backcross

DEFINITION : Backcrossing is a crossing of a hybrid

with one of its parents or an individual genetically
similar to its parent, in order to achieve offspring with
a genetic identity which is closer to that of the parent.

FUNCTION : It is used in horticulture, animal breeding

and in production of gene knockout organisms.
 BACKCROSS
ADVANTAGE
-If the recurrent parent is an
elite genotype, at the end of
the backcrossing programme
an elite genotype is recovered
- As there is no "new"
recombination, the elite
combination is not lost
DISADVANTAGE
-Works poorly for quantitative traits
-Is more restricted for recessive traits
-In practice, sections of genome
from the non-recurrent parents are
often still present and can have
deleterious traits associated with
them
-Many backcrosses are required to
produce a new cultivar which can
take many years
>> backcrossing of a
heterozygous mouse from
one genetic background onto
another genetic background.
 Genetic code
DEFINITION : is the set
of rules by which
information encoded in
genetic material (DNA
or RNA sequences) is
translated into acid
sequences) by living
cells.
:: The genetic code consists of 64 triplets of nucleotides.

:: These triplets are called codons.With three exceptions,

each codon encodes for one of the 20 amino acids used in
the synthesis of proteins.

:: The genetic code can be expressed as either RNA codons

or DNA codons.

:: RNA codons occur in messenger RNA(mRNA) and are the

codons that are actually "read" during the synthesis of
polypeptides
 Table of Standard Genetic Code
T C A G

TTT Phe (F) TCT Ser (S) TAT Tyr (Y) TGT Cys (C)
TTC " TCC " TAC TGC
T TTA Leu (L) TCA " TAA Ter TGA Ter
TTG " TCG " TAG Ter TGG Trp (W)

CTT Leu (L) CCT Pro (P) CAT His (H) CGT Arg (R)
CTC " CCC " CAC " CGC "
C CTA " CCA " CAA Gln (Q) CGA "
CTG " CCG " CAG " CGG "

ATT Ile (I) ACT Thr (T) AAT Asn (N) AGT Ser (S)
ATC " ACC " AAC " AGC "
A ATA " ACA " AAA Lys (K) AGA Arg (R)
ATG Met (M) ACG " AAG " AGG "

GTT Val (V) GCT Ala (A) GAT Asp (D) GGT Gly (G)
GTC " GCC " GAC " GGC "
G GTA " GCA " GAA Glu (E) GGA "
GTG " GCG " GAG " GGG "