ASSIGNMENT 2

NAME: RAJA MOND AZLAN SHAH BIN RAJA AZAHAN

CLASS: 4 PERSONA

TOPIC: COMPUTER SYSTEM

OPEN SOURCE OPERATING SYSTEM ( OS)

 Operating system (OS) is the interface between computer hardware and a user; with the

kernel it is responsible for the management and coordination of activities and the sharing

of the limited resources of the computer.

 The operating system acts as a host for applications that are run on the machine. As a

host, one of the purposes of an operating system is to handle the details of the operation

of the hardware.

 Operating systems offer a number of services to application programs and users.

Applications access these services through application programming interfaces (APIs) or

system calls. By invoking these interfaces, the application can request a service from the

operating system, pass parameters, and receive the results of the operation.

 Users may also interact with the operating system with some kind of software user

interface like typing commands by using command line interface or using a graphical

user interface. For hand-held and desktop computers, the user interface is generally
considered part of the operating system. On large multi-user systems like Unix and Unix-

like systems, the user interface is generally implemented as an application program that

runs outside the operating system.

EXAMPLES OPEN SOURCE

LINUX

Mac OS X
 LINUX

 Linux is a generic term referring to Unix-like computer operating systems based on the

Linux kernel. Their development is one of the most prominent examples of free and open

source software collaboration; typically all the underlying source code can be used, freely

modified, and redistributed by anyone under the terms of the GNU GPL and other free

licenses.

 Linux is predominantly known for its use in servers, although it is installed on a wide

variety of computer hardware, ranging from embedded devices and mobile phones to

supercomputers. Linux distributions, installed on both desktop and laptop computers,

have become increasingly commonplace in recent years, owing largely to the popular

Ubuntu distribution and to the emergence of netbooks

 The name "Linux" comes from the Linux kernel, originally written in 1991 by Linus

Torvalds. The rest of the system, including utilities and libraries, usually comes from the

GNU operating system announced in 1983 by Richard Stallman. The GNU contribution

is the basis for the Free Software Foundation's preferred name GNU/Linux

MAC OS X

 Mac OS X version 10.2 “Jaguar” is the third major release of Mac OS X, Apple’s desktop

and server operating system. It superseded Mac OS X v10.1 code name Puma and

preceded Mac OS X v10.3 “Panther”. The operating system was initially available on 23
 August 2002 either for single-computer installations, and in a "family pack", which

allows five installations on separate computers in one household.

 The operating system was generally well-received by Macintosh users as a large step

forward in the areas of stability, general speed enhancements, and the lineup of both

graphical and command line applications available; however, many critics still claimed

that significant user interface speed issues existed and that the operating system was still

immature and awkward to use.

 Jaguar was the first Mac OS X release to publicly use its code name in marketing and

advertisements, a practice that has continued in future releases of the operating

APPALICATION SOFTWARE

MEANING APPLICATION SOFTWARE

 Application software is any tool that functions and is operated by means of a computer,

with the purpose of supporting or improving the software user's work. In other words, it

is the subclass of computer software that employs the capabilities of a computer directly

and thoroughly to a task that the user wishes to perform.

 This should be contrasted with system software (infrastructure) or middleware (computer

services/ processes integrators), which is involved in integrating a computer's various

 capabilities, but typically does not directly apply them in the performance of tasks that

benefit the user.

 A simple, if imperfect analogy in the world of hardware would be the relationship of an

electric light bulb (an application) to an electric power generation plant (a system). The

power plant merely generates electricity, not itself of any real use until harnessed to an

application like the electric light that performs a service that benefits the user.

 Typical examples of 'software applications' are word processors, spreadsheets, media

players and database applications.

TWO EXAMPLES APPLICATION SOFTWARE

 Word processor may also refer to an obsolete type of stand-alone office machine,

popular in the 1970s and 80s, combining the keyboard text-entry and printing functions

of an electric typewriter with a dedicated computer for the editing of text.

 word processors for several years usually featured a monochrome display and the ability

to save documents on memory cards or diskettes.

 processors used tag-based markup for document formatting, most modern word

processors take advantage of a graphical user interface

  Most are powerful systems consisting of one or more programs that can produce any

arbitrary combination of images, graphics and text, the latter handled with type-setting

capability.

EXAMPLES:-

 Legal document assistant.

 OpenOffice

 KWord
Spreadsheet

 spreadsheet cell may alternatively contain a formula that defines how the contents of that

cell is to be calculated from the contents of any other cell (or combination of cells) each

time any cell is updated.

 The related term spreadmart describes the situation that occurs when one or more

business analysts develop a system of linked spreadsheets to perform a business analysis,

then grow it to a size and degree of complexity that makes it nearly impossible to

maintain.

 Re-implementing the analysis using a datamart\ architecture often improves both the

reliability of the analysis and its maintainability.

 Visicalc is usually considered the first electronic spreadsheet (although this has been

challenged), and it helped turn the Apple II computer into a success and greatly assisted

in their widespread application. Lotus 1-2-3 was the leading spreadsheet when DOS was

the dominant operating system. Excel is now considered to have the largest market share

on the Windows and Macintosh platforms.

EXAMPLES:-
HARDWARE

Example : -

 hard drive is a permanent storage device, so even when the computer is turned off the

information will still be there. The operating system, program files, and all data files are

stored on the hard drive.

 A hard drive uses circular platters to store data. These are kept in pristine condition and

are very good mirrors.

 The actuator arm runs between the platters reading the information in 1's and 0's. The

head of this arm reads data even when the disk is running at 7200rpms (a common hard

drive speed).

 This means that the platter is doing 7200 rounds per minute. More recent computer hard

drives can now do up to 15,000rpms. As the platters go round and round the head reads it
 and processes the information which then proceeds to the connector which connects to

the computer.

SOFTWARE

Examples:-

 Mozilla Firefox is a web browser descended from the Mozilla Application Suite and

managed by Mozilla Corporation

 To display web pages, Firefox uses the Gecko layout engine, which implements some

current web standards in addition to a few features which are intended to anticipate likely

additions to the standards.

 Firefox features include tabbed browsing, a spell checker, incremental find, live

bookmarking, a download manager, and an integrated search system that uses the user's

desired search engine

 Functions can be added through add-ons, created by third-party developers, of which

there is a wide selection, a fact which has attracted many of Firefox's users.

 Firefox runs on various versions of Linux, Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows, and many

other Unix-like operating systems. Its current stable release is version 3.0.10
 [9]
 Firefox's source code is free software, released under a tri-license GNU GPL/GNU

LGPL/MPL.

PERVASIVE COMPUTING

Meaning of pervasive computing:-

 Pervasive computing is the trend towards increasingly ubiquitous (another name for the

movement is ubiquitous computing), connected computing devices in the environment, a

trend being brought about by a convergence of advanced electronic - and particularly,

wireless - technologies and the Internet. Pervasive computing devices are not personal

computers as we tend to think of them, but very tiny - even invisible - devices, either

mobile or embedded in almost any type of object imaginable, including cars, tools,

appliances, clothing and various consumer goods - all communicating through

increasingly interconnected networks.

Examples pervasive computing:-

MOBILE PHONE

LAPTOP
MOBILE PHONE

 A mobile phone or mobile is a long-range, electronic deviceused for mobile voice or

data communication over a network of specialized base stations known as cell sites. In

addition to the standard voice function of a mobile phone, telephone, current mobile

phones may support many additionalservices, and accessories, such as SMS for text

messaging, email, packet switching for access to the Internet,

gaming, Bluetooth, infrared, camera with video recorder and MMS for sending and

receiving photos and video, MP3 player, radio and GPS.

LAPTOP

 A laptop (also known as a notebook) is a personal computer designed for mobile

use small enough to sit on one'slap. A laptop includes most of the typical components of

a desktop computer, including a display, a keyboard, a pointing device (a touchpad, also

known as a trackpad, and/or an Accupoint II), speakers, as well as a battery, into a single

small and light unit. The rechargeable battery required is charged from an AC/DC

adapter and typically stores enough energy to run the laptop for two to three hours in its

initial state, depending on the configuration and power management of the computer.
CONCLUSION :-

Conclusion a computer is a machine that manipulates data according to a set of instructions.

Although mechanical examples of computers have existed through much of recorded human
history, the first electronic computers were developed in the mid-20th century (1940–1945).
These were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as several hundred modern
personal computers (PCs).Modern computers based on integrated circuits are millions to billions
of times more capable than the early machines, and occupy a fraction of the space. Simple
computers are small enough to fit into a wristwatch, and can be powered by a watch
battery. Personal computers in their various forms are icons of the Information Age and are what
most people think of as "computers". Theembedded computers found in many devices from MP3
players to fighter aircraft and from toys to industrial robots are however the most numerous.

The ability to store and execute lists of instructions called programs makes computers extremely
versatile, distinguishing them fromcalculators. The Church–Turing thesis is a mathematical
statement of this versatility: any computer with a certain minimum capability is, in principle,
capable of performing the same tasks that any other computer can perform. Therefore computers
ranging from a mobile phone to a supercomputer are all able to perform the same computational
tasks, given enough time and storage capacity.

REFERER:-

 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_processor

 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla_Firefox

 http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/s...

 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquitous_...
 http://click.linksynergy.com/fs-bin/click?

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