Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
For
By
Submitted By
Before we get to more important things, We would like to thank numerous people,
without whom our summer training would have been very difficult.
We would like to thank Gammon India Limited for providing us with the necessary,
whole-hearted guidance and valuable suggestions throughout our training period, without
We are very grateful to Mr. I.S.Mane, Regional Manager & Mr. A.K.Dey, Project In-
charge, for their continuous support. We thank Mr. Milind M. Gaikwad (AM II) & Mr. Vishal S
Kuwar(AM II), Planning & SMR, for guiding us right from the start.
NDCT, Mr. Vinay Cheerala(AM II) & Mr. Vaibhav A. Tungidwar(AM II) at NDCT & Mr. Jayant
Mankar(AM-II), Section In-charge of Chimney, for being kind & helpful throughout our
training period.
Finally, We acknowledge each and every member of staff at the 2 x 600 MW SHREE
their Summer Internship on our Project, Malwa 8826/27 NDCT and Chimney under my
A.K.DEY
(PROJECT IN-CHARGE)
INDEX
1 Company's Profile
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 History 2
1.3 Gammon Mission, Vision, Quality policy 3
1.4 Management Team 4
1.5 Subsidiaries 4
1.6 PPP 5
1.7 Other Clients 5
1.8 Health, Safety & Environment 6
1.9 Areas of specialization 6
1.10 Current projects 7
2 Project Profile 11
2.1 Location 11
2.2 Importance of the project 13
2.3 Introduction to the Project 14
2.4 Salient features of the Contract 15
2.5 Terms & Conditions of contract 16
3 Cooling Tower 21
3.1 Introduction 21
3.2 Types of Cooling Tower 21
3.3 Photograph 22
3.4 Categorization by Air to Water flow 25
3.5 Operation Principle of NDCT 26
3.6 Technical Specification & general Parameters 28
3.7 Codes & standards 30
3.8 Design Criteria of Cooling Tower 31
3.9 Scheme, Sequence and Method of Construction 32
4 Chimney 62
4.1 Inroduction 63
4.2 Technical Specification & general Parameters 65
4.3 Method of Construction 66
5 Quality Plan 87
5.1 Scope 87
5.2 Normative Reference 91
5.3 Terms & Definations 92
5.4 Quality Management System 93
5.5 Management Responsibility 96
5.6 Resource Management 103
5.7 Product Realization 106
5.8 Measurement, Analysis & Improvement 111
9 Administration/Management 135
9.1 Site Organization Chart 135
9.2 Responsibilities 135
10 Accounting 137
12 Safety 151
GIL, NDCT & Chimney Package for S.S.T.P.P, Khandwa, M.P Summer Internship Report-2010.
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Gammon India is not only the largest civil engineering construction company in India, but can lay
claim for the largest number of bridges built in the whole of Commonwealth. With over seventy
years of tradition in the field of construction. Gammon is a name that is inextricably woven into
the fabric of India.
As builders to the nation, Gammon has made concrete contributions by designing and
constructing bridges, Cooling towers, Chimney ports, harbors, thermal and nuclear power
stations, dams, high-rise structures, chemical and fertilizer complexes environmental structures,
cross country water, oil and gas pipelines. Gammon has accomplished this by fusing
tremendous engineering knowledge with innovative skills, harnessing men and materials to build
structures.
Structures that stand out as living testimonies to the victory of man over nature. Structures
conceived and built by minds in constant search of new methods, ideas, applications and
solutions. Because Gammon believes that today's solutions will not be adequate tomorrow.
This insatiable quest has led Gammon to pioneer Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete, Long
span bridges, Under water concreting using the Concrete process, Thin shell structures, Non-
Shrinking concrete, Aluminum trusses for launching precast, prestressed beams and many
more.
These resounding achievements have won Gammon the status of an R&D Institution - an
unequalled honor for an unmatched Performance.
The planners, designers and construction specialists at Gammon have proved their competence
and innovative skills here and abroad. And driving them to seek, to build and not to yield, is a
team of professionals at the Head Office led by the Chairman & Managing Director, Mr. Abhijit
Rajan.
1.2 HISTORY
In the beginning was a man and his vision a colossus throbbing with dynamism and pulsating
with energy. A man born to build. A man whose very presence was a source of inspiration.
Mr. John C. Gammon. The founder of Gammon India Limited. A Civil Engineer who can more
aptly be called 'The Sculptor of Concrete in India'. A man who preached and practiced order
and functional expression in structures - the enduring values that helped build the Gammon
edifice.
From monuments and bridges to reservoirs and jetties, his innovative vision and
engineering skill, his intuitive understanding of the materials and systems of construction
sought and fought answers to some of the most challenging examples in civil engineering
projects.
His abiding faith in people and their abilities inspired them to meet challenge after
challenge.
Mr. Gammon had several firsts to his credit. The RCC pile foundations for the Gateway of
India, the thin shell structures of the Meerut Garages, the colloidal grouting process at
Mundali Weir, the hyperbolic cooling towers at Sabarmati - are but a few of his
outstanding achievements. Bridges like Bonum and Patalganga, built by him have stood
the test of time as monuments to his ingenious skill.
Today, Gammon India Ltd., not only carries his name and vision, but stands out as a
Gateway for technological excellence in civil engineering.
MISSION
VISION
QUALITY POLICY
The Management team at Gammon is led by the Chairman and Managing Director,
Mr. Abhijit Rajan. He is assisted by his able team of the following directors:
Each segment of construction that the Company engages in is looked after executives with a
deep commitment to quality, timeliness of completion and inherent expertise and skill sets that
assist Gammon in being a leader in the construction arena.
1.5 SUBSIDIARIES
1.6 PPP
Presence in Public Private Partnership Projects
The Government is actively pursuing Public Private Partnerships (PPP) to bridge the
infrastructure deficit in the country. Several initiatives have been taken during the last three
years to promote PPP in sectors like ports, highways, power, roads, bridges etc. Having been in
the field of Infrastructure project contracting for a number of years, it was natural that the
Gammon group moved into the business of Infrastructure Projects Development. The resources
constraint with the Government and an immediate need of developing Infrastructure in the
Country were the primary drivers in the Gammon group reaching this logical conclusion.
Gammon Infrastructure Projects Limited, a subsidiary Company of Gammon India Limited, has
been leading the Gammon Group's forays into development of infrastructure projects on Public
Private Partnership (PPP) format. GIPL is among the first companies in India to be modeled as
an infrastructure development company and currently developes roads, bridges, ports and hydro
power and has also identified the following areas for project development and infrastructure
investment: urban infrastructure, airports, special economic zones, water and waste water
management, railways, power transmission lines and agricultural infrastructure. GIPL also offers
services in other areas of project development, such as project advisory services and sector
specific O&M activities.
1. We at Gammon are committed to provide a safe and healthy working environment for our
employees by adopting a proactive approach, prior to commencement of any project.
2. It is part of our work ethic to ensure that safety, health and environment safeguards are in
place right from the inception to the execution stage.
3. We accept the need for constant up gradation of safety & health standards
commensurate with the rapid changing technology in construction.
Special Bridges
Flyovers
Viaducts
Aqueducts
Roads
Highways
Railways
Power Projects
Thermal:
Chimneys.
Nicmar Hyderabad. Page 6
GIL, NDCT & Chimney Package for S.S.T.P.P, Khandwa, M.P Summer Internship Report-2010.
Hydro:
Dams
Tunnels
Power House
TBM Tunneling
Marine Projects
Piling works
Diaphragm wall
Environmental Projects
Pipeline Projects
Water Pipeline
Sr. No. Job No. Job Description CMS Name of PMS Champion
2.1 LOCATION
Malwa NDCT
MAP OF INDIA
Malwa NDCT
Malwa NDCT
Electricity is one of the most essential entities known to us. Life without electricity sends us back
by many centuries. It has played a major role in the development of the state, the country and
the world. It has, in short, become a necessity to us.
The power consumption is increasing day by day and so is the demand for more electricity.
There is a severe need to construct bigger and better power stations all across the world to meet
the demands of both Industrial and Domestic purposes.
The Madhya Pradesh Government has taken the initiative to increase the electric power
generation across the state.
As a result, Madhya Pradesh Power Generation Co. Ltd. (MPPGCL) has taken the decision for
to construction of Shree Singaji Thermal Power Station (2x 600MW).
Shree Singaji Thermal Power Station ( 2 X 600 MW) is situated in the Khandwa District,
Khandwa, State Madhya Pradesh. The site location is around 40 km from Khandwa Railway
Station. The total cost of 2 X 600 MW Shree Singaji T.P.S STAGE-I is Rs.8000 Crores.
The scope of work for Gammon India Ltd. in the S.S.T.P.S is as follows:
For supply of equipments for NDCT and Multi-flue Chimney package including supply of
mandatory spares.
For construction of NDCT, Multi-flue Chimney including associated civil and structural
works.
The total cost of project for Gammon India Ltd. is Rs.169.77 Crores.
CONTRACTOR’S
DEVELOPMENT CONSULTANT LTD
CONSULTANT
NDCT 1 : 10/10/2011
SCHEDULED
NDCT 2: 10/02/2012
COMPLETION
CHIMNEY:10/10/2011
2. L&T EPC POWER Limited shall raise its bill to MPPGCL against bill received from GIL and
shall make it within 45 days. GIL is not entitled to any claim for any delay in payment.
3. Payment terms for Civil Works portion (Including construction materials but excluding cost
of Structural of Natural Draft cooling Tower)
1. 10% of the amount of total civil works shall be paid to contractor in advance.
2. 80% of the progressive payments of total civil works portion on installation services
components of contract price along with 100% taxes and duties.
3. 5% of civil works portion of installation services “ on completion of facilities including all
associated auxiliary and ancillary works”
4. 5% of Civil works of installation services “on issue of operational acceptance certificates.
4. Payment terms for Structural Works portion of Natural Draft cooling Tower.
1. 10% of the amount of total Structural works shall be paid to contractor in advance
against performance security
2. 40% of the amount of total structural work shall be paid to contractor for procurement of
the steel material at site.
3. 18% of the amount of total structural work shall be paid to contractor for fabrication work
of the structural work.
4. 12% of the amount of total structural work shall be paid to contractor for Erection works of
the NDCT.
5. 10% of the amount of total structural work shall be paid to contractor for final alignment,
bolting and welding.
Nicmar Hyderabad. Page 15
GIL, NDCT & Chimney Package for S.S.T.P.P, Khandwa, M.P Summer Internship Report-2010.
6. 5% of the amount of total structural work shall be paid to contractor for associate
auxiliaries and auxiliary works
7. 5% of the amount of total structural work shall be paid to contractor for Guarantee test
and issue of operation.
5. Payment terms for Civil Works portion (Including construction materials but excluding
cost of Structural of chimney)
1. 10% of the amount of total civil works shall be paid to contractor in advance.
2. 80% of the progressive payments of total civil works portion on installation services
components of contract price along with 100% taxes and duties.
3. 5% of civil works portion of installation services “ on completion of facilities including all
associated auxiliary and ancillary works”
4. 5% of Civil works of installation services on issue of operational acceptance certificates.
2. 40% of the amount of total structural work shall be paid to contractor for procurement of
the steel material at site.
3. 18% of the amount of total structural work shall be paid to contractor for fabrication work
of the structural work.
4. 12% of the amount of total structural work shall be paid to contractor for Erection works of
the chimney.
5. 10% of the amount of total structural work shall be paid to contractor for final alignment,
bolting and welding.
6. 5% of the amount of total structural work shall be paid to contractor for associate
auxiliaries and auxiliary works.
7. 5% of the amount of total structural work shall be paid to contractor for Guarantee test
and issue of operation.
Any upward/downward variation of taxes & duties after the record data shall be L&T/
MPPGCL‟S account.
1. If there is any upward variation of taxes & duties after the record date, the additional
financial implication due to variation in taxes would be paid by L&T to GIL on pro-data
basis.
2. For this GIL has to be make and documentary evidence to L&T, which L&T will forward it
to MPPGCL and this claim will be accepted by MPPGCL and the payment will be made in
line.
3. If there is an increase in taxes & duties during the period of work for any reason which the
GIL is responsible then such increase shall be borne by GIL within the quoted to L&T /
MPPGCL if there is any delay from their side.
4. This variation shall not be applicable on procurement of raw materials and on the bought
out items dispatches directly from sub-vendor‟ s work to site.
1. L&T shall levy the liquidated damage on GIL at rate of 0.5% of the total contract price per
week of delay or part thereof subject to maximum of 10% of the total contract price.
2. This damage will be collected by GIL from contract price or securities available with L&T.
Any delay during execution of work under the contract scope that result into delay in execution
of main plant package then it become liable for levy of liquidated damage on GIL at end work.
Final decision about the quantum and work component on which the liquidated damages to be
imposed will be sale discretion of the component authority of L&T/ MPPGCL.
Milestone
S no. Parts of work Liquidated Damages
dates
1 Shell completion –NDCT-1(100m) 31.01.2011 0.2%
2 Shell completion –NDCT-1(up to top) 30.04.2011 0.5%
3 Casting & erection of internal walls & columns –NDCT-1 30.06.2011 0.5%
4 Shell completion –NDCT-2(100m) 31.05.2011 0.2%
5 Shell completion –NDCT-2(100m) 28.08.2011 0.5%
6 Casting & erection of internal walls & columns –NDCT-2 30.10.2011 0.5%
Milestone
S no. Parts of work Liquidated Damages
dates
1 Chimney shell completion (up to 50m) 14.06.2010 0.1%
2 Chimney shell completion (up to 100m) 30.07.2010 0.1%
3 Chimney shell completion (up to 150m) 14.09.2010 0.2%
4 Chimney shell completion (up to 200m) 30.10.2010 0.2%
5 Chimney shell completion (up to 250m) 15.12.2010 0.5%
L&T and MPPGCL authority shall carry out pre-dispatch inspection of equipments as per
approved quality assurance plan, which will be manufactured by L&T & MPPGCL.
GIL shall not consent in writing of L&T take any deviation in respect of any equipment, material
etc. otherwise it will be considered to be breach of contract and payment will not be made for
such deviation.
1. The period of the trail operation of the system shall be 28 days during which period the entire
system must be operated and investigation.
2. During trail operation if it is found to be un-satisfactory then GIL has to be the modification
and trail operation will be done again.
1. This test must be conducted within 45 days after the completion of trail operation or
agreed upon by both the parties.
2. GIL should provide all the instruments requires for the performance guarantee test.
1. GIL shall guarantee that equipment supplied shall be new and free from defect for a
period of 12 calendar months after the completion of performance guarantee test.
2. The liability of GIL towards latent defects shall be for a period of 2 years a period from the
date of completion of guarantee/warranty period.
According to this agreement if there is breach any one of the three contracts then is
automatically considered for the other also and L&T has the right to cancel the other two
contracts.
2.5.11. CONSULTANTS
L & T POWER CONSULTANT: M/S Development Consultant Pvt. Ltd is the Consultant
for the design and engineering.
MPPGCL CONSULTANT: M/S L & T Sargent & Lundy is the Consultant for the design
and engineering.
3.1 INTRODUCTION
Cooling towers are heat removal devices used to transfer process waste heat to the
atmosphere. Cooling towers may either use the evaporation of water to remove process heat
and cool the working fluid to near the wet-bulb air temperature or solely on air to cool the
working fluid to near the dry-bulb air temperature. Common applications include cooling the
circulating water used in oil refineries, chemical plants, power stations and building cooling. The
towers vary in size from small roof-top units to very large hyperboloid structures that can be up
to 200 meters tall and 140 meters in diameter, or rectangular structures that can be over 40
meters tall and 80 meters long. Smaller towers are normally factory-built, while larger ones are
constructed on site.
1. Natural draft: This utilizes buoyancy via a tall structure. Warm, moist air naturally rises due
to the density difference to the dry, cooler outside air. Warm moist air is less denser than dry
air at the same pressure. This moist air buoyancy produces a current of air through the
tower.
2. Mechanical draft: which uses power driven fan motors to force or draw air through the
tower.
1. Induced draft: A mechanical draft tower with a fan at the discharge which pulls air through
tower. The fan induces hot moist air out the discharge. This produces low entering and high
exiting air velocities, reducing the possibility of recirculation in which discharged air flows
back into the air intake. This fan/fill arrangement is also known as draw-through.
2. Forced draft: A mechanical draft tower with a blower type fan at the intake. The fan forces
air into the tower, creating high entering and low exiting air velocities. The low exiting velocity
is much more susceptible to recirculation. With the fan on the air intake, the fan is more
susceptible to complications due to freezing conditions.
Another disadvantage is that a forced draft design typically requires more motor horsepower
than an equivalent induced draft design. The forced draft benefit is its ability to work with high
static pressure. They can be installed in more confined spaces and even in some indoor
situations. This fan/fill geometry is also known as blow-through.
3. Fan assisted natural draft. A hybrid type that appears like a natural draft though airflow is
assisted by a fan.
3.3 Photograph
Fig: Induced Draft CT(Counter flow) Fig: Induced Draft CT with fill(Counter flow)
Cross flow: Cross flow is a design in which the air flow is directed perpendicular to the water
flow. Air flow enters one or more vertical faces of the cooling tower to meet the fill material.
Water flows (perpendicular to the air) through the fill by gravity. The air continues through the fill
and thus past the water flow into an open plenum area. A distribution or hot water basin
consisting of a deep pan with holes or nozzles in the bottom is utilized in a cross flow tower.
Gravity distributes the water through the nozzles uniformly across the fill material.
Counter flow: In a counter flow design the air flow is directly opposite to the water flow. Air
flow first enters an open area beneath the fill media and is then drawn up vertically. The water is
sprayed through pressurized nozzles and flows downward through the fill, opposite to the air
flow.
The interaction of the air and water flow allows a partial equalization and evaporation of
water.
The air, now saturated with water vapor, is discharged from the cooling tower.
A collection or cold water basin is used to contain the water after its interaction with the air
flow.
Both cross flow and counter flow designs can be used in natural draft and mechanical draft
cooling towers.
The cooling tower operation is based on evaporative condensation and exchange of sensible
heat. Cooling effect is accomplished by transferring apportion of liquid into vapor state there by
Hot water is pumped to a certain height and then distributed through piping system and
discharged through nozzles to splash over a system called filling (or) stacking. The water
The ascending air which enters to tower through the open space between the supporting
columns rises through the open space between the supporting columns rises through the
droplets of hot water through evaporation and consequently cools the water through evaporation
and convection. The cooled water collected in a pond and re circulated by adding loss of water.
Drift - Water droplets that are carried out of the cooling tower with the exhaust air. Drift
droplets have the same concentration of impurities as the water entering the tower.
Blow-out - Water droplets blown out of the cooling tower by wind, generally at the air
inlet openings. Water may also be lost, in the absence of wind, through splashing or
misting
Plume - The stream of saturated exhaust air leaving the cooling tower. The plume is
visible when water vapor it contains condenses in contact with cooler ambient air.
Blow-down - The portion of the circulating water flow that is removed in order to maintain
Leaching - The loss of wood preservative chemicals by the washing action of the water
Noise - Sound energy emitted by a cooling tower and heard at a given distance and
direction. The sound is generated by the impact of falling water, by the movement of air
by fans, the fan blades moving in the structure, and the motors, gearboxes or drive belts.
Range - The range is the temperature difference between the water inlet and water exit.
Fill - Inside the tower, fills are added to increase contact surface as well as contact time
between air and water. Thus they provide better heat transfer. The efficiency of the tower
also depends on them. There are two types of fills that may be used:
Splash type fill (breaks up water and interrupts its vertical progress)
S.NO Description
1 Quantity 2 No‟s
2 Height 170m
9 Relative Humidity 40 ˚c
S.NO Description
IS:1786
Specification For High Strength Deformed Steel Bars And Wires For
(Re-Affirmed 1990) Concrete Reinforcement.
IS:10262
IS:2386
IS:1199
Specification for mild steel and medium tensile bars and hard drawn
IS:432 steel wire for concrete reinforcement.
IS:875 Code of practice for Design Loads for Buildings and Structures.
IS:2210 Criteria for the design of RC shell structures and folded plates.
The following loads shall be considered for the design of cooling tower which are as follows: -
1) Dead Loads: - For assessing the self weight of the structure, the specific weight of the
concrete shall be taken as 2500 Kg/sqm. All other loads shall be assessed in accordance
with relevant codal provision.
3) Thermal effect: - Due to this effect stresses are developed. It shall not exceed value
given in IS: 4998(part1)-1975.
4) Permissible stresses for shell: - It shall not exceed as prescribed in clause 7.0 of IS:
4998(part1)-1975 for various combination. Except for the case of dead load + wind load
the maximum permissible stress in concrete shall not exceed 0.32FC (FC: - compressive
strength of concrete in Kg/sq.cm).
5) Wind load: - Wind load loading shall conform of IS: 875(part3)-1987. Dynamic analysis
shall be carried and stability must be ensured under such condition.
6) Basic wind speed: - 39m/s (up to 10m above normal ground level). Same in Bhusawal
1. Excavation.
2. P.C.C.
5. Diagonal column.
7. Pre-casting of laths.
8. Pre-casting of bearer beam, pipe supporting beam, tie beam, bear block.
1.1 Sequence:
1.1.4 After meeting soft/hard rock, take the block levels with clients.
1.1.5 Finalize the level by excavate the soft/hard rock up to the required level by chiseling,
drilling and blasting.
Excavation
Blasting
2.1 Sequence:
2.1 Sequence:
2.1.2 Remove the black cotton soil present and use plumb to fill the extra depth.
2.1.3 Stock the raw material for concreting like aggregate, sand and cement.
2.1.6 Weigh the material as per mix design and convert it to corresponding volume.
3. Foundation
Salient Features:
3.1.20 Pour the concreting as per pouring pattern layer by layer ensuring proper compaction.
3.1.21 At the end check the proper slope and make smooth finishing of the surface.
3.1.22 makes the proper curing arrangements.
4. Pond Wall
4.2 Sequence:
4.2.2 Cut and bent the reinforcement steel as per bar bending schedule.
4.2.3 Fix scaffolding as per drawing and Fabricate the shuttering plates as per drawing.
4.2.10 Fix vertical and horizontal water stopper in Construction and expansion Joints.
4.2.11. Align the shuttering plates as per slope, radius and level.
4.2.16 Stock the raw material for concreting like aggregate, sand, water and cement as per
plan
4.2.17 Place the mixer as per plan with concrete unloading tray.
4.2.18 Prepare walkway arrangement for carrying and pouring the concrete.
4.2.19 Weigh the material as per mix design and convert it to corresponding volume.
4.2.20 Pour the concreting as per pouring pattern layer by layer ensuring proper compaction.
4.2.21 At the end check the proper slope and make smooth finishing of the surface.
5.2 Sequence:
6. Ring Beam
6.2 Sequence:
6.2.1 Fabricate the shuttering and Fix the scaffolding as per drawing.
6.2.3 Fix the level pin, then ISMB section on the staging pipe and place ring beam wooden
Bottom shuttering.
6.2.5 Fix GP sheet on the bottom to maintain the outer curvical shape of ring beam by putting
the wooden angular pieces.
6.2.6 Fix the reinforcement steel as per drawing and provide temporary support to vertical
bars.
6.2.7 Make the alignment of reinforcement which is protruding from ring beam.
6.2.8 Check the radius of reinforcement steel at the lift top level.
6.2.10 Align the shuttering plates as per radius and level and fix temporary supports.
6.2.11 Maintain the thickness of ring beam by fixing through bolts one meter c/c.
6.2.15 Stock the raw material for concreting like aggregate, sand, water and cement as per
plan near the mixer.
6.2.16 Place the mixer and concrete pump & pipe line as per plan with concrete unloading
tray.
6.2.17 Make walkway arrangement for carrying and pouring the concrete.
6.2.18 Weigh the material as per mix design and convert it to corresponding volume.
6.2.19 Pour the concreting as per pouring pattern layer by layer ensuring proper compaction.
6.2.20 At the end check the proper slope and make smooth finishing of the surface.
7.1 Sequence:
8.1 Sequence:
9. PRECAST BEAM
9.1 Sequence:
10.1 Sequence
2. Prepare Bar bending schedule and fabricate Pond floor Side Shutter plate
4. Fix footing & column (internal) reinforcement at the location as per drawing .
5. Fix 150 mm water stopper at construction joint & 230 mm at expansion joints.
13. Stock the raw material for concreting like aggregate, sand, water and cement as per plan
near the mixer.
14. Place the mixer as per plan with necessary chutes and Tray.
15. Prepare walkway arrangement for carrying and pouring the concrete.
16. Weigh the material as per mix design and convert it to corresponding volume.
17. Pour the concreting as per pouring pattern layer by layer ensuring proper compaction. At the
end check the proper slope and make smooth finishing of the surface. Make mortar bund for
curing .
11.1. Sequence:
1. Prepare bar bending schedule and fabricate the shuttering plates as per drawing.
2. Fix the scaffolding .
3. Cut and bent steel as per bar bending schedule
4. Fix the reinforcement as per drawing.
5. Fix the shuttering.
6. Make the alignment of Shuttering
7. Clean the construction joint.
8. Mark the required level of concreting.
9. Prepare the mix design well in advance.
10. Stock the raw material for concreting like aggregate, sand, water and cement as per plan near
the mixer.
11. Place the mixer as per plan with necessary chutes and tray.
12. Prepare walkway arrangement for carrying and pouring the concrete.
13. Weigh the material as per mix design and convert it to corresponding volume.
14. Pour the concreting as per pouring pattern layer by layer ensuring proper compaction.
15. At the end check the proper slope and make smooth finishing of the surface.
16. Prepare the proper curing arrangements.
Necessity/Purpose: PVC fill is made of Poly Vinyl Chloride sheets which play a vital role in the water
cooling process by increasing the path of water droplet.
12.1 Sequence:
Necessity/Purpose: - Prevent the entry of moisture in to the concrete which may leads to the
corrosion.
14. AC pipe
Necessity/Purpose: AC pipe are act as Hot water Distribution system through which hot
water can be easily distributed over a large area of cooling tower and sprinkled through nozzles
on PVC fill media
.
14.1 Sequence:
11. Plug the gap between the duct wall and embedded AC pipe.
12. cast the saddle on upper level cross beam to rest the AC pipe.
CHAPTER 4 CHIMNEY
4.1 INDTRODUCTION
A chimney is a structure for venting hot flue gases or smoke from a boiler, stove, furnace or
fireplace to the outside atmosphere. Chimneys are typically vertical, or as near as possible to
vertical, to ensure that the gases flow smoothly, drawing air into the combustion in what is
known as the stack, or chimney, effect. The space inside a chimney is called a flue. Chimneys
may be found in buildings, steam locomotives and ships. In the US, the term smokestack
(colloquially, stack) is also used when referring to locomotive chimneys. The term funnel is
generally used for ships' chimneys and sometimes to refer to locomotive chimneys. Chimneys
are tall to increase their draw of air for combustion and to disperse pollutants in the flue gases
over a greater area so as to reduce the pollutant concentrations in compliance with regulatory or
other limits.
4.1.1 Features:
1. The scope of work covered in this specification in general, comprises the Design
Construction & Commissioning of 275 M. High Twin Flue RCC Chimney required for 2
x500 TO 600 MW Shree Singaji T.P.P.
a. Preparation of design basis report, design and construction drawings and obtaining
approval.
b. All excavation works in all types of soils / rocks including dewatering as necessary.
c. Construction of raft foundation.
d. Backfilling around the foundation.
e. RCC shell.
f. Internal platforms with flue restraint bearing and top internal platform with support
bearing & External platforms.
g. Stainless steel flues of suitable height.
h. Chimney cap.
i. Companion flange and brackets including inserts on the shell for the flue duct
connection.
j. Access, maintenance and clean out doors.
k. Staircase, ladders and hand railings.
l. Insulation material.
m. Platforms, inserts & miscellaneous bolts and anchors required for instrumentation of
chimney.
n. Lightning protection and grounding systems.
o. All painting work including for aviation,
p. Aviation night warning lights, lighting system inclusive of all accessories and cabling
work from power supply point.
Description Value
4.3.1. EXCAVATION
Procedure:
a) Take the block levels with Clients.
b) Mark the outer line of excavation considering side slopes.
c) Excavate the soil.
d) Again take the block level with clients after meeting soft/hard
e) Finalize the level by excavating the hard/soft rock upto the required level.
f) Trenches shall be backfilled with the suitable material as per specification in layers not exceeding
750 mm loose depth.
g) Each layer of fill shall be adequately consolidated throughout its full depth immediately after
placement and prior to placement of additional layer.
h) Source: Approved borrow Excavated soil shall be checked up for the suitability for reuse. If it is
suitable then use in back filling.
i) Laboratory test: Before starting of fill work in Laboratory to determine of Maximum Dry
Density/Optimum Moisture Content relationship as per IS: 2720.
j) Field test: Field density test shall be carried out as per IS: 2720 till the minimum 95% compaction
achieved.
k) Work will be carried out from 8:00 am to 8:00 pm & 8:00pm to 8:00am every day excluding
Sundays.
l) For access to pit, stock rock location and direction of the vehicle movement please refer Fig No:
4
m) Frequency of Field test:
n) Areas of fill in excess of 1000 Sq. m.: 3 test per layer.
o) Areas of fill in less than 1000 Sq. m.: 2 test per layer.
p) Trenches for each 100 m or less: 1 test per layer.
Details of setting out
RAMP
SURVEY PILLARS
CENTRAL PILLAR
BOUNDARY OF CHIMNEY
e) Stock the raw material for concreting like aggregate, sand, water and cement as
per plan near the mixer.
h) Weigh the material as per mix design and convert it to corresponding volume.
i) Pour the concrete uniformly and the thickness of the PCC can be checked by using 75 mm
structural steel angle or any other material of 75mm.
j) At the end check the proper slope and make smooth finishing the surface of PCC.
1. After completing the PCC, area on it are marked for the laying of bottom reinforcement of
Raft Foundation.
2. Bottom steel are cutted and layed on PCC according to the Bar Bending Schedule submitted
to the Clients.
3. Cover Blocks are provided to the bottom steel so that reinforcement should not touch the
PCC.
4. Once laying of Bottom steel is completed temporary supporting arrangement i.e. scaffolding
pipes will erected for supporting the vertical bars or chairs and the dowels coming out of at
intermediate and top levels.
5. After that intermediate dowels are tied up with the vertical bars or chairs.
6. After that top reinforcement will be tied up according to the drawing.
7. Once the reinforcement is completed, we can proceed for shuttering.
8. Before proceeding for shuttering, care should be taken that we are going to fix shuttering on
the top layer of reinforcement steel. What about the gap between PCC and top layer if steel.
9. For that remaining portion, in the beginning only Mix of M-40 is layed and on that Shuttering
Plates are erected with the help of H-frames.
10. Before the start of shuttering cover blocks will be tied up to the whole reinforcement with
proper spacing so as to maintain the cover of 75mm throughout and the steel should not
protrude out of the concrete under any circumstances.
11. Making shuttering plate 12mm thick ply & fixing (3” X 2”) runner, shuttering which shall be
checked and approved by (Client) and then it shall be placed to the proper position with the
help of supports.
12. Supports provided to the shuttering should be strong enough so that concrete should not flow
out of it during concreting under any circumstances.
13. GI sheet shuttering is provided for shear key at bottom and top.
14. As the top surface will be exposed the one, to maintain proper cover of 75mm on the top
surface also, scrap bars will be tied to top mesh vertically at intervals and 75mm from the
face of the main bar is marked on it in the vertical direction.
15. Get the whole pour checked by the clients.
16. Care should be taken that fixing of formwork and reinforcement adequately secured in
correct position, leaving sufficient access for vibrator.
17. After getting it checked from the clients, now segment is ready for concreting:
4.3.4.1 INTRODUCTION
Slip form is a method of construction that requires custom built set forms for each project. Unlike
jumpforming, slip forming usually proceeds 24 hours per day during the pouring stage of the
project. Large diameter silos RCC chimney, square or irregular configuration or clusters of two
or more silos are usually slip form silos.
In this method, a complete and unique form system is fabricated and built on site. The inside
and outside wall forms are constructed of EN 8 MS plates shutter. These forms are held
together and supported by a system of yokes and by the slipform deck. The deck is constructed
of structural steel members, which are covered with wooden planks to provide an area to work
off .Normally, the structural steel members consist of the roof support beams for the actual
structure .Once the slip form is complete, these members are attached to or supported by the
wall. They are left in place to support the roof.
This whole system of deck and wall forms is raised, or slipped as one integral unit by a series of
either hydraulic jack. Each jack is centered between the wall forms and climbs on a steel jack
rod that is left in place in the concrete wall. The jacks are attached to the yokes to tie the whole
system together.
The entire slip forming operation is usually continuous from start to finish .The rate of slip will be
dependent on several factors, including wall thickness ,complexity of structure ,weather ,quantity
of embeds, and block outs to be placed in the walls. Most slips will average between 10” & 15”
per hour. The initial “set time” for the concrete being poured in the walls, which reinforces the
jack rods that support the structure, is another critical factor.
After slip is completed, or “topped –out”, the form system is still supported by the jacks and jack
rods. The finished wall is then given a day or two to gain sufficient strength .When ready, the
deck structural support system is attached to the walls to support the roof to be constructed
later, and the forms, yokes, jacks, etc are removed. The balance of the work to be performed on
the project can then proceed under normal construction methods and practices.
2 Outside yoke leg for main yoke 8 31 End piece for inside waler 192
13 Adjusting screw for wall thickness 125 40 Clamp for form panel 96
54 Inside spindle left M24X2P L=850mm 110 84 Outside guard railing 288
59 Special nut for spindle M24X2P right 200 90 Console handle RH 200
60 Special nut for spindle M24X2P left 200 Elephant hose 200 mm dia, 2 mtr
91 48
long
61 Beam for bracing of main yoke 16
92 Starnut 400
62 Stretching screw 16
93 Cleat for form panel A Top 120
Protecting hose flexible dia.35mm
63 384
L=800mm 94 Cleat for form panel B Bottom 120
76 Spider beam right 40 Stud 3/4" BSW, 50mm long for 32mm
104 2000
jack rod
77 Distance bar 48
Stud 5/8" BSW, 45mm long for 25mm
105 0
78 Inside console for working deck 48 jack rod
79 Outside console for working deck 48 106 Shoe for 32 dia taper tube 100
2. From centre point as a reference periphery of shell will divide in to 48 equal parts each at
angle 8.
3. Layout of staging shall be drawn on concrete surface of foundation.
4. According to layout staging shall be fixed, center staging should be strong as heavy load of
mainframe will come over it.
5. Assembling of main center truss, ring beam and wing beam shall be carried out at ground
level.
6. Before erection all required equipments and materials (like D-Shackle, sling, P.P.Rope)
shall be kept ready.
7. Erection of mainframe shall be carried out by crane of suitable capacity to lift main beam at
12.75 radius.
8. Main truss with wing beam shall be placed at predetermined center and level as per site
requirement.
9. Spider beam shall be connected into the ring beam channel, provided for fixing spider
beam.
10. After completion of erection work wing beam with central truss and spider beams, the
bottom level of all the wing beams and spider beams shall be maintained constantly.
11. Check the centre of chimney with the center of center frame and adjust the same if frame
is not in position.
12. Check all the connections for the proper tightness and location.
13. Erect the outer yoke leg with the help of guide angle.
14. Erect the inner Yokel leg ,Distance bar and continue erection of yoke beam, Internal &
External platform frame with hand railing ,fixing of inner and outer shuttering plates, fixing
of Waler support ,Waler ,fixing of Intermediate form support ,fixing of piston jacks, inside
the console ,fixing of top platform frame with hand railing ,fixing of Right and Left hand
horizontal Turnbuckle both side inside and outside with console and intermediate Waler
support ,fixing of diagonal turnbuckle with Wing Beam and outer Yoke ,fixing of steering
arm in Wing beam between Yoke legs shall be carried out.
15. Fix Shell Thickness Screw with Inner and outer yoke leg and radius Screw with inner Yoke
Leg, Wing Beam & Spider Beam.
16. Fix the planks of 50 mm thickness over Wing beam, Spider beam, Inner and outer Hanging
Platform and outer top platform.
17. Alignment of Yoke legs with Shuttering shall be carried out by keeping
1000
The „G‟-value shall be measured between top Yoke leg and Wing Beam/Spider
Beam.
18. Keep all the Yoke legs in position with shuttering by adjusting the radius screw, which has
provided for the adjustment radius at different elevations.
19. Fix the Hydraulic Pressure pipe with piston jack both inside & outside continuously .
20. Both ends of the hydraulic pressure hosepipes shall be connected to power pack .
21. Fix the batten of size 2”×3”×4” with the inner Yoke leg at the location
22. Fix the monometer tubes on each battens provided in inner Yoke leg by keeping the
constant distance between the lower yoke beam and draw a line on the battens.
23. Fix all the jack rod shoes at the locations marked on starter of shell. Fixing of reinforcement
guide clamp on wing beam /spider beams and cover blocks with shuttering plates.
24. Fix the jack rods with jacks and sleeve pipe ,please ensure ,the gap between the sleeve
pipe and shoe pipe shall be tightly closed be means of cello tape/shuttering tape to restrict
the flow of concrete /grout in between the shoe pipe and sleeve pipe which leads to
grouting of jack rod inside the shoe .
25. Fix pressure hosepipes with jacks and power pack
26. Check all the joints /Nipples of hydraulic hose pressure pipe by operating power pack.
FIRST STEP:
1. 2 Nos of wing beams with centre frame has been erected by tyre mounted crane of suitable
capacity to lift the truss.
2. If the whole assembly of centre frame & wing beams have to erect in as step the crane capacity
needed to be 13 T.
Ring beam
Wing beam
Wing beam
Crane
Raft foundation
Backfilled soil
SECOND STEP:
1. After the erection of 2 nos of Wing Beams with centre frame the other 6 parts of wing beams were
erected one by one and properly connected to centre frame with an angle of 45 degree between
them.
ERECTION PROCEDURE SHOWN WITH THE HELP OF SKETCHES:
Ring beam
Wing beam
Wing beam
Crane
Backfilled soil
Wing beam
Ring beam
Crane
Raft foundation
Backfilled soil
THIRD STEP:
1. After the erection of all 8 nos wing Beams and connecting it to centre frame with all care of dimension
and adequate checking ,the spider beams are erected one by one and get connected with ring beam with
an angle of 8 degree in between them.
4.3.5.1 INTRODUCTION
After erection of wing beam, spider beam, central frame and all other peripherals
associated with slipform assembly, the lifting operation can be started.
At present the slipform is resting on the staging pipes with all parts in assembled manner.
As the lifting operation starts the total weight of the assembly will be transferred to jack
rods inserted in concrete .
The other members of slipform such as the Wing Beam ,Center frame, Spider Beams
,Yoke Leg & Yoke Beams are designed in such a manner so that the load transfer and
stress distribution must be in a uniform manner .
All the hydraulic jacks are connected in series connection through Power pack,
manifold,Tee & hydraulic pressure distribution hose.
The piston jacks are also connected in series through power pack ,4 way direction control
valve distribution and hydraulic pressure distribution hose.
Upto 25m Truck Mounted Boom Placer will transfer the concrete in the tray kept on the
slipform deck.
From there concrete will be poured to the shell using trolleys through the funnels kixed
around the periphery of the deck so as to avoid segregation of concrete.
Concreting is done from one end simultaneously with one by one layer of 200mm.
Depending on the initial setting time of concrete, slipform shall be lifted up to 100mm in 1
hour.
Vibrating and leveling will be maintained.
After 25m concreting will be done by concrete buckets which will be lifted with help of
winches.
Observe the levels of each Yoke leg and if levels are not matching then adjust the lifting of
jacks with the help of bolt provided at the top of jacks.
The above process shall be continued for lifting of slipform.
Simultaneously operate all the screw like shell thickness screw, Radius screw and
horizontal turnbuckle as per the reading given in slipform operation chart.
Jack rods shall be extracted after concreting a height of 25m of shell, initially and at 65m,
105m, 155m, 200m and 245m.
A free Board of 900mm shall be kept in shuttering by lifting the slipform as
required without concreting.
Staging shall be provided to support total slipform .The loads shall be taken be staging
pipes provided below wing beam and spider beams.
Remove the jacks by dismantling bolts provided for fixing jacks with lower yoke beam.
If there are two jacks at a location then one can be dismantled first and jack rod shall be
extracted.
If there is only one jack below spider/Wing beams the after transferring total load of
slipform on staging provided on shell for the purpose, jack rods shall be extracted.
Fix the extraction jacks at the predetermined locations in bottom of yoke beam.
Connect the extraction jacks as per the dia of jack rods with power pack and operate the
jack to extract jack rods.
In one operation 300mm jack rod will be extracted .Continue the operation till you extract
the joint of jack rod above jack top level.
Continue the above procedure for extracting total length of jack rod at each location.
Location of extraction shall be followed by setting, alternate locations.
Grout the holes left out at jack rods extracted location by cement mortar.
1. Fix the pipe shoe at the extracted locations of jack rods with sleeve pipe, jack rod and
jacks.
2. Alignment of shuttering and slipform shall be readjusted as per the drawing.
3. Concrete pouring shall be started after adjustment /setting of slipform.
4. Operation process shall be followed for further height as per slipform program.
1. Layout shall be drawn on floor by selecting any two wing beam opposite to each other.
2. Plumb shall be hanged at both the locations and initial reading shall be noted down and
also with help of laser instrument
3. Observe the shift /twist at every one hour and note down the readings.
4. If the slipform is shifted to any one direction it shall be brought to original direction by
controlling the lifting of jacks.
5. In extreme cases chain pulley block shall be used by raking reaction from inserts provided
in shell for the purpose.
6. If the slipform is twisted to any one direction, it shall be brought to original position by
operating diagonal turnbuckle provided in wing beams.
7. On extreme twist chain pulley blocks shall be used to control the twist of slipform.
1. Liquid Penetration Inspection will be carried out after root run conforming
Steel
1.1 General:
Project Quality Plan is a systematic document serving as a basis for assuring quality
execution of the project at each stage for full satisfaction of Client/ Employer ensuring
timely completion of the project by avoiding any cost and time over runs.
It aims at ensuring timely completion of the project by avoiding any cost and time over
runs and ensuring quality construction at all stages of the project.
The Project Quality Plan contains requirements of quality assurance programme for
Complete Design, Detailed Engineering, Supply, Construction, Erection, Testing and
Commissioning of 2Nos,Natural Draft Cooling Tower for 2x600MW, Shree Singaji
Thermal Power Plant, Village Dongalia, Dist. KHANDAWA, MADHYA PRADESH. This
Project Quality Plan is in conformance with requirements of Company‟s Corporate QAM,
ISO9001-2000 and L&T Technical specification for Construction.
This Project includes Construction of Two no‟s of Natural Draft Cooling Tower for
2x600MW SINGHAJI THERMAL POWER PLANT KHANDAWA, MADHYA PRADESH.
Features:
2. The scope of work covered in this specification in general, comprises the Design
Construction & Commissioning of 2 No of Natural Draft Counter Flow Cooling Tower
required for 2 x500 TO 600 MW Shree Singaji T.P.P.
The scope of this work shall consist of, but not limited to, the design and construction of
reinforced concrete double curvature hyperbolic shell, Raker columns, ring beams, cold
water basin with partition walls, hot water pipeline, drain sumps, external drain chamber
with associated pipe work, cold water channels with sluice gates and removable screens
as specified elsewhere, hoists & monorails, primary and secondary hot water distribution
troughs, fill support systems including columns & beams, drift eliminators (if required),
testing of cold water basin for water tightness, external stairs, cage ladders, handling
facilities at tower top with walkway platform and CW channel, platforms, walkways as
specified or required for operation and maintenance, access doors, MS handrails, steel
fittings, fixtures, inserts including fabrication, galvanizing and erection of associated steel
work and other chemicals on the completed structures etc. all complete as per functional
requirements and as per directions of Owner. The scope of work under this specification
shall include providing thermal design, structural engineering design and drawings, all
labour, supervision, materials, shuttering and scaffolding, construction equipments
including tower cranes, hoists, batching plants etc. tools and plant, supply and
transportation of all incidental items not shown or specified but reasonably implied for
successful completion of the work. The nature of the work shall generally involve
foundation, excavation, dewatering, shoring and strutting, backfilling around
underground structures and plinth filling, sand filling, disposal of surplus soil outside
plant boundary, concreting of grade as specified, formwork including automatic climb
form, laser beam instruments, fabrication, galvanizing and erection of steel structures
and inserts, finishing anchor bolts, RCC sump, laying and testing of hot water pipe line,
water proofing, providing PVC water stops and joint filters, drainage and other ancillary
items connected with cooling towers as approved. The surface protection that would
include all inner face of hyperbolic shell, Raker column faces, inner faces of cold water
basin, fill support structures, hot water distribution pipes & channels, cold water
channels etc. This list is indicative and the scope shall also include the preparation and
supply of all working drawings required for this work.
RCC : 28500X2cum
Project Quality Plan is structured into four parts conveying the Quality Policy, Quality
Objectives and Governing Procedures for the execution of the above job in a clear, accurate
and complete manner, applying sound engineering practices.
First Section deals with the structure of QP, responsibility of preparation and upkeep of
QP, and distribution list of QP.
Third Section details of project are briefly furnished for ease of reference and
understanding the scope of work.
Fourth section Quality System elements as enshrined in QP are dealt with in conformity
with ISO 9001-2000
The Site In-charge in consultation with the Contract Management Section (CMS)
concerned shall be responsible for execution of the project as per this QP.
The Site In-charge in co-ordination with the QA Engineer In-charge shall be responsible
for the preparation, distribution, and upkeep of this QP including revising by issuing
approved revised pages/ amendments as necessary.
All copies of QP shall be numbered and issued to a person as specified in the distribution
list.
The master copy of this document will be with the Project Manager. The copy shall be
distributed to the following personnel:
4. CMS Section 4
5. ISO Section, HO 5
6. SMR 6
IS:1786 Specification For High Strength Deformed Steel Bars And Wires For
(Re-Affirmed 1990) Concrete Reinforcement.
IS:10262
Recommended Guidelines For Concrete Mix Designs.
(Re-Affirmed 1990)
IS:2386
Methods of Test For Aggregates For Concrete.
(Re-Affirmed 1997)
IS:1199
Methods of Sampling And Analysis of Concrete
(Re-Affirmed 1999)
Specification for mild steel and medium tensile bars and hard drawn
IS:432
steel wire for concrete reinforcement.
IS:875 Code of practice for Design Loads for Buildings and Structures.
IS:2210 Criteria for the design of RC shell structures and folded plates.
The site utilizes the following document for Quality Management System based on ISO 9001-
2000:
MR Management Representative
REV Revision
QP Quality Plan
RT Radiography Testing
Quality management system of the project shall start with the establishing of policy and objectives
to direct and control an organization and it‟s inter related or interacting elements with regard to
quality.
Gammon India Limited has implemented Quality System as per requirements of ISO 9001-2000,
including
Quality plan is prepared for the project as per quality requirement for ensuring
conformance to lay down specifications.
QMS of the project shall start with establishing the quality plan of the project at the initial
stage.
Quality Plan shall give process and its details and measurements criteria in the form of
Process Parameters.
Once the job is awarded planning activity for the job starts.
This is done by establishing the Quality Plan, construction methodology and ITP‟s of the
project.
This gives resource requirements and its schedule. Various processes involved in the
project and its construction are established and documented in the quality plan.
All the processes should be carried out strictly as per approved procedures and specifications.
The following documents are applicable for this procedure.
Document Controlled By
Relevant person keeps the master copy of above documents and copies of above are
issued to the users and entered in issue register.
Each controlled document bears a copy number.
Some documents if need to corrected or changed, concern person can change it under an
approval of Project Manager.
If some revision will take place in control document, the Originator will call back the copy
from the users and issue fresh copy.
The old copy will be kept with master copyholder indicating it as obsolete document.
The obsolete copies of the document are kept by person controlling it only for any
contractual or legal issues.
The details of this process are as per corporate procedure for Control of documents
"QSP/MGR/03, copy of which is available with SMR.
The lists of records are made and retention period is mentioned on the same.
Copyholder shall take action regarding disposal of these records on expiry of defect liability
period or afterwards as per instruction of CMS and inform all concerned.
Nicmar Hyderabad. Page 94
GIL, NDCT & Chimney Package for S.S.T.P.P, Khandwa, M.P Summer Internship Report-2010.
He shall ensure that these records are properly indexed, stored and are retrievable when
required.
The details of this process are as per corporate procedure for Control of Record
"QSP/MGR/04, copy of which is available with SMR.
Be in constant contact with site & encourage site to complete the project as per Clients
requirement
Define the quality objectives, mission and establish QMS for Site.
Conduct management reviews of the site once in three months.
Ensure that the resources required for the completion of the project are available on time.
Conduct audit for compliance of QMS and take feedback for continuous improvement.
To adhere safety, quality as per tender, approved procedure, drawings, quality control plan
and QP, and progress as per schedule.
Mission Statement
To develop, build and service physical infrastructure for better living, work Environment &
transportation.
Vision
To be the leader in innovative engineering and timely delivering of our quality Construction
services upholding our tradition of being “Builders to the Nation.”
Quality Policy
Gammon‟s quest for excellence is achieved by its innovative engineering and quality execution of
contracts through continual improvement of technology by its high performance team that takes
pride in being “Builders to the Nation”.
5.4 Planning
• Quality of works:
To achieve the higher quality standard to the requirements and to reduce the non-
conformance and thereby reworking.
Sr
CORPORATE LEVEL SITE LEVEL
No.
1. The Company will seek to understand Improve customer satisfaction level by
customer satisfaction level in the scale reducing number of complaints and
of 1 to 10 and will take steps to improve satisfaction level based on
continuously improving the satisfaction feedback received from clients.
level.
2. The company will increase the revenue To achieve billing as targeted and
by at least 10% every year in the areas achieve project completion as per
of its core competency. schedule.
3. The company will increase the ROCE by To achieve job profit as per Control
1% every year. Estimate.
4. The company will improve the To maintain the plants in good working
productivity of equipments by 10% conditions and reduce breakdown
every year. percentage by 5%
5. The company will reduce the accident To create safe working environment for
frequency rate by 10% every year. Also individuals at the project and achieve
maintain safe working environment with reduction in time lost by maintaining
proper housekeeping. proper housekeeping and general
cleanliness.
Project Manager shall define the responsibilities & authority of the site personnel.
A) Project In charge:
Responsibility:
To make the estimate, programme, work instruction and monitor the site as
well as QA/QC activities and safety activities. To interact with client, outside
agencies and HO.
Monitoring men and resources required for site i.e. arranging for the staff, plant /
machinery from the sources available at HO.
Follow up for getting the various construction activities started.
Monitoring the daily expenditures incurred at site.
Chair the review meetings to sort out the problems in execution of the job.
To check the accounting, finance consumption, progress report, stock
statements and QA/QC records are prepared properly and sent in time.
Attending the client‟s officials in their site inspection and in meetings.
B) Section-In charge:
Responsibility:
Monitor the site activities as per the programme and schedules made.
Interaction with various parties, outside agencies etc.
Liasioning with clients for necessary permissions and getting approval for
various construction activities.
Follow up for resources required for site as per requirement and equipment
deployment.
Follow up for getting the various construction activities started.
Day to day co ordination with client for necessary clearances.
C) Planning Engineer:
Responsibility:
(1)Planning:
To make Control estimate, cash flow, and programming and review the program
periodically.
Monitoring the stock of materials
Maintaining the drawing register
Estimating the quantities required for the next week & next month and informing
to the stores.
Reconciliation of the materials like cement, steel, aggregates, sand, Bitumen
paint, staging pipes, etc.
Prepare daily / weekly / monthly progress report and submit to Client and H.O.
Preparing work orders for sub contractors as per approved rates and checking
of sub contractor bills.
Making the arrangement of weekly review meetings with client
(2) Billing:
Planning Engineer shall make running account interim bills & escalation bills
monthly.
Reviewing the work done quantities with the quantities of R.A. bills
Authority:
D) Plant in charge:
Responsibility:
Smooth operation, running of the plant and machinery at site.
Prepare monthly plant statement and send it to HO through Project Manager.
Make the weekly schedule for day-to-day maintenance of all plant items and
carry out the maintenance accordingly.
Prepare a list of plant spares required for maintenance of plant and vehicles
weekly.
Do the statistical analysis of breakdowns.
Authority:
E) Store Keeper:
Responsibility:
Prepare stock statement of the materials required for the job and update its
quarterly.
Check weights /measurements of incoming materials.
Carry out visual inspection, check quantity and specification of incoming
material.
Originating the records of materials received.
Storing of materials as required / specified
Authority:
F) Accounts Officer:
Responsibility:
Record the transactions as soon as they take place make the summaries and
sent to H.O through Project Manager.
Design the forms and procedures for timely accounting with internal control.
Prepare and send MFS statement to H.O duly signed by Project Manager.
Statutory requirements viz. income tax, sale tax etc.
Authority:
G) Site Engineers:
Responsibility:
Ensuring the proper functioning of the sites
Ensuring the understanding, implementation and maintenance of quality and
safety systems at all levels.
Performing the activities of construction function relating to contract
Ensuring proper documentation and data control.
Ensuring adherence to construction schedule and giving feedback to planning
cell.
Ensuring proper housekeeping at work site.
H) Safety Engineer:
Responsibility:
Ensuring overall safety at site.
Identifying potential hazardous operations and situations and prepare HAZOP
analysis.
Preparing comprehensive and detailed accident report whenever accidents
occur.
Understanding the site conditions at various stages of work from perspective of
safety of personnel and machinery
Evaluating the requirement of safety training programs and carrying out the
safety training programs
Evaluating the effectiveness of the safety-training program.
Conduct safety induction training as and when the situation demands.
I) Administration:
Responsibility:
Arranging facilities such as communication, transportation, accommodation etc.
required at site.
Hiring of plants for project as and when required and getting approval from
Project Manager
Allocating and maintaining accommodation facilities for personnel at site.
Maintaining various personnel records
Maintaining security arrangements for works camp, colony and equipment‟s.
Liaison with local departments like transport, electrical, postal, telegraphs, labor,
provident fund, etc.
Complying with various statutory requirements applicable to the project.
Responsibility:
Maintaining list of Quality related records.
Maintaining of record room
Reviewing QSPs, work procedures, Quality Plan and Inspection and Test Plan.
Conducting various tests as indicated in the Inspection and Test Plan.
Attending day to day site QC activities.
Involving in QA related activities at site before concreting, during concreting and
after concreting.
Organize quality audits and provide feedback to PM and HQ – QA/QC group.
Management review shall be done as per company procedure bearing no. QSP/MGR/01. Site
management review meeting shall be conducted once in three months after the Internal Audit is
over. SMR shall fix the date & time in advance in consultation with Site in Charge and inform to all
Section In-charge. SMR is responsible for organizing the meeting. He will prepare the agenda of
meeting and distributed to all the section in charges in advance.
The agenda as well as Review Input for the meeting shall be as below:
Audit reports (ISO Audit/Client Audit/DNV Audit), Report of analysis of Non-
conformities, customer complaints, equipment failure etc.
Action plan for corrective and preventive action.
Report of monitoring of corrective and preventive action plan implementation.
Safety records.
Wastage.
Reports of statistical techniques as given in procedure QSP/MGR/07.
Process parameters of various processes are monitored and
Reported and improvement of process carried out.
Achievement of project schedule.
SMR shall prepare the Minutes of Review Meeting (MOM) and shall distribute among all the
members. SMR shall also send necessary part of the minutes of the meeting to the concerned
person for taking action as per the MOM as required. The copy of the MOM and the report of
monitoring of corrective and preventive action taken shall be sent to M.R at H.O. with a copy to
concern CMS, which shall serve as input for the agenda for Management Review Meeting at H.O.
Management review shall be done as per the company procedure bearing no. QSP/MGR/01
To establish hygienic site office and accommodation for staff and workers, sufficient vehicles for
transportation of staff and labors, first-aid center, welfare facilities and etc. at site.
6.2.1 General
The skilled manpower and technical, non-technical as well as managerial staff deployed are
selected based on their qualification, experience and competency. Masons, Vibrator operator,
PVC water stopper and metal welders and personnel for jump-form shutter alignment etc. are
selected and qualified based on their performance and as per the procedure.
The training requirements of staff are to be identified by Project In charge. Project In charge
arranges for on job training and routine training based on requirements given by an individual in
the appraisal, client recommendation and job nature. Safety related training is imparted by Safety
Engineer at site. For any other training requirement he informs to H.O. CMS and H.O. HRD &
Training section.
6.3 Infrastructure:
Project Manger prepares requirements for infrastructure while preparing the estimate for the job.
Infrastructure requirements include provision of Site offices,
Plants & equipment like crusher‟s concrete batching plants etc.
Transportation and communication facility
The above is provided during the mobilization of the site. Also during the progress of the project
when necessity is felt for additional infrastructure same is justified and is approved by CMS on
review. The site is provided with adequate transportation facility for commuting. The site is
connected by V-sat for its communication by emails and for procurements through ERP system.
Plant Maintenance:
Site has established a workshop at site for maintenance of its plants. Plant In-charge establishes
preventive maintenance schedule for all the major plants, which follow the manufacturer
guidelines for the same. The plants are thus maintained routinely so as to ensure them in working
condition and for ensuring the productivity. The productivity and breakdown details are monitored
and process parameters of the Plant Maintenance process are reported during the Site
Management Review meetings.
Objective of plant maintenance is to reduce the down time and Repair / maintenance cost of
equipment‟s. For this failure analysis is done and improvements are implemented.
A safe work environment is ensured at site by taking adequate measures like adequate access
scaffolds and walkways, railing and PPE for all the staff and workmen as appropriate to nature of
their works.
Company‟s safety manual can be referred for safety policy and standard procedures to be
followed with regards to safe working at site.
We at Gammon are committed to provide a safe and healthy working environment for our
employees by adopting a proactive approach, prior to commencement of any project.
It is part of our work ethic to ensure that safety; health and environment safeguards are in
place right from the inception to the execution stage.
We accept the need for constant up gradation of safety and health standards commensurate
with the rapid changing technology in construction.
Sr Objectives Targets
No.
4. Auditing:
Safety audits are conducted and reports being maintained. Ratings are given for safety
performance of the month. From the findings of audit, steps to improve the situation can
be taken.
The findings of the Safety Audit are reported to H.O Safety In charge and also to Project
In charge and in SMR meetings.
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5. Monitoring:
It is done daily through work place inspections, recording conformances/non-
conformances and issuing inter-office memorandum to rectify the safety related deficiency
(SRD). Process parameters of safety are reported on monthly basis to HO.
To establish and maintain procedure for planning and control of construction activities at site. This
Section proposes the methods adopted by the project Manager that will enable him to
Administrate and execute the Contract as per approved Quality Plan, ITP‟s and Job Work
Procedure and to the entire satisfaction of the customers.
Product conforming to I.S shall be determined as per contract and approval of the same shall be
obtained from customer before use
Product requirement as per contract and drawing shall be reviewed & its availability on time shall
be ensured.
Customer (owner)'s representatives give their instructions to site personnel in the register or in
the approved format. Customer‟s complaints, if any received at site shall be attended with reply
and compliance is maintained in the register or as per approved format by giving the details
related to action taken.
7.4 PURCHASING
To streamline the site, Head Office purchases and defines the boundaries of site and Head Office
purchase limit.
Material purchasing at site is for consumables and small items. The objective of site purchase is
to reduce the lead-time and get the material at the best price. User group will raise an indent for
the material to be procured and the same is reviewed by planning section and Stores will check
for the availability of the material at stock and then the Project- In charge will approve the indent
for procurement.
Stores/Purchase section at site will obtain the Quotations for the materials indented and the
Purchase Officer/Store Keeper will generate comparison statement and proper approval shall be
obtained on the comparative statement and then Purchase order shall be prepared.
Purchase of major materials and that of consumables etc are done by HO P&S based on the
indent raised by the user at site and reviewed by planning section at site and approved by the
Project In charge and CMS.
Purchase process and relevant documents are as referred in purchase process chart.
Vendors are to be registered and their ability to supply the product is examined and then
approved. After receipt of material based on each purchase orders, vendor's performance is
viewed and is rated for their performance. Successful vendors are listed in approved vendor list.
This list is reviewed once in three months based on the nature of supply and the product.
A Purchase order to be issued to supplier mentioning all relevant information of the required
product such as name of the Product and Quantity with the relevant standards and specifications
Against purchase order, material shall be received from supplier at site and the inspection shall
be carried out as per approved Quality Assurance Plan (QAP) or Inspection and Testing Plan
(ITP) on receipt of the material.
Store personnel receives the materials and is accepted based on fulfilling requirement of
incoming materials inspection. Quality Control engineer inspects the same materials and conduct
sampling and testing as per approved ITP or QAP.
Receipt Inspection Items received from H.O. like Cement, Reinforcement steel, Admixture etc.
should be accompanied by Manufacturer‟s Test Certificate. Items received from vendors at site
should be inspected / tested by the QC Engineer and records shall be maintained. Rejected
materials are to be returned to the vendor and details are entered in the register. The Inspection
and Test Plan and method of testing for incoming materials is defined in the Quality Assurance
Plan.
In process Inspection and testing shall be carried out as per test/Inspection Plan and test results
shall be recorded. QC Engineer will be responsible for this activity. QA test plan for in process
testing and receiving inspection is detailed in Quality Assurance Plan. List of processes for
Inspection/testing is enclosed.
Before asking the Engineer In-charge for joint inspection, thorough check shall be carried out by
QC Engineer. Project In-charge will make request for inspection to Engineer In-charge.
Inspection and Test Status of materials and processes shall be identified by tags, marking or by
documenting the test results indicating the conformance of the material/ processes based on the
inspection/test performed. Non-conforming materials/processes shall be clearly identified to avoid
their unintended use till the non-conformity is removed.
All records shall be maintained by the QA Engineer on completion and acceptance of an activity
by Client. All the measuring test and inspection Equipment‟s shall bear a sticker signed by the site
QA In-charge containing all details related to its identification & calibration. Periodic cross
verification of Equipment shall be done by the site QA In-charge for its accuracy.
To establish, implement and maintain a procedure for control of production and service provision
for all permanent and temporary works in the site. The same is carried out by approved
methodology of the respective activity like excavation, concreting for raft foundation, etc.
Product identification and traceability shall be carried out for critical items. Paperboard shall be
kept near the critical material, which posses expiry date and these shall be depleted in the
“First in First Out” system.
Identification boards shall be displayed near the reinforcement steel/ structural steel indicating
the diameter/size/specification.
All critical materials (other than coarse and fine aggregates) purchased shall be accompanied
by Manufacturer‟s test certificates.
Details of Product Batch no., Lot no., Location, Date of use etc. shall be maintained in product
for all critical materials. Records shall be maintained by QA Engineer.
For example for cement Batch number shall be traced out with manufacturer material test
certificates and Week number shall be traced out from cement bag and related documents.
For steel Lot number shall be traced from manufacturer test certificate and at site from tags
which is tied to the Reinforcement and as well as it will be transferred into issue register and
steel register book, so that the traceability of steel shall be ensured. Product like Precast items
shall have the product identification and traceability.
The store In-charge shall verify the quantity of the customer-supplied materials.
Project In-charge shall ensure that the Manufacturer‟s test certificates are supplied by the
customer with each lot of material. In addition, random sampling and independent testing
of customer supplied-product shall be carried out. Non-conforming materials shall be
returned to the customers and record maintained.
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All the material received at stores is preserved at store. Material is accounted and entered in
stores ledgers. The care is taken to store the material at appropriate place. They are traced
appropriately with their identification of the material.
The main product required for this job is as follows:
a) Cement
b) Aggregate (Coarse & Fine)
c) Admixture
d) Reinforcement
e) PVC Water Stopper
f) Bitumen Paint
g) GI Ladders
h) Structural Steel for ladders, lightening, Earthing etc.
i) M.S.Pipes
a) Cement
Cement shall be stored in closed godown as per Indian standard practices (IS 4082)
and the same cement shall be issued to site as per the requirement. The cement older
than six months will be rejected from its use.
b) Admixture
Admixture shall be stored in Closed Godown and same shall be issued to site as per
requirement.
c) Reinforcement
Reinforcement should be stored diameter wise and stacked over the wooden sleepers
or pedestals. Tags will be used to identify each diameter of reinforcement.
e) Bituminous paint
Bitumen paint shall be stored in closed go down and shall be issued to site as per
requirement.
A list of all inspection, measuring and test Equipment‟s shall be maintained with the details
of the Equipment Identification number, Calibration frequency, Date of Calibration, next
due date of calibration, calibration agency (in-house or external lab). In-house calibration
shall be carried out as per equipment manual. QA In-charge shall be responsible for the
calibration of the equipment and maintenance of documents and records. List of
Inspection, Measuring and Test Equipment‟s has been prepared and given in Annexure-4.
All the inspection, measuring and test equipment shall bear sticker signed by the site QA
In-charge containing the details related to its identification and calibration status. Periodic
cross verification of Equipment‟s shall be done by site QA In-charge for its accuracy.
Customer‟s feedback shall be taken proactively once in every Three Months for various attributes
of project execution. A customer satisfaction index shall be assessed and corrective action shall
be taken to improve QMS‟s performance
Management Representative will send quarterly audit plan and SMR will prepare audit schedule
for internal audit before scheduled date of internal audit which includes name of trained internal
auditors, auditor, date & time, duration of audit & location. The same shall be distributed to all
concerned. Internal Quality auditing shall be carried out at the interval of three months.
As soon as audit is over, SMR shall ensure that NCR‟s are duly endorsed with proper corrective
action and data by the auditor and are sent to MR at HO. These non-conformities are brought to
the knowledge of Site In-charge who will conduct and chair the management review meetings
after preparing necessary agenda for the same. During this meeting site In-charge shall discuss
the reasons/causes of non-conformity with all Section In-charges and suggest corrective action.
Corrective action plan shall be finalized with the staff for closure of non-conformity report. SMR
shall maintain a register of non-conformities stating details of non-conformities and corrective
action taken for closing non-conformity.
SSTPP NDCT shall be provided to access all the Quality documents maintained at site for any
audit conducted by them.
Monitoring and Measurement criteria are decided for various processes at site, which are termed
as "Process Parameters". These are listed for each major process and are as shown in various
activity process plans. The results of the process measurements are assessed with those
planned. If these are found to be not in line with the planed ones suitable corrective actions are
taken.
Monitoring and Measurement of product are done at project sites. Inspection and testing
requirements are documented in Inspection and Test plan (ITP). The ITP gives characteristics
to be tested, applicable codes, testing methods, acceptance criteria, variance allowed etc.
The record of test result as evidence of conformity to the acceptance criteria is maintained.
If any deviations in the results are noted then such products are segregated and they are not
used.
Also deviations if any from acceptance criteria are validated from clients and then on its
acceptance only material are used.
a) The site ensures that the nonconforming products are not used in the works and are identified
and are segregated.
b) The non-conformity in the product shall be noted at the time of inspection and testing by
Quality Control Engineer. In case of non-conformity product he shall take appropriate action &
reporting the same to Project Manager.
c) The products, which received from clients, have identified as non-conformity by Quality Control
Engineer shall be segregated and reported to clients through Project Manager.
d) Product found nonconforming after receiving inspection and in-process inspections are
identified and segregated till disposition is decided.
8.5 IMPROVEMENT
The site has targeted quality objectives based on company‟s Mission-Vision Quality Policy.
Results obtained while analyzing the data shall be used in further improving the Quality
Management System. Results of Internal audits Data shall be analyzed and actions shall be
taken for continual improvement of the Quality Management System. Data from various sources
shall be analyzed and corrective and preventive actions shall be planned.
Corrective actions are initiated once the nonconformity is detected in view to eliminate its root
cause and to prevent its reoccurrence. The Site In-charge shall initiate the corrective actions as
and when nonconformity is encountered.
The company has a system to initiate preventive actions for the events, which shall result in
nonconformity at later stage. These events can be detected during the safety and quality audits.
The Project Manager shall initiate the preventive actions as and when felt necessary.
6.1.4STEEL YARD
Central steel yard (reinforcement processing plant) as industrial supply is tending to be
typical
On-site steel yard
Storage
Transport
straight rods and bars (length ~12 m)
rods and bars cut and bended (confected)
rolls of wires (e.g. for stirrups and for bonding)
Storage
by size and by mechanical characteristics (type, quality)
Cutting and bending
bending equipment(s), power tools
linear
1. Enabling works:
• Under works of this category, structures which would facilitate undertaking the actual
project work are included in the master control network & planning. In a large project
running into cores, enabling works itself will form a mini-project. Enabling works will
include:
(a) Fencing/boundary wall around the project, fixing security check post and gates.
(b) Camp for engineers, supervisors & workmen
(c) Store for materials
(d) Construction plant & equipment:
(1) Static plant such as concrete batching plant, pre-cast concrete element plant, hot mix
plant etc.
(2) Mobile plant such as dumper, bulldozers, transit mixer, concrete, compressor, trucks,
bitumen sprayer, road roller etc.
2) Workshop:
• For maintenance of plant and equipment(static & mobile), it is necessary to have a
workshop which will undertake maintenance, repair, overhauling and major replacement of
equipment.
• The workshop should have a small machine shop attached with lathes, drilling
machines,welding,sheet metal work and also battery charger, tyre repair etc.
3) Quality control laboratory:
• For testing of material and building component, it is essential to set up a quality control
laboratory at site.
• This laboratory should test materials such as cement, sand,aggregate,bricks,concrete etc.
• If any item needs to be tested for which facilities are not available at site, then such
samples are sent to reputed laboratories/research institutions for testing.
4)Stores and stacking yards:
• In the project site, open storage is necessary for maintaining the material in good condition.
• Cement is usually supplied in bags which are stored at site in covered shed.
• If more than 10 bags are stacked, then the lower bags tend to set, making cement non-
usable.
5) Services:
• The site camp is to be provided with services like electric supply, sewage disposal,
communication, power, telephone ,&water supply
• In order to carry out the enabling work which is required at the very initial stage of the project, a
team is sent in advance to the site for building up all temporary structures, services required for
enabling works.
• On the other hand, if a project team that has been assigned with the main work is to first build up
enabling works, a lot of time is lost in the project.
In some international projects and some major projects within the country, structures are being
adopted for the site camp which is of portable nature.
• The first step in opening a site is to post a person to be the site in charge.
• Running a site is a full time job and this job must be given to person who is qualified and
has got experience of work at sites.
• He/she should be a competent person with definite direction and strong inspiration, a
natural leader with pleasing personality for leading a team of men successfully.
1. KNOW THE CONTRACT:: He should thoroughly read the contract and should be knowing
the contractual obligations and specifications so that the quality of performance is improved.
The manager must train the supervisors to do the work well, guide them in every step until
they become competent enough to take correct decisions at their level independently, and
motivate them by delegating more responsibility in recognition of their competence in their
assignments. All key men @ site must be trained to know the scope, capacity, their use,
maneuverability and use of machines that are used in site. The manager must delegate part
of his authority to subordinates so that they can exercise control over the resources to the
extent necessary for carrying out their responsibilities efficiently.
7. SITE BUDGET:
The head office consolidated budgets of various items of inputs and outputs for the whole
site. It is necessary to break them section wise and delegate responsibility to section heads
so that they learn to work independently & produce results. Measure & compare the
performance every week.
8. REMOVE CONSTRAINTS:
As a site manager, he /she should ensure that constraints are foreseen by way of advance
planning of drawings, foundations, clearances, material indents,
Working fronts, erection schemes etc so that they are removed in time. All constraints will
cause delay and delay will cause financial loss to the organization. In construction work,
“time lost is money lost” and hence the site manager is always under emergency.
Narrating excuses will not help and what stands at the end of the month is figures of
achievements. He should be a “creator” and should not wait for things to happen by
themselves without human effort.
9. CLOSELY MONITOR ACTIVITIES:
The site manager‟s task doesn‟t end by making resource allocation and holding of
meetings. Instead of team leaders coming to manager for guidance,
The manager should go to them for monitoring the performance, and where ever
necessary, should guide them before any damage is done.
No construction manager worth his name should say “Progress is poor because of failure
of an engineer in charge of some activity”. As the boss of site, the manager should know
the daily progress in every area of work, measure it and compare it with the planned
programme and take effective steps for the same.
10. MANAGE TIME
At the construction site, there is always pressure of work and lack of time. The manager
should learn the art of time management in a better way.
What is a Project?
“A project is a one-shot, time-limited, goal-directed, major undertaking, requiring the
Commitment of varied skills and resources”.
Project management is concerned with the overall planning and co-ordination of a project
from conception to completion aimed at meeting the stated requirements and ensuring
completion on time, within cost and to required quality standards.
6) Project plan provides the basis for coordinating the efforts of clients, consultants,
architects, designers, specialists, suppliers,contractors and the quantity surveyors
&project staff.
7) Project plan provides the yard stick for measuring progress and evaluating resources
performance.
1. Time planning
2. Resource planning
3. Planning control system
1. Technical Design
2. Financing
3. Contracting
4. Implementation
5. Performance Monitoring
For a project to be taken up for investment, its proponent must present a sound technical
Feasibility study that identifies the following components:
The proposed new technologies, process modifications, equipment replacements and
other measures included in the project.
Product/technology/material supply chain (e.g., locally available, imported, reliability of
supply)
Commercial viability of the complete package of measures (internal rate of return, net
present value, cash flow, average payback).
Any special technical complexities (installation, maintenance, repair), associated skills
required.
Preliminary designs, including schematics, for all major equipment needed, along with
design requirements, manufacturer‟s name and contact details, and capital cost estimate.
Organizational and management plan for implementation, including timetable, personnel
requirements, staff training, project engineering, and other logistical issues.
7.3.2 Financing
When considering a new project, it should be remembered that other departments in the
organization would be competing for capital for their projects. However, it is also important to
realize that energy efficiency is a major consideration in all types of projects, whether they are:
Projects designed to improve energy efficiency
Projects where energy efficiency is not the main objective, but still plays a vital role.
The funding for project is often outside the control of the project manager. However, it is
important that you understand the principles behind the provision of scarce funds.
Funding can become an issue when energy efficiency projects have previously been given a
Lower priority than other projects. It is worth remembering that while the prioritization of
Projects may not be under our control, the quality of the project submission is.
The availability of external funds depends on the nature of your organization. The finance
charges on the money you borrow will have a bearing on the validity of your project.
Before applying for money, discuss all the options for funding the project with your finance
managers.
It is reiterated that energy savings often add substantially to the viability of other non-energy
projects.
7.3.3 Contracting
Since a substantial portion of a project is typically executed through contracts, the proper
Management of contracts is critical to the successful implementation of the project. In this
context, the following should be done.
The competence and capability of all the contractors must be ensured. One weak link can
affect the timely performance of the contract.
Proper discipline must be enforced among contractors and suppliers by insisting that
they should develop realistic and detailed resource and time plans that are matching
with the project plan.
Penalties may be imposed for failure to meet contractual obligations. Likewise,
incentives may be offered for good performance.
Help should be extended to contractors and suppliers when they have genuine
Problems.
Project authorities must retain independence to off-load contracts (partially or wholly)
to other parties where delays are anticipated.
7.3.4 Implementation
The main problems faced by project manager during implementation are poor monitoring of
progress, not handling risks and poor cost management.
a) Poor monitoring of progress: Project managers sometimes tend to spend most of their
time in planning activity and surprisingly very less time in following up whether the
implementation is following the plan. A proactive report generated by project planner
software can really help the project manager to know whether the tasks are progressing as
per the plan.
b) Not handling risks: Risks have an uncanny habit of appearing at the least expected time. In
spite of the best efforts of a project manager they are bound to happen. Risks need immediate
and focused attention. Delay in dealing with risks cause the problem to
aggravate and has negative consequences for the project.
c) Poor cost management: A project manager's success is measured by the amount of cost
optimization done for a project. Managers frequently do all the cost optimization during the
planning stages but fail to follow through during the rest of the stages of the project. The cost
graphs in the Project planner software can help a manager to get a update on project cost
overflow. The cost variance (The difference between approved cost and the projected cost
should be always in the minds of the project managers).
Once the project is completed, performance review should be done periodically to compare
actual performance with projected performance. Feedback on project is useful in several
ways:
a) It helps us to know how realistic were the assumptions underlying the project
b) It provides a documented log of experience that is highly valuable in decision making in
future projects
c) It suggests corrective action to be taken in the light of actual performance
d) It helps in uncovering judgmental biases
e) It includes a desired caution among project sponsors.
Depending on the nature of the project, savings are determined using engineering
calculations, or through metering and monitoring, utility meter billing analysis, or computer
simulations.
A successful Project Manager must simultaneously manage the four basic elements of a
project: resources, time, cost, and scope. Each element must be managed effectively. All these
elements are interrelated and must be managed together if the project, and the project
manager, is to be a success.
However, managing project resources frequently involves more than people management.
The project manager must also manage the equipment (cranes, trucks and other heavy
equipment) used for the project and the material (pipe, insulation, computers, manuals)
assigned to the project.
Any project can be broken down into a number of tasks that have to be performed. To prepare
the project schedule, the project manager has to figure out what the tasks are, how long they
will take, what resources they require, and in what order they should be done.
Often a Project Manager is evaluated on his or her ability to complete a project within budget.
The costs include estimated cost, actual cost and variability. Contingency cost takes into
account influence of weather, suppliers and design allowances.
The 80/20 Rule means that in anything a few (20 percent) are vital and many (80 percent) are
trivial. Successful Project Managers know that 20 percent of the work (the first 10 percent and
the last 10 percent) consumes 80 percent of your time and resources.
The process flow of Project management processes is shown in Figure 7.1. The various
elements of project management life cycle are
1) Need identification
2) Initiation
3) Planning
4) Executing
5) Controlling
6) Closing out
The first step in the project development cycle is to identify components of the project. Projects
may be identified both internally and externally: Internal identification takes place when the
energy manager identifies a package of energy saving opportunities during the day-to-day
energy management activities, or from facility audits. External identification of energy savings
can occur through systematic energy audits undertaken by a reputable energy auditor or energy
service company. In screening projects, the following criteria should be used to rank-order
project opportunities.
Cost-effectiveness of energy savings of complete package of measures (Internal rate of
return, net present value, cash flow, average payback) Sustainability of the savings over the life
of the equipment. Ease of quantifying, monitoring, and verifying electricity and fuel savings.
Availability of technology, and ease of adaptability of the technology to Indian
conditions. Other environmental and social cost benefits (such as reduction in local pollutants,
7.5.2 Initiation
Initiating is the basic processes that should be performed to get the project started. This starting
point is critical because those who will deliver the project, those who will use the project, and
those who will have a stake in the project need to reach an agreement on its initiation. Involving
all stakeholders in the project phases generally improves the probability of satisfying customer
requirements by shared ownership of the project by the stakeholders. The success of the
project team depends upon starting with complete and accurate information, management
support, and the authorization necessary to manage the project.
7.5.3 Planning
The planning phase is considered the most important phase in project management. Project
planning defines project activities that will be performed; the products that will be produced, and
describes how these activities will be accomplished and managed. Project planning defines
each major task, estimates the time, resources and cost required, and provides a framework for
management review and control. Planning involves identifying and documenting scope, tasks,
schedules, cost, risk, quality, and staffing needs.
The result of the project planning, the project plan, will be an approved, comprehensive
document that allows a project team to begin and complete the work necessary to achieve the
project goals and objectives. The project plan will address how the project team will manage the
project elements. It will provide a high level of confidence in the organization‟s ability to meet the
scope, timing, cost, and quality requirements by addressing all aspects of the project.
7.5.4 Executing
Once a project moves into the execution phase, the project team and all necessary resources to
carry out the project should be in place and ready to perform project activities. The project plan
is completed and base lined by this time as well. The project team and the project manager‟s
focus now shifts from planning the project efforts to participating, observing, and analyzing the
work being done.
The execution phase is when the work activities of the project plan are executed, resulting in the
completion of the project deliverables and achievement of the project objective(s). This phase
brings together all of the project management disciplines, resulting in a product or service that
will meet the project deliverable requirements and the customers need. During this phase,
elements completed in the planning phase are implemented, time is expended, and money is
spent. In short, it means coordinating and managing the project resources while executing the
project plan, performing the planned project activities, and ensuring they are completed
efficiently.
7.5.5 Controlling
Project Control function that involves comparing actual performance with planned performance
and taking corrective action to get the desired outcome when there are significant differences.
By monitoring and measuring progress regularly, identifying variances from plan, and taking
corrective action if required, project control ensures that project objectives are met.
1. Figure head role( legal & social head) : The project manager, is the legal and social head of
the project, is the single focal point of making decisions, ceremonial functions and symbolic
duties.
2. Leader ship role (Performance motivator & experienced person): As a leader, the project
manager directs the inter functional efforts through a complex web of relationships created in
the project organization by building a performance-motivated organization a team of skilled
and experienced people who collectively face the challenges posed by the people.
3. Liasioning role (Dealing with the outside agencies): The project manager maintains
contacts outside the organization, deals with those activities which may involve
correspondence and contact with the concerned government officials contract vendors
professionals, and top persons of the construction industry.
4. Monitoring role (Monitoring the relevant information coming from outside agencies): The
project manager focuses a planned approach for performing tasks, land implements of time,
cost and quality planning and monitoring system for the project that highlights the
commitment of the project team to provide assured results.
5. Disseminator’s role (Transfer information to higher & lower ends): The project manager
transmits the relevant information received from external sources and internal systems to the
concerned people in the work place. This information may be written or verbal, formal or
informal.
6. Spokesmen's role: The project manager acts as the sole representative through whom all
communications with the client or other external parties are conducted outside the project
site.
Project Mission
The project manager aims to achieve its mission by:
Managing
• Time & progress
• Cost & cash flow
• Quality & performance
• Organization behavior
CHAPTER 9. ADMINISTRATION/MANAGEMENT
9.1. Site Organization Chart
9.2. Responsibilities
9.2.1. Regional Manager
To create team plan and execute this work under section within time, budget and
specification.
To create safety awareness and impart daily training w.r.t work hazards and its precaution
and maintaining housekeeping.
To provide time to time information as per MIS requirement to I/C and planning in required
format.
To carry out periodic analysis of various expenses and wastage and to improve upon on
each stage by 10%.
Maintain and update all records at site as per system.
To provide proper guidance to subordinate and sub-contractors.
8.2.4. Engineers
The construction industry has some specific accounting requirements. Apart from
routine receivable and payable accounts, they need systems for project estimating, job
costing, overhead expenses, project schedules and contracts, project billing, vendor
tracking and invoicing, customer management, etc. A typical construction accounting
system includes accounts payable, job cost management, accounts receivable, payroll,
detailed job budgets, time and material billing, general ledger, AIA billing, subcontract
status, custom job reports, certified payroll, over and under billings, purchase orders, union
reports, inventory, equipment tracking, work in progress, etc.
In this computer age, there are many software packages available. Software
specifically developed for the construction industry incorporates their specific requirements
and are user-friendly and can be operated by the personnel with little computer knowledge.
Apart from fulfilling statutory requirements such as balance sheets, profit and loss accounts
for company and outside agencies like sales tax and customs departments, these packages
generate innumerable reports which would be very helpful in company's decision making
process.
Most of this accounting software covers four major areas of construction industries.
Accounting module covers, E.R.P, Tally , A/P, A/R, check writing, financial reports,
inventory, job costs, payroll, project billing, cost estimating module covers assemblies, as
well as unit costs, project management module includes change orders, contract writing,
material takeoffs, punch lists, schedules. Business management module deals with
appointments, customer relations, leads, property management, sales, etc.
To get
1. The Right quality
2. Right quantity of supplies
3. At the Right time
4. At the Right place
5. For the Right cost
We deal with hundreds of different types of inventory items. With so many items,
complexity of managing the process increases.
To manage these inventories effectively grouping is essential.
Grouping together of materials of technical affinity is known as classification.
1. The analysis does not depend upon the unit cost of the items but only on its annual
consumption value.
3. The limits of ABC analysis are not uniform but depend upon the size of the undertaking,
its inventory as well as the number of items controlled.
For:
Inventory Control
Criticality of items
Obsolete stock control
Purchase orders
Receipt of materials
Inspection
Store-keeping
Verification of bills
Basis of ABC analysis
This technique is based on Pareto’s Law ( an Italian Economist) which states the rule of
80:20.
11.7 PURCHASING
Definition
Purchasing implies the act of exchange of goods and services for money.
OR
Purchasing is the process of buying - learning a need , selecting a supplier , negotiating a
price and fixing the terms of delivery and payment.
A) .RECEIPT SYSTEM
Receipts into the organisation or store come from many sources:
a. From outside suppliers
b. From rejected stores
c. From surplus stores
d. From scrap generated
e. From empties
f. From stock transfer from other project sites
The Receipt system of a store starts much before the actual receipt of materials at the
store. This requires proper planning in advance.
The Purchase order indicating quantity and delivery date is the starting point. Records
should be maintained in a chronological order to show expected daily receipts. So that
the handling and storage can be planned in advance.
This helps in planning labour contracts for uploading, stocking etc. and when to take
delivery – demurrage.
Suppliers send despatch note or advise note to the stores in advance – i.e. Date of
despatch, carrier details, description, value etc.
Document of transport department – LR/RR or consignment note
Packaging slip detailing contents in the package.
Insurance
Actual physical receipts (delivery challan –
a. Verification for quantity, shortages, damages, claims preference.
b. Take open delivery with transporters get shortage or excess or damage endorsed.
Provisional Goods Inward (PGI) – physically received, pending inspection note/report.
Final goods inward note (FGI)
INTERNAL RECEIPTS – transfer note/ return to stores, stock transfer (no sale),
Debit/Credit note, Internal DC (delivery challan) . Where to integrate the quality inspection
dept?
B) .STOCKING
Sorting and storing issues
when volumes are high, provide separate areas for:-
1) Stores awaiting inspection.
2) Stores which are QC inspected, passed and accepted for use.
3) Storage of rejected materials.
( FG not applicable to construction activity directly)
C) .ISSUES
For consumption by internal departments as per order or indent.
To works on returnable basis.
To outside suppliers for processing or conversion.
For stock transfer to other divisions or project sites.
2. Upon arrival at the incident, check in at designated check-in locations. Check-in locations
may be found at: Incident Command Post, Base or Camps, Staging Areas, Helibases,
Division Supervisors (for direct line assignments).
6. Use clear text and ICS terminology (no codes) in all radio transmissions.
10. Complete forms and reports required of the assigned position and send material through
supervisor to Documentation Unit.
A N N E X U R E - I
a) Brick
transport (If
manually
6. Roofing
(ACC / GI / AC)
a) Loading /
Unloading of
materials
SPECIAL THANKS TO
Sr No. Name Designation Project Site
CONTACT US:
1. T.SHREEDHAR,
H.NO 18-13-9-65-A2,
BANDLAGUDA,
PO; KESHAVA GIRI,
HYDERABAD.
ANDHRA PRADESH-500005.
Email: shree0605@gmail.com
a. : er.shreedhar@gmail.com
Tel : +91 9052445996
2. AMOGH SHRIVASTAVA,
IN FRONT OF CCF BUNGLOW,
NEAR PTC GROUND,
GOPALGUNJ,
SAGAR,
MADHYA PRADESH-470001.
Email: amogh.k.shrivastava@gmail.com
: amogh_0999@rediffmail.com
Tel : +91 9926352999