Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
1.01
Structure of the Arabian Society
Ghasasinah
(North-West
Arabia)
Bedouins -
Nomads
Manadhira
Kingdoms (North-East
Hadar Arabia)
(Sedentary) -
Town Dewellers Loose Tribal Himyar in Yemen
Entities (Abyssinian
Protectorates)
Pre-Islamic Arabia
1.02
Urban Centres of Hijaz
Makkah Quraysh
Al-Taif Thaqif
Aws
Religious Economic
Leaders Annual Significance On the trade
Pilgrimage route from
(Hajj) to the Yemen to
Kabah Syria
Kabah as a Hajj as a
Centre of Idol commercial
Worship opportunity
Hajj and Related Administration
1.05
The Makkan
Era
Banu
Citizens of the Qurayza
New State
Jews Banu
Qaynuqa
Selection process
His decision to centralize copying Al-Quran from a
standard version that was collected by Abu Bakr
and kept with Hafsa; he ordered the burning of all
else (Hudhayfa ibn al-Yamans report)
Complaints and grievances
Events leading to his assassination (655CE/36H)
The essence of shura remains but the mechanism no
longer works
The Fitnah (Sedition)
3.06
Early attempts by
Al-Baqillani
(d. 403H)
Al-Baghdadi (d. 429H)
We sent aforetime our messengers with clear signs and
sent down with them the Book and the Balance (of right
and wrong), that men may stand forth in justice; and we
sent down iron in which is great might as well as many
benefits for mankind, that Allah may test who it is that
will support Him and His Messengers in the unseen.
Verily Allah is All-Strong, All-Mighty.
Surat Al-Nisa [4: 58-59]
4.14
.
Allah does command you to render back your trusts to those to
whom they are due; and when you judge between people that you
judge with justice; verily how excellent is the teaching with He gives
you, for Allah is He Who hears and sees all things.
.
O you who believe, obey Allah, and obey the Messenger, and those
charged with authority among you. If you differ in anything among
yourselves, refer it to Allah and His Messenger, if you do believe in
Allah and the Last Day: that is best, and most suitable for final
determination.
Al-Shatibis Theory of Maqasid
4.15
Pre-modernity
Eighteenth century
Nineteenth century
Twentieth century
Pre-modernity Revival
5.03
:
Abu Dawud narrated that the Prophet peace be
upon him said: Verily, Allah sends to this Ummah at
the turn of each century one that renews its religion
for it
The work of Abulhasan Ali al-Hasani al-Nadwi
entitled in Arabic:
--- Rijal Al-Fikr Wal-Dawah
Fil-Islam
Revivalists
5.04
Challenges
Decline and Backwardness
Colonial Onslaught
The leader of the 19th century reform movement in Tunisia and author of
Aqwam Al-Masalik Fi Marifat Ahwal Al-Mamalik in which he attempts to
tackle the question of political reform in the Arab world
He warned the general Muslim public against shunning the experiences of
other nations on the basis of the misconception that all the writings,
inventions, experiences or attitudes of non-Muslims should just be rejected or
disregarded
He called for an end to absolutist rule, which he blamed for the oppression
of nations and the destruction of civilizations
He believed that kindling the Ummahs potential liberty through the
adoption of sound administrative procedures, and enabling it to have a say
in political affairs, would put it on a faster track toward civilisation, would
limit the rule of despotism, and would stop the influx of European civilisation
that is sweeping every thing along its path
Jamal Ad-Din Al-Afghani (1838-1897)
9.07
Dispute over his origin; Persian Asad Abad or Afghani Asad Abad
Hence is the dispute over his madh-hab
Having acquired Arabic and Islamic sciences at home, in 1855,
around the age of seventeen, he traveled to India for the first time
From India, al-Afghani traveled in 1857 to Mecca for hajj. Then he
returned to Afghanistan where he served in the government of Dost
Muhammad Khan until he died in 1864
He returned to India in 1869 where he stayed until 1883 during
which period he came face to face with British imperialism whose
primary victims were the Muslims
Al-Afghani in Egypt
9.08
In 1870 he arrived in Egypt for the first time having been expelled
from India by the British colonial authority. But soon afterwards he
received in invitation from the Ottoman Sultan Abdulaziz but Shyakh
Al-Islam turned against him out of envy
He returned to Egypt less than a year later in 1871 where he was
welcomed and honored until 1879 when, under pressure from the
European governments, Khedive Tawfiq issued a deportation order.
He left for India for the third time where the British sought to
suppress his activities
In 1883, he left Calcutta for London and then to Paris where he
published Al-Urwah Al-Wuthqa whose main objective was to
combat British colonialism and awaken Muslims in the Arab world
and in India
Al-Afghani on Government
9.09
He diagnosed that decline in the Muslim world was due to the absence of
adl (justice) and shura (council) and non-adherence by the government to
the constitution
One of his main demands was that the people should be allowed to assume
their political and social role by participating in governing through shura
and elections
He criticised thinkers in Muslim countries of the Mashriq for failing to
enlighten the public about the essence and virtues of republican
government. For those governed by the republican government, it is a
source of happiness and pride
To Al-Afghani, a republican government is a restricted government, a
government that is accountable to the public, and that is thus the antithesis
of the absolutist one. It is a government that consults the governed, relieves
them of the burdens laid upon them by despotic governments and lifts them
from the state of decay to the first level of perfection
Muhammad Abduh (1849-1905)
9.10
Philosopher, poet, and political leader, born in Sialkot, India (now Pakistan).
He was considered the foremost Muslim thinker of his day
In 1905 he went to Cambridge then to Heidelberg and Munich where he
obtained his doctorate in philosophy
In 1927 he was elected to the Punjab provincial legislature and in 1930
became president of the Muslim League
Initially a supporter of Hindu-Muslim unity in a single Indian state, he later
became an advocate of Pakistani independence
His poetry and philosophy, written in Urdu and Persian, stress the rebirth of
Islamic and spiritual redemption through self-development, moral integrity,
and individual freedom
His many works include The Secrets of the Self (1915)--a long poem; A
Message from the East; and The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam
(1934)
Session
10 20th Century: Abul Alaa Mawdudi
Abul Alaa Al-Mawdudi
10.01
His efforts did not succeed and his Jamaat lost the
1970 elections, the first open election in the country
that were won by the left
As a consequence, Mawdudi resigned from his
leading position in the group and dedicated his life
to writing
He passed away in Buffalo, New York on 22
September 1979; his funeral was attended by more
than a million people
Session
11 20th Century: Hasan al-Banna
Hasan al-Banna (1906-1949)
11.01
Hasan Al-Banna
11.02
Al-Mawdudi (1903-1979)
Westernisation and
Modernisation