A a¨vq

cÖ
_gAa¨vq
18
Av‡j vi w
e”Qy
i YI w
e‡¶cY ✍
GK bR‡i cÖkœvewj
msw¶ß DËi cÖ‡kœvËi Abykxjbxi iPbvg ﾁ jK
cÖkœ : 1| wcÖRg wK? cÖkœ : 1| wcÖRg wK? wcÖR‡g wKfv‡e
(P. †ev. Õ99; ewi.†ev. 2003; Av‡jvi cÖwZmiY N‡U wPÎ Gu‡K
†`LvI| b ﾁ b¨Zg wePz¨wZ †KvY ej‡Z
wm.†ev. 2005) wK eySvq?
cÖkœ : 2| wcÖRg w`‡q Mg‡bi d‡j mv`v cÖkœ : 2| iOaby Kv‡K e‡j? iOaby wKfv‡e
Av‡jv KqwU i‡O wewkó nq? G‡`i m„wó nq, wPÎ Gu‡K e¨vL¨v Ki|
bvg wK wK? (iv.†ev. wm.†ev. 2006; Xv.†ev.
cÖkœ : 3| iOaby Kv‡K e‡j? 2002; Õ99; P.†ev. Õ99; ewi.†ev.
2003; Kz.†ev. 2005)
(Kz. †ev. Õ99; Xv.†ev. 2000) cÖkœ : 3| Av‡jvi †kvlY I cÖwZdj‡bi d‡j
cÖkœ : 4| Av‡jvi we‡¶cY ej‡Z wK eyS? wKfv‡e e¯‘i eY© wfbœ nq
(h.†ev.2006; 2004; iv.†ev. 2004; D`vniYmn eY©bv Ki|
wm. †ev. 2005; 2001; P.†ev. 2002) cÖkœ : 4| Av‡jvi we‡¶cY wK? Av‡jvi
cÖkœ : 5| AvKvk bxj †`Lvq †Kb? we‡¶c‡Yi d‡j N‡U Giƒc wZbwU
(wm. †ev. 2001 ; Xv. †ev. 2004; NUbv e¨vL¨v Ki|
2001 ; Õ99 ; Kz. †ev. 2000 ; h. †ev. AwZwi³ cÖ‡kœvËi
Õ05; 2001; iv.†ev. Xv.†ev. P.†ev. cÖkœ : 1| jvj dzj jvj †`Lvq †Kb?
2002; h.†ev. Kz.†ev. 2003; e.†ev. (ewi.†ev. 2006)
2005) cÖkœ : 2| jvj Av‡jv‡Z Mv‡Qi meyR cvZv
Kv‡jv †`Lvi KviY e¨vL¨v Ki|
A_ev, †gNgy³ AvKvk bxj †`Lvq †Kb? (wm.†ev. 2006)
(wm.†ev. 2004) cÖkœ : 3| Av‡jvi we”QyiY Kv‡K e‡j ?
cÖkœ : 6| wZbwU †gŠwjK iO wK wK? (Kz. †ev. 2000, iv. †ev. Õ99)
A_ev, †gŠwjK iO¸‡jv wK wK? (iv.†ev. Õ06; cÖkœ : 4| w`‡bi †ejvq AvKvk bxj †`Lvq
†Kb ?
iv.†ev. 2001 ; Õ99; h.†ev. 2002; (Pt †evt ;99; h.†ev. 2003)
wm.†ev. Õ04; Xv.†ev. Õ05) cÖkœ : 5| is aby wKfv‡e m„wó nq ?
cÖkœ : 7| b ﾁ¨bZg wePz¨wZ †KvY wK? (Xv. †ev. Õ99)
(Kz.†ev. Õ06, Xv.†ev. P.†ev. Kz.†ev. cÖkœ : 6| m ﾁ‡h©v`q I m ﾁ h©v‡¯ﾏ i mgq
Õ99 ; h.†ev. 2000 ; 2003; 2005; m ﾁ h© jvj †`Lvq †Kb? [wm.†ev.
iv.†ev. Õ06 ,Õ01 ; Xv.†ev. Õ05 2003]
Õ01; ewi.†ev. Õ06, Õ Õ04, Õ02) cÖkœ : 6| m ﾁ‡h©v`q I m ﾁ h©v‡¯ﾏ i mgq
m ﾁ h© jvj †`Lvq †Kb? [wm.†ev.
2003]

Abykxjbxi
msw¶ßÑDËi
cÖ‡kœvËi
cÖkœ : 1| wcÖRg wK? (P. †ev. Õ99; ewi.†ev. 2003; wm.†ev. 2005)
133 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

DËi : wcÖRg : wcÖR‡gi msÁv m¤•‡K© wewfbœ c`v_©we` wewfbœ

aviYv †cvlY K‡ib| G mKj aviYvi †cÖw¶‡Z wcÖR‡gi wbæwjwLZ †h †Kvb
GKwU msÁv †`qv †h‡Z cv‡i−
1. wZbwU ci¯•i‡”Q`x mgZj c„ô Øviv mxgve× GKwU ¯^”Q mgmË¡
gva¨g‡K wcÖRg e‡j|
2. `ywU ci¯•i †njv‡bv mgZj c„ô Øviv mxgve× †Kvb ¯^”Q mgmË¡
cÖwZmviK gva¨g‡K wcÖRg e‡j|
3. wZbwU AvqZ‡¶ÎvKvi Ges `ywU wÎfzRvKvi mgZj c„ô Øviv mxgve×
†Kvb ¯^”Q mgmË¡ cÖwZmviK gva¨g‡K wcÖRg e‡j|

wPÎ : wcÖRg
wP‡Î AB Ges AC wcÖR‡gi cÖwZmiY Zj, ∠A wcÖRg †KvY, BC wcÖR‡gi f‚wg
Ges ABC wcÖR‡gi †Q`|
cÖkœ : 2| wcÖRg w`‡q Mg‡bi d‡j mv`v Av‡jv KqwU i‡O wewkó
nq? G‡`i bvg wK wK?
DËi : wcÖR‡g mv`v Av‡jvi we”QyiY :

wcÖR‡gi ga¨ w`‡q Mg‡bi d‡j mv`v Av‡jv mvZwU i‡O wewkó nq Ges Giv
wcÖR‡gi f‚wgi w`‡K †eu‡K hvq| wcÖRg †_‡K wbM©Z iwk¥¸‡jv‡K hw`
†Kvb c`©vi Dci †djv hvq Zvn‡j c`©vq mvZwU cwÆ (Band) †`Lv hvq|
Av‡jvi GB cwƇK eY©vjx e‡j|
Dc‡ii wP‡Î mv`v Av‡jvi mvZwU i‡O wewkó nIqvi NUbv †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
mv`v Av‡jvK wewkó n‡j †h mvZwU iO cvIqv hvq G‡`i‡K ms‡¶‡c
Ô†ebxAvmnKjvÕ ev 'VIBGYOR' ejv nq|
cÖkœ : 3| iOaby Kv‡K e‡j? (Kz. †ev. Õ99; Xv.†ev. 2000)
DËi : iOaby (Rainbow) :
msÁv : GK ckjv e„wói ci Avevi m ﾁ h© DV‡j m ﾁ‡ h©i wecix‡Z AvKv‡k †h
D¾¡j i‡Oi Aa©e„Ë †`Lv hvq, Zv‡K ejv nq iOaby| iOabyi mvZ iO|
iOabyi m„wó :
GwU GKwU Av‡jvKxq NUbv| cvwbi KYvq m ﾁ ‡ h©i Av‡jvi cÖwZdjb I
cÖwZmi‡Yi d‡j iOaby m„wó nq| e„wói ciciB AvKv‡k A‡bK ¶z`ª ¶z`ª
 K¨vjwiwgwZ 134

cvwbKYv fvmgvb _v‡K| GB cvwb KYv¸‡jv wcÖR‡gi gZ KvR K‡i| d‡j

m ﾁ ‡ h©i mv`v Av‡jvKivwk¥ Gme cvwb KYvi gva¨‡g cÖwZmwiZ n‡q
wewfbœ i‡O we”QywiZ nq| G Kvi‡YB m ﾁ‡h©i wecix‡Z aby‡Ki gZ iOabyi
m„wó nq|

wPÎ : iOaby
cÖkœ : 4| Av‡jvi we‡¶cY ej‡Z wK eyS? (h.†ev.2006; 2004; iv.†ev. 2004;
wm. †ev. 2005; 2001; P.†ev. 2002)
DËi : Av‡jvi we‡¶cY :
msÁv : Av‡jv GK cÖKvi Zi½| wewfbœ e‡Y©i Av‡jvi Zi½ ˆ`N©¨
wewfbœ| Av‡jvK Zi½ hLb ¶z`ª ¶z`ª KYvi Dci AvcwZZ nq, ZLb KYv¸‡jv
Av‡jvK Zi½ †_‡K kw³ msMÖn K‡i Ges wb‡Riv Avevi Av‡jvK Zi½‡K
Pvwiw`‡K Qwo‡q †`q| G‡K ejv nq Av‡jvi we‡¶cY|
weL¨vZ weÁvbx jW© i¨v‡j cÖgvY K‡i‡Qb †h−
Av‡jvi we‡¶c‡Yi cwigvY ∝
Av‡jvi Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ hZ Kg n‡e Zvi we‡¶cY ZZ †ewk n‡e| Av‡jvi Zi½ ˆ`N©¨
†ewk n‡j Zvi we‡¶cY ZZ Kg| bxj Av‡jvi Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ me‡P‡q Kg nIqvq Gi
we‡¶cYI me‡P‡q †ewk| Avi jvj Av‡jvi Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ me‡P‡q †ewk nIqvq Gi
we‡¶cY me‡P‡q Kg|
cÖkœ : 5| AvKvk bxj †`Lvq †Kb? (wm. †ev. 2001 ; Xv. †ev. 2004; 2001 ; Õ99 ;
Kz. †ev. 2000 ; h. †ev. Õ05; 2001; iv.†ev. Xv.†ev. P.†ev. 2002; h.†ev. Kz.†ev. 2003; e.†ev.
2005)
A_ev, †gNgy³ AvKvk bxj †`Lvq †Kb? (wm.†ev. 2004)
DËi : AvKvk bxj †`Lvq :
KviY : Avgiv Rvwb m ﾁ ‡ h©i Av‡jv mvZwU i‡Oi mgwó| GB mvZ i‡Oi
Av‡jvi cÖwZwUi Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ Avjv`v| GB c„_K Zi½ ˆ`‡N©¨i Kvi‡YB Zv‡`i
iOI wfbœ| m ﾁ ‡ h©i Av‡jv hLb evqygʇji m ﾁ ¶¥ a ﾁ wjKYv Ges M¨vm
AYy‡Z AvcwZZ nq, ZLb m ﾁ h©iwk¥i we‡¶cY N‡U|
Avgiv Rvwb, we‡¶c‡Yi cwigvY ∝
A_©vr †h Av‡jvi Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ me‡P‡q Kg Zv wew¶ß nq †ewk| bxj Av‡jvi
Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ me‡P‡q Kg nIqvq m ﾁ h©iwk¥i bxj Av‡jv †ewk wew¶ß nq|
ZvB bxj Av‡jv evqygÊj †f` K‡i Avgv‡`i †Pv‡L G‡m †cŠQvq| myZivs
AvKv‡ki w`‡K ZvKv‡j Avgiv bxj iO‡K †`wL| GB Rb¨B AvKvk bxj †`Lvq|
135 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

cÖkœ : 6| wZbwU †gŠwjK iO wK wK?

A_ev, †gŠwjK iO¸‡jv wK wK? (iv.†ev. Õ06; iv.†ev. 2001 ; Õ99; h.†ev. 2002;
wm.†ev. Õ04; Xv.†ev. Õ05)
DËi : †gŠwjK iO :
Avgiv Rvwb, mvZwU g ﾁ j e‡Y©i mgš^‡q (Ô†ebxAvmnKjvÕ) eY©vjx
MwVZ| Z‡e GB mvZwU i‡Oi g‡a¨ wZbwU iO Av‡Q hv‡`i‡K cwigvY gZ
wgwk‡q Aci †h †Kvb is ˆZwi Kiv hvq| GB wZbwU iO n‡”Q−
1. jvj (Red)
2. meyR (Green) Ges
3. Avmgvbx (Blue)|
GB wZbwU eY© Ab¨vb¨ e‡Y©i wewfbœ AvbycvwZK mgš^‡q m„wó Kiv
hvq bv| GRb¨ G‡`i‡K †gŠwjK iO e‡j|
msÁv : †h mKj eY© Ab¨ †Kvb e‡Y©i mgš^‡q ˆZwi Kiv hvq bv Zv‡`i‡K
†gŠwjK eY© ev †gŠwjK iO e‡j|
cÖkœ : 7| b ﾁ¨bZg wePz¨wZ †KvY wK? (Kz.†ev. Õ06, Xv.†ev. P.†ev. Kz.†ev.
Õ99 ; h.†ev. 2000 ; 2003; 2005; iv.†ev. Õ06 ,Õ01 ; Xv.†ev. Õ05 Õ01; ewi.†ev. Õ06, Õ
Õ04, Õ02)
DËi : b ﾁ¨bZg wePz¨wZ †KvY :
wcÖR‡g AvcwZZ †Kvb iwk¥i
wePz¨wZ †Kv‡Yi gvb AvcZb
†Kv‡Yi Dci wbf©i K‡i|
wbægvb n‡Z ïi“ K‡i AvcZb
†Kv‡Yi gvb evov‡Z _vK‡j
wePz¨wZi gvb Kg‡Z _v‡K Ges
AvcZb †Kv‡Yi GKwU wbw`©ó
gv‡bi Rb¨ wePz¨wZ
me©v‡c¶v Kg nq| Gici AvcZb
†KvY evov‡j wePz¨wZ evo‡Z
_v‡K| wePz¨wZi GB me©wbæ
gvb‡K b ﾁ¨bZg wePz¨wZ †KvY
e‡j| G‡K δm ev Dm Øviv m ﾁ wPZ
Kiv nq|
AvcZb †KvY i1-†K X-A‡¶ Ges
wePz¨wZ †KvY δ-†K Y- A‡¶
¯’vcb K‡i GKwU †jLwPÎ AsKb
Ki‡j †jLwU GKwU cive„Ë n‡e|
wPÎ : wePz¨wZ †KvY
ebvg AvcZb †KvY †jL
Abykxjbxi
 K¨vjwiwgwZ 136

iPbvg ﾁ jK
cÖ‡kœvËi
cÖkœ : 1| wcÖRg wK? wcÖR‡g wKfv‡e Av‡jvi cÖwZmiY N‡U wPÎ
Gu‡K †`LvI| b ﾁ b¨Zg wePz¨wZ †KvY ej‡Z wK eySvq?
DËi : wcÖRg : wcÖR‡gi msÁv m¤•‡K© wewfbœ c`v_©we` wewfbœ
aviYv †cvlY K‡ib| G mKj aviYvi †cÖw¶‡Z wcÖR‡g wbæwjwLZ †h †Kvb
GKwU msÁv †`qv †h‡Z cv‡i−
1. wZbwU ci¯•i‡”Q`x mgZj c„ô
Øviv mxgve× GKwU ¯^”Q
mgmË¡ gva¨g‡K wcÖRg e‡j|
2. `yÕwU ci¯•i †njv‡bv mgZj
c„ô Øviv mxgve× †Kvb
¯^”Q mgmË¡ cÖwZmviK
gva¨g‡K wcÖRg e‡j|
3. wZbwU AvqZ‡¶ÎvKvi Ges
`ywU wÎfzRvKvi mgZj c„ô
Øviv mxgve× †Kvb ¯^”Q
mgmË¡ cÖwZmviK
gva¨g‡K wcÖRg e‡j| wPÎ :
wcÖRg
wP‡Î AB Ges AC wcÖR‡gi cÖwZmiY Zj, ∠A wcÖRg †KvY, BC wcÖR‡gi f‚wg
Ges ABC wcÖR‡gi †Q`|
wcÖR‡g Av‡jvi cÖwZmiY : g‡b Kwi, ABC GKwU wcÖR‡gi cÖavb †Q`|
AB Ges AC cÖwZmiY Zj, ∠A wcÖRg †KvY Ges BC wcÖR‡gi f‚wg|
g‡b Kwi, PQ †Kvb AvcwZZ iwk¥ evqy n‡Z
wcÖR‡gi AB Z‡ji Q we›`y‡Z wZh©Kfv‡e
AvcwZZ nj| G‡¶‡Î Av‡jvKiwk¥ jNyZi gva¨g
n‡Z NbZi gva¨‡g cÖ‡ek Kivi d‡j cÖwZm„Z
iwk¥ Q we›`y‡Z AB Z‡ji Dci AswKZ Awfj¤^
NQO′-Gi Awfgy‡L m‡i wM‡q QR c‡_
cÖwZm„Z n‡e| Gici H iwk¥ AC Z‡ji R
we›`y‡Z AvcwZZ n‡e Ges Avevi evqy
gva¨‡g RS c‡_ wbM©Z n‡e| Zvn‡j Avevi
iwk¥wUi cÖwZmiY NU‡e Ges KuvP n‡Z
evqy‡Z hvevi d‡j cÖwZm„Z iwk¥ AC Z‡ji R
′
we›`y‡Z AswKZ Awfj¤^ N R n‡Z ` ﾁ ‡ i m‡i
hv‡e| GLv‡b PQRS Av‡jvK iwk¥i c_ wb‡`©k
K‡i| wPÎ : wcÖR‡g Av‡jvi cÖwZmiY
hw` Av‡jv‡Ki c‡_ wcÖRgwU bv _vK‡Zv Zvn‡j AvcwZZ iwk¥ PQ †mvRvc‡_
137 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

P‡j †hZ| wcÖR‡gi Dcw¯’wZi d‡j Av‡jvK iwk¥i c_ cwiewZ©Z n‡q‡Q|

A_©vr Av‡jvK iwk¥i wePz¨wZ N‡U‡Q| GLb AvcwZZ iwk¥ PQ-†K mvg‡bi
w`‡K L ch©š ﾏ Ges wbM©Z iwk¥ RS †K wcQ‡bi w`‡K ewa©Z Ki‡j Giv O
we›`y‡Z wg‡j hv‡e| GLv‡b H iwk¥i Rb¨ ∠SOL wePz¨wZ †KvY wb‡`©k K‡i|
G‡K δ ev D Øviv m ﾁ wPZ Kiv nq|
∴ ∠SOL = δ ev D.
b ﾁ¨bZg wePz¨wZ †KvY :
msÁv : wcÖR‡g AvcwZZ †Kvb iwk¥i
wePz¨wZ †Kv‡Yi gvb AvcZb †Kv‡Yi Dci
wbf©i K‡i| wbægvb n‡Z ïi“ K‡i AvcZb
†Kv‡Yi gvb evov‡Z _vK‡j wePz¨wZi gvb
Kg‡Z _v‡K Ges AvcZb †Kv‡Yi GKwU
wbw`©ó gv‡bi Rb¨ wePz¨wZ me©v‡c¶v
Kg nq| Gici AvcZb †KvY evov‡j wePz¨wZ
evo‡Z _v‡K| wePz¨wZi GB me©wbæ
gvb‡K b ﾁ¨bZg wePz¨wZ †KvY e‡j| G‡K δm
ev Dm Øviv m ﾁ wPZ Kiv nq|
AvcZb †KvY i1-†K X-A‡¶ Ges wePz¨wZ
†KvY δ-†K Y-A‡¶ ¯’vcb K‡i GKwU †jLwPÎ
AsKb Ki‡j †jLwU GKwU cive„Ë n‡e| wPÎ :
wePz¨wZ †KvY ebvg AvcZb †KvY †jL
cÖkœ : 2| iOaby Kv‡K e‡j? iOaby wKfv‡e m„wó nq, wPÎ Gu‡K
e¨vL¨v Ki|
(iv.†ev. wm.†ev. 2006; Xv.†ev. 2002; Õ99; P.†ev. Õ99; ewi.†ev. 2003; Kz.†ev. 2005)
DËi : iOaby (Rainbow) :
msÁv : GK ckjv e„wói ci Avevi m ﾁ h© DV‡j m ﾁ‡ h©i wecix‡Z AvKv‡k †h
D¾¡j i‡Oi Aa©e„Ë †`Lv hvq, Zv‡K ejv nq iOaby| iOabyi mvZ iO|
iOaby m„wó :
GwU GKwU Av‡jvKxq NUbv| cvwbi KYvq m ﾁ ‡ h©i Av‡jvi cÖwZdjb I
cÖwZmi‡Yi d‡j iOabyi m„wó nq| e„wói ciciB AvKv‡k A‡bK ¶z`ª ¶z`ª
cvwbKYv fvmgvb _v‡K| GB cvwbKYv¸‡jv wcÖR‡gi gZ KvR K‡i| d‡j
m ﾁ ‡ h©i mv`v Av‡jvK iwk¥ Gme cvwbKYvi gva¨‡g cÖwZmwiZ n‡q
wewfbœ i‡O we”QywiZ nq| G Kvi‡YB m ﾁ ‡ h©i wecix‡Z aby‡Ki gZ iOaby
m„wó nq|
e¨vL¨v :
aiv hvK, m ﾁ h© †_‡K Av‡jv G‡m GKwU ¶z`ª cvwb KYv ABC Gi Dci co‡Q|
Gi g‡a¨ †h †Kvb GKwU Av‡jvK iwk¥ cvwbKYvi A we›`y‡Z c‡o AB c‡_
cÖwZmwiZ nq| cÖwZmwiZ iwk¥wU cvwbKYvi wfZ‡ii Z‡j cÖwZdwjZ n‡q
BC c‡_ C we›`y‡Z AvcwZZ nq Ges me‡k‡l cÖwZmwiZ n‡q CE iwk¥iƒ‡c
`k©‡Ki †Pv‡L †cuŠQvq| wPÎ- 1 †_‡K †`Lv hvq, iwk¥ cvwbKYv †_‡K †ei n‡j
Gi c‡_ wePz¨wZ nq| GB wePz¨wZi cwigvY ∠D| cix¶v K‡i †`Lv †M‡Q, †Kvb
 K¨vjwiwgwZ 138

we‡kl e‡Y©i iwk¥ hw` b ﾁ ¨bZg wePz¨wZ‡Z wbM©Z n‡q Avgv‡`i †Pv‡L
†cuŠ‡Q Z‡e H e‡Y©i Abyf‚wZ cÖej nq| jvj e‡Y©i Av‡jvK iwk¥i b ﾁ ¨bZg
wePz¨wZ †KvY cÖvq 1380 Ges †e¸wb e‡Y©i iwk¥i 1400|
GLb aiv hvK, AvKv‡ki GK cÖv‡š ﾏ e„wó n‡”Q Ges wecixZ cÖvš ﾏ n‡Z
m ﾁ h©iwk¥ e„wói KYv¸‡jvi Dci co‡Q| GKRb `k©K m ﾁ ‡ h©i w`‡K wcQ‡b
wd‡i Ges e„wói w`‡K gyL K‡i `uvwo‡q AvKv‡ki Mv‡q GKwU e„ËPvc hw`
Kíbv K‡i hvi Dci Aew¯’Z cvwb KYv¸‡jv Øviv cÖwZm„Z Av‡jvKiwk¥ 1380
wePz¨wZ †Kv‡Y Zvi †Pv‡L cÖ‡ek K‡i (wPÎ-2)| Zvn‡j H cvwb we›`y¸‡jv Zvi
Kv‡Q jvj e‡j g‡b n‡e Ges wZwb jvj e‡Y©i aby‡Ki gZ euvKv‡bv e„Ëvsk
†`L‡Z cv‡eb|

wPÎ : 1 wPÎ : 2
†Zgwb hw` Avi GKwU e„ËPvc Kíbv Kiv hvq hvi Dci Aew¯’Z cvwb KYv¸‡jv
Øviv m ﾁ h©iwk¥ 1400 wePz¨wZ †Kv‡Y `k©‡Ki †Pv‡L †cuŠ‡Q Z‡e `k©K
e„Ëvsk‡K †e¸bx i‡Oi †`L‡Z cv‡eb| ga¨¯’ Ab¨vb¨ e‡Y©i Av‡jvK iwk¥¸‡jvI
G‡`i g‡a¨ ¯^-¯^ e‡Y©i e„Ëvsk MVb Ki‡e| Gfv‡e †h iOabyi m„wó nq Zv‡K
cÖv_wgK ev gyL¨ iOaby e‡j| Gi e„‡Ëi evB‡ii w`‡K jvj (R1) I wfZ‡ii w`‡K
†e¸bx (V1) eY© _v‡K|
A‡bK mgq cÖv_wgK iOabyi evB‡i AvKv‡i eo wKš‘ A‡c¶vK…Z Aby¾¡j Avi
GKwU iOaby †`Lv hvq, G‡K †MŠY iOaby e‡j| wPÎ : 2-G R2V2 †MŠY iOaby|
†MŠY iOabyi eY©m¾v cÖv_wgK iOabyi D‡ëv|
cÖkœ : 3| Av‡jvi †kvlY I cÖwZdj‡bi d‡j wKfv‡e e¯‘i eY© wfbœ nq
D`vniYmn eY©bv Ki|
DËi : Av‡jvi †kvlY I cÖwZdj‡bi Rb¨ bvbvb iKg we‡kl NUbv Avgiv †`L‡Z
cvB| †Kvb e¯‘‡K Zvi wbR¯^ i‡O †`Lv hvq, KviY wbw`©ó i‡Oi e¯‘wU wb‡Ri
iO Qvov mKj iO †kvlY K‡i Ges wb‡Ri iO‡K cÖwZdwjZ K‡i| ZvB e¯‘wU‡K Zvi
wb‡Ri i‡O †`Lv hvq| Av‡jvi cÖwZdjb I †kvlY msµvš ﾏ wKQy NUbv Avgiv
wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kie|
1. jvj Av‡jv‡Z Mv‡Qi cvZv Kv‡jv †`Lvq :
w`‡bi †ejvq m ﾁ h©v‡jv‡K Mv‡Qi cvZv meyR †`Lvq A_P jvj Av‡jv‡K
cvZvi iO Kv‡jv e‡j g‡b nq| w`‡b Mv‡Qi cvZvi †K¬v‡ivwdj
m ﾁ h©v‡jv‡Ki meyR ev‡` mvZwU e‡Y©i meKwU‡KB †kvlY K‡i d‡j
meyR †`Lvq| wKš‘ meyR cvZv jvj Av‡jvK †kvlY K‡i †bq e‡j †Kvb
Av‡jvB Avi cÖwZdwjZ nq bv ZvB jvj Av‡jv‡Z meyR cvZv Kv‡jv †`Lvq|
139 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

2. bxj Kuv‡Pi ga¨w`‡q mv`v dzj bxj I njy` dzj Kv‡jv †`Lvq :
†Kvb e¯‘i Dci AvcwZZ Av‡jvK iwk¥ cÖwZdwjZ n‡q Avgv‡`i †Pv‡L
Avm‡j †m e¯‘wU Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB| cÖwZdwjZ Av‡jvi †h eY© _v‡K
e¯‘wU‡KI Avgiv †mB e‡Y©i †`wL| GKwU mv`v dzj m ﾁ ‡ h©i mvZwU
Av‡jvB cÖwZdwjZ K‡i e‡j Zv mv`v †`Lvq| mv`v dzj †_‡K cÖwZdwjZ
Av‡jvKiwk¥ hLb bxj Kuv‡Pi ga¨w`‡q Av‡m GLb H KvP bxj ev‡` Ab¨ me
e‡Y©i Av‡jv †kvlY K‡i †bq ZvB Avgv‡`i †Pv‡L ïay bxj Av‡jv †cuŠ‡Q|
d‡j dzjwU bxj †`Lvq|
c¶vš ﾏ ‡ i njy` dzj ïay njy` e‡Y©i Av‡jv cÖwZdwjZ K‡i e‡j Zv njy` †`Lvq|
wKš‘ njy` e‡Y©i Av‡jvK bxj Kuv‡Pi ga¨ w`‡q Avmvi mgq †kvwlZ nq ZvB
njy` dzj‡K bxj Kuv‡Pi ga¨w`‡q †`L‡j Kv‡jv †`Lvq|
3. †Kvb jvj Kvco‡K Avgiv jvj †`wL :
†Kvb jvj i‡Oi Kvc‡o hLb Av‡jv c‡o, KvcowU ZLb jvj Qvov, mv`v Av‡jvi
mKj iO †kvlY K‡i †bq| KvcowU ¯^”Q bv _vKvq jvj iO Kvc‡oi ga¨ w`‡q
Mgb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv; jvj iO Kvco †_‡K cÖwZdwjZ nq| GRb¨B KvcowU‡K
Avgiv jvj †`wL|
cÖkœ : 4| Av‡jvi we‡¶cY wK? Av‡jvi we‡¶c‡Yi d‡j N‡U Giƒc
wZbwU NUbv e¨vL¨v Ki|
DËi : Av‡jvi we‡¶cY :
msÁv : Av‡jv GK cÖKvi Zi½| wewfbœ e‡Y©i Av‡jvi Zi½ ˆ`N©¨
wewfbœ| Av‡jvK Zi½ hLb ¶z`ª ¶z`ª KYvi Dci AvcwZZ nq, ZLb KYv¸‡jv
Av‡jvK Zi½ †_‡K kw³ msMÖn K‡i Ges wb‡Riv Avevi Av‡jvK Zi½‡K
Pvwiw`‡K Qwo‡q †`q| G‡K ejv nq Av‡jvi we‡¶cY|
weL¨vZ weÁvbx jW© i¨v‡j cÖgvY K‡i‡Qb †h−
Av‡jvi we‡¶c‡Yi cwigvY ∝
Av‡jvi Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ hZ Kg n‡e Zvi we‡¶cY ZZ †ewk n‡e| Av‡jvi Zi½ ˆ`N©¨
†ewk n‡j Zvi we‡¶cY ZZ Kg| bxj Av‡jvi Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ me‡P‡q Kg nIqvq Gi
we‡¶cYI me‡P‡q †ewk| Avi jvj Av‡jvi Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ me‡P‡q †ewk nIqvq Gi
we‡¶cY me‡P‡q Kg|
wb‡P Av‡jvi we‡¶c‡Yi d‡j N‡U Giƒc wZbwU NUbv e¨vL¨v Kiv nj−
1. AvKvk bxj †`Lvq :
Avgiv Rvwb, m ﾁ ‡ h©i Av‡jv mvZwU i‡Oi mgwó| GB mvZ i‡Oi Av‡jvi
cÖwZwUi Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ Avjv`v| GB c„_K Zi½ ˆ`‡N©¨i Kvi‡YB Zv‡`i iOI
wfbœ| m ﾁ‡h©i Av‡jv hLb evqygʇji m ﾁ¶¥ a ﾁ wjKYv Ges M¨vm AYy‡Z
AvcwZZ nq, ZLb m ﾁ h©iwk¥i we‡¶cY N‡U|
Avgiv Rvwb, we‡¶c‡Yi cwigvY ∝
A_©vr †h Av‡jvi Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ me‡P‡q Kg Zv wew¶ß nq †ewk| bxj
Av‡jvi Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ me‡P‡q Kg nIqvq m ﾁ h©iwk¥i bxj Av‡jv †ewk
 K¨vjwiwgwZ 140

wew¶ß nq| ZvB bxj Av‡jv evqygÊj †f` K‡i Avgv‡`i †Pv‡L G‡m
†cuŠQvq| myZivs AvKv‡ki w`‡K ZvKv‡j Avgiv bxj iO‡K †`wL| GB Rb¨B
†gNgy³ wbg©j †avqvnxb AvKvk bxj †`Lvq|
2. m ﾁ ‡h©v`q ev m ﾁ h©v‡¯ﾏ i mgq m ﾁ h© jvj †`Lvq :
m ﾁ ‡ h©v`q I m ﾁ h©v‡¯ﾏ i mgq m ﾁ h© I AvKv‡ki LvwbKUv Ask Mvp
jvj †`Lvq| Av‡jvK we‡¶c‡Yi Rb¨ GiKg †`Lvq| m ﾁ‡ h©v`q I m ﾁ h©v‡¯ﾏ i
mgq m ﾁ h© cÖvq w`Mš ﾏ ‡ iLvi KvQvKvwQ _v‡K Ges m ﾁ h©v‡jvK
Avgv‡`i †Pv‡L †cuŠQ‡Z c„w_exi evqygʇji cyi“¯ ﾏ i †f` Ki‡Z nq| d‡j
iwk¥‡K evqygʇj fvmgvb a ﾁ wjKYv, cvwbKYv BZ¨vw`i ga¨w`‡q hvIqvi
mgq bxj cÖv‡š ﾏ i Kg Zi½ ˆ`N©¨wewkó eY©¸‡jv we‡¶wcZ nq, wKš‘
jvj cÖv‡š ﾏ i Av‡jvK¸‡jv jvj Av‡jvi Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ †ewk nIqvq Kg we‡¶wcZ
nq, d‡j mivmwi c„w_ex‡Z P‡j Av‡m| ZvB Avgiv cÖfvZ m ﾁ h© I A¯ ﾏ
iwe‡K jvj †`wL|
3. w`‡bi †ejvq Puv`‡K cy‡iv mv`v †`L‡jI m ﾁ h©v‡¯ﾏ i c‡i nj‡` †`Lvq
:
w`‡bi †ejvq AvKvk KZ…©K wew¶ß nvjKv bxj Av‡jv Puv‡`i wbR¯^
njy` i‡Oi mv‡_ wg‡k hvq| G `ywU e‡Y©i wgkÖ‡Yi d‡j †Pv‡L Puv`‡K
mv`v e‡j g‡b nq| wKš‘ m ﾁ h©v‡¯ﾏ i ci AvKv‡ki nvjKv bxj †jvc cvq e‡j
Puv`‡K nj‡` g‡b nq|

AwZwi³
cÖkœvewji
DËi
cÖkœ : 1| jvj dzj jvj †`Lvq †Kb? (ewi.†ev. 2006)
DËi : m ﾁ ‡ h©¨i Av‡jv mvZwU e‡Y©i mgwó| m ﾁ ‡ h©i Av‡jv hLb jvj dz‡ji
Dci AvcwZZ nq ZLb jvj eY© e¨ZxZ evwK QqwU eY© †kvlY K‡i †bq Ges
jvj Av‡jv‡K cÖwZdwjZ K‡i| d‡j Avgv‡`i †Pv‡L jvj e‡Y©i Av‡jvi Abyf‚wZ
Rv‡M, ZvB jvj dyj‡K Avgiv jvj †`‡L _vwK|
cÖkœ : 2| jvj Av‡jv‡Z Mv‡Qi meyR cvZv Kv‡jv †`Lvi KviY e¨vL¨v
Ki| (wm.†ev. 2006)
DËi : w`‡bi †ejvq m ﾁ ‡ h©¨i Av‡jv meyR cvZvq AvcwZZ n‡j meyR cvZv
meyR is e¨wZZ evwK QqwU is †kvlY K‡i †bq Ges meyR is‡qi iwk¥i
cÖwZdjb NUvq d‡j meyR cvZv m ﾁ ‡ h©¨i Av‡jv‡Z meyR †`Lvq| wKš‘
meyR cvZvi Dci hLb jvj Av‡jv cwZZ nq ZLb meyR cvZv jvj Av‡jv †kvlY
K‡i †bq e‡j †Kvb Av‡jv cÖwZdwjZ nq bv| H Kvi‡Y jvj Av‡jv‡Z Mv‡Qi meyR
cvZv Kv‡jv †`Lvq|
cÖkœ : 3| Av‡jvi we”QyiY Kv‡K e‡j ? (Kz. †ev. 2000, iv. †ev. Õ99)
DËi : Av‡jvi we”QyiY :
wcÖR‡gi ga¨ w`‡q Av‡jvi cÖwZmi‡Yi d‡j mv`v i‡Oi Av‡jv mvZwU g ﾁ j i‡Oi
141 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

Av‡jv‡K wewkó nIqvi cÖYvwj‡K Av‡jvi we”QyiY e‡j| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, †Kvb
gva¨‡g cÖwZmi‡Yi d‡j †hŠwMK Av‡jv †_‡K g ﾁ j e‡Y©i Av‡jv cvIqvi
c×wZ‡K Av‡jvi we”QyiY e‡j| Avgiv Rvwb m ﾁ ‡ h©i Av‡jv mvZwU i‡Oi
mgwó| GB mvZ i‡Oi Av‡jvi cÖwZwUi Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ Avjv`v| GB c„_K Zi½
ˆ`‡N©¨i Kvi‡YB Zv‡`i iOI wfbœ| m ﾁ ‡ h©i Av‡jv hLb evqygÛ‡ji m ﾁ ¶¥
a ﾁ wjKYv Ges M¨vm AYy‡Z AvcwZZ nq, ZLb m ﾁ h©iwk¥i we‡¶cY N‡U|
cÖkœ : 4| w`‡bi †ejvq AvKvk bxj †`Lvq †Kb ? (Pt †evt ;99; h.†ev. 2003)
DËi : w`‡bi †ejvq AvKvk bxj †`Lvi KviY :
Avgiv Rvwb, †h Av‡jvi Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ me‡P‡q Kg Zv wew¶ß nq †ewk| bxj
Av‡jvi Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ me‡P‡q Kg nIqvq m ﾁ h©iwk¥i bxj Av‡jv †ewk wew¶ß
nq| ZvB bxj Av‡jv evqygÛj †f` K‡i Avgv‡`i †Pv‡L G‡m †cuŠQvq| Ab¨vb¨
Av‡jv Kg wew¶ß nevi Kvi‡Y Avgv‡`i †Pv‡L G‡m †cuŠQ‡Z cv‡i bv|
myZivs, GRb¨B w`‡bi †ejvq AvKv‡ki w`‡K ZvKv‡j AvKvk bxj †`Lvq|
cÖkœ : 5| is aby wKfv‡e m„wó nq ? (Xv. †ev. Õ99)
DËi : Abykxjbxi iPbvg ﾁ jK 2bs cÖkœ †`L|
cÖkœ : 6| m ﾁ ‡ h©v`q I m ﾁ h©v‡¯ﾏ i mgq m ﾁ h© jvj †`Lvq †Kb?
[wm.†ev. 2003]
DËi : m ﾁ ‡h©v`q ev m ﾁ h©v‡¯ﾏ i mgq m ﾁ h© jvj †`Lvq :
iPbvg ﾁ jK 4bs cÖ‡kœi 2bs c‡q›U `ªóe¨|

ˆbe©¨w³K
cÖ‡kœvËi
Abykxjbxi eû wbe©vPbx cÖ‡kœvËi : mwVK DËiwUi cv‡k wUK (√)
wPý `vI|
1. wZbwU †gŠwjK iO wK wK? L. Av‡jvi cÖwZmiY I we”QyiY
(iv.†ev. 2006; h.†ev. 2003) ✓ M. Av‡jvi cÖwZdjb I cÖwZmiY
(Xv.†ev. 2002; P.†ev. wm.†ev. 2001; N. Av‡jvi we‡¶cY I we”QyiY
Kz.†ev. Õ99) 4. wcÖR‡gi wfZi w`‡q mv`v
A_ev, †gŠwjK eY© KZwU? Av‡jv Mgb Ki‡j mvZwU i‡Oi
K. jvj, njy`, Avmgvbx Av‡jv‡Z wewkó nq| G‡`i g‡a¨
✓ L. jvj, meyR, Avmgvbx †Kvb i‡Oi Av‡jvi wePz¨wZ
M. meyR, njy`, †e¸wb me‡P‡q †ewk?
N. jvj, bxj, Kgjv K. jvj ✓ L. †e¸wb
2. Avmgvbx I njy` wg‡j †Kvb iO M. meyR N. njy`
n‡e? (iv.†ev. Õ99) 5. jvj Av‡jv‡Z Mv‡Qi meyR cvZv
✓ K. mv`v L. njy` Kv‡jv †`Lvq †Kb?
M. meyR N. jvj (iv.†ev. Õ99)
3. iOaby m„wó nq cvwbi KYvq K. meyR cvZv jvj Av‡jv
†Kvb Av‡jvKxq NUbvi Kvi‡Y? cÖwZdwjZ K‡i
(Kz.†ev. 2003) L. meyR cvZv Øviv jvj Av‡jvi
K. Av‡jvi cÖwZdjb I we‡¶cY we‡¶cb N‡U
 K¨vjwiwgwZ 142

✓ M. jvj Av‡jv meyR cvZv Øviv M. Avmgvbx iwk¥‡K N.

†kvwlZ nq Kgjv iwk¥‡K
N. jvj Av‡jv meyR cvZv w`‡q 8| mv`v i‡Oi Av‡jv wcÖR‡g
cÖwZmwiZ nq we”QywiZ n‡q KqwU i‡O wef³
6. †Kvb& Av‡jvi we‡¶cY me‡P‡q nq?
†ewk? †h Av‡jvi− K. 6wU L. 5wU
K. Zi½‰`N©¨ me‡P‡q †ewk ✓ M. 7wU N. 8wU
L. iO me‡P‡q †ewk D¾¡j 9| ˆkwjK eY© bq †KvbwU?
M. Zi½‰`N©¨ gvSvgvwS (iv.†ev. 2001)
✓ N. Zi½‰`N©¨ me‡P‡q Kg| K. jvj L. meyR
M. njy` ✓ N. Avmgvbx
AwZwi³ 10| †K me©cÖ_g Av‡jvi we”QyiY
ˆbe©¨w³K Avwe®‹vi K‡ib?
K. †i‡bU L. AvBb÷vBb
cÖ‡kœvËi ✓ M. wbDUb N. †eK‡ij
1| jvj e‡Y©i Av‡jvK iwk¥i b¨bZg 11| meyR I g¨v‡R›Uv wg‡j wK is
wePz¨wZ †KvY KZ? nq? (e.†ev. 2002)
(iv.†ev. 2006; h.†ev. 2005; wm.†ev. K. mv`v ✓ L. njy`
2002; Kz. Õ04, Õ01; Xv. 2000; M. Avmgvbx N. jvj
ewi.†ev. 2001; 2004) 12| bxj Kuv‡Pi ga¨ w`‡q mv`v dzj
✓ K. cÖvq 1380 L. cÖvq 1400 wKiƒc †`Lvq?
M.cÖvq 100 0
N. cÖvq 50 K. meyR ✓ L. bxj
2| mh©v‡jv‡K iOaby m„wói M. jvj N. L‡qix
†¶‡Î †Kvb&wU mivmwi `vqx? 13| bxj Kuv‡Pi ga¨ w`‡q njy` dzj
(iv.†ev. Õ99) †Kgb †`Lvq?
✓ K. mh©v‡jvK L. e„wói KYv (h.†ev; P.†ev. 2003)
M.evqygÊj N. awjKYv ✓ K. Kvj L. mv`v
3| Avmgvbx i‡Oi cwiciK eY© M. jvj N. bxj
†Kvb&wU? (P.†ev.Õ99) 14| `ywU †njv‡bv mgZj c„ô Øviv
K. jvj L. njy` mxgve× cÖwZmviK gva¨g‡K
✓ M. meyR N. Kgjv wK e‡j?
4| †Kvb& i‡Oi e¯‘i Zvc †kvlY ¶gZv
K. DËj †jÝ L. AeZj †jÝ
G‡Kev‡iB Kg?
(P.†ev. Õ99) M. Mvm úve ✓ N. wcÖRg
K. bxj L. Kvj 15| †Kvb gva¨‡g cÖwZmi‡Yi d‡j
✓ M. mv`v N. jvj †hŠwMK Av‡jv †_‡K gj e‡Y©i
5| m‡h©i mv`v Av‡jv‡Z KqwU Av‡jv cvIqvi c×wZ‡K Av‡jvi wK
iO Av‡Q? e‡j?
K. QqwU ✓ L. mvZwU K. cÖwZmiY ✓ L. we”QyiY
M. bqwU N 11wU M. cÖwZdjb N. we‡¶cY
6| †Kvb&wU †gŠwjK eY© bq? 16| mv`v Av‡jv we”Qyi‡Yi d‡j
(h.†ev. 2000; wm.†ev. Õ05, c`©vq †h mvZwU i‡Oi cw®
Õ03) cvIqv hvq, †mB is cw®i bvg
K. jvj L. Avmgvbx wK?
M. meyR ✓ N. Kgjv K. isaby ✓ K. eY©vjx
7| †Kvb& e‡Y©i Av‡jvK iwk¥‡K M. is ¸”Q N. is ejvKv
ga¨ iwk¥ e‡j? (P.†ev. 2000) 17| gj iO¸‡jvi Zi½ ˆ`‡N©¨i
K. meyR iwk¥‡K ✓ L. EaŸ©µ‡g G‡`i bv‡gi Av`¨¶i¸‡jv
njy` iwk¥‡K wb‡q MwVZ kã †Kvb&wU?
143 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

✓ K. †ebxAvmnKjv L. †Kb? [e.†ev. 2005]

Avmn‡ebxKjv K. Av‡jvi †e‡Mi Kvi‡Y
M. jvKnmAvbx‡e M. L. wePz¨wZ †KvY K‡g hvq e‡j
Kjvmn‡ebxqv ✓ M.†Pv‡L GK e‡Y©i Abyf‚wZ _vK‡Z
18| AvKvk bxj †`Lvq Av‡jvi †Kvb _vK‡Z Ab¨ e‡Y©i Abyf‚wZ G‡m
NUbvi Rb¨? hvq e‡j
(h.†ev. Xv.†ev. 2006; Kz.†ev. 2002; iv.†ev. N. Av‡jvi †hŠwMK cÖK…wZi
2002) Kvi‡Y
A_ev, AvKvk bxj †`Lvi KviY wK? 25| mh©v‡¯i c‡i Pvu‡`i is
(Kz.†ev. Õ06, ewi.†ev. 2003) wKiƒc nq? [P.†ev. 2005]
K. we”QyiY ✓ L. we‡¶cY K. jvj L. mv`v
M. cÖwZdjb N. †kvlY M. AvKvkx ✓ N. njy`
19| †e¸bx Av‡jvi b¨bZg wePz¨wZ 26| evqygÊj bv _vK‡j AvKvk
†KvY †KvbwU?(iv.†ev. 2001) †Kgb †`LvZ?
K. 1300 L. 1450 [Xv.†ev. 2005Õ iv.†ev. 2000; wm.†ev.
0
M. 138 ✓ N. 1400 2006]
20| bxj e‡Y©i cwiciK eY© K. jvj ✓ L. Kv‡jv
†Kvb&wU? M. mv`v N. meyR
K. Kgjv ✓ L. njy`
27| †Kvb Ae¯’vh AvKvk me‡P‡h
M. †e¸wb N. meyR
bxj †`Lvq?
21| Av‡jvi we‡¶cY Zi½‰`‡N©¨i
[h.†ev. 2001]
mv‡_ wKfv‡e cwiewZ©Z nq?
[P.†ev. 2006] ✓ K. †gNgy³ L. wbg©vj
K. mgvbycvwZKfv‡e ✓ M. †aŠqvnxb N. Ic‡ii me¸‡jv
L.e¨¯vbycvwZKfv‡e 28| ga¨iwk¥ †Kvb&wU?
M. wظYvbycvwZKfv‡e [P.†ev. 2000; e.†ev. 2005]
N.¸YvbycvwZKfv‡e K. Kgjv L. meyR
21| †Kvb Av‡jv‡Z Mv‡Qi cvZv ✓ M. njy` N. Avmgvbx
Kv‡jv †`Lvq? [wm.†ev. 2006] 29| wbw`©ó gva¨‡g
K. meyR L. njy` cÖwZmiv‡¼i gvb wb‡æi †Kvb&
M. †e¸wb ✓ N. jvj e‡Y©i Av‡jvi Rb¨ me‡P‡q Kg?
22| †Kvb Av‡jvi we‡¶c‡Yi [h.†ev. 2001; P.†ev. 2004; iv.†ev.
cwigvY wK‡mi Dci wbf©i K‡i? Õ05]
[Kz.†ev. 2005] ✓ K. jvj L. njy`
✓ K. iO ev Zi½‰`‡N©¨i Dci M. †e¸bx N. Kgjv
L. iO ev ZiO‰`‡N©¨i Dci wbf©i 30| cÖv_wgK iOabyi e„‡Ëi
K‡i bv evB‡ii w`‡K †Kvb& eY© _v‡K?
M. iO ev †e‡Mi Dci [Xv.†ev. 2004]
N. †KvbwUi Dci bq K. †e¸wb ✓ L. jvj
23| Kuv‡Pi g‡a¨ jvj i‡Oi Av‡jvi M. meyR N. njy`
`ª“wZ †e¸bx i‡Oi Av‡jv 31| GKwU wcÖR‡g KqwU
`ª“wZi cÖvq KZ¸Y †ewk? AvqZ‡¶wÎK Zj Av‡Q?
[Kz.†ev. 2005, 2006; P.†ev. 2006] [iv.†ev. 2004; ewi.†ev. 2006 ]
K. 1.4 ¸Y ✓ L. 1.8 ¸Y K. `yBwU L. cvuPwU
M. 2.4 ¸Y N. 2.8 ¸Y M. QqwU ✓ N. wZbwU
24| wbDU‡bi eY© PvKwZ †Rv‡i 32| †Kvb&wUi ga¨ w`‡q
Nyiv‡j mv`v e‡Y©i Abyf‚wZ nq meKqwU e‡Y©i Av‡jvK iwk¥
 K¨vjwiwgwZ 144

GKB `ª“wZ‡Z P‡j? we”QyiY Avwe®‹vi K‡ib?

[h.†ev. 2004] [wm.†ev. 2004]
K. KvuP L. cvwb K. 1766 ✓ L. 1666
M. evqy ✓ N. f¨vKzqvg M. 1866 N. 1668
33| KZ mv‡j wbDUb Av‡jvi