 2 dy = π  R 2 y − y 3 
3 − 3/2 R
  3
3  1 3   3
= −π  R 2  − R −  − R = π 3R3
  2  3  2   8
 
0
and
0
∫ yEL dV = ∫− 3/2 R ( )  (  ) 1
 2
1 
y π R 2 − y 2 dy  = π  R 2 y 2 − y 4 
4 − 3/2 R
 2 4
 1 2 3  1 3   15
= −π R − R − − R  = − π R4

2  2    
4 2   64
 
3  15
Now yV = ∫ yEL dV : y  π 3 R3  = − π R 4
 8  64
5
or y =− R R = 350 mm
8 3
∴ y = −126.3 mm W
PROBLEM 5.127
After grading a lot, a builder places four stakes to designate the corners of
the slab for a house. To provide a firm, level base for the slab, the builder
places a minimum of 60 mm of gravel beneath the slab. Determine the
volume of gravel needed and the x coordinate of the centroid of the
volume of the gravel. (Hint: The bottom of the gravel is an oblique plane,
which can be represented by the equation y = a + bx + cz.)
SOLUTION
First, determine the constants a, b, and c.
At x = 0, z = 0 : y = −60 mm
∴ −60 mm = a; a = −60 mm
At x = 7200 mm, z = 0 : y = −100 mm
∴ − 100 mm = −60 + b ( 7200)
1
b=−
180
At x = 0 , z = 12 000 mm: y = −120 mm
∴ − 120 mm = −60 mm + c (12000 )
1
c=−
200
1 1
It follows that y = −60 − x− z where all dimensions
180 120
are in mm.
Choose as the element of volume a filament of base dx × dz and height
| y |. Then
dV = y dxdz, xEL = x
1 1
or dV = −60 − x− z dxdz
180 200
12000 7200  1 1 
Then V = ∫0 ∫0  60 + x+ z  dxdz
 180 200 
7200
12000  1 2 1 
= ∫0 60 x + 360 x + 200 xz  dz
 0
 ( 7200 )
2
( 7200 ) z dz
=∫
12000
0
 ( 60 )( 7200 ) + +
 360 200 
12000
 36 2 
= 576000 z + z
 2  0
= 9.504 × 109 mm3 = 9.50 m3
V = 9.50 m3 W
12000 7200  1 1
and ∫ x ELdV = ∫0 ∫0 x  60 + 180 x + 200 z  dxdz
 
7200
12000  60 1 3 1 2 
= ∫0 2 x2 + x + x z dz
 540 400 0
12000
= ∫0 ( 2246.4 × 10 6
)
+ 129 600 z dz
12000
 129 600 2 
=  2246.4 × 106 z − z 
 2 0
= 2.695 × 1013 + 0.933 × 1013
= 3.63 × 1013 mm 4 = 36.3 m 4
Now ( )
xV = ∫ x EL dV : x 9.50 m3 = 36.3 m 4
or x = 3.82 m W
PROBLEM 5.128
Determine by direct integration the location of the centroid of the volume
between the xz plane and the portion shown of the surface
y =
16h ax − x 2 bz − z 2
.
( )( )
a 2b 2
SOLUTION
a
First note that symmetry implies x =
2
b
z =
2
Choose as the element of volume a filament of base dx × dz and height y. Then
1
dV = ydxdz, yEL = y
2
or dV =
16h
a 2b 2
( )(
ax − x 2 bz − z 2 dxdz )
Then
b a
V = ∫0 ∫0
16h
2 2
ab
( )(
ax − x 2 bz − z 2 dxdz )
a
V =
16h b
2 2 ∫0
ab
( a 1 
)
bz − z 2  x 2 − x3  dz
z 3 0
b
=
16h  a 2
2 2 
a b 2 3
( )
1 3 b
 2
1  8ah  b 2 1 3  4
a − ( a )   z 2 − z 3  = 2  ( b ) − ( b )  = abh
3 0 3b  2 3  9
∫ yELdV = ∫0 ∫0 2  a 2b2 ( ax − x )( bz − z )  a 2b2 ( ax − x )( bz − z ) dxdz 

b a  1 16h 2 2  2 2 16h 
and
  
2
=
128h b a 2 2
4 4 ∫0 ∫0
ab
( )(
a x − 2ax3 + x 4 b 2 z 2 − 2bz 3 + z 4 dxdz )
a
128h 2 b 2 2 4 a a 4 1 5
2
= ∫
a 2b 4 0
b z − (
2bz 3
+ z  x 3
− )
x + x  dz
3 2 5 0
b
128h 2  a2 a 1 5   b2 3 b 4 1 5 
 (a) − (a) + (a)   Z − Z + Z 
3 4
=
a 4b 4 3 2 5  3 Z 5 0
64ah 2  b3 b 1  32
= 4  ( b )3 − ( b )4 + ( b )5  = abh 2
15b  3 2 5  225
4  32
Now yV = ∫ y EL dV : y  abh  = abh 2
 9  225
8
or y = h
25
PROBLEM 5.129
Locate the centroid of the section shown, which was cut from a circular
cylinder by an inclined plane.
SOLUTION
Choose as the element of volume a vertical slice of width 2x, thickness dz, and height y. Then
1
dV = 2 xy dz, yEL = y, z EL = z
2
h h h z
Now x = a2 − z 2 and y = − z = 1 − 
2 2a 2 a
 z
So dV = h a 2 − z 2 1 −  dz
 a
a
 1  
 z 1 2
( )
a  z 3/2 
Then V =∫ h a − z 1 −  dz = h   z a 2 − z 2 + a 2 sin −1    +
2 2
a − z2 
0  a  2   a   3a  − a
1 2  −1
= a h sin (1) − sin −1 ( −1) 
2
π
= a 2h
2
a 1 h z   2 2 z 
Then ∫ yEL dV = ∫−a  2 × 2 1 − a    h a − z 1 −  dz
a  
    
h2 a  z z2 
= ∫−a
a 2 − z 2 1 − 2 + 2  dz
4  a a 
h 2  1  −1  z   2 2 
( )
3
2 2 2
=   z a − z + a sin    +  a − z2 2

4  2   a    3a 
a
 z 2 a2z 2 a4  z   
( )
3
1
+ 2 − a − z
2 2
+ a − z2 + sin −1    
a  4 8 8  a   
−a
5h 2a 2  −1
= sin (1) − sin −1 ( −1) 
32 
 π a 2  5h 2a 2
Then yV = ∫ yEL dV : y  h  = (π )
 2  32
5
or y = h
16
a  2 2 z 
and ∫ zELdV = ∫−a z  h a − z 1 − a  dz 
   
a
 1 1 z a2 z 2 a4  z   
( ) ( )
3 3
= h − a 2 − z 2 2
− − a 2 − z 2 2
+ a − z2 + sin −1    
 3 a 4 8 8  a   
−a
a3h  −1
=−  sin (1) − sin −1 ( −1) 
8
 π a 2h  π a3h
zV = ∫ z EL dV : z   = −
 2  8
a
or z = −
4
PROBLEM 5.130
SOLUTION
1 14 × 20 = 280 7 10 1960 2800

−π ( 4 ) = −16π
2
2 6 12 −301.59 −603.19
Σ 229.73 1658.41 2196.8
Then X Σ A = ΣxA
( )
X 229.73 in 2 = 1658.41 in 3
or X = 7.22 in.
and Y Σ A = ΣyA
( )
Y 229.73 in 2 = 2196.8 in 3
or Y = 9.56 in.
PROBLEM 5.131
For the area shown, determine the ratio a/b for which x = y.
SOLUTION
A x y xA yA
2
2 3 3 ab 2ab 2
1 ab a b
3 8 5 4 5
1 1 2 a 2b ab 2
2 − ab a b − −
2 3 3 6 3
1 a 2b ab 2
Σ ab
6 12 15
Then X Σ A = ΣxA
 1  a 2b
X  ab =
6  12
1
or X = a
2
Y Σ A = ΣyA
 1  ab 2
Y  ab =
6  15
2
or Y = b
5
1 2
Now X =Y ⇒ a= b
2 5
a 4
or =
b 5
PROBLEM 5.132
SOLUTION
Dimensions in mm

1 126 × 54 = 6804 9 27 61 236 183 708
1
2 × 126 × 30 = 1890 30 64 56 700 120 960
2
1
3 × 72 × = 1728 48 −16 82 944 −27 648
2
Σ 10 422 200 880 277 020
Then X ΣA = Σ xA
( )
X 10 422 m 2 = 200 880 mm 2
or X = 19.27 mm W
and Y Σ A = Σ yA
( )
Y 10 422 m 2 = 270 020 mm3
or Y = 26.6 mm W
PROBLEM 5.133
SOLUTION
By observation
h
y1 = − x+h
a
 x
= h 1 − 
 a
For y2: At x = 0, y = h: h = k (1 − 0) or k =h
At (
x = a, y = 0: 0 = h 1 − ca 2 ) or C =
1
a2
 x2 
Then y2 = h 1 − 2 
 a 
 x2   x 
Now dA = ( y2 − y1 ) dx = h 1 − 2  − 1 −   dx
 a   a  
 x x2 
= h  − 2  dx
a a 
1 h  x  x2  
xEL = x yEL = ( y1 − y2 ) = 1 −  + 1 − 2  
2 2  a  a  
h x x2 
= 2 − −
2  a a 2 
a
a x x2   x2 x3 
Then A = ∫ dA = ∫ h
0 
− 2  dx = h  − 2
a a   2a 3a  0
1
= ah
6
a
a   x x2    x 3 x4 
and ∫ x ELdA = ∫ 0  
x h − 2  dx  = h  − 2  
  a a    3a 4a   0
1 2
= a h
12
a h x x2    x x2  
∫ y EL dA = ∫0 2 
2 − − h − dx 
a a 2    a a 2  
h2 a  x x2 x4 
= ∫0  2 − 3 2 + 4  dx
2  a a a 
a
h2  x2 x3 x5  1 2
=  − 2
+ 4
= ah
2 a a 5a 0 10
1  1 2 1
xA = ∫ x EL dA: x  ah = a h x = aW
 6  12 2
1  1 2 3
yA = ∫ y EL dA: y  ah = a h y = hW
 6  10 5
PROBLEM 5.134
Member ABCDE is a component of a mobile and is formed from a single
piece of aluminum tubing. Knowing that the member is supported at C
and that l = 2 m, determine the distance d so that portion BCD of the
member is horizontal.
SOLUTION
First note that for equilibrium, the center of gravity of the component
must lie on a vertical line through C. Further, because the tubing is
uniform, the center of gravity of the component will coincide with the
centroid of the corresponding line. Thus, X = 0
So that Σ xL = 0
 0.75 
Then − d − cos 55°  m × ( 0.75 m )
 2 
+ ( 0.75 − d ) m × (1.5 m )
 1 
+ (1.5 − d ) m −  × 2 m × cos 55°   × ( 2 m ) = 0
 2 
1 
or ( 0.75 + 1.5 + 2 ) d =  ( 0.75 ) − 2  cos 55° + ( 0.75 )(1.5 ) + 3
2
2 
or d = 0.739 m W
PROBLEM 5.135
A cylindrical hole is drilled through the center of a steel ball bearing
shown here in cross section. Denoting the length of the hole by L, show
that the volume of the steel remaining is equal to the volume of a sphere
of diameter L.
SOLUTION
Calculate volumes by rotating cross sections about a line and using Theorem II of Pappus-Guldinus
2R sin α
For the sector: y AA = A = α R2
3α
2
L 1 2 1
For the triangle: h= R2 −   = 4R 2 − L2 y AA = h= 4R 2 − L2 ,
2 2 3 3
1
A= ( L )( h )
2
1
= L 4R 2 − L2
4
Using Theorem II of Pappus-Guldinus
Vball = 2π ( y AA )1 A1 − 2π ( y AA )2 A2
 2 R sin α 
= 2π 
 3α
( 1
 3
)  1
α R 2 −  4R 2 − L2  L 4R 2 − L2  
 4 
2
= 2π  R3 sin α −
3
L
12

4 R 2 − L2 

( )
L
Now R sin α =
2
2  L  1 1 3
Then V = 2π    R 2 − LR 2 + L
3  2  3 12 
π
= L3
6
4
Note Vsphere = πr where r is the radius
3
3
L 4 L π
If r = , then Vsphere = π   = L3
2 3 2 6
π
Therefore, Vball = Vsphere = L3 Q.E.D.
6
PROBLEM 5.136
beam supports.
SOLUTION
(a) Have RI = ( 4 m )( 200 N/m ) = 800 N

2
RII = ( 4 m )( 600 N/m ) = 1600 N
3
Then ΣFy : −R = − RI − RII
or R = 800 + 1600 = 2400 N
and ΣM A: − X ( 2400 ) = −2 ( 800 ) − 2.5 (1600 )
7
or X = m
3
∴ R = 2400 N , X = 2.33 m
(b) Reactions
ΣFx = 0: Ax = 0
7 
ΣM A = 0: ( 4 m ) By −  m ( 2400 N ) = 0
3 
or By = 1400 N
ΣFy = 0: Ay + 1400 N − 2400 N = 0
or Ay = 1000 N
∴ A = 1000 N , B = 1400 N
PROBLEM 5.137
SOLUTION
1
Have RI = ( 3 ft )( 480 lb/ft ) = 720 lb
2
1
RII = ( 6 ft )( 600 lb/ft ) = 1800 lb
2
RIII = ( 2 ft )( 600 lb/ft ) = 1200 lb
Then ΣFx = 0: Bx = 0
ΣM B = 0: ( 2 ft )( 720 lb ) − ( 4 ft )(1800 lb )
+ ( 6 ft ) Cy − ( 7 ft )(1200 lb ) = 0
or C y = 2360 1b C = 2360 lb
ΣFy = 0: − 720 lb + By − 1800 lb + 2360 lb − 1200 lb = 0
or By = 1360 lb B = 1360 lb
PROBLEM 5.138
SOLUTION
First, assume that the sheet metal is homogeneous so that the center of gravity of the form will coincide with
the centroid of the corresponding area.
1
yI = − (1.2) = −0.4 m
3
1
zI = (3.6) = 1.2 m
3
4 (1.8) 2.4
xIII =− =− m
3π π
A, m 2 x, m y, m z, m xA, m3 yA, m3 zA, m3

1
I ( 3.6) (1.2) = 2.16 1.5 −0.4 1.2 3.24 −0.864 2.592
2
II (3.6)(1.7) = 6.12 0.75 0.4 1.8 4.59 2.448 11.016
π 2.4
III (1.8) 2 = 5.0894 − 0.8 1.8 −3.888 4.0715 9.1609
2 π
Σ 13.3694 3.942 5.6555 22.769
Have ( )
X ΣV = ΣxV : X 13.3694 m 2 = 3.942 m3
or X = 0.295 m
( )
Y ΣV = ΣyV : Y 13.3694 m 2 = 5.6555 m3
or Y = 0.423 m
( )
Z ΣV = Σ zV : Z 13.3694 m 2 = 22.769 m3
or Z = 1.703 m
PROBLEM 5.139
The composite body shown is formed by removing a semiellipsoid of
revolution of semimajor axis h and semiminor axis a2 from a hemisphere of
radius a. Determine (a) the y coordinate of the centroid when h = a/2, (b)
the ratio h/a for which y = −0.4a.
SOLUTION
V y yV
2 3 3 1
Hemisphere πa − a − πa 4
3 8 4
2
2 a 1 3 1
Semiellipsoid − π   h = − πa 2 h − h + πa 2 h 2
3 2 6 8 16
π π
Then ΣV =
6
a 2 ( 4a − h ) ΣyV = −
16
(
a 2 4a 2 − h 2 )
Now Y ΣV = Σ yV
π π
so that
6

 16
(
Y  a 2 ( 4a − h )  = − a 2 4a 2 − h 2 )
3   h 
2
 h
or Y  4 −  = − a 4 −    (1)
 a 8   a 

a
(a) Y = ? when h =
2
h 1
Substituting = into Eq. (1)
a 2
3  1 
2
 1
Y  4 −  = − a 4 −   
 2 8   2  
45
or Y =− a Y = −0.402a
112
h
(b) = ? when Y = −0.4a
a
Substituting into Eq. (1)
3  h 
2
( −0.4a )  4 −
h
 = − a  4 −   
 a 8   a  
2
 h  h
or 3   − 3.2   + 0.8 = 0
 a  a
2
h 3.2 ± ( −3.2 ) − 4 ( 3)( 0.8 )
Then =
a 2 ( 3)
3.2 ± 0.8
=
6
h 2 h 2
or = and =
a 5 a 3
PROBLEM 5.140
A thin steel wire of uniform cross section is bent into the shape shown.
Locate its center of gravity.
SOLUTION
First assume that the wire is homogeneous so that its center of gravity will coincide with the centroid of the
corresponding line.
x1 = 0.3sin 60° = 0.15 3 m

z1 = 0.3cos 60° = 0.15 m
 0.6sin 30° 
x2 =   sin 30°
 π
 6 
0.9
= m
π
 0.6sin 30° 
z2 =   cos 30°
 π
 6 
0.9
= 3m
π
π 
L2 =   ( 0.6 ) = ( 0.2π ) m
3
L, m x, m y, m z, m xL, m 2 yL, m 2 zL, m 2

1 1.0 0.15 3 0.4 0.15 0.25981 0.4 0.15
0.9 0.9 3
2 0.2π 0 0.18 0 0.31177
π π
3 0.8 0 0.4 0.6 0 0.32 0.48
4 0.6 0 0.8 0.3 0 0.48 0.18
∑ 3.0283 0.43981 1.20 1.12177
Have X Σ L = Σ x L: X ( 3.0283 m ) = 0.43981 m 2 or X = 0.1452 m
Y Σ L = Σ yL: Y ( 3.0283 m ) = 1.20 m 2 or Y = 0.396 m
Z Σ L = Σ z L: Z ( 3.0283 m ) = 1.12177 m 2 or Z = 0.370 m

PROBLEM 5.141
about the x axis.
SOLUTION
First note that symmetry implies y =0
and z = 0
y = k ( X − h)
2
Have
x = 0, y = a: a = k ( −h )
2
At
a
or k =
h2
Then
dV = π r 2dx, X EL = x
a
r = 2 ( x − h)
2
Now
h
a2
so that dV = π ( x − h)4 dx
h4
a2 π a2  h
( ) ( x − h ) 
h 4 5
Then V = ∫0 π x − h dx = 4 
h 4
5h  0
1 2
= πa h
5
 a2 
∫ x EL dV = ∫0 x π h 4 ( x − h ) dx 
h 4
and
 
a2 h 5
=π
h 4 ∫0 (
x − 4hx 4 + 6h 2 x3 − 4h3 x 2 + h 4 x dx )
h
a2  1 6 4 5 3 2 4 4 3 3 1 4 2 
=π x − hx + h x − h x + h x 
h 4  6 5 2 3 2 0
1
= π a 2h 2
30
π  π 2 2
Now xV = ∫ x EL dV : x  a 2h  = a h
5  30
1
or x = h
6

Statics Chapter 5

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Statics Chapter 5

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

PROBLEM 5.

A, in 2 x , in. y , in. xA, in 3 yA, in 3

A, mm 2 x , mm y , mm xA, mm3 yA, mm3

2 105 × 75 = 7875 112.5 37.5 885 900 295 300

Σ 10 125 975 900 351 600

ΣxA 975 900 mm3

For the area as a whole, it can be concluded by observation that

A, mm 2 x , mm y , mm xA, mm3 yA, mm3

A, mm 2 x , mm y , mm xA, mm3 yA, mm3

Σ xA 905 400 mm3

Σ yA 2 201 400 mm3

Σ 131.1 94.5 445.5

First note that symmetry implies X = Y

First note that symmetry implies X =0 W

or 16 p 2 + (16 − 9π) p + (16 − 9π) = 0

−(16 − 9π) ± (16 − 9π) 2 − 4(16)(16 − 9π)

First, determine the location of the centroid.

First note that symmetry implies X =0 W

A, mm 2 x , mm y , mm xA, mm3 yA, mm3

1 (40)(90) = 3600 −15 20 −54 000 72 000

Σ 6396 −101 250 21 375

A, mm 2 x , mm y , mm xA, mm3 yA, mm3

Σ 533.3 17 067 10 667

A, mm 2 x , mm y , mm xA, mm3 yA, mm3

Σ 15 000 900 000 1 944 000

A, in 2 x , in. y , in. xA, in 3 yA, in 3

Σ 226.71 1350 3267

A, in 2 x , in. y , in. xA, in 3 yA, in 3

Σ 37.33 120 123.73

Then (Qx )1 =  53 1 

or ( Qx ) 2 = −25.0 × 103 mm3 W

This result is expected since x is a centroidal axis ( thus y = 0 )

First, locate the position y of the figure.

2 −150 × 80 = −16 000 160 −2 560 000

Σ 32 000 4 640 000

Which is expected since Qx = Σ yA = yA and y = 0 ,

(a) With Qx = Σ yA and using Fig. 5.8 A,

= 28.82 in 3 + 8.921 in 3 + 9.75 in 3

L, in. x , in. y , in. xL, in 2 yL, in 2

X ( 72 in.) = 336 in 2 or X = 4.67 in.

Y (72 in.) = 480 in 2 or Y = 6.67 in.

X (441.05 mm) = 40 680 mm 2 or X = 92.2 mm

Y (441.05 mm) = 14 289 mm 2 Y = 32.4 mm

1 122 + 62 = 13.416 6 3 80.50 40.25

5 62 + 92 = 10.817 −4.5 3 −48.67 32.45

X (77.233 mm) = 111.32 mm 2 or X = 1.441 mm

Y (77.233 mm) = 982.7 mm 2 or Y = 12.72 mm

L, in. y , in. yL, in 2

Y (35.416 in.) = 104 in 2 or Y = 2.94 in.

(b) ΣFx = 0: Ax + (1.4698 N ) cos 60° = 0

ΣFy = 0: Ay − 7.358 N + (1.4698 N ) sin 60° = 0

or Ay = 6.085 N thus A = 6.13 N 83.1°

with roots l1 = 12.77 and −24.77.

or L2 = 144 in 2 or L = 12.00 in.

Expanding (2) 2cζ + 2ζ 2

−2 (1 − 0.2 ) + 4 (1 − 0.2 ) + 4 ( 0.2 )(1 − 0.2 )

−2 (1 − 0.6 ) + 4 (1 − 0.6 ) + 4 ( 0.6 )(1 − 0.6 )

Then from Eq. (2)

Then, replacing the right-hand side of (1) by 2ζ , from Eq. (3)

To integrate, let x = a sin θ : a 2 − x 2 = a cosθ , dx = a cosθ dθ

∫ xEL dA = ∫0 x  a 2 ( x − a ) dx  = a 2 ∫0 ( x − 2ax + a x )dx

( x + 2b) = b  2 − 

a/2 x1/2 a  x1/2 x 1 

Then xL = ∫ xEL dL: x (1.4789a ) = 0.8484a 2 x = 0.574a