ATEXTBOOK OF ———— a ‘ical cs 3Published by : LAXMI PUBLICATIONS (P) LTD 113, Golden House, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110002 Phone : 011-43 53 25 00 Fax : 011-43 53 25 28 info@laxmipublications.com Compiled by : Smt. Ramesh Rajput © All rights reserved with the Author and Publishers. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher: Price : Rs, 195.00 Only. First Edition : 2004 Reprint : 2006 Offices : India USA ® Bangalore (Phone : 080-26 61 15 61) * Boston # Chennai (Phone : 044-24 34 47 26) 11, Leavitt Street, Hingham, @ Cochin (Phone ; 0484-239 70 04) MA 02043, USA e Guwahati (Phones : 0361-254 36 69, 251 38 81) Phone : 781-740-4487 « Hyderabad (Phone : 040-24 75 02 47) « Jalandhar City (Phone : 0181-222 12 72) @ Kolkata (Phones : 033-22 27 97 73, 22 27 52 47) « Lucknow (Phone : 0522-220 95 78) « Mumbai (Phones : 022-24 91 64 15, 24 92 78 69) @ Ranchi (Phone : 0651-230 77 64) EET-0622-196-ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY (HR) C—13204/08/10- ‘Typeset of : Goswami Printers, Delhi. Printed at ; Mehra Offset Press, New Delhi.CONTENTS Chapters Pep p BREEBRPRPREE Syllabus D.C. CIRCUITS AND NETWORK ANALYSIS: Definitions of Important Terms Limitati [Ohms L Kirchhoff’s Laws Applications of Kirchhoff's Laws 4.1. _Branch-current method 4.2, Maxwell's loop (or mesh) current method 4.3, Nodal voltage method Solving Equations by Determinants—Cramer’s Rule ‘Superposition Theorem Thevenin’s Ti Norton's Theorem Maximum Power Transfer Theorem Delta Star Transformation Compensation Theorem Reciprocity Theorem Millman’s Theorem Highlights Objective Type Questions i stions Theoretical Questions Unsolved Examples PPPr bp AC, CIRCUITS Introduction to Alternating Current Generation and tions of Alternat Volt and Currents Alternating Voltage and Current Single-phase Circuits 4.1. A.C, through pure ohmic resistance alone 4.2. A.C. through pure inductance alone 43. AC. throu; Mare Cal alone 44, Phasor algebra 4.6. A.C. parallel circuits ‘Transients 5.1, _ General aspects (vi) E “ccmecl REBEEERRBueaaReeBE(a) F & a & THREE-PHASE A.C. NETWORK Introduction Advantages of Polyphase Systems Generation of Three-phase Voltages: Phase Sequence and Numbering of Phases Inter-connection of Three Phases ‘Star or Wye (¥) Connection ‘Delta (A) or Mesh Connection Comparison between Star and Delta Systems Measurement of Power in 3- circuit 9.1.__Three-wattmeters method 9.2. _Two-wattmetors method 9.2. _One-wattmeter method Measurement of Reactive Volt Amperes types of Energy Meters 11.1.___Motor meters 1L.2__Motor-driven meter—watt-hour meter 11.3. __Induction type watt-hour meter we 11.4.__Induetion single-phase energy meters a Power Factor Improvement Earthing and Grounding 13.1. General aspects 13.2. Objects of earthing 13.3.__ Specifications required for earthing as per 1.8.1. 13.4. Methods of earthing 13.5. Sizes of earth wire and earth plate for domestic and installati 13.6.__Indian electricity rules 13.7, Measurement of earth resistance by earth tester 13.8.__Earthing of a power system Highlights Objective stions Theoretical Questions Unsolved Examples PRENPPEE RE p FE EB BEBREEEB seunaeseseerncexeesnesss 4. TRANSFORMERS General Aspects “ Rete Defiel Working Principle of a Transformer ‘Transformer Ratings Kinds.of Transformers ‘Transformer Construction 6.1, _Core-type transformer 6.2. Shell type transformer os 63. Spiral core transformer ~ ‘Transformer Windings. Terminals. Tappings and Bushings - 7.1. Transformer windings 12___Terminals and leads PRB pe n 7.3. _Tappings 74. Bushings ses eueenneeee |Chapters & Transformer Cooling 8.1. Cooling methods &.2___Transformer oi) 8.3. Conservator and breather a 9.1. Elementary theory of an ideal transformer 9.2. E.M_F. equation of a transformer 9.3. Voltage transformation ratio (K) 9.4. Transformer with losses but no magnetic leakage 9.5. Resistance and magnetic leakage 9.6. Transformer with resistance and leakage reactance 9.7. Equivalent resistance and reactance 9.8. Total voltage drop in a transformer 9.9. Equivalent circuit 9.10 Transformer Tests 9.11. Regulation of a transformer 9.12. Percentage resistance and reactance 9.13. Transformer lasses, 9.14. Transformer efficiency 9.15. All-day efficiency 9.16. Transformer noise 9.17 Auto-transformer 9.18. Polarity of transformers ‘Three phase transformer 10.1. _Three-phase transformer connections 10.2. _Three-phase transformer construction 10.3. Parallel operation of 3-phase transformers Highlights Objective T) uestions Theoretical Questions Unsolved Examples F ROTATING MACHINES Direct C D.C.) Machi 1.1___Construction of D.C, machines 1.2. _E.mf. equation of a generator 13. Types of D.C. generators 1.4. Parallel operation of D.C. generators 14____Dirert current motor Synchronous Machines 2.1. Synchronous gencrator or alternator 2.2. Synchronous motor Polyphase Induction Motor 3.1. General aspects 3.2 Classification of AC. c sonal detai 3.4. Production of rotating magnetic field 3.5. Theory of operation of an induction motor 3.6. Slip 3.7. Frequency of rotor current 4.8. Rotor emf and rotor current ceteeeeereeveenses RERRERBEBREEEEERERRERBBEEEREERRE( xiii) Chapters Pe Prep 3.9. Torque and power 3.10. Effect of change in supply voltage on starting torque 3.11. Effect of change in supply voltage on torque and slip 3.12. Full-load torque and maximum torque 2.13. Starting torque and maximum torque 3.14. ue-slip and Wid curves 3.15. Operating characteristics of a 3-phase squirrel-cage induction motor 3.16. Operating characteristics of a wound-rotor (slip ring) induction motor 3.17. Starting of induction motors 3.18. Squirrel-cage motors—advantages, disadvantages and applications 3.19. Wound rotor (or slip ring) induction motors—advantages, disadvantages and applications 3.20. Comparison of a squirrel-cage and a slip ring (or phase wound) induction motors Single Phase Motors 4.1. General aspects 4.2. Types of single-phase motor 4.3. Single-phase induction motors 44. Split-phase motors 45. Single-phase commutator motors 4.6. Single-phase synchronous motors Insulating Materials Rating and Heating of D.C. Machines 6.1, Rating 6.2 Heating 6.3. Selection of D.C. generators and motors 6.4. Types of D.C. machine enclosures Rating Specifications of A.C. Machines Duty les Cooling of Electrical Machines Highlights—D.C. Machines Objective Type Questions Theoretical Questions Unsolved Examples Highlights—Synchronous Machines Objective lwestions Theoretical Questions Unsolved Examples Highlights—Polyphase Induction Motor Objective Type Questions Theoretical Questions Unsolved Examples Highlights—Single Phase Motors Objective Type Questions Theoretical Questions sg 3 BEEBSRERES22 B BRE 413 413 EE BBE 424 BES 432 EREEBREB Pe 2. 3. MEASURING INSTRUMENTS Introdueti Classificati Electrical Principles of Operation Electrical Indicating Instruments .1.___Essential features seep(xiv) Chapters: ie PP 3.2. Deflecting device 3.3. Controlling devices 3.4, Damping devices Moving-Iron Instruments (Ammeters and Voltmeters) 4.1, Attraction type 4.2. Repulsion type 4.3. Advantages and disadvantages of moving-iron instruments 44. Sources of errors Moving-Coil Instruments 5.1, Permanent-magnet moving-coil type (PMMC) instruments 6.2. Electrodynamic or dynamometer instruments Rectifier Instruments Wattmeters. 7.1.__ Dynamometer wattmeter 7.2.__Induction wattmeters Integrating Meters (Energy Meters) 8.1. Essential characteristics of energy meters 8.2. Types of energy meters 8.3, Motor meters: 8.4. Moter-driven meter—watt-hour meter 8.5. _Induction type watt-hour meter Measurement of Resistance &1._Voltmeter-ammeter method 9.2. Substitution method 9.3. Measurement of resistance by the wheatstone bridge ‘The Potentiometer Meggar Instrument Transformers 12.1__Patential transformers (P.T.} 12.2.__ Current transformers (C.T.) Highlights Theoretical Questions Unsolved Examples eae 457 457 RBSBBRREBEBE 476 476 476 BERRESSEBEBBS MISCELLANY a istics of DCO 1.1. Separately excited generator 1.2. Building up the voltage of self-excited shunt generator 1.3. Shunt generator characteristies 14. __ Series generator 1.5. Compound wound generator 1.6. Applications of D.C. generators Speed Control of D.C. Motors 21, Factors controlling the speed 2.2. Field control method 22. Rheostatic control 24. Voltage control Electromechanical Energy Conversion 8.1__Introduction 3.2. Principle of energy conversion 3.3. Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction ceeceansesneanel s 8