Units 1 To 3

Regent School of Business
vKÁbNþúHbNþalGMBIkarRKb;RKgKMerag
emeronTI 1 - dMNak;kalénkareFIVGtþsBaØaNkmμsegçb
bnÞab;BIbBa©b;emeronTI 1 enH Gñknwg)anyl;GMBI ³
1. kareRbIR)as;viFIsa®sþKMeragedIm,I³
• yl;dwg nigGnuvtþdMNak;kalTaMg 6 énma:RTIsvdþGayukalKMerag.
• kMNt;GtþsBaØaN nig raynamplitpl esvakmμ nig lT§plEdlRtUvEtTTYl)an enA
dMNak;kalnimYy²éndMNak;kalTaMg 1.
• kMNt;GtþsBaØaN nig eRbIR)as;]bkrN_eFIVEpnkarsMxan;² nig bec©keTskñúgkarerobcM
EpnkarKMerag.
2. FanaeGaymanPaBsuIcgVak;KñakñúgKMerag³
• kMNt;GtþsBaØaN nigEcgGMBI eKaledA vtßúbMNg nig lT§pl lkçx½NÐRtUvbMeBj (Terms of
Reference- ToR's) nig TMnak;TMngrbs;BYkvacMeBaHEpnkaryuT§sa®sþ.
3. begáItlT§plGaCIvkmμ)anedaysuRkwt³
• sresrr)aykarN_lT§plKMerag
• bMeBjkareFVIviPaKelImuxgar eTAdl;kMrit 3
• ENnaM[sÁal; nig eFIeV sckþs I egçbGMBI EpnkareRKagsmehtusmpl (logical framework
planning) kñg
ú vdþénkarRKb;RKgKMerag (Project Cycle Management- PCM) .
1
emeronTI 1 ³ dMNak;kalénkareFIVGtþsBaØaNkmμ
emeronTI 1 - Area of Competence 1 ³ niymn½y nig criklkçN³énKMerag
esckþIepþIm ³
{kic©xitxMRbwgERbgEdlkñúgenaH FnFanmnusS sMPar³ nighirBaØvtßúRtUv)ancat;EcgtamviFIfμI²Ebøk²
(Novel Way) edIm,IGnuvtþvisalPaBkagarBiessmYy b¤ kargarEdlmanlkçN³Cak;lak;mYy Edlman
kardak;kMhitelIkarcMNay nig eBlevla edIm,eFVIeGaysMerc)annUvkarpøas;bþÚrmYy EdlRbkbedaypl

RbeyaCn_ EdlkMNt;edayvtßúbMNgbrimaN nig KuNPaB.
(Source: Project Management Today/ ProjectNet)
KMeragCadMeNIrkarmYyEdleFIVeLIg edIm,IsMerceGay)annUveKalbMNg b¤ edIm,IedaHRsaybBaða.

eyagtamniymn½y vaCakardak;bBa©ÚlKñarvag FnFankic©karCaeRcIn (tasks resources) nig skmμPaBnana
EdlTak;TgKña edIm,IbegáItCa {KMerag} eLIg.
emeronenHepþatCasMxan;eTAelIfaetI RtUvbegáItEpnkarKMerag nig kMnt;GtþsBaØaNsmasFaturbs;

KMeragedayebobNa edaysarkareFVIdUecñHRkumkargarmYy b¤buKÁlmñak;GacFanafa lkçxNÐtRmUvnana
rbs;KMeragRtUVv)anbMeBj ehIyGacykeTAGnuvtþkñúgkarRbtibtþRbkbedayeCaKC½y)an.
kareGayniymn½yelIKMerag
KMeragRtUv)aneK[niymn½yfa³
{>>>CadMeNIrkarmYy eFIVeLIgedIm,IsMerceGay)annUveKaledAmYy} RbkarenHGacnwgsMerc)aneday
{kardak;bBa©ÚlKñarvag kic©karCaeRcIn nwgskmμPaBnana EdlTak;TgKña edIm,IbegáItCa {KMerag } mYyeLIg.
cMeBaHkarGaneTAelIÉksardéT Gñknwg)anCYbRbTHnUvniymn½yepSgBIenHeTot kñúgqñaM 1993

esovePA Association of Project Management Rtg;TMB½rTI 11 )aneGayniymn½yKMeragdUcxageRkam ³
{ TMrg;gayRsYlbMputrbs;KMerag KWCakareFVIkargarmYydac;edayELk EdlmanvtßúbMNgTaMgLay

rbs;vaRtUv)ankMNt;CaerOy² varYmman eBlevlaÚÚ cMNay nig TisedAKuNPaB ¬lT§plGnuvtþn_¦. KMerag
TaMgGs;vivtþtamlMdab;vdþGayukalRsedogKña kñúgkMLúgeBlenHehIyEdleKKYrEtdwgGMBI cMNuccab;epþIm nig
2
bBa©b;rbs;va. elIsenHeTAeTot vtßúbMNgrbs;KMeragRtUv)aneKkMNt;tamviFImYycMnYn ]TahrN_dUcCa
EpñkhirBaØvtßú sgÁmkic© esdækic© nigcMnucEdlsMxan;KWfa TisedARtUv)ankMNt; nigKMeragmanry³eBl
kMNt;rbs;va }.
kñúgvKÁsikSaenH GñknwgeFIVkarCamYynwgdMNak;kalkMNt;GtþsBaØaNTaMg 6 énvdþGayukalrbs;KMerag

nigGnuvtþdMNak;kalTaMgenH kñúgkareFIVkic©kar (Assignment) enAeBlEdlGñkGnuvtþKMeragpÞal;rbs;Gñk
nigKMeragRbhak;RbEhldéTeTotpgEdr.
niymn½yy:agTUlMTUlayenH)anrYmbBa©ÚlnUvlkçN³KnøwH²mYycMnYndUcCa ³
• KMeragRtUvmankarkMNt;GMBIvtßúbMNg
• kargarCak;lak;
• dwgGMBIcMNuccab;epþIm nigcMNucbBa©b; dUcCakalviPaK (Schedule)
• eBlevla cMNay nigTisedAKuNPaB
• KMeragfvikaEdl)anÉkPaBKña
xN³EdlskmμPaBmYyrYmbBa©ÚlnUvcMNucxagelI eKcaM)ac;RtUvEteFIVkarBicarNaGMBIdMeNIrkarénkar
RKb;RKgKMerag.
skmμPaB 1A
ÉksarenAkñúg Assignment 2 (2.1.1)
ebskkmμKMerag¼TisedA nig kmμvtßú
KMeragGacekIteLIgkñúgGgÁPaBmYy EdldMeNIrkarGaRs½yeTAelI TsSnviC¢a rcnasm½<n§ nig vb,Fm’

epSg²BIKña. CaTUeTA GgÁPaBnananwgeFVIkarsMerccitþ faetIRtUveFIVEpnkar b¤RKb;RKgKMeragtamEbbNa
KWGaRs½yeTAelIvtßúbMNgCayuT§sa®sþrbs;BYkeK. GgÁPaBGnuvtþnUvKMeragCaeRcIn ehIykñúgkrNICaeRcIn
EdlBYkeKP¢ab;cMNucrYmrbs;KMerag eTAnwgesckþIEføgkarN_sþIGMBIebskkmμ rbs;GgÁPaBrbs;BYkeK. xag
eRkamenHKWCaesckþIsegçb GMBIrebobEdlGgÁPaBmYyP¢ab;TisedA nigvtßúbMNgrbs;KMerag eTAnwgebskkmμ
rbs;va.
3
ebskkmμ r)aykarN_sMxan;CageKsþIBItMél nigkarrMBwgTuk
TisedA r)aykarN_TUeTAsþIBITisedAéneKalbMNg
vtßúbMNg r)aykarN_c,as;las;Cak;lak;
yuT§sa®sþ r)aykarN_sþIBIRbePTénskmμPaBedIm,IsMerc)annUvvtßúbMNg
skmμPaB¼kic©kar sMNuMkic©karCaeRcInCak;lak; nimYy² b¤ KMeragnimYy²
karRtYtBinitü¼karRKb;RKg RtYtBinti üelIkic©kar nigvdþGayukalKMerag

Fig. 1.0 From Mission to Project
TsSn³GgÁPaBcMeBaHKMerag
tamry³niymn½y yuT§sa®sþ)anmkBIesckþIEføgkarN_sþIGMBIebskkmμrYm. yuT§sa®sþpþl;nUvTisedA

nigvisalPaBsMrab;ry³eBlEdl)anÉkPaBKña. RbkarenHRtUvEtsuIcgVak;KñaCamYynwgFnFanrbs;GgÁPaB
edIm,IGacbMeBjnUvtMrUvkarTIpSar GñkTij GtifiCn nigGñkBak;B½n§)an.
vaCaRbkarsMxan;cMeBaHKMeragEdlGnuvtþedayGgÁPaB )ankMNt;y:agc,as;GMBIkarpSarP¢ab;CamYy
nwgebskkmμrbs;KeM rag ehIyenAeBlEdlKMeragGnuvtþedayGgÁPaBeRcInCagmYy dUcCakrNI KMeragsißt
eRkamkarcMNayrbs;édKU dUecñHKMeragcaM)ac;RtUvEtbMeBjnUvbMNgrbs;PaKITaMgBIr. cMeBaHkrNIEbbenH
karcUlrYmKñarvagGgÁPaBepSgKña GacCakarb®gÁb;bEnßmeGayKñaeTAvijeTAmk enAeBlEdlPaKImYyminman
bec©keTs nig CMnajRKb;RKan; b¤enAeBlEdlkarcMNayedImTunx<s;eBk.
xageRkamenH Gñknwg)anBicarNaelI\Ti§BlepSg²KñaeTAelIGgÁPaBTaMgLay EdlBak;B½n§kñúgKMerag

nana. ktþaTaMgenHmansar³sMxan; edaysarBYkva)anqøHú bBa©aMgGMBITMnak;TMngrvag PaKITaMgLayenARtg;
kMrityuT§sa®sþ (Strategic Level). ]TahrN_ lT§plc,as;las;rbs;KMerag caM)ac;RtUvkMNt; nigÉkPaBKña
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rYmCamYynwgy³eBlKMeragCak;lak; nig EcgGMBIlkçxNÐbMeBjkargar (Terms of Reference)
enAkñúgkic©snüa. eBlEdlGñk)anGnuvtþtamdMNak;kalTaMg 6 GñknwgCYbRbTHnUvbBaðaCaeRcInEdlTak;Tgnwg
tMél nigkarrMBwgTukrbs;PaKIEdlBak;B½n§CamYynwgKMerag.
skmμPaB 1A
skmμPaB 1C
skmμPaB 1D
skmμPaB 1E
vtßúbMNgrbs;KMerag
vtßúbMNgrs;KMeragGacCa ExSedk (Horizontal) EdlpSaP¢ab;rvagnaykdçan b¤ muxgarEdlCa

ExSbnÞat;énbNþajraykarN_tamm ExSQr (Vertical) . eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday TaMgenaHGacmankar
RbTaMgRbeTIsCamYynwgTisedArbs;GgÁPaB ehIyvak¾minGacCaviFIsa®sþd¾smRsbbMput edIm,IsMerc)annUv
vtßúbMNgrbs;GgÁPaBeLIy. ]TahrN_d¾samBaØmYycMeBaHbBaðaenH KWenAeBlEdlnaykdæanTIpSar eFIVkar
snüaeTAkan;TIpSarfanwgEckcayplitplCak;lak;NamYy EdlRkumplitkmμminGacEckcayeGayTan;
tamkalbriecäTkMNt;Edl)anÉkPaBKña)an.
TImYy ]TahrN_xagelI)anbgðajBIPaBbraC½yelIkarTMnak;TMngrvagEpñkTIpSar nigRkumplitkmμ.

TIBIr vaCa]TahrN_gaymYyBIkarEdlPaBmhicäitaénKMerag minsuIKñaCamYynwgtfPaBénFnFan. lT§pl
KWCakarbraC½yrbs;GgÁPaB kñúgkarbMeBjkarsnüareTAkan;TIpSareGayTan;eBlevlaEdl)anÉkPaBKña.
5
CaerOy² enAeBlEdlmanKMerageRcInCagmYyRbtibtþikñúgGgÁPaBEtmYy bBaðamuxgarGacekItmanCa
bBaðaCaeRcIn BIeRBaHfanaykdæannimYy²RtUvkarnUvdMeNaHRsayepSg²BIKña edIm,IsMerc)annUvvtßúbMNgrbs;
xøÜn. karEsVgrkdMeNaHRsayd¾smRsbmYyvaCakarsMxan;Nas;. dMeNaHRsay EdleRbI)aneCaKC½y
kñúgKMeragRbePTmYy minR)akdfaGaceRbI)aneCaKC½ysMrab;ral;KMeragdéTeToteLIy. cMeBaHmUlehtuenH
vaCakarsMxan;Nas; cMeBaHRkummYyEdl)anbBa©ÚlKñaGacRtYtBinitü nigRKb;RKgKMeragepSg²BIKñaTaMgenH eday
eRbIR)as;viFIsa®sþd¾smRsb dUecñHKWedIm,IGacbBa©b;)annUvdMNak;kalnimYy²énvdþGayukalKMeragCak;lak;
rbs;BYkeK.
karGnuvtþKMeragKYrEtRtUv)anpSaP¢ab;eTAnwg {karcg;)an nigtRmUvkar} rbs;GgÁPaB (Organization's

wants and needs). RbsinebI GgÁPaBCaGgÁPaBepþatelIR)ak;cMeNj enaHvtßúbMNgrbs;GgÁPaB
GacCakarrkR)ak;cMeNj tamry³kareFIVeGayesvakmμkan;EtRbesIreLIg b¤karBRgIkplitkmμ b¤karbEnßm

eragcRkedIm,IbMeBjnUvtRmUvkarTIpSar.
skmμPaB 1F
Gñknwgkt;sMKal;far)aykarN_TaMg 5 kñúgskmμPaBnwgmannUvkiriyas½BÞdUcCa ³
• karpþl;[ (provide)
• kareFIV[RbesIreLIg (improve)
• RbemIlemIl b¤ eRKagTukCamun (envisage)
BaküTaMgenHRtUv)aneRbIedIm,IepþateTAelI { eKaledA } EdlnwgRtUveFIVeGay)ansMerc.
enAeBlEdlbegáItKMeragmYyeLIg enaHGacmanvtßúbMNgsMxan;mYycMnYn EdlGacbMEbktUc²teTA

eTot nig EdlGacP¢ab;TMnak;TMngnwgEpñkCak;lak;rbs;KMeragEdl)andak;esñIu. xageRkamenHCa]TahrN_
BIrepSg²BIKña ³
6
]TahrN_T1I ³
vtßúbMNgrbs;bNþajpSarlk;rayTMenIbGacCa ³
1. eFIVeGayRbesIreLIgnUvkarbMeBjcitþrbs;GtifiCn
2. begáInplcMeNj
3. begáInnUvkarbMeBjcitþelIkargar
4. begáInnUvmuxplitpl
]TahrN_TI2 ³
vtßúbMNgrbs;karpøas;bþÚrmuxnaLika Clock Face enAelIGKarrdæaPi)altMbn;
1. eFIV[RbesIreLIgnUvkarrcnamuxnaLika
2. begáIneLIgnUvsuRkwtPaBrbs;naLika
segçb ³
GñkKYrEtmanc,ab;cMlgénesckþIEføkarN_sþIGMBIebskkmμrbs;GgÁPaBrbs;Gñk
GñkKYrEt)anpSaP¢ab;KMeragrbs;elakGñkeTAnwgvtßúbMNgyuT§sa®sþrbs;GgÁPaBrbs;Gñk
GñkGacnwgkMNt;GMBIvtßúbMNgnanarbs;KMerag
GñkGacman b¤begáItnUvebskkmμmYy { esckþIEføgkarN_sþIGMBIckçúvis½ysMrab;KMeragpÞal;rbs;Gñk}
7
emeronTI 1 - Area of Competence 2 ³ r)aykarN_lT§pl
xagelIenH eyIg)anBicarNGMBI vtßúbMNg nigBN’navafaCa { karcg;)an nig tMrUvkar } rbs;GgÁPaB.

vaCaRbkarsMxan; enAeBleFIVEpnkarKMerag Edlr)aykarN_c,as;las;nigsegçbeFIVeLIg edIm,IbgðajGMBI
GIVEdlGñksgÄwmfanwgTTYl)an edaykarGnuvtþKMeragenaH. enHRtUv)anehAfaCa r)aykarN_lT§pl.
vaEtgEtCakarBit EdlesckþIEføgkarN_sþIGMBIebskkmμ nwgCYyGñkeGaysresrnUvr)aykarN_lT§pl
Cak;lak;mYy)an BIeRBaHKMeragfak¾RtUv)anbBa©ÚlenAkñúghñwgEdr ehIyvaKYrEtCRmujyuT§sa®sþrYmrbs;
GgÁPaB.
r)aykarN_lT§pl
r)aykarN_lT§pl RtUv)anbegáIteLIgenAdMNak;kalcab;epþIm enAeBleFIVGtþsBaØaNkmμEpnkar

KMerag nigepþImBIr)aykarN_enHehIy EdlvtßúbMNgRbtibtþikarénKMeragnwgRtUv)anbegáIt. r)aykarN_lT§pl
KWCakMlaMgrYmpSMCamYynwgesckþIEføgkarsþIGMBIebskkmμTaMgmUlrbs;GgÁPaB.
r)aykarN_lT§plnwgRtUv)aneRbIkñúgkareFVIkic©kar (Assignment) nig eRbIR)as;Ca r)aykarN_ KMerag
sMrab;KMeragpÞal;rbs;Gñk. r)aykarN_KMerag KWCar)aykarN_y:agc,as;las;sþIBIeKalbMNg
EdlRKbelIeKalbMNg nigTisedAénKMerag. vaRtUvEt mankarEsVgyl;eGay)anc,as;las;BIdMbUg nUvGIVEdl
nwgRtUvbegáIt nigRtUvsMerceGay)an.
KMeragKYrEtpSaP¢ab;eTAnwg EpnkaryuT§sa®sþ nig vtßúbMNgrbs;GgÁPaB dUcenHKMeragEdl)anGnuvtþ
nwgemIleTAeXIjfakMBugCYyGgÁPaBkñúgkarbegáIt nigsMec)annUvvtßúbMNgyuT§sa®sþrYmrbs;va.
8
r)aykarN_lT§plRtUvEt ³
manRbFanbT
manskmμPaB
manlkçxNÐ
RtUv)aneKkt;Rtahak;dUcCaKMeragTaMgenaHRtUv)ansMercehIy
skmμPaB 2A
skmμPaB 2B
mandMNak;kal 5 edIm,IERbkøayesckþIEføgkarN_sþIGMBIebskkmμ eGayeTACar)aykarN_lT§pl
teTAeToteyIgnwgemIlmþgeToteTAelIr)aykarN_lT§pl b:uEnþvaCaRbkarsMxan;kñúgkarbMEbk esckþI
EføgkarN_sþIGMBIebskkmμecjeTACar)aykarN_Cak;lak;CaeRcIn. TegIVenHGaceFIVeLIgtamdMNak;kaldUc
xageRkam ³
CMhanTI1 eRCIserIsykr)aykarN_ebskkmμNamYy
CMhanTI2 bMErbMrYleTACa {lT§pl}
CMhanTI3 cUrsYrfaetIGIVEdltMrUv[manCacaM)ac;cMeBaHdMNak;kalxagelIedIm,I[køayCakarBit?
CMhanTI4 bMErbMrYlcMnucnimYy²[eTACa { lT§pl}
CMhanTI5 GnuvtþeLIgvij ¬cMNuckñúgdMNak;kal 1 dl;dMNak;kal 4¦
skmμPaB 2C
9
emeronTI 1 - Area of Competence 3 ³ kareGayniymn½yelIeKaledAKMerag
karbegáItKMeragRbRBwteTAtamdMNak;kalkMNt;taMgBIdMbUgrhUtdl;TIbBa©b;. dMeNIrkarTaMgmUlRtUv
)anehAfaCa vdþGayukalKMerag . cMeBaHeKalbMNgénvKÁbNþúHbNþal dMNak;kalnanaRtUv)ankMNt;
dUcxageRkam ³
• kareFIVGtþsBaØaNkmμ
• karvaytMél
• kareGayniymn½y
• karGnum½thirBaØvtßú
• karGnuvtþ
• RbtibtþikaredayGñkeRbIR)as;¼RbKl;eGay (Handover)
1. kareFIVGtþsBaØaNkmμ
cMNucdMbUgEdlRtUvcgcaMKW KMeragRtUvEtmanTMnak;TMngCamYy nwgtMrUvkarrbs;PaKITaMgLayEdl

Bak;B½n§. bnÞab;mk RtUvmansm<½n§PaBrvagGtifiCn nigGñkEdlbegáItKMerageLIg.
dMeNIrkarénkareFIVGtþsBaØaNkmμEdlnwgrYmbBa©Úl³
• kic©RBmeRBogelIEpnkarhirBaØvtßúsMrab;KMeragEdl)anesñIeLIg
• rkBt’manEdlBak;B½n§sMrab;KMerag
• kar)a:n;sμandMbUgGMBIcMNaysMrab;KMerag edayBwgEp¥kelIB½t’manEdlman
• EsVgyl;faetIKMeragRbhak;RbEhlKña)anbBa©b;kalBImunb¤eT enAkEnøgNa enAeBlNa
nigcMNayGs;edImb:unμan.
enAeBlEdlTisedA vtßúbMNg ehIynwgeKaledA RtUvsMercrbs;KMeragTaMgmUl)anbegáIteLIg

GñkGacbnþeTAdMNak;kalbnÞab;eTotKW karvaytMél.
cUrcgcaMfa ³ vaCaRbkarsMxan;Edlkic©RBmeRBogénkareFIVEpnkarhirBaØvtßúesMrab;eBlxagmux RtUvsMerc)an
edIm,Ivivtþn_ecjBIdMNak;kalenH.
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2. karvaytMél
enAeBlEdlkareFVIGtþsBaØaNkmμkargarRtUv)anbBa©b; enAdMNak;kalbnÞab;KW dMeNIrkarénkareFIVkar

BieRKaHeyabl;CamYyédKU b¤ GtifiCn EdlBak;B½n§nwgKMerag. sMnYrCak;EsþgEdlnwgRtUvelIkeLIgsMrab;
Rkumkargar b¤buKÁlÉktþCn kñúgkarBieRKaHeyabl;CamYynwgGtifiCnKW ³
• etIKMnitenHnwgTTYl)anpl kñúgkarGnuvtþCak;EsþgEdrb¤eT?
• etIvaGacr:ab;rgxaghirBaØvtßú)anb¤eT?
• etIvaGacmanyuT§sa®sþ b¤KMeragepSgeToteRkABIhñwg Edrb¤eT?
• etIvaRtUvcMNayeBlyUrb:uNÑa?
3. niymn½y
dMNak;kalniymn½yRtUvsMerc)an enAeBlEdlKMerag)ankMNt;rYc )anyl;RBm nigmankarsMerc

citþmYyRtUv)aneFIVeLIg GMBIrebobRtUvGnuvtþKMeragEdlkarkMNt;cMNay manRkiteBlevla nigmankareRKag
KuNPaBya:gNa.
manEpñk 4 sMxan; EdlcaM)ac;RtUvkMNt; kMNt;GtþsBaØaN nigyl;RBmKW ³

• kareFIVGtþsBaØaNkmμelIeKalbMNgKnøwH² vtßúbMNg nig lT§plrbs;KMerag ¬plitplEdl
snüapþl; ¦ .
• r)aykarN_KMeragEdlEcgBIrebobEdlKMeragRtUvsMerc)an niglkçxNÐeCaKC½y RtUv)ankMnt;
y:agc,as;las;.
• karcMNayelIKMeragTaMgmUl KWRtUv)aneFIVeLIgenAkñúgeBlevlakMNt;mYy.
• buKÁlÉktþCn b¤RkumkargarEdleKRtUvkar RtUvkMNt;CamunnUvbTBiesaFn_EdlRtUvkarcaM)ac;.
cUrcgcaM ³ edIm,Ivivtþn_ecjBIdMNak;kalenH)an ral;cMNucxagelIRtUvEtman.
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4. karGnum½thirBaØvtßú
ral;KMeragTaMgGs;caM)ac;RtUveFIVhirBaØb,Tan. enHecjmkBIehae):ApÞal;rbs;GtifiCn b¤ecjBIRbPB

mUlniFIBIxageRkAEdlÉkPaBKñaCamYyédKU BIvis½ysaFarN³ b¤ BIPñak;garÉkraCüGnþrCati.
vaCaRbkarsMxan;EdlkareFIVEpnkarhirBaØvtßú RtUv)aneFIVeLIgmuneBlEdlKMeragcab;epþIm nigCakar

caM)ac;EdlEpnkarTaMgGs;enH mankarÉkPaBKñatampøÚvc,ab;CamYynwgGtifiCn. manEtenAkñúgdMNak;kalenH
eT EdlÉktþbuKÁl b¤ Rkumkargarrbs;KMerag GaceFVIEpnkarskmμPaBBImYyéf¶eTAmYyéf¶)anRtwmRtUv.
putBIdMNak;kalenHeTA karRtLb;eTAvijGacnaMeGayekIteLIgnUvkarBin½yEdlmantémøx<s;.
cUrcgcaM ³ edIm,Ivivtþn_ecjBIdMNak;kalenH)an RtUvEtmannUvPsþútagc,as;las; bBa¢ak;BIkar

ÉkPaBKña smRsbelIeFIVEpnkarhirBaØvtßú.
5. karGnuvtþ
enHKWCadMNak;kalEdleBlEdlKMeragkøayCakarBit.
]TahrN_TI 1 ³ KMeragsagsg;mYycab;epþImecjCarUbragenAeBlEdlRKwHrbs;vaRtUv)ancak;.
]TahrN_TI 2 ³ kareFIVEpnkarerobcMsnñisiTmYyrYmman ³
• karerobcMRkumkargar
• karkMNt;TIkEnøg
• cMNayénkarCYl
• karRBagnUvlixitRbkaspSBVpSay
enAdMNak;kalenH mansmasFatucMnYn 3 sMxan;²EdlRtUveFIVkarBicarNa ³
1. eBlevla
2. cMNay
3. KuNPaB
12
smasFatueBlevla Tak;TgnwgRbFanRKb;RKgKMerag edayeRbIR)as;nUvbec©keTsdUcCa Gantt
Chat. enAelI Chat rYmmaneQμaHkargar nigry³eBlrbs;va edaymankalbriecäTcab;epþIm nigbBa©b;Cak;
lak;.
FatucMNayrYmmannUvesckþIsegçbénFnFanTaMgGs; EdlRtUvkarsMrab;KMerag. RbFanRKb;RKgKMerag

RtUvBinitütamdanKMeragCab;rhUt nigRbKl;r)aykarN_kagarsMercCaRbcaMéf¶ nig RbcaMs)þah_ b¤erogral;
bBa©b;dMNak;kalnimYy² GaRs½yelIPaBsμuúksμajénskmμPaBEdlRtUvkar.
TidæPaépñkKuNPaBTak;TinnwgkarRtYtBinitüelIKuNPaBkargar eFobeTAnwglkçxNÐEdl)anRBmeRBog
Kña. ]TahrN_ cUrBinitüemIlfacMnucxageRkamRtUv)aneFIVtamy:agRtwmRtUv ³
• Epnkar
• fvika
• xñateBl
• CMnajbec©keTs
Bt’mantbmkKN³RKb;RKg GtifiCn nig édKUEdlBak;B½n§nwgKMeragvij KWCaEpñkénnItiviFIKuNPaB.
6. RbtibtþikaredayGñkeRbIR)as; b¤karRbKl;eGay nigr)aykarN_vaytMél
enHKWCakarEdlKMeragmYyRtUv)anRbKl;edayRbFanRKb;RKgKMerag nigRkumkargarKMerageTAeGay
GtifiCn.
cUrcgcaM ³ dMNak;kalenHGacsMerc)anenAeBlEdlRbFanRKb;RKgKMerag nigGtifiCn)ancuHkic©
RBmeRBog EdllkçxNÐrbs;KMeragTaMgGs; RtUvsMercRbkbedayeCaKC½y.
r)aykarN_vaytMélBak;B½n§nwgkarvaytMélelIPaBeCaKC½yénKMerag nigkarsikSaeLIgvij GBIbBaða

nanaEdl)anekIteLIg. enHGacQaneTAdl;esckþIraykarN_cugeRkay rbs;KMeragEdlmanr)aykarN_mYy
erobrab; GMBIGVITaMgGs;Edl)anRBmeRBogCamYyGtifiCn nig GMBIrebobEdlKMeragRtUv)anbBa©b; edaysßitenA
13
kñúg)a:ra:Em:RtEdl)anÉkPaBKña. vanwgkMNt;GtþsBaØaNénbBaðaTaMgLay nigpþl;nUvGnusasn_c,as;las;
Tak;TgnwgKMeragRbePTRbhak;RbEhlKñanaeBlGnaKt.
enAeBlbBa©b; KMeragRtUv)anRbKl;[eTAGtifiCn.
skmμPaB 2C
karviPaKmuxgarénKMerag
karviPaKmuxgar CadMeNIrkarEdlGñkkMNt;GtþsBaØaN nigbMEbkkic©karTaMgGs;EdlBak;B½n§nwgKMerag

TaMgmUleTAkñúgr)aykarN_lT§pld¾sRu kwt nigc,as;las;. edIm,IsMerc)annUvRbkarenH GñknwgRtUv)aneK
rMBwgTukfanwgeRbIR)as;sMNYrxageRkameTAelI r)aykarN_lT§plEdl)ankMNt;GtþsBaØaNnimYy².
etIRtUvkarGVICacaM)ac; edIm,IeGayr)aykarN_enHkøayCakarBit?
karviPaKmuxgarRtUv)aneRbIR)as;enAdMNak;kaldMbUgkñúgKMerag edIm,IeFIVkarviPaKelIeKalbMNgKnøwH²
EdlenHnwgeFIVeGayGñkGacyl; nigRtYtBinitüKMerag edayGnuvtþdMeNIrkarKit RbkbedayehtuplcMeBaH
skmμPaBnimYy². karviPaKmuxgar KWCaviFIsa®sþ {BIelIcuHeRkam} edayGnuvtþecjBIyuT§sa®sþ eTACakar
Rbtþibtþi. vaeFVIeGayGñkGackMNt;GtþsBaØaNcMeBaH smasFatusMxan;TaMgGs;rbs;KMerag nigGgÁPaBrbs;
Gñk. ]TahrN_xageRkamnwgpþl;eGayGñknUvesckþIsegçbGMBIkareRbIkarrbs;va ³
cUrcgcaM ³ Rtg;cMnucenH edIm,IbBa¢ak;eGay)anc,as; minRtUvPan;RcLMkarviPaKmuxgar CamYyKñanwg

rcnasm½<n§bMEbkkargar (Work Breakdown Structure- WBS) enaHeT KWvaxusKñaRsLH ehIyvanwg
RtUv)aneronkñúgemeronTI 3 enAkñúg Competence 7.
]TahrN_
esckþIEføgkarN_rbs;Rkumh‘unpÁt;pÁg;EdkGnþrCatimYy³
eRbIR)as;r)aykarN_lT§plelIkeLIgsMrab; Rkumh‘un International Steel Edlman³
14
{ EdkEdl)andMeNIrkarrYcral; EdlGacrk)ansMrab;plitkñúgéføedImGacRbkYtRbECg)an}
etIGIVEdltMrUvCacaM)ac;eGaymanedIm,IeFVIeGayesckþIEføgkarN_xagelIenHkøayCakarBit?
GñkGacnwgraynamcMNgeCIgnanadUcCa³ EpñkTIpSar ergcRk FnFan Blkmμ>>>.l.
cMeBaHEpñkTIpSarEdlRtUvman r)aykarN_lT§plEdl)aneFIVGacCa ³
{ EpnkarTIpSar nigkarlk;EdkEfbEdldMeNIrkarrYc RtUv)aneFVIeLIgsMrab;qñaMsareBIBn§bnÞab;}
edIm,ICakarKaMRTdl;esckþIEføgkarN_xagelI esckñIEføgkarN_mYycMnUneTotGacnwgRtUv)anraynam
karviPaKKURbkYtRbECg
karsikSaBIbrisßan ]> karsikSaRsavRCavkMritdMbUg nigkMritbnÞab;
karvaytMélkMeNInesdækic©
karviPaKplitkmμ
esckþIEføgkarN_TaMgenHnwgRtUvERbkøaybnþeToteGayeTACar)aykarN_lT§pl.
Ca]TahrN_
cUreRbIR)as; {karviPaKKURbkYtRbECg} BItaragxagelI - cUreFVIeGaykøayeTACar)aykarN_lT§pl rYc
ehIyGacbegátI CataragdUcxageRkam³
karbMEbkkarviPaKmuxgarrbs;elakGñkGacCa ³
B½t’manplitplrbs;KURbkYtRbECg
• KuNPaB
• éføedIm
• PaBEdlGacmandéTeTot>>>.l.
dUcEdlelakGñk)aneXIjehIydMNak;kalnimYy² RtUv)anbMEbkCamuxgartUc² EdlGacRKb;RKg)an

ehIyEdlvaTaMgGs;caM)ac;RtUvbMeBjeGay)an.
ecjBIcMnucenH r)aykarN_lT§plénRbtibtþikarCaeRcInGacRtUv)anbegáIt EdlqøúHbBa©aMgBIdMNak;kal

epSg²Kña EdlKMeragRtUv)anGnuvtþ.
15
düaRkamkarviPaKmuxgar (Functional Analysis - FA) Fmμta ¬tamry³ExSbBaÄr¦
FA Level 1
FA Level 1
FA Level 3
FA Level 4
FA Level 5
{EpnkarTIpSar nigkarlk; sMrab;

EdkdMeNIrkarrUc RtUv)anbegáIt karviPaKelIKURbkYtRbECg
EpñkTIpSar sMrab;qñaMsareBIBn§bnÞab;} karsikSaBIbrisßan
EdkEfbEdlplitkñúgéfø
edImRbkYtRbECg)an
eragcRk
karvaytMélesdækic©
FnFan
plitkmμ
epSg²
British steel production
systems and mechanics are in
place to adequately produce
enough steel to meet the
projected sales for the next
financial year.
Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
16
skmμPaB 3B
karsMerc)an TMhMeBlevla éføedIm nigKuNPaBEdlsMxan;²
kñúgkMLúgdMNak;kalénkareFIVGtþsBaØaNkmμbBaða 3 sMxan;² EdlRtUvBicarNaKW ³

• eBlevla
• éføedIm
• KuNPaB
muneBlcab;epþIm GñkKYrEtBicarNaBakükñúgRKamYyrbs;elak Cyrus Vance GnuelxaFikarén

RksYgkarBarCatirbs;shrdæGaemrik Edl)anBnül;BIkargarKMerag nig bBaðaBak;B½n§ edayEføgfa { KMerag
eyaFaxøHcMNayeBlEvgCagEdl)aneRKagTukcMnYn 2dg karcMNayeRcInCag 2dg nigeFIV)anlT§plEtBak;
kNþalnUvGIVEdlcg;)anEtb;ueNÑaH}.
skmμPaB 3C
eBlevla
karEføgxagelIrbs;elak Cyrus Vance Gacsnμt;faBitcMeBaHKMeragxøH. kñúgniymn½yeBlevla

rbs;eyIg eyIg)anniyayfa KMeragnwgGnuvtþ : enAkñúgEdnéneBlevla cMNayedIm nig KuNPaB} .
KMeragPaKeRcInnwgdMeNIrkaredayman kalbriecäTcab;epþIm nigbBa©b;Cak;lak; RBmTaMgRkiteBlevlarbs;va
enAkñúgdMNak;kaldMbUg EdlnwgRtUvelceLIgCakarCak;Esþg. b:uEnþkarRkiteBlvalaEbbenH GaceFVeI Gay
GnþrayenAeBlCYbnUvbBaðadUcxageRkam ³
• bBaðaFnFanmnusS ]> karCRmujTwkcitþFnFanmnusS CMgW nig suxPaB

• xkxanmin)aneFIVEpnkarsþIBIsßanPaBbrisßan ]> lkçxNÐGakasFatu
• kgVHxatnUvvtßúFatuedIm
17
• hirBaØvtßú esdækic© b¤ bBaðaneya)ay ]> karpøas;bþÚrrdæaPi)al nig eKalneya)ay b¤GtifiCnCYb
RbTHnUvkarkS½yFnenABak;kNþalpøÚvénKMerag.
xagelIenHRKan;EtCabBaðaxøHb:ueNÑaH EdlGacb:HBal;dl;KMerag nigbegáItnUvplvi)akd¾F¶n;F¶r

cMeBaHkarRbwgERbgRbKl;KMerageGayTan;eBlevla CaBiess RbsinebImanKMeragfvikatwgrwg nig mankar
Bak;B½n§nwgkardak;Bin½yEpñkhirBaØvtßú.
b:uEnþ karRKb;RKgeBlevlaminEmnmann½yfa Cakarkt;em:ageBld¾twgrwgeenaHeT. kñúgkrNIxøH
eyIgmincaM)ac;RKb;RKgeBlevleBjeljeBkeT b¤eFIVCam©as;elIeBlevlarbs;eyIgenaHeT. eyIgGaccUlrYm
eFVIkarCaRkum b¤ eFVIkareGayGñkepSg b¤ k¾TaMgBIr.
skmμPaB 3D
ry³eBlsrubénKMeragmYy GaRs½yelIkarbBa©b;edayeCaKC½y énkic©karBak;B½n§TaMgGs;.

b:uEnþeBlevlad¾mantMél Gacnwgx¢Hx¢ay)an tamviFIEbbmYycMnYndUcCa ³
• karepÞrParkic© b¤ kargarKμanRbsiT§iPaB
• karTMnak;TMngexSay
• karRbCMuCaeRcInKμankarerobcM nig eRbIry³eBlEvg EtmanskmμPaBtictYc
• karedaHRsaybBaðaminRKb;RKan;
• CMelaH
• buKÁlikmankar)ak;Twkcitþ
KnøwHKWRtg;fa RtUvRKb;RKgeBlevlarbs;Gñk b¤ cUlrYmCamYyKMerag eFIVdUcenHedIm,IsMerceGay

)annUvTisedA b¤eKalbMNgEdlGñk)ankMNt;.
Canic©kal vamanRbeyaCn_Nas; kñúgkarrkeGayeXIjfaetI RtUvcMNayeBlevlab:unμanedIm,I

bBa©b;nUvKMeragmYy. RbkarenHGacnwgeFIV)an kñúgkrNIEdlGñkdwgBIkargarEdlBak;B½n§ ehIycugbMputGac
eFIVkar)a:n;sμanBIry³eBlEdlkargarnimYy²RtUveRbI nigTajecjBIcMeNHdwgenH GacKNnaBIkareRbIR)as;
eBlevlasMrab;KMeragTaMgmUl.
18
manEtGñkEdlmanbTBiesaFn_elIskmμPaBdUcKña b¤Rbhak;RbEhl nigmancMeNHdwgelIeBlevla Edl
Bak;B½n§eT eTIbGaceFIVEpnkarelITMhMeBlevlaRbkbedayRbsiTi§PaB)an. RbsinebIGñkpÞal; mindwgfaetI
RtUvcMNayeBlevlab:unμankñúgkareFIVkargarGVImYy GñkcaM)ac;RtUvBwgGñkEdlmanbTBiesaFn_Bak;B½n§nwgva.
vaGaceTArYc RbsinebIelakGñkeTIbcab;epþImeFIVEpnkarsMrab;KMeragCaelIikdMbUg Gñknwg)a:n;sμaneBlevla
EdlRtUvkarelIsCaCag)a:n;sμanxVH.
mU:EdlKNnaeBlevlatamviFIsa®sþKNitviTüa
vaCaBitCaGaceFIV)ankñúgkarKNnary³eBlénKMeragmYytamviFIsa®sþKNitviTüa edayeRbI)as;
rUbmnþCak;lak;NamYy. enAeBlEdleFIVkar)a:n;sμanry³eBlénKMerag enAkñúgRkummYy vanwgmanGñkEdl
)a:n;sμankarEbgEckeBlevlaxVH ehIyTaMgenHnwgRtUvRbqaMgBIGñkEdl)a:n;sμaneBlevlaEdlRtUvkarelIs .
GñkTI 3 kñúgRkumGaceGayeyabl;GMBIeBlevlaEdlmanlkçN³Cak;EsþgCag EdleKeCOfaKMeragnwgGacsMerc
)anedayRsYl edaymankarKitKUrdl;bBaðaBak;B½n§TaMgGs;EdlGacekIteLIg.
mannUvTsSn³eBlevla 3 sMxan;²KW ³
• TsSn³suTidæiniym
• TsSn³TuTiÞdæiniym
• TsSn³RbEhl
TsSn³suTidæiniym - Optimistic KWkar)a:n;sμaneBlevlaxøIbMput eyagtamKMeragEdlmanRbePT
Rbhak;RbEhlFøab;)anbBa©b;. vahak;manRbsiTi§PaBelIcMNay b:uEnþkar)a:n;sμaneBlevlaxVH sMrab;
KMeragnwgGacnaMeTArkkarbraC½y nig cMNayéføx<s;.
TsSn³TuTiÞdiæniym - Pessimistic KWCakar)a:n;sμaneBlevlayUr nigRby½tñRbEygCageKbMput.
TsSn³enHeyagtameBlevlaEvgbMputEdlKMeragEdlmanPaBRbhak;RbEhlFøab;)anbBa©b;. eTaHbIy:agenH
k¾eday viFIsa®sþenHGacnaMeTArkkar)a:n;sμancMNayedImKMeragelIseRcIneBk enaHnwgminGacsMercGIVepSg)an
eGayhYsBIdMNak;kalsikSalT§PaBKMeragenHeLIy.
TsSn³RbEhl - Probable CaviFIsa®sþkNþalEdlGacFanafaeBlevlakMNt;Cak;Esþg TnÞwm
KñaenHFanafaKMeragGacTTYlyk)an manRbsiTi§PaBkñúgkarcMNayéføedIm ehIyGacedIreTAmuxecjrYcputBI
dMNak;kalsikSalT§PaBKMerag eq<aHeTArkPaBBitCak;Esþg nig karbBa©b;KMerag.
19
xageRkamenHCarUbmnþEdleRbIedIm,IKNnaeBlevla nig Ca]TahrN_bgðajBIrebobEdlrUbmnþenHRtUv)aneK
eRbIR)as;edIm,IKNnaeBlevla.
kar)a:n;sμan (Te) = 1 x Optimistic (To) + 4 x Probable (Tm) + 1 x Pessimistic
6
Te = To + 4Tm+Tp
6
]TahrN_ ³
RkummYyEdlkMBugRBagGMBIskmμPaBnanarbs;KMerag )annwkeXIjnUvCRmIsdUcxageRkam GMBIcMnYnéf¶

sMrab;Blkr sMrab;kargarCak;lak;mYycMnYn rbs;KMeragmYy ³
Optimistic =7 éf¶eFIVkar
Pessimistic = 16 éf¶eFIVkar
Probable = éf¶eFIVkar
= 7 + (4x10) +16 = 63/ 6

= 10.5 éf¶
eyagtam]TahrN_enH vaCaeBlevlaR)akdRbCasMrab;bBa©b;kic©karTaMenH.
skmμPaB 3D
karcMNayéføedIm
eday)anemIlBIsar³sMxan;éneBlevlay:agsegçb karBicarNaeRkayenHCacMNayéføedImén
KMerag. smaFatuéncMNayrbs;KMerag RtUvEtmankareBjcitþBIPaKIBak;B½n§énKMeragTaMgGs;. vaCaRbkar
sMxan;Nas; kñúgkareFIVEpnkarelIcMNayéføedImrbs;KMeragedayRbugRby½tñ ebIminGBa©wgeT Gñknwg)at;bg;
kic©snüataMgEtBIeBlEdldak;edjéføemøH.
20
eTaHCay:agNak¾eday cMNayéføedImrbs;KMeragGacnwgminRtUv)aneFIVkar)a:n;sμanRtwmRtUv ebIsinCa
min)andwgmunGMBIktþamYycMnYnenaHeT. ]TahrN_dUc)anerobrab;xagelIktþaeBlevlaenHEtmþg - etIry³
eBlb:unμanEdlKMeragTaMgmUl nigkic©karnimYy²kñúgKMeragRtUvkar? RbkarenHGaceFIV[GñkKNnanUvcMNayedIm
elIkMlaMgBlkmμ nigCMnajnanaEdlRtUvkarkñúgKMerag. kareRbIR)as;kMlaMgBlkmμ nig tRmUvkareBlevla
CatYy:agénCaFatuéncMNaycaM)ac;bMput.
ktþaepSg²eTotEdlTak;TgnwgbBaðaeBlevla nigcMNayedIm KWkarCYleRKOgcRklkçN³TUeTA b¤
lkçN³CMnaj b¤ htßÚbkarN_nana sMrab;Gnuvtþkic©karTaMenH. cUrcgcaMnUvcMnucTaMgbI vasMxan;Nas; kñúgkar
eFIVkarbMEbkrcnasm<½n§kargar edaykarbegáItnUv Gantt Chart nig kalviPaKeBlevlarbs;KMerag Project
Schdule . TaMgenHKWCacMnuccab;epþImd¾manRbeyaCn_kñúgkarbegáItKMeragfvikarsMrab;KMerag Project Budget.
skmμPaB 3E
cMNaymYycMnYnenAkñúgKMeragman ³
• éføBlkmμ
• cMNaybnÞab;bnSM
• éføsMPar³vtßúFatuedIm
• éføsMPar³pÁt;pÁg;
• éføCYleRKÓgbrikçar
• cMNayrdæ)al
• cMNayelIkarFanar:ab;rg
• cMNayelIsuxPaB nigsuvtßiPaB
• cMNayelIesvac,ab;
cMNayelIéføBlkmμ
• R)ak;ebovtSr_bg;eTA[buKÁlikTaMgGs;EdleFVIkarelIKMeragedaypÞal; sMrab;ry³eBleRbIR)as;
sMrab;KMeragenaH.
21
cMNaybnÞab;bnSM
• cMNayeTAelIéføFanar:ab;rg nigplRbeyaCn_bnÞab;bnSMsMrab;buKÁlikTaMgGs; EdleFVIkarelIKMerag
edaypÞal; sMrab;ry³eBlEdl)aneRbIR)as;sMrab;KMeragenaH. CaFmμta vaRtUv)aneKKNna
KitCaPaKryéncMNayéføBlkmμpÞal;.
cMNayelIéføsMPar³vtßúFatuedIm
• cMNayeTAelIéføsMPar³sMxan;² EdleK)anTijsMrab;eRbIR)as;enAkñúgKMeragenH.
cMNayelIéføsMPar³pÁt;pÁg;
• cMNayeTAelIéfø]bkrN_epSg² eRKÓgbrikçar nig sMPar³kariyal½½y EdleKRtUvkarCacaM)ac;sMrab;
KMeragenH edayKitTaMgkarrMls; nig GayukaleRbIR)as;rbs;sMPar³Cak;lak;mYycMnYn.
cMNayelIéføCYleRKÓgbrikçar
• cMNayelIéføCYleRKÓgbrikçar sMrab;eRbIR)as;kñúgKMeragenH
cMNayelIrdæ)al
• cMNayelIkarRKb;RKg nigesvaRTRTg;epSg² ]> EpñkTij EpñkKNenyü elxaFikar nig¼b¤
eBlevlaEdleK)anlHbg;eTAelIKMeragenaH. maneBlxøH éføcMNayTaMgenHGacRtUv)aneKKNna
Rtwm 5% énéføcMNaysrubrbs;elIKMerag.
• kar)a:ns; μankarcMNayelIFnFanTaMgGs;sMrab;KMerag GacnwgeFVIeGaymankarecaTCasMnYreTAelI
lT§PaBGaceFVIeTA)anrbs;kic©karTaMgenH. éføcMNaysrubsMrab;KMeragnwgkMNt;nUvKMeragfvika
sMrab;GñkeFVIkar.
• vamansuvtißPaBkñúgkarsnμt;fa EpñkmYycMnYnénKMeragfvikaGacnwgxVH b¤ elIsKMeragfvika.
• eTaHbICay:agNak¾eday tamkarrkSatulüPaB nigkarBinitütamdankarcMNayCaRbcaM Gacnwg
sMerc)annUvKMeragfvikamYyEdlmantulüPaB.
• tamCMerIsepSgeTotvij karegáIteGaymanmUlniFibMrugbBa©ÚlenAkñúgKMeragfvikasrub vaGacCYy
RTRTg;dl;ral;kgVHxatNamYYy EdlGacekItmaneLIg.
cMNaM ³ mUlniFibMrugGacRtUv)andak; CaFatumYyrbs;KeM ragfvikadac;edayxøÜnva b:uEnþvak¾Gacdak;

bEnßmBIelIcMnYn)a:n;sμanrbs;cMNay b¤ KuNPaB rbs;FatucMNayepSg²eToténKMeragfvikar)anpgEdr.
enAeBlEdleFVkI arBicarNaelIKMeragrbs;Gñk GñkRtUvEtKitBIRbePTénéføcMNayTaMgGs;xagelI.
22
KuNPaB
• CYnkalKMeragmYyGacvas;Evg)an Ettamry³TsSn³EpñkbrimaNb:ueNÑaH (quantitative
perspective) rIÉTsSn³EpñkKuNPaB (qualitative perspective) vijminRtUv)aneKeGIeBI
b:uEnþeKcaM)ac;RtUvEtKitKUrelIbBaðaTaMgBIrenH.
KuNPaB GacnaMeGaymansMnYrKnøwHBIr Bak;B½n§nwgEpñkBIr ³

1. etIGVIcaM)ac;RtUvEt nig KYrEtRtUv)ankMNt;GtþsBaØaN?
2. etIKMeragGacRtUv)anbBa©b;RbkbedayPaBeCOCak;)an nig RtUv)anRbKl;eGayRbkbedaysþg;da
KuNPaBRtwmRtUv )anedayrebobNa?
vcnanuRkm The Collins English Dictionary kMNt;niymn½y {KuNPaB} faCa ³

{kMrit b¤sþg;daénPaBl¥RbesIr} (Degree or standard of excellence)
{sþg;da} KuNPaB EdlGñkkMBugeFIVkartMrg;eTArk RtUvEtbMeBjnUvlkçxNÐdUcxageRkamenH ³
• lkçN³Cak;lak;énkarerobcMbøg; (Design specifications)
• tMrUvkarEpñkc,ab; (Legal requirements)
• r)aykarN_hirBaØvtßú (Financial statement)
GnuelameTAtamsþgdaKuNPaB KWCac,ab;mUldæand¾mYysMxan;Nas;. PaBsmRsbeTAnwgeKalbMNg
(fit for its purpose) rbs;va KWCamUldæanRKwH. GñkRtUvEtFanaGHGagpgEdrfa GñknwgsMerc)annUvtMél
sMrab;luykak;EdlcMNay. enHk¾Ca ktþaCMnYypgEdr (contribution factor) . b:uEnþ sUm,IEtmuneBl
EdlGñkcab;epþImKMeragmYy GñkRtUvEtkMNt;nUvKuNPaBsþg;darbs;Gñk. sþg;daenHnwgkMNt;nUvKuNPaBrbs;
KMeragenH. dUecñH kMritKuNPaBmYyEdlGacTTYlyk)an mansar³sMxan;Nas;cab;taMgBIdMbUgeLIymkem:øH.
xageRkamKWCa]TahrN_smμtikmμmYy (hyphothetical example). RbsineRbIKuNPaBRtUv)an

eKkMNt;Rtwm 99.9% TUTaMgvis½yviC¢aCIv³TaMgGs; enaHlT§plsßitiRbhak;RbEhl (statistical probable
outcomes) enAkñúgcRkPBGg;eKøsRbEhlCa ³
• ynþehaHcMnYn 17 nwgFøak;Caerogral;éf¶
• sarcMnYn 17,000 nwgepJIRcLMCaerogral;em:ag
• fñaMcMnYn 3,600 nwgRtUv)anebIkeGayxusCaerogral;éf¶
• TwkR)ak;cMnYn 24 landuløanwgRtUv)anbBa©ÚlxusCaerogral;em:agenAkñúgFnaKar
23
tamPaBCak;Esþg karBiBN’naxagelIRbEhlCaelIslb; b:uEnþkarBit vamanRtwmEt 0.01% éncMnYn
srubCak;lak;mYyNaEtb:ueNÑaH. kñúgnamCaGñkRKb;RKgKMerag eKKUreqøIynwgsMNUrmYydMbUgeKKW ³
etIGñknwgcab;epþImeFVIeGaymanKuNPaBBIkEnøgNa?
epþImecjBIsMNYrsMxan;enH naMeGayekItmansMNYrCaeRcIneTot Tak;TgeTAnwgviFIsa®sþCaeRcInxus²

KñaedIm,IeFVIeGaymanKuNPaB nig edIm,ICakarcat;viFankarRsbCaeRcIn edIm,IFanaeGay)annUvsþg;daKuNPaB.
]TahrN_ cUrsMlwgemIls½kþsiT§PaB (efficiency) rbs;KN³RKb;RKgfñak;x<s; b¤ fñak;kNþal

b¤KuNPaBkargarEdlkMBugeFVIkñúgcMeNamGñkfñak;Tab. enAkñúgkrNIxøHGñkGacTTYlyk {viFIsa®sþTan;eBl}
(Just in time approach) edIm,IrkeGayeXIjnUvbBaðanana. eTaHbICay:agNak¾eday viFIsa®sþEbbenHGac
nwgyWteBkkñúgkarTb;sáat;eRKaHfñak; b¤ eRKaHmhnþrayTaMgRsug.
karBinitütamdanKuNPaBedayKμanRbsiT§iPaB eFobeTAnwgsþg;daEdl)ankMNt; GacbNþaleGay

éføcMNayekIneLIg.
xageRkamenHCamU:EdlBIr EdlbgðajBI\T§iBlEdl karbegáInKuNPaBGacbNþaleGay TTUlbraC½y
b¤eFVIeGaymancMNayx<s;.
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{karbegáInkarkarBarnwgkat;bnßybraC½y}
Chart xagelIbgðajBI\T§iBlénkarcMNay kñúgkareFVIeGaymansþg;daKuNPaBrbs;plitkmμ b¤

esvakmμ. düaRkamTImYybgðajfa éføxatbg;elIPaBbraC½yKWkan;EtFM enAeBlEdlFnFantictYc RtUv
)aneKeRbIsMrab;karkarBar. düaRkamTIBIrbgðajfa enAeBlEdlkarxitxMRbwgERbgRtUv)aneFVIkñúgkarkarBar
enaHvanwgkat;bnßynUvPaBbraC½y. karvaytMél nigkarBinitütamdanbnþCab;rhUteBjmYyKMerag nwgkat;
bnßynUvkarBnüaeBlrbs;kic©karnana nig kat;bnßykarcMNayx<s;EdlGacekItmaneLIg. karvas;Evg
nUvKuNPaBtamry³skmμPaBNamYyenaH KYrEtGacsMerc)annUvlT§plEdleKcg;)an. vasMxan;Nas;Edlfa
karERbRbYlNamYyenAkñúgdMeNIrkarenHRtUv)aneKbnßy ehIyhaniP½ynanaRtYv)aneKkMNt;.
vamansar³sMxan;Nas;kñúgkarcgcaMfa {karRtYtBinitüKuNPaB (quality control) } EdlRtUvBRgwg
sMrab;RKb;TidæPaBénKMerag caM)ac;RtUv)aneKGnuvtþeTAnwgral;kic©karEdlBak;B½n§pgEdr. lkçN³Cak;lak;
25
nigsþg;daBak;B½n§EdltRmUv EdleK)anqøúHbBa©aMgenAkñúg]TahrN_xagelI RtUv)ansMerc)aneTAtamlMdab;én
dMeNIkarkargar. viFIsa®sþd¾smRsmmYy EdleKGacGnuvtþcMeBaHkarRtYtBinitüKuNPaB KWmandUcxageRkam
kMNt;bgðajGMBIGVIEdlGñkcg;RtYtBinitü
kMNt;GMBIRbePTrgVas;EdlGñkcaM)ac;RtUvGnuvtþ
RbB½n§RtYtBinitüsMrab;dMeNIrkar
RbB½n§TaMgenHRtUUv)anbegáIteLIgedIm,ItamdanelIkarRtYtBinitü KYEtGacBRgwg nigeFVIeGaysßanPaB

bc©úb,nñkan;EtRbesIreLIg. eTaHbICay:agNak¾eday eKRtUvcgcaMfa enAkñúgKMeragEtgEtmannUvdMeNIrkar
ERbRbYlmYyEdlTamTareGaymankarBinitütamdan nigeFVIeGayvaRbesIreLIgRbsinebIcaM)ac; edayeFobeTA
nwglkçN³vinicä½yEdl)ankMNt;. lkçN³vinicä½yenHGacRtUv)aneKbegáIteLIg kñúglkçxNÐCaTisedA nig
vtßúbMNgEdlcg;)an b¤k¾esckþIRtUvkarCak;lak;EdlEcgedayGtifiCn. clnaeq<aHeTAkarbegáInKuNPaB
Canic©enH mann½yfaRkumkargarKMeragRtUvFanafa ral;kic©karnimYy²RtUvGnuvtþ GnuelameTAtamsþg;da Edl
eKRtUvkar nig nrNamñak;RtUv)aneKcat;taMgeGayTTYlxusRtUvelI KuNPaBrbs;kic©karnimYy² b¤ elI
Rkumkic©karEdlTak;TgKña. TnwÞmnwgenH yuT§nakarkñúgkarbegáInKuNPaBKUrRtUv)aneKeFVIkarBinitütamdan
edayRbugRby½tñ.
dMeNIrkarEsVgrkkarbegáInKuNPaBsrub (Total Quality Improvement) GacemIleXIjtamry³

mU:EdlxageRkamenH ³
26
Model for Total Quality Improvement
m:UEdlsMrab;begáInKuNPaBsrub
brisßanbc©úb,nñ
sþg;daKuNPaB
tMrUvkarbrisßan
sþg;daRBmeRBóg
karBinitütamdanKuNPaB
RbB½n§KN
u PaB
ral;karb:ugb:grbs;eyIgTaMgGs; edIm,IeFVIkareGay)antamsþg;dad¾PaBl¥RbesIrCak;lak; eyIgcaM)ac;

RtUveGaytMéleTAelI rcnasm½<n§b¤dMeNIrkarTaMgmYl EdleFVIkarenAkñúgenaH. RTg;RTaymYyGacCa ³
sMlwgemIlBIsßanPaBbcñúb,nñrbs;Rbtibtþikar
• etIcriklkçN³rbs;GaCIvkmμ b¤rbs;KMeragrbs;eyIg KWCaGVI?
• etIeyIgCaGñknaMmuxeKenATIpSar Emnb¤eT?
• etIeyIgGacRKb;RKgKMeragrbs;eyIg)anRbkbedayRbsiT§iPaB)anEdrb¤eT?
• etIeyIgkMBugdMeNIrkareTAtameKalkarN_EnnaM b¤k¾nitiviFICak;lak; Edrb¤eT?
karEsVgyl;BITIkEnøgEdleyIgRtUv)ancat;fñak;enAkñúgbrisßan KWvamansar³sMxan;Nas;.
27
karkMNt;niymn½ysþg;daKuNPaB
• etIeyIgkMBugeFVIkaredIm,IQaneGaydl;karvas;EvglT§plGnuvtþCak;lak;NamYyEmnb¤eT?
• etIskmμPaBnimYy²kñúgkarGnuvtþnUvGaCIvkmμ b¤KeM ragrbs;eyIgRbRBwtþeTA)anl¥Edr b¤eT?
• etImancMNuceKal (bench marks) Edl)anRBmeRBogKña Edrb¤eT?
sþg;dabrisßan
• etIeyIgKYrEteFVIRbtibtþikaredayeKarBeTAtamc,ab;Cak;lak Edrb¤eT?
• etIeyIgGnuvtþc,ab;twgEtg)aneTogTat; elInitiviFI b¤ RbB½n§Binitütamdan sMrab;sßab½nxageRkA
Edrb¤eT?
sþg;da)anRBmeRBogKña
• RKb;naykdçan b¤buKÁlikTaMgGs;caM)ac;RtUvdwgGMBIc,ab;elIRbtibtþikar.
• karcYlrYmkic©shRbtibtþikarTaMgGs;RtUvRbtibtþieTAtamlkçN³Cak;lak; Edl)anRBmeRBógKña.
• skmμPaBmYYycMnYnnwgRtUvRKb;RKgedaytamlkçN³bec©keTsCak;lak;EdleKRtUvEtGnuvtþtam.
karBinitütamdanKuNPaB
• ral;skmμPaBTaMgGs;CamYyGgÁPaBnanaRtUv)aneKvaytMél nigBinitütamdanbnþrhUt.
• karvaytMélRtUv)aneKeFVIeLIg edIm,Ikat;bnßyhaniP½y nigbegáItkareKarBc,ab;.
• buKÁlikTaMgGs;RtUvdwgBItYnaTI nigkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;xøÜn.
• karBinitütamdanRtUv)aneKeFVIeLIgedaymankarBieRKaHCamYynwgGñkBak;B½n§sMxan;² nig maKa
svnkmμ (audit trails) RtUvEtc,as;las; ¬sMrab;buKÁlikfμI¦.
RbB½n§KuNPaB
• begáItnUvRbB½n§nana edIm,IelIkeLIgGMBItMrUvkarGñkxageRkA nigtMrUvkarénc,ab;
• RbB½n§nimYy²KUrEtmanlkçN³samBaØ EtmanRbsiT§iPaB
karbegáInRbB½n§KuNPaB KWCadMeNIrkarBIrrebob. kareFVIkartamdMeNIrkarBImCÄdæanxaeRkA vaman

sar³sMxan;Nas;Edlniyayfa kareFVIpÞúyBImU:EdlenHvaCaerOgRtwmRtUv. edIm,IsMerc)annUvRbB½n§KuNPaB
rbs;Gñk vaKWCakarsmehtusmpl cMeBaHsnñidæanfa kargakecjNamYycMeBaHkarGnuvtþkñúgkargar
GacnwgrIkraldalecjeTAeRkA.
28
kmμPaB 3G
segçb
mkdl;eBlenH Gñk)an ³
1. kMNt;niymn½yKMerag
2. emIleXIjBIvtþGayuCIvitrbs;KMerag
3. kMNt;nUv esckþIEføgkarsþIGMBIebskmμ TisedA nig vtßúbMNg rbs;GgÁPaBrbs;Gñk
4. rMlwkGMBI\T§iBlrbs;eBlevla cMNay nigKuNPaBelIKMeragmYy
5. begáItr)aykarN_lT§plrbs;KMerag
6. eFVIkarviPaKBImuxgarrbs;KMerag
29
emeronTI 1 - Area of Competence 4
kardwknaMKMeragnana ³ KuNsm,tþirbs;GñkRKb;RKgKMerag
KN³RKb;RKgKMerag nig KuNsm,tþiénPaBCaGñkdwknaMEdlBak;B½n§mansar³sMxan;Nas; cMeBaHPaB

eCaKC½y b¤ braC½yrbs;KMeragmYyenH. KN³RKb;RKgminRtwmEtBinitüBic½ynYvral;cMnucéndMeNIrkar rbs;
KMeragenaHeT Kat;RtUvmansmtßPaBkñúgkarTMnak;TMngCamYymnusSEdlBak;B½n§nwgKMerag nigedaHRsayral;
sßankarN_EdlGacekItmaneLIg enAeBlEdlKMeragenaHxiteTArkTIbBa©b;rbs;va EfmeTotpg. rebobEdl
KN³RKb;RKgedaHRsaynYvsßankarN_ GackMNt;BIkarcMNayhirBaØvtßú kMriteBlevla nigkareRbIR)as;
FnFanmnusSRbkbedayRbsiT§iPaB. cMeBaHehtuplTaMgenH kareRCIserIsKN³RKb;RKg KWmansar³sMxan;
xøaMgNas; nig RbEhlCaRtUv)ankMNt;y:agc,as; eTAtamRbePTrbs;KMeragEdlsMercfanwgGnuvtþeTotpg.
KuNsm,tþisMxan;²sMrab;kardwknaMKMerag
GñkdwknaMKMeragnwgTamTareGaymanCMnajpÞal;xøÜnmYYycMnYnCak;lak; EdlRTRTg;edaybTBiesaFn_
nigCMnajepSg². cMnucmYykñúgcMeNamcMNucd¾lM)ak²CaeRcIn kñúgkarRKb;RKgKMeragmYy KwkarFanaGHGag
Edlfa RkumkargarKMerageFVIkarRtUveFVIkarrUmKñaCaFøúgmYy edIm,IsMerc)annUveKaledAnanaEdl)ankMNt;.
karTak;TgCamYyGñkeFVIkar ebIeTaHbICa KN³RKb;RKgCan;x<s; mitþPkiá b¤k¾GñkenAeRkambgÁab;k¾eday Tak;Tg
CamYyGñkTaMgenH KWRtUvkareRbIR)as;RbePTCMnajTMnak;TMngepSg²BIKña.
CMnajmYycMnYnEdlGñkRKb;RKgRtUvmanRtUv)aneKraydUcxageRkamenH ³
• CMnajman\T§iBleTAelIGñkd¾éT (Influencing skills)
• CMnajepÞrsiT§kargar (Delegating skills)
• CMnajcrcar (Negotiating skills)
• CMnajdwknaM (Leadership skills)
30
CMnajman\T§iBleTAelIGñkd¾éT
edIm,IeGayman\T§iBleTAelIGñkd¾éT GñkdwknaMRtUvman ³
• CMnajbBa©úHbBa©Úll¥ (good persuasion skills)
• CIvRbvtiþeCaKC½y (a proven track record)
• smtßPaBkñúgkarsMEdgsiT§iGMNacpøÚvkarelIRkumkargar (ability to exhibit formal authority
over the team).
• CMnajTMnak;TMngd¾RbesIrRKb;lMdab;fñak;TaMgGs; (excellent communication skills at all
levels).
• smehtusmplc,as;las; (clear logic)
CMnajepÞrsiT§ikargar
smtßPaBkñúgkarepÞrsiTi§kargarRtUvman ³
• kareRbIR)as; nigkarman\T§iBleTAelIGñkdéT edIm,IeGayeKmanKMnitepþImeFVIkargar
• karbBa©ak;y:agc,as;BItYnaTI nigTMnYlxusRtUvnimYy²enAkñúgRkumkargar
• karepÞrsiT§iGMNackargar dUcCa karGnuBaØateGayemkarGnuvtþskmμPaBRbtibtþiTaMLayEdl)an
RBmeRBógKñarYc
• karepÞrsiTi§kagar nigkarEktMrUvedayminbegáIteGaymankarb:HTgÁicKña
• TTYlykkMhusEdlekItmaneLIg
• rkSakarKaMRTdl;Rkumkargar
• maneBlevlasMrab;karsuMeFVIkarRbwkSaeyabl;
CMnajcrcar
smtßPaBkñúgkarcrcarRtUvman ³
• cMeNHdwg nigCMnajEdlGaceFVIeGaymankarRBmeRBógKña eqøIytbeTAnwgkarExVgKMnitKña b¤
eFVIeGayKMeragdMeNIrkareTAmuxeTot.
• smtßPaBkñúgkarcrcarrvagPaKIBIr b¤eRcIn.
CMnajdwknaM
PaBCaGñkdwknaMRtUvman ³
• CMnajkñúgkardwknaM nigENnaMGñkdéTRbkbedayRbsiT§iPaB CaBiessRtUvnaMmuxBYkeK.
31
• smtßPaBkñúgkardwknaMRkumkargarTaMgmUl b¤buKÁlmñak;² edayeRbIR)as;nUvkarTMnak;TMng d¾man
RbsiT§iPaB nigmansmtßPaBeFVICaGñksþab;d¾l¥mñak;.
• mancMNab;GarmμN_viC¢maneTAelIRKb;TidæPaBrbs;KMerag RBmTaMgGñkEdlBak;B½n§enAkñúgKMerag.
KMeragmYyRtUv)aneKbegáIteLIgecjBIKMnitBIr BItRmUvkarEdleKkMNt;GtþsBaØaN b¤ BIkareqøIytb

eTAnwgPaKImçageTot. edIm,IeGayKMeragmYydMeNIrkaredayrlUntamEtGaceFVIeTA)an GñkBak;B½n§TaMgGs;RtUv
eFVIkarCamYyKñaCaRkum edIm,IsMerc)annUvvtßúbMNgEdleK)ankMNt;.
GñkedIrtYKnøwH b¤m©as;PaKh‘unenAkñúgKMeragmYyman ³
• RbFanRKb;RKgKMerag (The project manager)
• KN³RKb;RKgCan;x<s; (The senior management)
• GtifiCn (The client)
• RkumkargarKMerag (The project team)
• GñkeRCamERCg (The champion)
• GñkBak;B½n§ (The shareholder)
tYnaTIrbs;GñkedIrtYnaTInimYy² mandUcxageRkam ³
RbFanRKb;RKgKMerag
• GñkdwknaM (The Conductor) - FanaeGay)annUvkarbBa©b;KMeragRbkbedayeCaKC½y
• The Gopher - eFVITMnak;TMngrvagPaKIEdlBak;B½n§TaMgGs;
• begáItEpnkarKMerag rUmmankar)a:n;sμannana
• begáItnYvrcnasm½<n§Rkumkargar edIm,IRKb;RKgKMeragenH
• kMNt;nUvhaniP½yEdlBak;B½n§nwgKMerag
KN³RKb;RKgCan;x<s;
• EbgEckFnFaneTAelIKMerag dUcCaR)ak;kas nigkMlaMgBlkmμ
• pþl;nUvkarENnaM nigkardwknaMCayuT§sa®sþ
• cYlrYmeTAkñúgKMeragenAeBlNaEdlcaM)ac;
32
GtifiCn
• cMNayR)ak;sMrab;KMerag b¤plitpl
• sMrbsMrYlCamYynwgRbFanRKb;RKgKMerag
• yl;RBmnwgkarbegáItKMeragEdlGnuelameTAtamkMritTMhMrbs;xøÜn
• lHbg;nUvFnFancMeBaHKMerag rYmman mnusS eBlevla nigR)ak;kas
• sMrbsMrYlCamYyRbFanRKb;RKgKMeragsMrab;KMerag edIm,IEsVgrkkarbBa¢ak;eGay)anc,as;
RkumkargarKMerag
• pþl;karKaMRTcMeBaHRbFanRKb;RKgKMerag
• pþl;nUvCMnajEdlRtUvkar nig RbwgERbgsMrab;kargarBitR)akd
• eFVIkarCamYyKñaedIm,IsMerckargareGay)aneCaKC½y
• Tak;TgCamYyGtifiCn edIm,IFanafa kargarnwgRtUv)anbBa©b;enAkñúgcMNayEdl)ankMNt;
• eFIVkareTAtamlkçN³Cak;lak;éneBlevla KuNPaB nig cMNay
GñkeRCamERCg
• kñúgkrNIxøH vaGacCamnusSEtmYy KWGtifiCn nigGñk]btßmÖ. minfaGñkNak¾eday eKKWCamnusS
Edlekþamkþab;nUvsiT§iGMNacelIkarGnuvtþKMerag nigbgðajvakñúgBnøWKUrCaTIeBjcitþmYy cMeBaHGñk
déT.
GñkBak;B½n§
• enHKWCabuKÁl b¤RkumNamYyEdlmanplRbeyaCn_ (interest) elIKMerag. vaGacCa RbFan
RKb;RKgKMerag Gñk]btßmÖ GtifiCn b¤k¾smaCikRkumkargarNamñak;.
KMeragmYyGacCakarpSgmYyEdlmanlkçN³fμIRsLag rMePIb b¤mankarRbfuyRbfaneRcIn. b:uEnþ

ebIsinmin)ac;KitBIkMriténhaniP½yEdlBak;B½n§ vamansar³sMxan;Nas;EdlfaRkumkargarmYyRtUvman ³
• kardwknaMc,as;las;
• vtßúbMNgc,as;las;
• eKalbMNg nigTisedAc,as;las;
skmμPaB 4A
33
CMnajepSg²rbs;RbFanRKb;RKgKMerag
kMritkMBs; nigCMnajxageRkammansar³sMxan;Nas;kñúgnamCaRbFanRKb;RKgKMerag ³
• smtßPaBkñúgkarbBa¢ak;eGay)anc,as;BIeKaledA
• smtßPaBkñúgkarbBa¢ak;eGay)anc,as;BItYnaTI nigTMnYlxusRtUvCak;lak;rbs;Rkumkargar
• smtßPaBkñúgkarelIkTwkcitþbuKÁlikeGayeFVIkargarelIKMeragenH
• CMnajkñúgkarR)aRs½yTak;TgrvagKña)anl¥enARKb;kMritTaMgGs;
• smtßPaBkñúgkarman\T§iBleTAelIGñkdéT
• CMnajTMnak;TMngl¥
• yl;c,as; nigGnuvtþCMnajRKb;RKgEdlpøas;bþÚr (change management) rkSa nig
BinitütamdankarrIkcMerInrbs;kargar
• smtßPaBkñúgkarGt;Fμt;
esckþIepþIm
enAkñúgdMNak;kalmunenH GñkRtUv)aneKENnaMBIKuNsm,tþixøH² EdlRtUvkaredIm,IkøayeTACaRbFan

RKb;RKgKMerag. enAkñúgEpñkenHGñknwgsMlwgemIlBIcMNucTaMgenHeGaykan;EtsuICMerACagmun.
karRKb;RKgKMeragmYy ehIynwgKuNsm,tþiénPaBCaGñkdwknaMEdlBak;B½n§ mansar³sMxan;Nas;
cMeBaHPaBeCaKC½y nigbraC½yrbs;KMeragmYyenH. RbFanRKb;RKg minRtwmEtBinitüemIlelIral;TidæPaBén
karrIkcMerInénkargarbs;KMeragb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþRtUvmansmtßPaBkñúgkarTak;TgCamYy GñkEdlBak;B½n§nwgKMerag
nigedaHRsayral;sßankarN_ EdlGacekItmaneLIg enAxN³EdlKMeragenaHxiteTArkTIbBa©b;rbs;va Efm
eTotpg. rebobEdlGñkRKb;RKg edaHRsaynYvsßankarN_GackMNt;BI karcMNayhirBaØvtßú kMriteBlevla
nigkareRbIR)as;FnFanmnusSRbkb edayRbsiT§iPaB. cMeBaHehtuplTaMgenH kareRCIserIsRbFanRKb;RKgKW
mansar³sMxan;xøaMgNas; nigRbEhlCaRtUv)ankMNt;y:agc,as; eTAtamRbePTrbs;KMeragEdlsMercfa nwg
GnuvtþeTotpg .
GñkRKb;RKgTamTareGaymanCMnajnimYy² dUcxageRkam ³
• PaBCaGñkdwknaM (Leadership)
• karTMnak;TMng (Communication)
• karerobcM (Organization)
34
• karelIkTwkcitþ (Motivation)
• karsMerccitþ (Decision making)
• kareFVIsMeyaK (Synthesising)
PaBCaGñkdwknaM
RbFanRKb;RKgKWCaGñkdwknaMd¾l¥EdlGacdwknaM nigCMrujTwkcitþRkumkargareGaykøaCaRkummYy Edl

mankarrYbrYmKñaCaFøúgmYy edIm,IkargarEdlkMBugeFVIenAkñúgéd. ]TahrN_ kñúgnamCaGñkdwknaMmñak; Kat;RtUvEt
manlT§PaBGac ³
1. cUlrYmCamYynwgkareFVIEpnkar nigkarRbtibtiþrbs;KMerag
2. viPaKbBaðaEdlekIteLIg nigCYyriHrkdMeNaHRsay
3. FanafaKMeragnwgRtUv)aneKbBa©b;Tan;eBlevla nigRtwmRtUvtamlkçN³Cak;lak;tamkarRtUvkar
4. eFVIxøÜnCa]TahrN_dl;kMlaMgBlkr dUecñHGacrkSa)annUvkareKarBrbs;BYkeK
karTMnak;TMng
RbFanRKb;RKgRtUvEtmanlT§PaBTMnak;TMngRbkbedayRbsiT§iPaB CamYynwgkM;laMgBlkr nigman

PaBc,as;las;enAkñúgcitþ faetIGVIKYrRtUveFVI. RbFanRKb;RKgKWCa cMnuckNþalénsklelak (hub of the
universe) enAeBlEdlBak;B½n§eTAnwgkarTMnak;TMng. vaKWCaParkic©rbs;RbFanRKb;RKg kñúgkarFanafa eKGac
RtUv)anCYbTak;Tg)anedaygay nigmancrikminpøas;bþÚr tamrebobEdlKat;eFVIkarTak;TgeTAnwg GñkEdl
Bak;B½n§enAkñúgKMerag minfaCamYyGñkEdleFVIkarenAkñúgKMeragpÞal; b¤CamYyGtifiCnEdl)anpþl;nYvKMerag
enHeLIy.
dMNak;kalEdlBak;B½n§enAkñúgkarTMnak;TMngKW ³
TisedA³ eFVIkarTMnak;TMngnwgnrNamñak;edayeRbIR)as;sarmYyc,as;las;
elxkUd³ karsMEdgnUvGtßn½yrbs;sarenaH
bBa¢Ún³ epJIsarenaHecj ]> tamrebobCalayl½xGkSr b¤CaBaküsMdI
TTYl³ TTYlyknYvsarenaH
bkERbelxkUd³ yl;dwg nigeFVIkarbkERbsarEdlTTYl)anenaH
eqøIytb³ \riyabTEdlGñkeqøIysarRtLb;vij
35
karerobcM
sMrab;karsMerccitþNamYyRtUv)aneFVIeLIg caM)ac;RtUvmanrcnasm<½n§mYypøÚvkar. TaMgenHRtUv)an

kMNt;edayRkumkargar b¤buKÁlmñak;²cab;taMgBIeBlcab;epþImmkem:øH EdlsßitenAkúñgbribfrbs;GgÁPaB Edl
BYkeKkMBugeFVIkarkñúgenaH. rcnasm½<n§GgÁPaBmanbIRbePTKW ³
• rcnasm½<n§m:aRTIs (Matrix)
• rcnasm½<n§srIragÁ (Organic)
• rcnasm½<n§emkanic (Mechanistic)
rcnasm½<n§m:aRTIs
GgÁPaBm:aRTIsKWCaGgÁPaBmYyEdlBak;B½n§CamYybuKÁlik edayminKitBIsmtßPaB nigmuxgarrbs;
BYkeKkñúgkarTak;TgKñaeTAvijeTAmkeTAtamkMritmuxgar edIm,IGnuvtþKMerageGaycb;. KMeragTajykbuKÁlik
EbbenHCaeRcInenAeBlEdlRtUvkar. buKÁlikTaMgenaHeFVIkarCaRkummuxgarpg nigCasmaCikénRkumkargar
KMeragpg. enHmann½yfaBYkeKGaceRbICMnaj enARKb;kMritTaMgGs; nigeFVIkarsMerccitþtam dUcEdleKRtUv)an
R)ab;BImYyéf¶ eTAmYyéf¶.
]TahrN_rbs;KMrUm:aRTIs ³
naykEpñk nayk nayk nayk

kEnøgsñak;enA EpñkhirBaØvtßú Epñklk; EpñkbuKÁlik
KMeragA
KMeragB
KMeragC
KMeragD
36
rcnasm½<n§srIragÁ
rcnasm½<n§srIragÁmYy KWCarcnasm½<n§mYyEdleKeGayniymn½yfaCa {GgÁPaBmYyEdlenATIenaH

karsMerccitþnana RtUv)aneKeFVIenARKb;kMritTaMgGs;}. vaKμankarEbgEcklMdab;skiáGVITaMgGs;. karsMerc
citþRtUv)aneKeFVIeLIg edayRkumNamYy b¤buKÁlNamñak;edayminKitBIzan³enAkñúgGgÁPaBenaHeLIy. Ca
lT§pl vaeFVIeGaymanlMhUrénTMnak;TMng BIfñak;x<s;rbs;GgÁPaBeTAkan;fñak;Tab nigBIfñak;TabeLIg eTAkan;
fñak;x<s;vij b¤ CakarBit BIépñkNamYyrbs;GgÁPaBenaHk¾)an. dUecñH TaMgGs;KñacUlrYmenAkñúgdMeNIr karenH
EdlGaceqøIytbeTAnwglkçxNÐxageRkAnanaenAkñúgTIpSarNamYy. CalT§pl GgÁPaBEbbenHsßitenAkñúg
dMeNIkarERbRbYl\tQb;Qr enAeBlEdlmantRmUvkarekIteLIg.
37
rcnasm½<nemkanic
KWCaGgÁPaBmanlMdab;zananuRkm Edlmanrcnasm½<n§bBa¢akNþalmYy EdleFVIkarsMerccitþ man

lkçN³c,as;las; nigbBa¢ÚnkarsMercTaMgenHeTAxageRkamtamry³GgÁPaB edIm,IeGayeKGnuvtþtam. GVI²KW
hUrBIelIcuHeTAeRkam.
]TahrN_ ³ mU:Edlrcnasm<½nemkanic
naykRbtibtþi
nayk nayk
RbFannaykdæan RbFannaykdæan RbFannaykdæan RbFananykdæan
kMlaMgBlkmμ
skmμPaB 4B
karelIkTwkcitþ
ebIsni KμankarelIkTwkcitþ KMeragnwgminRtUv)aneKbBa©b;enaHeT edaysarEtGñkEdlBak;B½n§

caM)ac;RtUvEtebþVCJa elIIkic©karEdlmanenAkñúgéd. cMeBaHbBaðaenH sÞIlénkardwknaMmansar³sMxan;xøaMgNas;.
edIm,IeGayman karelIkTwkcitþ eKTamTareGaymannUvKuNPaBénkardwknaMdUcxageRkam ³
• buKÁliklkçN³ (Personality)
• sÞIl (Style)
38
• viFIsa®sþtamsßankarN_ (Situational Approach)
• sMeyaK (Synthesis)
buKÁliklkçN³
buKÁliklkçN³rbs;GñkdwknaMmansar³sMxan;Nas; CaBiessRbsinebIKat;eFVIkarTak;TgCamYymnusS
b¤ buKÁlxus²KñaCaeRcIn. eKrMBwgfaKat;CamnusSmanmenaKti mankareCOCak;elIxøÜnÉg nigsmtßPaBkñúgkar
rkSaPaBeCOCak;rbs;Rkumkargar. Kat;caM)ac;k¾CamnusSmñak; EdlGaceFVIkarcuHsMrugKñaCamYymnusSxus²
KñaCaeRcIn tamrebobmYyEdlKμanPaBlMeGog. tulüPaBKWCaGVI²TaMgGs;.
sÞIl
GñkdwknaMGacRbkan;yknYvsÞIlxus²Kña eyageTAtamtMrUvkarrbs;KMeragEdlmanenAkñúgéd. TaMgenH
rYmmanGkb,kiriyaEdlRbkbedayGtþFibetyü RbCaFibetyü b¤k¾Gkb,kiriyaEdlmineRCótERCk “laissez-
fair attitude) edayGnuBaØateGaysmaCikRkumbnþkargar tamdMeNIrrbs;BYkeK. TaMgGs;enHsuT§Etman
nYvKuNsm,tiþ nigKuNvibtiþrbs;va.
KuNsm,tiþrbs;viFIsa®sþGtþFibetyü KWfaral;KñaRtUv)aneKR)ab;BIGVIEdlRtUveFVI ehIyRtUveFVIkic©kar

enaH edaymin)ac;sYrnaMGVITaMgGs;. vaGaceFIVeGaysMerckic©kar)anRbkbedayPaBs½kþsiT§ tamEbbKMnitén
ExSsgVak;plitkmμmYy (production line). cMENkÉ KuNvibtþirbs;vavijKWfa buKÁlikTaMgGs;man
GarmμN_faenAdac;edayELkBIdMeNIrkarénkarsMerccitþ EdlGacbNþaleGaymankarmineBjcitþ karxVHTwk
citþ nigxVHkarelIkTwkcitþ.
KuNsm,tiþrbs;viFIsa®sþRbCaFibetyü KWfakarsMerccitþRtUv)aneKeFVIeLIgedaymankarBiPakSaeday
ebIkcMhrCamYynwgRkumkargarTaMgmUl eFVIdUecñHral;KñaGaccUlrYmCamYynwgKMeragtampøÚvNamYy. enHGac
GacnaMeGaymankarbMeBjcitþ nig karelIkTwkcitþy:agxøaMg. rIÉ KuNsm,tiþrbs;vavijKW ekIteLIgenAeBlEdl
eKRtUveFVIkarsMerccitþCaKnøwHNamYyenAnwgkEnøgpÞal; b¤ kñúgry³eBlmYynaTIb:ueNÑaH edaysarEtKμaneBl
evlaRKb;RKan;sMrab;karBiPakSaCaRkum. viFIsa®sþenHGac bNþaleGaymankarBnüaeBlrbs;KMerag dUecñHva
eFVIeGayxatbg;eBlevla nig luykak;)an.
CacugeRkayenH CamYynwgKuNsm,tiþrbs;viFIsaRsþ Laissez-fair KWfavaGnuBaØateGayBlkr

eFVIkareTAtamdMeNIrrbs;BYkeK. vak¾bgáeGaymanTMnas;ekIteLIgtictYcbMput. cMENkÉ KuNvibtiþrbs;vavijKW
39
manGacnaMeGaymankaryl;dwg tictYcbMput GMBIGVIEdlCatRmUvkarrbs;KMerag nig CalT§plGacbNþal
eGaymankareRbIR)as;eBlevlakan;EtyUreTAelIKMeragenH nig cMNayGs;eRcInCagkalEdl)aneRKagTuk.
viFIsa®sþEbbenHKwvamintwgEtgRKb;RKan;Tal;EtesaH sMrab;tMrUvkarxaghirBaØvtßú nig eBlevla. vaKμanRbsiT§i
PaBTal;EtesaHehIy enAeBlEdleKRtUvkareFVIkarsMerccitþ nig RtUvGnuvtþkargard¾c,as;las;mYy.
viFIsa®sþtamsßankarN_
viFIsa®sþtamsßanPaB GacGnuvtþ)an EtenAeBlGñkdwknaMRtUv)aneKpøas;eTAKMeragfμImYyeTot Edl
enATIenaHCMnajrbs;Kat;mankMrit. CaBiessdMeNaHRsayEdleKkMBugEtbegáIt sMrab;sßankarN_fμI nwgkMNt;
GMBIsÞIlénkarRKb;RKgrbs;BYkeK nig viFIsa®sþénkarerobcMrbs;BYkeKcMeBaHKMeragenaH.
sMeyaK
sMeyaK KwenAeBlEdlGñkdwknaMKMerag vaytMélGMBItMrUvkarnanarbs;KMerag nigdak;bBa©ÚlKñanUvRKb;
CMnajkarTaMgGs;EdlRtUvkar edIm,IGnuvtþKMerageGaycb;. kareFVIEbbenH Kat;RtUvEtmanRbePTbuKÁlik
lkçN³ebIkcMhr nigmankaryl;dwgeRCARCHEdlGackMNt;BIGVIEdlRtUvkar nig GacrkFnFanmnusS Edll¥
bMputsMrab;TidæPaBnimYy²rbs;KMerag. tamry³viFIsa®sþenHKat;nwgksagnUvRkumkargarmYy EdlcMeNHdwg
nigCMnajrbs;BYkeK bMeBjeGayKña)aneTAvijeTAmk dUcenHeKGacepþateTAelItRmUvkar nanarbs;kic©kar
nimYy².
skmμPaB 4C
segçb
mkdl;eBlenHGñk)ansikSaBI ³
1. KuNsm,tþisMxan;²sMrab;kardwknaMKMerag
2. CMnajpÞal;xøÜnepSg²
3. CMnajnanarbs;GñkRKb;RKgKMerag
40
emeronTI1 - dMNak;kalvaytémøsegçb
enAeBlbBa©b;emeronTI2enH elakGñknwgGac³
1. RKb;RKghaniP½yKMerag (Manage Project Risk)³

k> kMNt;niymn½yhaniP½yKMerag (define project risk) .
x> yl;BIkareFVImU:EdlhaniP½y (risk modeling) nig GnuvtþkarRKb;RKghaniP½y (risk
management) bec©keTs b¤ dMeNIrkarénkarTb;sáat; nig karkat;bnßyhaniP½y (risk
containment and reduction technique and process) .
2. RKb;RKgsuvitßiPaB nigsuxPaBkñúgKMerag (Manage Project Health and Safety)

k> kMNt;niymn½y vaytémø nig eRCIserIsykc,ab;smRsb sþIGMBIsuxPaB nig suvtßiPaBenAkñúgKMerag.
x> TTYlsÁal;eRKaHfñak;enAkñúgKMerag nig EsVgrkyuT§saRsþedIm,Ikat;bnßyhaniP½yKMerag
K> begáIt nig GnuvtþnUvÉksar b¤ eKalneya)aysþIBIsuxPaB nig suvtßiPaBCak;lak;rbs;KMerag
41
emeronTI2 ³ dMNak;kalénkareFIVGtþsBaØaNkmμ
emeronTI 2 - Area of Competence 1 ³ kareRCIserIsKMeragEdlGacsMerc)an
buBVkfa
haniP½yRtUv)aneKeGayniymn½yfaCa³
: RBwtþikarN_minCak;lak;mYy b¤ CasMNuMmYyénkal³eTs³Edlman\T§iBlelIkarsMerc)annUvvtßúbMNg
rbs;KMerag ebIsinvaekIteLIg :.
eday S. Stephenson 1998
RKb;kareFVIGaCIvkmμRtUvRbQmmuxeTAnwghaniP½y eTaHCatamry³RbB½n§épÞkñúgrbs;vakþI b¤RtUv)anbgá

eday\T§iBlBIxageRkAkþI. RkumkargarKN³RKb;RKgGgÁPaBmYy nwgb:unb:gkat;bnßyhaniP½y enARKb;Epñk
TaMgGs;énRbtibtþikar. ktþaxageRkAcaM)ac;RtUvEt)anvaytémø edayeRbobeFobemIlCamYynwgRbtibtþikar
rbs;GgÁPaB RsbKñaCamYynwgskmμPaBsmRsb EdltMrUvedaHRsayTb;Tl;nwgplb:HBal;BIktþaxag
eRkATaMgenH. KMeragTaMgGs;RbRBwtþeTA edaymankarpøas;bþÚr nig haniP½y CamYynwgbTBiesaFn_ kñúgkMLúg
eBlvdþGayukalénKMerag EdlGacnaMeTAkan;karbraC½yénKMerag b¤karbBa©b;edayeCaKC½y RbsinebI
haniP½yenaHRtUv)aneKkMNt;GtþsBaØaN RtYtBinitü nig RKb;RKg)an.
haniP½yRtUv)aneKkMNt;eday : lkçN³FmμCati (state of nature) : EdlqøúHbBa©aMgBIsßanPaB

lkçx½NÐ nig RBwtþikarN_EdlenAhYsBIkarEdleyIgGacRtYtRtava)an. lkçN³FmμCatiTaMgenH nwgman
\T§iBlelIkarsMerccitþrbs;eyIg ehIyvaRtUv)anEbgEcktamcMNat;fñak;eTAtamCMBUkdUcteTA³
PaBR)akd (certain) - KμanhaniP½y b¤ haniP½yEdlGackMNt;brimaN)an

PaBminPaBR)akd (uncertain) - haniP½yEdlminGackMNt;brimaN)an
PaBR)akd - KWenAeBlEdlGñksMerccitþ)andwgnUvbBaðaTaMgGs; nig dMeNaHRsayepSg² cMeBaHral;

bBaðaEdleKGacBüakrN_)anTaMgenaH.
haniP½y - ekItmancMeBaHsßanPaBmYy EdlGacekItmanlT§plxus²KñaeRcIn. karmancMeNHdwg

cMeBaHlT§plTaMgenH KWwBwgEp¥keTAelIbTBiesaFn_BIGtItkal nigkarKaMRTedayPsþútagsßiti (statistical
42
evidence) b¤ dMeNaHRsaykalBIGtItkalpgEdr. cMeNHdwgenHnwgRtUv)aneRbIR)as;edIm,IBüakrN_
nUvlT§pl EdlGacekItmanrbs;karpSgrksuINamYy.
PaBminR)akd - KWenAeBlEdllT§plCaeRcInGacekIteLIg)an k¾b:uEnþvamanPsþútagsßiti (statisti-

cal evidence) tictYc b¤k¾ KμanesaH sMrab;BüakrN_GMBIBIlT§plTaMgenaH.
CYnkalGñkGaceXIjBakühaniP½y nigPaBminR)akdRtUv)aneKeRbIpøas;CMnYsKña. ktþamYycMnYnenAkñúg

KMeragGacnwgRtUv)aneKdwgc,as; xN³eBlEdlktþaxøHeToteKminGacdwg)aneLIy. edaysar)anedIrmuneK
(being on the cutting edge) EdlvaxøÜnÉgmanPaBminR)akdrYceTAehIy enAeLIyKMeragsagsg;GaKar
FM²CaeRcInkalBIGtItkal KWCakarlayLMKñanUvGVIEdleK)ansÁal; nigGVIEdleKmin)ansÁal;enAeLIy enaHvaKW
haniP½ylayLMKñaCamYynwgPaBminR)akd.
karRKb;RKghaniP½ycat;cUleTAkñúgCMBUkplRbeyaCn_BIr³
plRbeyaCn_rwg (hard benefit) - EpnkarbMrug karsMerccitþ karRtYtBinitü sßiti
plRbeyaCn_Tn; (soft benefit) - bBaðamnusS
plRbeyaCn_rwg
• Epnkarl¥Cagmun b¤EpnkarEdldwgc,as; kalviPaK nig KMeragfvika
• KMeragTMngnwgGnuvtþtamEpnkar
• GnuBaØateGaymankarvaytémøelIEpnkarbMrugnana
• eFVIeGayraErkcMeBaHkarTTYlykKMeragEdlmansPaBhirBaØvtúßminl¥
• GnuBaØateGaymankarsßabnaRbB½n§RbesIreLIg
• GnuBaØateGaymankareRbobeFobedayminlMeGog
• EbgEckFnFan nig kMNt;GtþsBaØaNTMnYlxusRtUvcMeBaHkaredaHRsayRbPBhaniP½y
plRbeyaCn_Tn;
• begáInbTBiesaFn_smRsbkñúgkarTMnak;TMngTUeTA
• eyakyl;Kña nig mansμartICaRkumkargarl¥
• begáInbec©keTsRKb;RKgl¥
• epþatkarRbugsμartIrbs;KN³RKb;RKgelIbBaðaCak;lak;
43
• bgðajBIkarTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHGtifiCn
plRbeyaCn_Tn; nigrwgénhaniP½yGacsegçbCa³
• karRKb;RKghaniP½ypþl;nUvTinñn½y edIm,IKaMRTdl;kareFVIEpnkar nigdMeNIrkarsMerccitþ
• karRKb;RKghaniP½yCYyRtYsRtaypøÚv
skmμPaB 5A
ÉksarenAkñúg Assignment 1(1.2.1)
karkMNt;sMKal;haniP½y
• eRKaHFmμCati
• eRKaHfñak;écdnü
• TIpSar
• kMlaMgBlkmμ ¬karxVHkMlaMgBlkmμmanCMnaj¦
• bec©keTs
• esdækic© ¬dUcCa skmμPaB¦
• bBaðaneya)ay ¬]³ s®gÁam karpøas;bþÚrrdæaPi)al b¤ eKalneya)ay¦ EdleFVIeGayKμanlT§PaB
eFVIkareGayTan;eBlevla)ankMNt;rbs;KMerag.
enAkñúgkrNICaeRcIn ktþabrisßanman\T§iBleTAelIkarsMerccitþ elIkardMeNIrkarKMeragCak;lak;

mYyeTAmux. KMeragEdlmanhaniP½yx<s;Gacpþl;nUvR)ak;cMeNjk¾x<s;Edr b:uEnþBYkvaGacbraC½y)anedaysar ³
• KMnitbegáItfμIminsuIKñanwg b¤ minRKb;RKan;eTAtamtMrUvkar ¬dUcCa plitpl¼esvakmμ RtUv)an
cab;epþIm xuseBlevlaCaedIm¦.
• karGPivDÆn_elIEpñkplitkmμ b¤ bec©kviTüamin)anRKb;RKan;.
• karcab;epþImnaMplitplmYy y:ageRcIncUleTAkñúgTIpSar EtRtUvCYbRbTHkarminTTYlyk
BITIpSar.
skþanuBleCaKC½yénKMeragmYy niglkçN³vinicä½yénPaBeCaKC½yrbs;va KYrRtUv)anviPaKkñúgkMLúg

eBléndMNak;kalsikSaGMBIlT§PaBrbs;va. vasßitenAkñúgdMNak;kalenH EdlesnarIyU:énGVImYyGaceFVIeTA)an
nig lkçN³Cak;lak;EdlGacdMeNIkareTA)an RtUvEt)aneKbegáIteLIg.
44
lkçN³Cak;lak;EdlGacdMeNIkareTA)an KWepþateTAelIktþasMxan;²BIry:ag³
• ktþabrisßan
• ktþahirBaØvtßú
brisßan hirBaØvtßú brisßan

TMnas;kñúgRkumkargar cMNayedIm TMnas;kñúgRkumkargar
karCMrujTwkcitþ KMeragfvika karCMrujTwkcitþ
neya)ay RbB½n§ neya)ay
clnasac;R)ak;
ktþabrisßanrab;bBa©ÚlTaMg³
• ktþasgÁm
• ktþaneya)ay
ktþahirBaØvtßúrab;bBa©ÚlTaMg³
• cMNayedIm nig plRbeyaCn_
• bBaðaclnasac;R)ak;
GaRs½ytamesnarIyU:Edl)anbegáIt haniP½ynwgRtUv)ankt;smÁal; vaytémø nig RKb;RKg.
45
mU:EdlRKb;RKghaniP½y
kic©kar¼WBS ¬rcnasm<½n§bMEbkkagar¦
karviPaKmuxgar (functional analysis)
Risk Assessment Checklist kMNt;GtþsBaØaNnUvGVIEdlCahaniPy½

taragvaytMél elIhaniP½y
IDENTIFY
Risk register
cuHbBa¢IhaniP½y kMNt;GtþsBaØaNnUvGVIEdlCahaniPy½ kMNt;GtþsBaØN
Probability of Risk Occurring

PaBRbhak;RbEhlEdlGacekIt
manhaniP½y
Assessing Risk
karvaytMélhaniP½y
Rank Risks
karcat;cMNat;fñak;haniP½y
Environment Resolve Cause &
brisßan Effect
Plan Contingencies
Determine Plan/Project
karkMNt;Epnkar¼KMerag dMeNaHRsayehtu &
plb:HBal; ASSESS
Financial
EpnkarbMrug vaytMél
hirBaØvtßú
Revise Plan & Build

Contingency
EpnkarEksMrYlrYc &
begáItEpnkarbMrug
Manage Risk MANAGE

RKb;RKghaniP½y RKb;RKg
46
mU:EdlénkarvaytémøelIhaniP½ytMrUveGaykic©karTaMgGs; RtUv)aneKeRKagelIrcnasm<½n§bMEbk
kargar (WBS). CMhanbnÞab;KWRtUvraynamskþanuBlhaniP½yTaMgGs; (all potential risks) EdlBak;B½n§
CamYynwgkic©karnImYy². ]TahrN_ vaTaMgenHGacCa neya)ay b¤ CahirBaØvtßú. KWvaecjBIbBa¢IenHEdlGñk
GacbegáItnUvTinñn½yd¾TUlMTUlaymYyénhaniP½yTaMGs; (comprehensive database of the risks) EdlGñk
Gac b¤rMBwgfanwgCYbRbTH. Tinnñ ½yenHnwgGaceGayGñkkMNt;GtþsBaØaNhaniP½yenAkñúgKMerag.
skþanuBlhaniP½ynwgRtUv)anRtYtBinitüedayGñkpÞal; b¤eday\T§iBlBIxageRkA. karKitKUrelIBUkva

KYrRtUv)aneFVIedIm,Ikat;bnßy b¤lb;bM)at;haniP½yTaMgGs;Etmþg. eBlxøH haniP½yelIbec©keTsBi)akkñúgkar
vaytémøNas; dUecñH vaCakarRbesIr ebIGñkRtUveRbIcMeNHdwg nig CMnajÉkeTsedIm,IedaHRsay.
nitiviFId¾smBaØmYybnÞab;BIkarsÁal;haniP½y KWRtUvviPaKBIplb:HBal;rbs;haniP½ynImYy² EdlGac

ekItmaneLIgenAkñúgKMeragenaH. ]TahrN_³
etI RbU)ab‘ÍlIet (probability) rbs;séselah³ (filament) rbs;qñaMgTwkekþAfμImYy (new boiler)

Edl)andak;cUleTAkñúgGKarmYy manb:unμan?
bBaðaEdlGacekIteLIgenH GacRtUv)aneKkat;bnßyedaymankarvaytémøfa lkçN³Cak;lak;én

bec©kviTüarbs;séslah³ (filament) KWRtUv)anFanay:ageBjeljcMeBaHhaniP½y ehIyRbsinebIcaM)ac;
enaH sésbMrugnwgRtUv)aneRbIR)as;.
kareRbIR)as;lkçN³vinicä½yelIkarvaytémøhaniP½y
karRKb;RKghaniP½y)anTTYlnUv karykcitþTukdak;enAkñúgry³eBlb:unμanqñaMfμI²enH ehIyRtUv)an

eKemIleXIjfa vaCadMeNIrkarEdlhaniP½yRtYv)aneKkMNt;GtþsBaØaN vaytémø nigeqøIytby:agsmrmü
RtUv)aneKbegáItnigGnuvtþ. haniP½yGaRs½ypgEdreTAelIcMeNHdwg CMnaj nig \riyabTrbs;GñkEdlman
vtþmanenAkñúgkal³eTs³TaMgenaH RBmTaMgkaryl;dwgrbs;mñak;²GMBIeRKaHfñak; ehIynigCMnajcaM)ac; edIm,I
eCosvagvaeGay)an.
kareqøIytbcMeBaHhaniP½yNamYyGacmandUcxageRkam³
• eCosvagBIhaniP½yTaMgGs;
47
• cat;viFakaredIm,Ikat;bnßyhaniP½yCak;lak;
• TijesvaFanarab;rgedIm,Ir:ab;rghaniP½y
• EbgEckFnFanbMrug b¤ kareFVIelIslkçN³Cak;lak; (over specification) edIm,IeGay
lubelIhaniP½y
• TTYlsÁal;haniP½y nig BinitüemIlGMBIsßanPaB
haniP½yEdl)anBiPakSaxagelIRtUvkarcaM)ac;nUvkarkMNt;GtþsBaØaNrbs;va nigeFVIkarRKb;RKgva
b:uEnþ TidæPaBEdlBi)akbMputrbs;haniP½yenaHKW dMNak;kalénkarvaytémøelIva. lkçN³rbs;haniP½y
nwgkMNt;nUvbec©keTssmRsbmYy EdlRtUveRbIedIm,ITb;Tl;CamYynwgva.
karvas;EvghaniP½ynimYy²caM)ac;RtUveGayeKraykñúgbB¢aI edIm,IGnuBaØatieGaydMeNaHRsayd¾smrmü
mYy QaneTAsMerceCaKC½y)an.
enAkñúg]TahrN_kic©karKMerag k x nig K RtUv)anerobCalMdab;dUcteTA. kic©karTaMgenH manhaniP½y

BakB½n§CamYyBYkva EdlGacRtUv)anvas;Evg)anGaRs½yedayman lT§plGnuvtþ b¤ Tinñn½yBiesaFn_ kalBI
GtItkal. eyIgGacsnñidæan)anfa haniP½yEdlmancMeBaHkic©karnimYy²TaMenH RtUv)anEbgEcktamkarekIt
eLIgCa bI kMrit. kMritx<s; mFüm nig Tab.
cMNgeCIgkic©kar Probability énkarekItmaneLIg

ID eQμaHkic©kar k mFüm
ID : x Tab
ID : K x<s;
enAkñúgKMeragenH kic©kar K mankMritekIteLIgx<s;énkarbraC½y b¤kMBugERbkøayeTACabBaða.

dUecñHEpnkarbMrugmYy caM)ac;RtUvEtbegáIteLIg. Ep¥ktamRbePTCak;lak;énkMritkarekIteLIgnUvhaniP½y
kic©kar x GacmincaM)ac;tMrUveGaymanskmμPaBNamYyeLIy BIeRBaH Probability rbs;haniP½yEdl
b:HBal;elIkic©karenHKWmankMritTab. edaykMriténkarekIteLIgrbs;haniP½yx<s; GacmankarTak;TgCamYy
nwghirBaØvtßú ehIyCalT§pl EpnkarbMrugmYyRtUvEterobcMeLIg.
48
enAeBleyIg)ansÁal;karbgáehtu b¤kMriténhaniP½yehIyenaH eyIgRtUvEtBicarNaeTAelI skþanuBl
énplb:HBal;rbs;haniP½ymkelIKMeragrbs;eyIg. EsþgecjBIcMNucenH eyIgRtUvsYrnUvsMNYrBIrKW³
1. etI probability b¤ »kas EdleKGackMNt;GtþsBaØNhaniP½yEdlnwgekIteLIgmanb:unμan?
2. etIGVICaplvi)akénskþanuBlhaniP½yenH?
kñúgn½yedIm,IvaytémøhaniP½yedayeRbIR)as; probability GñkRtUvEtBicarNaelIplvi)ak Edl

b:HBal;enaH. karvaytémøenHnwgEp¥keTAelIPaBekIteLIgjwkjab; dUcCa etImanbBaðaenHekIteLIgBImuneT?
Rbsinman etIenAeBlNa nigb:unμandg?
enAkñúgtarag Matrix xagedImRbsinebI»kasénkarekIteLIgx<s; enaHeyIgcaM)ac;RtUvkat;bnßyva

b:uEnþetIeyIgRtUveFVIkarkat;bnßyvaenHedayrbobNa? etIBt’manGVIEdleyIgRtUveRbICamUldæan sMrab;karsMerc
citþelIeKaledAskmμPaBCak;lak;? eyIgcaM)ac;RtUvBicarNaeTAelI lT§pl)anKitTukCamunénkarsMerccitþ
etIvaGacb:HBal;dl;eBlevlacMNay nig TMhMKuNPaBrbs;KMeragy:agNa.
RTwsþIRbU)ab‘ÍlIet Probability
RTwsþI Probability mUldæanEcgfa PaBekIteLIgjwkjab;énRBwtþikarN_mYy (occurrence)

ekIteLIgedaysMEdgCalkçN³ Probability.
mü:agvijeTot enAeBlNaGVImYyekIteLIgkan;EteRcIndg Probability énRBwtþikarN_enaHekIteLIg

vijeTotk¾kan;EteRcInEdr.
karBicarNaKYrRtUvpþl;elIbec©keTs EdlGacRtUv)aneKeRbIenAeBleFVIkarkt;Rta nig karraykarN_

GMBIBt’manénhaniP½y³
bu:Enþ etI´KYreFVIGVI?
1. begáItesckIþsnñidæan (Make assumption) edaykarRbmaNelIPaBGacekItmanénRBwtþikarN_mYy

RbPBénskþanuBlhaniP½y nwgRtUv)aneKelIkeLIg.
49
2. bBa¢IRtYtBinitü Check lists vaCabBa¢IraynamcMNucsMxan;² (aide-memoir) sMrab;
kMNt;GtþsBaØaNhaniP½y. Check lists enHCaFmμta
RtUv)andkecjBIbTBiesaFn_elIKMeragCaeRcIn b¤KMerag
RsedogKñakalBImun².
3. bBa¢Irh½s (Prompt list) bBa¢ITaMgenHGacRtUv)andkecjBIKMeragCak;lak;BImun²

CaeRcIn eBlEdlkarepþatrbs;GgÁPaB KWnwgGnuvtþ
skmμPaBRsedogKñanwgkalBImunEdr.
4. bec©keTsedaHRsaybBaða ¬eyagelI emeronTI5 Area of Competence 23)

(Problem solving technique)
• karriHrkKMnit (Brainstorming)
• bec©keTs dilhVIú (Delphi Techniques)
• tarag Probability
• bTsMPasn_ (Interviews)
bec©keTsTaMgenHCYnkalRtUv)aneKRbIR)as;kñúgkMLúgeBlkMNt;GtþsBaØaNhaniP½y. karBükrN_
haniP½yedayeRbIR)as;viFIsaRsþTaMgenHnwgCaCMnYy nig eFVIeGaymandMeNaHRsay elIEpñknanaEdlGac
RtUvkarkarRbugRby½tñ.
5.cgRkgbB¢aIhaniP½y
bBa¢IenHRtUv)ancgRkgedIm,IFanafaBt’manRtUv)aneKRbmUlpþúM. cMNgeCIgd¾smBaØ²rbs;vaxøHmanrYmTaMg³
karBiBN’nahaniP½y (Description of risk)
PaBCam©as; b¤karTTYlxusRtUv (Ownership/responsibility)
RbU)ab‘ÍlIeténkarekIteLIg (Probability of occurance)
kareRtombMrug b¤dMeNaHRsay (Contingencies /resolution)
skmμPaB 5B
50
KMerag nig haniP½y
Føab;eFIVBImunmk minFøab;eFIVBImunmk
man
Yes
Føab;eFIVBImunmk haniP½ykMritTab haniP½ykMritmFüm

.A CMnajmnusS
People skills
minFøab;eFIVBImunmk haniP½ykMritmFüm haniP½ykMritx<s;

minman
No
man minman
Yes No
mann½yfa etIeyIgmanCMnajedIm,IbBa©b;kargarKMeragenHb¤eT? man b¤ Gt;?

taragma:RTIsenHRtUv)aneRbICabzm edIm,IeGay {dwg feel} elIKMeragEdlkMBugBicarNa. edaykar
eRbIR)as;RkLaeyag (grid reference) GñkGacdak;KMeragrbs;GñkeTAkñúgEpñkCak;lak;NamYyrbs;RkLa.
]TahrN_ kalBIqñaMmun EpñkkMBüúTr½ rbs;GgÁPaBrbs;´ )ancab;epþImGnuvtþTinñn½y ÉksarCIvRbvtþibuKÁlikfμImYy
(personel records database).
karbNþúHbNþalRtUv)anpþl;eGaydl;GñkEdlBak;BinTaMgGs;. qñaMenH naykdæanhirBaØvtßúrbs;´

kMBugBicarNaelIkarcab;epþImeRbIkmμviFIkMuBüÚT½rKNenyüfμI (new accounting package)
rgVas;haniP½y
cUrBicarNa ³ KMeragRbePTenHFøab;)aneFVIBImun Tab
eyIgmanCMnajkñúgkareRbIR)as; IT Tab
kmμviFIKNenyümanlkçN³Rbhak;RbEhlnwgkmμviFIFøab;eRbIBImun Tab
karbNþúHbNþalnwgRtUvkarsMrab; software enH mFüm
rgVas;haniP½yénKMeragenH)andak;kñúgRbGb;xagelI-EpñkxageqVg énma:RTIsxagelI Rtg;cMNucGkSr A
skmμPaB 5B
51
m:aRTIsenHsegátelI\Ti§BlhaniP½y EdlvaekIteLIgkñúgKMerag. karekIteLIgenHGacRtUv)an føwgEføg
GaRs½yeday kMritTab mFüm nig x<s;.
TUTaMgKMeragTaMgmUl eyIgminEdlGacbM)at;haniP½y nig PaBminR)akd)anTaMgRsugenaHeT. dUcenH

ma:RTIsxagelIGacnwgRtUv)aneRbIedIm,I ³
• kMNt;RbePT nigRbPBénhaniP½y
• cat;viFankarkat;bnßyhaniP½y edaykarkat;bnßy nigkarlubbM)at;ecal
• kareFIVkarsMerccitþ faetIRtUvTTYlyk b¤ bdiesFhaniP½y
elakGñk)aneXIjehIyBIviFIsaRsþkMNt;GtþsBaØaNhaniP½y nig )anbnþtictYceTAdl;viFIsaRsþ

eqøIytbTaMgLayeTAnwghaniP½yrYcehIy. epþImecjGMBIviFIsaRsþenH vaGackMNt;)annUvviFIedaHRsay
(meth-odology) sMrab;haniP½ynimYy².
xageRkamenHKWviFIEdlGaceRbIR)as;)an sMrab;edaHRsayCamYynwghaniP½y³
1. karbeBa¢óshaniP½y (avoiding risk) - RbkarenHnwglubbM)at;nUvhaniP½yTaMGs;
2. karkat;bnßyhaniP½y (reducing risk) - RbkarenHGacGs;luykak;eRcIn Rbsinmin)anelIk
ykmkedaHRsay b¤ Gs;tictYcRbsinebI)anelIkykmkedaHRsay edayeRbIR)as;nUvyuT§sa®sþ
d¾smRsb. elakGñkcaM)ac;RtUvemIlelIsßanPaBhaniP½yTUeTA nigEsVgrkmeFüa)aykat;bnßy
\Ti§Blrbs;vamkelIKMerag. Ca]TahrN_ ³
k> buKÁlikKμanbTBiesaFn_
x> RbFanRKb;RKgKMeragminmancMeNHdwgBak;B½n§nwgKMeragBImunmk
K> manGñkBak;Bin (stakeholder) eRcIneBk
X> kgVHxatnUvkarebþCJacMeBaHKMerag
g> CakarpSgrksuIfμI (new venture)
3. karepÞrhaniP½yedayTijesvaFanara:b;rg - edayTijesvaFanar:ab;rgelIGKIÁP½ynigecarkmμ
(insurance on fire and theft) karTUTat;BIRkumh‘unFanar:ab;rgnwgCYyCaCMnYydl; KMeragxN³
eBlEdllM)ak. karepÞrhaniP½yGacnwgeFIVeLIg)anEdr edaykareFIVkic©snüaem:Akarbnþ
nUvEpñkCak;lak;NamYyénKMerag. RbkarenHGacCakarRbfuyRbfan b:uEnþGacRtUv)anr:ab;rgeday
52
kic©snüa edIm,IFanafaPaKITaMgBIryl;dwgGMBIskþanuBlhaniP½y nigkatBVkic©erogxøn. ]TahrN_
karcuHkic©snüaem:Akarbnþ (sub-contract) muneBlGñkem:Akar)andYlrlM.
4. kareRtombMrug (continency) - PaBepSg²Kña cMeBaHRbkarenHrYmman ³
k> min)aneFIVGIVesaH ¬edaymaneRtomdMeNaHRsayrYceRsc nig mankarRtYtBinitü¦
x> mankarÉkPaBCamYynwgGñkBak;BinTaMLay b¤PaKIdéTeTot kñúgkrNIEdlman
eRKaHfñak;ekIteLIg. kareRtomTukGñkpÁt;pÁgbMrug
5. karTTYlyknUvhaniP½y (accept the risk) - TukeGayRbFanRKb;RKgKMerageFIVkarBinitü
tamdannigRKb;RKghaniP½yTaMgenaH.
6. karBinitütamdanhaniP½y (monitoring risk) - kartamdany:agRby½tñRbEygcMeBaHKMerag
nwgFanafakic©karEdlGacmanhaniP½y¼eRKaHfñak; RtUv)aneKkMNt;GtþsBaØaN)an munkal
briecäTcab;epþIménkargarCak;lak;TaMgenaH.
7. karcat;lMdab;fñak;haniP½y (ranking risk) - karcat;lMdab;fñak;haniP½yGacmanPaBlMeGog
(subjective) b:uEnþvaCaRbkarsMxan;cMeBaHkareFIVkarvinicä½yhaniP½yTaMLaykñúgn½ybrimaN. kar
vas;EvghaniP½yhirBaØvtßú (financial risk) KWCaeRKOgpSMd¾sMxan; kñúgkarbegáItdMeNaHRsay
cMeBaHbBaða EdlepþImecjBIenHeKGaceFVIkarsMerccitþRbkbedayPaBR)akdniym)an.
skmμPaB 5D
8. karRKb;RKghaniP½y (managing risk) - kñúgkMLúgdMNak;kalTaMg6 énvdþGayukalKMerag

vaCaRbkarmansuvtßiPaBkñúgkarsnμt;fahaniP½y nwgman\Ti§BlelIdMNak;kalnimYy² kñúg
lkçN³mYyEbb b¤ lkçN³epSgeTot. manviFIBIry:ag edIm,IemIleTAelI {haniP½y}
k> viFIsa®sþsþg;da (standard approach) EdlrYmmansuvtßiPaB nigsuxPaBviC¢aCIv³
k> kMNt;GMBIviFIEdlkargarRtUv)anbMeBjedayKμanhaniP½y. kñúgkrNIenH TidæPaB
mYycMnYnrbs;haniP½ynwgGackat;bnßy)an.
53
karRKb;RKghaniP½yGacmanPaBkan;EtRbesIreLIg RbsinebImankarRtYtBinitüeTAelIsßankarN_.
teTAenHKWCaB½t’manlMGiténdMeNIrkarhaniP½ykñúgKMerag nigExSry³énkarraykarN_ EdlRtUvEtGnuvtþtam ³
karviPaKhaniP½y r)aykarN_
EpnkarCMnaj¼bec©keTs
karRKb;RKghaniP½y EpnkarCMnaj ¼ bec©keTs
EpnkarRKb;RKghaniP½y rebobEdlhaniP½yRtUv)anedaHRsay
cuHbBa©IhaniP½y Tinñn½yrbs;GgÁPaB
kareqøIytbcMeBaHhaniP½y skmμPaBkat;bnßy probability rbs;haniP½y
kareRtombMrug (Contingency) ¬EpñkxøH karélTukenAkñúgmUlniFi (a margin within funding)
b¤TaMgGs;enH¦ kareFVIeGayelIslkçN³Cak;lak;rbs;KMerag ( an over specific -
ation of project characteristics)
karéleBlsaKYr (built-in time "Float")
Epnkardkfy (Fall-back plan) CMerIsénskmμPaBepSg² rYmbBa©ÚlnUvskmμPaBcaM)ac; enAeBlEdl
RtUveFIV
haniP½ybnÞab;bnSM (Secondary risk) haniP½yEdlBak;B½n§nwgkardkfy
KMeragCaeRcInkMBugEtbnþdMeNIrkar enAeBlEdlRkumkargarKMeragdwgfaBYkeK nwgxatbg;eRcInNas;

RbsinebIBYkeKenAEteFVIbnþ b¤ Qb;. edaysarEtBYkeKkMBugsißtkñúgsßanPaB 'Catch-22 Situation' KMerag
nwgRtUvGnuvtþbnþkñúgsßanPaBxatbg; dUcenHvaCaRbkarsMxan;Nas; EdlhaniP½yRtUv)anviPaKy:agRbugRby½tñ
taMgEtBIedImdMbUg.
skmμPaB 5E
kareRCIserIsKMeragedayeRbIR)as;karBükarN_hriBaØvtßú
minfaGñkxMRbwgedIm,IsMerc)annUveKaledA vtßúbMNg b¤yuT§sa®sþb:uNÑaeT vaCaRbkarsMxan; EdlGñk
eFVIkarvas;EvghaniP½yhriBaØvtßúrbs;KMerag. manviFIsa®sþmYycMnYn EdleKGacGnuvtþkñúgkar)a:n;RbmaN
haniP½yhirBaØvtßú. viFIsa®sþ)a:n;RbmaNcMnYn 3 xageRkamnwgRtUv)anelIkmk EdlmandUcCa ³
• tMélsuT§bc©úb,nñ NPV- Net Present Value
• bec©keTsRsg;edIm Payback Technique
• GRtaénR)ak;cMeNj Rate of Return
54
cUrGanedayRbugRby½tñnUv Case Studies xageRkam ³
Case Study 1
kñúgkMLúgeBlsagsg;GKarmCÄmNÐlkariyl½yd¾FMmYyenAkñúgTIRkug KMeragenH)ancMNayRtwmRtUv
tamKMeragfvika nig )anbBa©b;Tan;eBlevla. bu:Enþ sUm,IrdæaPi)alenAeBlenaH )ancUlrYmedayCYysßabnapøÚv
P¢ab;mkGaKaredayGs;TwkR)ak;cMnYn £700 lan k¾eday karEdlmin)anBüakarN_GMBIbBaðafaKMerag Edl)an
bBa©b;enH EdlmanTMhMTIFøakariyal½yRbNitrhUtdl; cMnYn 5.4 lan hVIútkaer: (square feet) nwgRtUvTuk
ecaledayKμanGñkeRbIR)as;. bBaðaenH KWbNþalmkBI ktþaCaeRcIndUcCa esdækic©Føak;cuH rdæaPi)albBaÄb;
karGnueRKaHBn§eGayGñkkñúgRsuk nig mankarxVHxatnUvehdæarcnasm<½n§pøÚvfñl; nig pøÚvrfePøIgCaedIm . eTaH
bICakarBit EdlKMeragenH)anbMeBjdUckarcg;)anrbs;GtifiCnk¾BitEmn EthaniP½y nigPaBminc,as;las;
TaMgLay edIrtYnaTI edayeCosBuMrYccMeBaH ktþaeCaKC½y b¤ braC½y .
enAkñúgkrNIenH KWvamankarxVHxatehdæarcnasm<½n§KmnaKmn_d¾l¥mYy EdlminGaceGayeKecjcUl
eTAkan;kariyl½yTaMgenH)anRsYl ehIyrYmpSMCamYynwg ktþaesdækic© nig neya)ay bNþaleGayvaxk
bMNg nig kat;bnßyPaBeCaKC½yrbs;KMerag bnÞab;BI)anbBa©b;rYc.
skmμPaB 5G
bBaðahaniP½yhirBaØvtßú b¤ karBicarNa
KMeragRtUv)anpþÜcepþImeLIg edIm,ImUlehtumYycMnYn dUcCa ³

• KMeragGacekIteLIgecjBImhnþrayFmμCati ]> karrMCYydI xül;BüúH
• KMeragGacCakareqøIytbeTAnwgKMnitfμI b¤bBaðaGVImYy
• ecjBItMrUvkarGtifiCn {eyIgRtUvkarsßabnapøÚv}
• tMrUvkarEpñkc,ab; ]> {eyIgRtUvkar[Gahardæan enAkEnøgeFIVkarrbs;BYkeyIg eFIVkartubEtg

nigEklMGeLIgvij}
55
• KMeragsuxumalPaB ]> karsßabnamCÄmNÐllMEhkay GagEhlTwk
• TTYl)annUvPaBQanmuxelITIpSarelIKURbkYtRbECg ]> karbBa©ÚlplitplfμIrbs;xøÜn
muneBlrbs;GñkdéTeTot dUcCa plitpl kMuBüÚT½rEdlmanel,ÓnelOnfμImYy
• buKÁlmñak;² b¤Rkumh‘unnimYy²manmUlniFienAsl;EdlBYkeKcg;eFIVvinieyaK
manmUlehtuCaeRcIneTot EdlKMeragmanrUbrageLIg b:uEnþvaCaRbkarsMxan;cMeBaHkarEdlKitfa

karcMNaycMeBaHcMNucNamYydUcxagelI GacBicarNa)an b¤ vamankMritTabebIeFobeTAnwgTMhMrbs;va.
CYnkalenAeBlEdlmanKMerag GgÁPaBminmanCMnajnigbTBiesaFn_edIm,IGnuvtþbBa©b;KMeragTaMgenaH. kñúg
krNITaMgenH édKU b¤GgÁPaBxageRkAnana RtUv)aneKeFIVkic©snüaedIm,IbMeBjkargarCak;lak;mYycMnYnrbs;
KMeragTaMgmUl. CaTUeTA bTbBaØatib¤esckþIENnaM d¾sμúKsμajniglMGitelIEpñkhirBaØvtßú RtUv)aneKbBa©Úlkñúg
karerobcMkic©snüa. kñúgkrNIxøH karGnuvtþKMeragedayPaKITI3 RtUv)andak;eGayeKedjéfø RbkarenH
kic©snüaelIkargar nwgRtUvpþl;eTAeGayGñkedjéføEdlmanlkçN³RbkYtRbECgCageKbMput.
enAeBlEdlkarsMerccitþRtUv)aneFIVeLIg QrelICMerIsEdlGaceFVI)annigd¾smRsb karBicarNaelI
EpñkhirBaØvtßú)anbBa¢ak;fa vaCaviFsI a®sþmYykñúgcMeNamviFIsa®sþEdleKniymeRbIbMput kñúgkarvaytMél nig
kMritcMnYnGñkedjéfø nigKMeragEdlRtUvTTYl nigGnuvtþ. eKRtUvcat;fñak;;sMeNIedjéføeTAtamlMdab;
elxerogéncMNucEdleKcg;)an (order of preference) eyagtamlkçxNÐ)anEcgsMrab;eGayerobcMsMeNI
EdlkñúgkrNICaeRcIn sMeNITaMgGs;RtUv)anerobcMelIRkdasmYysnøwk niglkçxNÐeRCIserIsRtUv)aneKdak;
enAEpñkxagelIénRkdas. bnÞab;mk sMeNIedjéfønimYy² RtUv)anvinicä½yEp¥kelIB½t’manBitCak;Esþg b¤
minBitCak;Esþg ¬cUremIlbEnßmkñúgemeronkarcat;fñak;haniP½y Ranking Risk¦ . karerobrab;xagelI
KWeyagelIviFIsa®sþTaMg 3 RbePTénkarvas;EvghaniP½yEpñkhirBaØvtßú.
karGFib,ay nig karBak;B½n§rbs;vaeTAnwg Case Study xagelI
epIþmecjBI Case Study xagelIenH vac,as;Nas;EdlfaeTaHebIman Epnkarl¥bMput mankarviPaK

elIcMNay nig mankarviPaKhaniP½yehIyk¾eday PaBeCaKC½yénKMeragminGacR)akdfa)aneCaKC½y 100%
enaHeLIy. karbraC½yedaysarmUlehtuCaeRcInKWGacekItmaneLIg)an. müa:gvijeTot RbsinebIKMerag
eCaKC½yTaMgeday)ancb;sBVRKb; nig edayTan;eBlevla nig cMNayRtwmRtUvtamKMeragfvika nigmanRbsiT§
PaBdUcbMNg enaHplcMeNjCadMukMpYnk¾Gac)anRtLb;mkvijEdr.
56
cMNucEdlRtUvcgcaMKWfa eTaHbICamankarKNnasBVRKb;TaMgGs; KMeragmYycMnYn tamFmμCatirbs;va
vaEtgEtCakarpSgeBareBjeTAedayhaniP½yCanic©. b:uEnþeKGackMhithaniP½yenH edaykareFVIkarviPaK
y:agRtwmRtUvelIkic©karnanarbs;KMerag EdlhaniP½yTaMgenH KMramkMEhgdl;PaBeCaKC½yénKMerag minRtwmEt
elIkarbBa©b;vaenaHeT b:uEnþEfmTaMg eTAelImuxkar nig tMélCashRKasBaNiC¢kmμmYyrbs;vaEdl)anb:unb:g
TukeTotpg.
shRKasEdl)ansagsg;GaKarkariyal½y KWCa]TahrN_d¾l¥mYy EdlKMeragrbs;va)anTTYl
eCaKC½y cMeBaHkarbBa©b;rbs;va. k¾b:uEnþ vaERbkøayeTACakarbraC½yTaMgRsugeTAvij cMeBaHplcMeNj
hirBaØvtßú nigesvakmμ edaysarEtktþaxageRkAEdlmin)andwgnaeBlenaH b¤k¾BMu)anKitKUrdl; enAeBlEdl
KMeragsßitenAkñúgdMNak;kalerobcMEpnkarenAeLIy.
xageRkamenHKWCaGMNHGMNagmYycMnYn EdleFIVeLIgsþIBIKMeragFM² nigmantéløéfø² nighaniP½yEdlBak;B½n§

nwgkareFIVKMeragTaMgenaHb¤?
naykEpñkhirBaØvtßú rbs;Rkumh‘unrfynþd¾FMmYy)aneBalGHGagfa ³
{ CamFüm KMerag 1 kñúgcMeNamKMeragmUlFnFM² 5 braC½y bBaðaKWedaysar ³ eyIgKμanKMnit Gacdwg
CamunfamYyNa}.
GñkesdæsaRsþ kalBIEx tula qñaM 1987 )aneFIVkarsnñidæan elI "Eurotunnel" fa³
{ CaRbehagenAkñúgdI EdlnwgeFVIeGaymanP½BVsMNag b¤ )at;bg;P½BVsMNag }
¬CakarBitmkdl;bc©úb,nñ va)anxatbg;rab;lanekadi¦
xagelI eyIg)aneFIVkarBiPakSaBIdMeNIrkarsMerccitþeTAelIhaniP½y b¤PaBminR)akdRbCa. b:uEnþvaman

sar³sMxan;Nas;Edl mUldæanénkarsMerccitþsMGageTAelIbTBiesaFn_ nig Psþútag. xN³EdlPsþútag
Cak;EsþgminGacrk)an RbFanRKb;RKgRtUv)a:n;sμanGMBIRbU)ab‘ÍlIet k¾b:uEnþ karsMercTaMgenaHGacCaman lkçN³
lMeGog b¤ minlMeGog GaRs½yeTAelIGIVEdleyIg)andwg. RbFanRKb;RKgKMerag b¤ RbFanEpñkBaNiCkmμ
cUlcitþeFVIkarvinieyaK b¤GnuvtþKMeragEdlmanhaniP½ykMritTab-mFüm (low-medium risk). TaMgenaHRtUv
)aneKsÁal;vafaCa risk-averse.
57
eyIgeTIbEt)anBiBN’naGMBITidæPaBepSg²énhaniP½y Tak;TgeTAnwgkareFIVesckþIsMerccitþ. vaman
sar³sMxan;Nas;faB½t’manCabrimaN RtUv)anRbmUlpþúM edIm,ICMnYydl;kareFIVesckþIsMerccitþenaH. viFIsa®sþén
karvaytMélhaniP½yRtUv)anrayrab;kalBImun b:uEnþ caM)ac;RtUvEtyl;eGay)anc,as;GMBIrebobeRbIva.
vaTaMgenaHKW³
• Net Present Value - NPV

• Payback
• Internal Rate of Return - IRR
GñkedjéføEdlmanlkçN³RbkYtRbECgGacsMGageTAelI³
• tMélrbs;luy (value of money)
• KuNPaBkargar (quality of work)
• smtßPaB nigCMnajrbs;GgÁPaB (organization competence and experise)
• bTBiesaFn_knøgmk (past experiences)
• cMeNHdwgkñúgkarRbkYtRbECg (knowledge of competition)
kñúgvKÁbnþeTAenH viFIsa®sþTaMg 3 xagelIRtUv)anykmkBicarNa nigeRbIR)as;kñúglMhat;nanaEdl

RsedogKñaenH.
RbsinebIGñkkMBugEteFIVkarBüakrN_hirBaØvtßú edIm,IeRbICamUldæansMrab;karsMerccitþrbs;Gñk faetIRtUv
bnþdMeNIrkarKMerag b¤k¾Gt; enaHGñknwgRtUveRbInUvdMeNIrkard¾smrmübMputmYy énCMerIsCaeRcInrbs;Gñk. edIm,I
eGayGñkkan;Etyl;c,as; kñúgkarsMerccitþGMBIkareFVIvinieyaKmUlFn enAkñúgry³eBlvdþGayukalKMerag.
KMeragmUlFan KYrEtRtUv)aneKeFIVkarBicarNaeGay)anl¥itl¥n; nig haniP½yBak;B½n§GacmanlkçN³FMeFg
karcMNaydéTeTotGacnwgRtUv)anKitfaCa cMNaybegáItcMNUl (revenue expenditure) ehIy cMNay
TaMgenH Tak;TgeTAnwgkardMeNIrkarénKMerag.
munnwgeyIgBicarNaGMBImeFüa)ayTaMbIy:ag énkarvaytMélelIhaniP½yhirBaØvtßú caM)ac;RtUvEtyl;
dUcteTA ³
GIVEdlelakGñkcMNaysMrab;éf¶enH nwgBMumantMéldUcKñaeTenAéf¶Es¥k¡
58
cUrcgcaM ³
munnwgeyIgBicarNaBIkarvas;Evg Net Present Value , Payback nig Internal Rate of Return
vaCakarcaM)ac;RtUvEtyl;BI tMélluy¼tMélvinieyaK (value of money/investment). xageRkamenH
KWCa vaküs½BÞBIrEdlnwgRtUveRbIR)as;CaTUeTA enAkñúgEpñkénkarvaytMélelIPaBeCaKC½yénkarvinieyaK.
Compounding Interest
tMélénkareFIVivinieyaKelIKMeragmYynwgekIneLIgrhUt mYyqñaM elIs mYyqñaM .
Discounted Cash Flows
tMélluyRtUVv)ansMrYledIm,IqøúHbBa©aMgBItMélBit Rtg;cMNucmYyéneBlevla.
elI]TahrN_xageRkamenH eyIgnwgBinitüemIl ³
Net Present Value
témøluybnÞab;BIKNnaedaydkkarR)ak;ecjrYcehIy (discounted value for money) pþl;

eGayGñknUvtMélBitmYy eKehAvafaCa NPV
Payback
luyEdl)anvinieyaKeTAkñúgKMerag EdlRtUvsgeTAeGayvinieyaKinvij enAkñúgry³eBlCak;lak;

NamYy.
Internal Rate of Return
kñúgKMeragxøH FatuénplcMeNjumYyRtUv)aneKKit. GRtaénR)ak;cMeNj (Rate of Return)

elIkarvinieyaKmYy RtUv)aneKeRbIedIm,IeRCIserIs nig vaytMélenAeBlbBa©b;KMerag.
1. Net Present Value (NPV)
karGnuvtþKMeragFMmYyGacnaMeGaymankarTijbrikçamUlFn (capital equipment). karvinieyaK

b¤ kardak;TunTaMgenH elIKMeragEdlmanRTugRTayekag (overarching project) nwgRtUvEteFIVeGay
manTMrg;c,as;las;eLIg nig ;tMélcMeNj ; (value earned) enAkñúgkMLúgGayukalrbs;KMeragRtUvEtkMNt;.
59
tMélénFatuénplcMeNjCaeRcInnwgfycuHedaysarEt ³
• GtiprNa (inflation)
• kareRbIR)as;pÞal;xøÜn (personal consumption)
• cMNgcMNUlcitþpÞal;xøÜn (personal preference)
• karRbkYtRbECg (competition)
elIsBIenHeTAeTotkaeFVIvinieyaKKWRtUvkareRbIluykak;eRcIn.
enAeBleFIVkarsMerccitþelIkarcab;epþImvinieyaKmUlFn NPV CYyGñkkñúgkarKNna

R)ak;cMeNjviC¢man (positive return) elIkarvinieyaK nig ry³eBlEdlQaneTAdl;cMNucRsg;edIm
EdlGñkyl;Rsb.
cMNucRsg;edIm
Break even point
viC¢man elIs (Surplus)
Positive
0
karcMNaycab;epþImKMerag
GviC¢man Payback
period
Project start Up Expenditure
Negative
xñateBlevla
Time scale
tMélénkarvinieyaKkñúgKMeragmYy nwgRtUv)ankMNt;edayR)ak;cMeNjviC¢man (positive return)

BIvavij. eyIg)anBicarNarYcehIy GMBIviFIsa®sþmYy EdlRtUv)aneRbIedayRbFanRKb;RKgCaeRcIn
edIm,IQandl; karsMerccitþ faetIKMeragmYyNaRtUvbnþ b¤ EpnkarvinieyaKmYyNaRtUvedIrtam. viFIsa®sþ
NPV pþl;CUn GñkCamYynwgrUbPaBd¾suRkwtmYyéntMélcMeNj (value earned). viFIsa®sþmYyeTotepSgBI
enHKW ‘payback’. viFIenHEp¥ksuT§saTelImUldæanCMerIs EdlR)ak;)anvinieyaK pþl;eGayvinieyaKinvijnUv
R)ak;cMeNj (return) eGay)anqab;bMput.
cUrcgcaM ¡
enAeBleRbIR)as;kmμviFIkMBüÚT½r Software GñknwgRtUvCYbBakü ‘value earned’ b¤ ‘earned value’
mann½yfaCa tMélénkargarEdlsMerc)anmkTl;eBlbc©úb,nñ .
60
2. Payback
viFIsa®sþénkarvaytMélelIKMeragenH nwgRtUvKNnaGMBIry³eBlyUrbu:NÑa EdlRtUveRbIsMrab;KMerag

edIm,IGacRsg;edIm elIkarvinieyaKdMbUg (initial investment) b¤ edImTunEdl)anecjmun (capital outlay)
mkvij.
]> KMeragmYyGs;edIm $10,000 EdlmanR)ak;cMeNjRbcaMqñaMcMnYn $2,000 nwgRtUveRbIeBlGs; 5qñaM
edIm,IRsg;edIm)anvij.
eRbIrUbmnþ éføedImrbs;KMerag (implementation cost)

cMnYnqñaM (number of year)
plrbrRbcaMqñaM (annual return)
]> KMeragBIr A nig B mansac;R)ak; cUl b¤R)ak;cMeNj inflows/return dUcteTA. KMeragTaMgBIr

)ancMNayedImTunGs;cMnYn $20,000.
KMerag qñaMTI1 qñaMTI2 qñaMTI3 qñaMTI4 srub

A 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 20,000
B 8,100 5,400 3,600 2,400 19,500
GñknwgGacsMKal;eXIjfakMLúgeBl 4qñaMdMbUg KMerag A TTYl)ansac;R)ak;cMNayelIedIm)anvij.

kareRbIR)as;viFIsa®sþ Payback KMerag A nwgRtUv)aneKcUlcitþeRcInCag B . KuNvibtþiénviFIsa®sþenHKW ³
• vaBMu)anKiteTAdl;sac;R)ak;EdlhUrcUl ry³eBlhYsénry³eBlhYsBI 4 qñaM eTA
• vaBMu)anKiteTAdl;tMélénsac;R)ak; (value of cash)
k¾b:uEnþRbsinebI discounted payback RtUv)anykmkGnuvtþcMeBaHKMeragxagelI EdlmanGRta
énR)ak;cMeNj (rate of return) 15% dUecñHKMerag A nwgmanR)ak;cMeNj (return) cMnYn $14,275 nig
KMerag B nwgmancMnYn $14,867. ehtuenH KMerag B GacRtUv)aneKcUlcitþCag eRBaHva)anpþl;nUv tMélbc©úb,nñ
(present value) x<s;Cag.
61
kareRbIR)as;viFIsa®sþ Payback cat;fñak; KMerag A nig B minRtwmRtUveT b:uEnþviFIsa®sþenH Gac
naMeGayeKTTYlyknUvKMerag Edlman NPV Tab b¤ NPV GviC¢manpgEdr . b:uEnþKYrEtcgcaMfa
RbsinebIKN³RKb;RKgcg;)an R)ak;cMeNjelIvinieyaK (return on investment) qab;² dUcenH viFIsa®sþ
Payback KWRKb;RKan; ehIyeTaHbICaCYnkalman R)ak;cMeNjGviC¢man (negative return) xøHkþI.
viFIsa®sþsMNg Payback enAEtCaviFIsa®sþd¾eBjniymbMput cMeBaHbec©keTskñúgkarvaytMé;l

elIkarvinieyaK ¬karsÞg;mtieday Pike's nig Wolfe's elI Rkumh‘un FM²rbs;cRkPBGg;eKøs )aneGaydwgfa
enAqñaM1992 94%énRkumh‘unTaMgenH eRbIR)as;viFIsa®sþ Payback Cabec©keTsvaytMél¦.
vaCYy[Rkumh‘unkñúgkarcat;fñak;KMerag Edlsac;R)ak;mankMhit (cash constrains) nig enAeBl
EdleKRtUvkarkarTUTat;sgmkvijelIkarvinieyaK eGay)any:agqab;CaTIbMput. viFIsa®sþenHsaksmeRbIenA
eBlEdlkarvinieyaKRtUv)aneKKitfaBMuR)akdRbCa ehIyenAeBlEdllkçxNÐTIpSar mankarBi)aknwgeFIVkar
TsSn_Tay. dUcenHeBlxøHRtUv)aneKsnñidæanfa eBlevlaénkarTTYl)anedImvijkan;EtyUr »kasénkar
braC½ykan;EtekIneLIgEdr. viFIsa®sþ Payback snñidæanfa haniP½ymankarBak;B½n§eTAnwgeBlevla.
edIm,ICaCMnYydl;kareFIVkarsMerccitþ »vaTEdlKYreGayKWfa cUreRCIserIskareRbIR)as; (Discounted Present
Value) sMrab;vas;sÞg;R)ak;cMeNjelIkarvinieyaK (return on investment) rYcehIyeRbIviFIsa®sþ
Payback .
KYrBicarNa ³
viFIsa®sþ Payback RtUv)anykmkeRbI bgðajfaKMerag A RtUv)aneKcat;fñak;naMmux KMerag B
kareRbIR)as;viFIsa®sþ NPV cMeBaHkarbgðajdUcKñaenH eXIjfa KMerag B sßitkñúgsßanPaBRbesIrCag.
srubmk³ mUlehtuEdlvaRtUv)anekIteLIgdUcenH KYrRtUv)aneKeFIVkaresuIbGegátbEnßmeTot ehIydMeNIr
karénkarBinitüenH KYrRtUv)anFanafavaCakarsMerccitþRtwmRtUv. dUecñHviFIsa®sþTaMgBIrenH KYrRtUv
)aneRbIrYmKña nig minGackat;pþac;BIKña)aneLIy.
3. Accounting Rate of Return (ARR)
munnwgeyIgGaccat;lMdab;fñak;KMerag manbec©keTsmYyfμIbEnßmeTotKW Accounting Rate of

Return (ARR). kñúgkrNIenH lMhUrénsac;R)ak;BMuRtUv)anykmkeRbIeT. EteKyk plcMeNjmFümRbcaMqñaM
rbs;KMerag EckCamYynwg tMéledImvinieyaKmFüm.
62
Accounting Rate of Return (ARR)
cMeNjmFümRbcaMqñaM 100% (average annual profits 100%)
edImTunvinieyaKmFüm (initial capital invested/average capital invested)
viFIsa®sþenH eRbIR)as;plcMeNjCaCaglMhUrsac;R)ak; edIm,IeFIVkarvas;Evg R)ak;cMeNj (return)

nwgmincab;GarmμN_eTAelItMélBiténluyeLIy dUcCa tMélbc©úb,nñ (present value) CaedIm.
eBlEdlKMeragBMuman lMhUrsac;R)ak;cUleTogTat; (regular cash inflows) kñúgry³eFVIKMerag ARR
nwgmantMél hak;bIdUc viFIsaRsþenHRtUv)aneRbIR)as;cMeBaHKMeragmYyEdlmanlMhUrR)ak;eTogTat;GBa©wgEdr
¬edaysarvaeRbImFüm PaKéncMNUl¦. kñúgkrNIxøH viFIsaRsþenHRbesIrCaCag viFIsaRsþ Payback
eRBaHvaGacCYydl;karerobtam cMNat;fñak; GTiPaBénkarkekIteLIg (order of preference)
rbs;KMeragnImYy².
\T§iBleBlevlaeTAelItMél
vamansar³sMxan;Nas; EdleKminRtwmEtBinitüemIlelIsßanPaBhirBaØvtßúb:eu NÑaHeT EtRtUvBicarNa

eTAelIeBlevlarbs;KMerag cMeBaHskmμPaBnImYy²enAkñúg PERT pgEdr. kar)a:n;RbmaNeBlevlaRtUv
EckCabIRbePT ³
k> eBlevlasuTidæiniym (the optimistic time)
x> eBlevlaRbEhlbMput (the most probable time)
K> eBlevlaTuTÞidæiniy (the pessimistic time)
eKGacKNnakar)a:n;sμanTaMgenHtamEbbKNitviTüaedayeRbIR)as;rUbmnþxageRkamenH ³
Time = Optimistic + 4* Likely + Pessimistic

6
suTidæiniym b¤ )a:n;sμankrNIl¥bMput (Optimistic or best case estimate)

kar):an;sμaneBlevlaGacnwg b¤ RbEhlnwg (Most likely or probable)
TuTÞidæiniym b¤ ):an;sμankrNIGaRkk;bMput (Pessimistic or worst case estimate)
63
kar)a:n;RbmaNeBlevla
rUbmnþ
suTidæiniym + 4* RbEhl + TuTÞidæiniym
eBlevla
6
]TahrN_.1
KMerag A
suTidæiniym 20 s)þah_
bEhlbMput 30 s)þah_
TuTÞidæiniym 60 s)þah_
KNna
eBlevla 20 + 120 + 60 33 s)þah_
6
]TahrN_.2
KMerag B
suTÞidæiniym 15 s)þah_
RbEhlbMput 22 s)þah_
TuTÞidæiniym 40 s)þah_
KNna
eBlevla 15 + 88 + 40 24 s)þah_
6
skmμPaB 5H
64
kareRCIserIsKMeragedayeRbIR)as;bec©keTserobtamlMdab;
]TahrN_ ³
eKalbMNgénKMerag ³ s<anmYyRtUv)aneKsg;kat;tamTenømYykñúgkMritry³eBl 18 Ex edIm,IeGay
GñkRsukecjcUl nigkareFIVGaCIvkmμEr: . karsßabnas<annwgGaceGaymankartP¢ab;eTAbNþajpøÚvFM Edlsßit
enAcMgay 10 miles. bc©úb,nñ pøÚveTAkan;pøÚvFMmanRbEvg 57 miles.
GñkEdl)anTTYlplKW³ GaCIvkmμEr:
RbCaBlrdækñúgtMbn;
GtifiCn³ Rkumh‘unEr:
GñkBak;B½n§³ Rkumh‘unEr:
RbCaBlrdækñúgtMbn;
RkumRbwkSakñúgtMbn;
Rkumh‘unedjéføsagsg;
CMerIsyuT§sa®sþ
KMerag A³ s<an 50m beNþaHGasnñ RtUv)ansagsg;edayRkumh‘unsagsg;. sMeNIredjéfø

KWRtUvsßitenAkñúgKMeragfvika. ry³eBlénkareRbIR)as; s<anKW 40qñaM.
KMerag B ³ s<anebtugssrkNþalRtUv)aneKsagsg; rYckalBIeBlmun edayRkumh‘un
sagsg; b:uEnþsMeNIredjéføKWelIBI KMeragfvika 20°. ry³eBlénkareRbIR)as;
s<anKW 150qñaM.
KMerag C ³ kat;bnßyRbEvgkat;TTwgénTenø 20Em:Rt. sg;s<anebtug EdlmanbeNþayRbEvg
30Em:Rt. sMeNIredjéfø KWRtUvsßitenAkñúgKMeragfvika. ry³eBlénkareRbIR)as;
s<anKW 30 eTA 50qñaM.
kar)a:n;RbmaNeBlevlaKitCaEx
KMerag A KMerag B KMerag C

suTidiænyi m 15 18 15
Rbhak;RbEhl 17 20 18
TuTiÞdæiniym 22 26 24
65
kMNt;sMKal; ³ lkçxNÐeBlevla sMrab;Rkumh‘unEr: KWmanry³eBleRcInbMput 18 Ex.
erobcMbgáaeRKaHfñak;¼suxPaB nig suvtßiPaBkñúgKMerag
viFIsa®sþerobcMedIm,IsuxPaB nigsuvtßiPaB
eKalkarN_ suxPaB nigsuvtßiPaB RtUvEtmansMrab;RKb;GgÁPaBnana Edlpþl;kargar[buKÁlikcab;BI

6nak; b¤eRcInCag. karEdlKμanRbB½n§RKb;RKg suxPaB nigsuvtßiPaBRbkbedayRbsiTi§PaB vaBMuEmnCaCMerIs
d¾RbesIr cMeBaHGgÁPaBNamYyeLIy. karsMerc)annUvkic©RtYtBinitüEpñksuxPaB nigsuvtßiPaBKW ³
• tMrUvkarEpñkc,ab; ¬enAbNþaRbeTsPaKeRcIn¦
• PaBcaM)ac;Epñkesdækic©
• karTTYlxusRtUvelIsgÁm
tMrUvkarEpñkc,ab; ³ RtUv)anRKb;RKgedayRkbx½NÐd¾TUlMTUlayEpñkc,ab; suvtßiPaB nigsuxPaB

Edlc,ab;enHmanEcglMGitBIParkic©CaTUeTA cMeBaHnieyaCkTaMgLay edIm,IFananUvsuxPaB suvtßiPaB nig
suxumalPaBenAkEnøgkargar. enAcRkPBGg;eKøs RbkarenHRtUv)anEcgenAkñúgc,ab; kargarsþIBIsuxPaB
nigsuvtßiPaBnaqñaM 1974. c,ab;kargarsþIBIsuxPaB nigsuvtßiPaBenAkEnøgkargarnaqñaM 1974 (HASAWA
1974) begáItnUvkatBVkic© cMeBaHnieyaCkTaMgLay edIm,IFanaeGayman kardak;Epnkar karerobcM
karRtYtBinitü kartamdan nig karBinitüeLIgvijGMBIviFankarkarBar karerobcMnigRbB½n§epSg² Rbkbeday
RbsiTi§PaB.
PaBcaM)ac;Epñkesdækic© ³ karcMNayelIbBaðaeRKaHfñak;kñúgeBleFVIkar nig esvasuxPaBeBlmanCMgW cMeBaH

nieyaCik)ankøayCabnÞúky:agF¶n;F¶r.
karTTYlxusRtUvelIsgÁm ³ vaCakarsMxan;EdlRtUvdwgBIplb:HBal;dl;suxPaB nigsuvtßiPaB. vaminRtwmEt

b:HBal;eTAelIbuKÁl b¤buKÁlikEtb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþvab:HBal;elIRkumRKYsarrbs;BYkeK nignaMeGaymankarxatbg;
dl;RTBüsm,tþi xatbg;eBlevlaplikmμ nig sMNgkarFanar:ab;rg. sßab½n¼GgÁPaBnanacaM)ac;RtUvbegáIn
karGnuvtþelIkarRtYtBinitü elIkarRKb;RKgEpñksuxPaB nigsuvtßiPaBenH.
66
karBicarNaEpñksuxPaB nigsuvtßiPaBkñúgKMerag
karGnuvtþeKalneya)aysuvtßiPaB sMrab;GgÁPaBrbs;Gñk nwgkøayeTACaKMrUsMrab;GnuvtþKMeragNa

mYyk¾)an. edayepþImecjBIKMrUenH ehIyEdlÉksarbEnßmmYycMnYnGacRtUv)anbegáIteLIg. xageRkamenHKW
CakarENnaMmYy edIm,IkMNt;sMKal;elIEpñkxøH² EdlGñkcaM)ac;RtUvEtBicarNasMrab;KMeragNamYyenaH.
kt;sMKal;nUvc,ab;sþIBIsuxPaB nig suvtßiPaB EdlBak;B½n§dl;KMerag - BicarNaelIral;

kic©karTaMgGs;.
kMNt;nUvvtßúbMNgc,as;las; edIm,IsMerceGay)an.
dMNak;kalTI 1
kt;sMKal;nUvFnFanhirBaØvtßú nig FnFanmankñúgKMeragfvika.
kMNt;RbB½n§RtYtBinitü¼savnkmμc,as;las; nig EbgEckeGaybuKÁlNamñak;TTYlxusRtUv.
kt;sMKal;elIesckþIENnaMEdlmanRsab;enAkñúgsßab½n
eRCIserIsviFankarsmRsbnwgedIm,IsMercnUvvtßúbMNgTaMgLay. viFankarTaMgenaHKW ³
karbegáIn b¤elIkkMBs; ]> karesÞIrEtxkxanBMu)anraykarN_ karkarBareRKOgcRk
karhVwkhat;kñúgkareRbIR)as;]bkrN_karBarpÞal;xøÜn
karEfrkSa b¤karbnþ ]> karRtYtBinitükEnøgkargar karhVwkhWVnGñkRtYtBinitü karray
dMNak;kalTI 2 karN_BI]b,tþiehtu
karkat;bnßy ]> ehtukarN_eRKaHfñak; EdlBak;B½n§nwgkarrGil kareFIVdMeNIr karFøak;
karCYbRbTHnwgehtukarN_eRKaHfñak;
karENnaM ]> karvaytMélBIpleRKaHfñak; karerobcMEpnkarse®gÁaHbnÞan; karRtYt
Binitütamdany:agskmμ karhVwkhWVnRbFanRKb;RKg
bM)at;ecal ]> ehtukarN_eRKaHfñak;Cak;lak;NamYy kareRbIR)as;sarFatueRKaHfñak;NamYy
kareRbIR)as;]bkrN_EdlxUc
cUrpþl;GaTiPaBdl;vtßúbMNgTaMgenaH ¬eRbIR)as; SMART¦ sUmemIlxageRkamenHGMBI

FatuKnøwHénkarRKb;RKgEpñksuxPaB nigsuvtßiPaB SMART-samBaØ ¬Simple)
cat;viFankar)an (measurable) GacsMerc)an (achievable) R)akdRbCa (realistics)
dMNak;kalTI 3 nigkMriteBlevla (time scale) )
67
Statute and Common Law
RkbxNÐRbB½n§c,ab;Gg;eKøsRbRBwtþeTAtamRbB½n§ nigrcnasm½<n§lMGit EdlRKb;RKgelIskmμPaB

énkarGnuvtþrbs;mnusS nigGgÁPaB.
cMeBaHeKalbMNgEpñksuxPaB nig suvtßiPaB GacnaMeGaymanbNþwgrdæb,evNIekIteLIgcMeBaHrbYs nig
eRKaHfñak;epSg²dl;buKÁl edIm,ITasgCMgWcitþ .
tulakarmancMnYnCeRmIsmYycMnYnCaebIkcMhsMrab;BYkeK bnÞab;BI)ankat;kþIrYc. RbkarenaHnwgGaRs½y
eTAtamRbePTénkrNIbNþwg.
c,ab;sPa (statute law)
c,ab;sPaKWCac,ab;EdlmanEcgCalayl½kçGkSrsMrab;RbeTs EdlCac,ab;Gnum½tedayrdæsPa.
ral;viFan bTbBaØtiþ nigbTbBa¢aTaMgGs;nwgRtUv)anEcg.
]TahrN_
c,ab;sPa c,ab;sþIBIsuxPaB nigsuvtßiPaBenAkEnøgkargar qñaM 1974
bTbBaØatiþ bTbBaØatþisþIBIsUrsMelgenAkEnøgkargarqñaM 1989

bTbBaØatiþsþIBIGKÁIsnIenAkEnøgeFIVkar qñaM 1989
RkmRbtibtþiEdl)an begáItedIm,Ipþl;karENnaMsþIBItMrUvkarCaTUeTA EdlGacnwgRtUvEcgenAkñúgc,ab;

Gnum½t
ÉksarbegáIteLIgedayRkumRbwkSasuxPaB nigsuvtßiPaB (HSC) eGayCa

esckþIENnaM KMnitedIm,IkarGnuvtþn_l¥. RbkarTaMgenHKWBMumancMNgEpñkc,ab;eT b:uEnþGac
man\Ti§BlelIkarsMerccitþ edaysarEtPaBlMeGog nigCMerAéncMeNHdwg
nigbTBiesaFn_rbs;BYkeK.
skmμPaB 5I
68
katBVkic©c,ab;
man 3 kMrit b¤ 3 RbePTénkatBVkic© EdlkMritedaymaRtac,ab;. RbkarenH nwgnaMeGay
mankareqøIytbxusKñaeTAelIeRKaHfñak;. kMritTaMg 3 enaHman³
• katBVkic©dac;xat (absolute duty)
• katBVkic©GacGnuvtþ (practicable duty)
• karGacGnuvtþ)anedaysmehtusmpl (rasonably practicable)
katBVkic©dac;xat
• CakEnøgEdlkarbgáeRKaHfñak; nig rbYsmankMritx<s;
• viFankar {RtUvEt} kat;bnßy b¤ Tb;sáat;eRKaHfñak;
• nieyaCkBMumanCMerIseLIy
katBVkic©EdlGacGnuvtþ
bBaØatiþxøH)anbBa¢ak;fa viFankarTaMgLayRtUvEtGnuvtþ {d¾rabNaGaceFVI)an} .
nieyaCkcaM)ac;RtUvBicarNacMeBaH cMeNHdwgEpñkbec©keTsbc©úb,nñrbs;eK niglT§PaBénkic©karTaMg
Lay. RbEhlCaGacmanBak;B½n§nwgcMNay.
karGaceFVI)anedaysmehtusmpl
XøaenHGnuBaØat[nieyaCk KitBItulüPaBéncMNaycMeBaHkarcat;viFankar. RbsinebI haniP½y
minFMduM eFobnwgcMNay dUcenHviFankarcaM)ac;RtUvEtGnuvtþ. CaeRcInqñaM c,ab;tamkrNI (case law) )anpþl;
nUvkarENnaMsþIBIGtßn½yénParkic©TaMgenHcMeBaHkarGnuvtþ. PaKeRcInénkrNITaMgenHBak;B½n§nwg rbYssñamdl;
buKÁlik EdlEp¥keTAelIkarecaTRbkan;fa mineKarBtamkatBVkic©c,ab;.
c,ab;Bak;B½n§ EdlCH\Ti§BlelIKMeragmYyGacbgákarb:HBal; dl;karbBa©b;RbkbedayeCaKC½y
énKMerag. manTidæPaBCaeRcInénc,ab;rdæsPa EdlRKb;RKg b¤k¾manTMnak;TMngnwgKMeragTaMgLay.
Ca]TahrN_c,ab;kargarqñaM 1974 sþIBIsuxPaB nigsuvtßiPaB rYmman 4 Epñk ³
EpñkTI 1 - EcgBIbTbBaØatiþsþIBIhaniP½yelIEpñksuxPaB nig suvtßiPaB rbs;mnusSenAkEnøgkargar³
• karkarBarGñkdéTRbqaMgnwghaniP½yelIEpñksuxPaB suvtßiPaB TaMgLay BIskmμPaBkargar.
• karTb;sáat;eRKaHfñak;BIskmμPaB nig sarFatueRbIR)as;enAkEnøgkargar.
• karTb;sáat;karPayecjCatiBulkñúgbrisßanCMuvij
69
EpñkTI 2 - EcgBIbTbBaØatiþ sþIBI ³
• karbegáItesvakmμBieRKaHEpñkevC¢sa®sþsMrab;buKÁlik
EpñkTI 3 - EcgBIbTbBaØatiþsþIBI ³
• bTbBaØtiþTUeTA nigbBaØtiþbnÞab;bnSMepSg²eTot
manesckþIbgÁab;déTeTotrbs;shKmn_GWur:ub EdlbgçM[RbtibtþitammaRtac,ab;déTeTot.
vaGacRtUv)aneKeXIjfa c,b;enHKWCaRbB½n§smahrNkmμTUlMTUlayTak;TinnwgsuxPaB nig
suvtßiPaBenAnwgkEnøgkargar nigkarkarBarsaFarNCnenAkñúgskmμPaBkargar. bNþaRbeTs
epSg²eTotnwgmanc,ab;RsedogKñaenHEdr. KYrykcitþTukdak;BicarNaelIc,ab; RKb;RKgEpñk
suxPaB nigsuvtßiPaBrbs;RbeTsEdlCakEnøgKMeragnwgGnuvtþ.
katBVkic© nigkarTTYlxusRtUv)anbnÞúkbNþak;elI
- nieyaCk (employers)
- nieyaCik (employees)
- GñkRbkbGaCIBedayxøÜnÉg (self-employed)
- Gñkrcnam:Ut (designers)
- GñkRbkbkargartamkic©snüa (contract worker)
- GñkEdlmanCMnajviC¢aCIv³epSgeTot (other professional people)
Ca]TahrN_ enAcRkPBGg;eKøs c,ab;kargarqñaM 1974 sþIBIsuxPaB nigsuvtßiPaB
)anCH\Ti§BlelIRKb;KMeragTaMgGs;. vaRtUv)anbMEbk[eTACa 40 Epñk EdlrYmman
EpñksMxan;²dUcmantamlMdab;dUcxageRkam ³
- Parkic©TUeTArbs;nieyaCk
- Parkic©TUeTArbs;nieyaCik
- Parkic©TUeTArbs;GñkRbkbGaCIBedayxøÜnÉg
- Parkic©TUeTArbs;Rkumh‘unplit nigGñkGñkpÁt;pÁg;
- karpøas;bþÚr
- KN³kmμkar nigKN³RbtibtþiEpñksuxPaB nig suvtßiPaB
- GMNacénkareFVIGFikarkic©
- karbgçMGnuvtþ
- TNÐkmμ
70
karRKb;RKgsuvtßiPaBkñúgKMerag
dUcEdl)aneFIVkarBiPakSaxagelI eyIg)ansegáteXIjBIkarerobcM EpñksuxPaB nig suvtßiPaB nig
rebobEdlvamankarBak;B½n§nwgc,ab;. katBVkic©énkarykcitþTukdak; KWCakarBicarNad¾mansarsMxan;pgEdr
dl;GñkTaMgGs;KñaEdlBak;B½n§eTAnwgKMerag. plcMeNj Edl)anmkBIeKalneya)ay RKb;RKgsuvtßiPaB
RbkbedayeCaKC½yKW ³
• vanaMeGaymankarsnSMBIkarcMNay)aneRcIn
• pþl;nUvkMNt;Rta]b,tþiehtul¥mYy
• bBaa¢k;BIkarTTYlxusRtUv nig KNenyüPaBc,as;las;
• kMNt;kMriténkarBinitüKuNPaB EdlnwgRtUv)anykmkeRbIR)as;
• kat;bnßyhaniP½yEdlekIteLIg
• kat;bnßy karGnuvtþEdlminmansuvtßiPaB
• kgVHxatRtUv)anEkERb pøas;bþÚr nig eFVIeGaykan;EtRbesIreLIg edIm,IQaneTAdl;bBaðaRbtibtþi.
• pþl;nUvcMNucEdlCaÉksareyagd¾KnøwHmYy.
skmμPaB 5J
ÉksarenAkñúg Assignment (2.2.3)
enAkñúg»kasCaeRcIn vtßbú MNgbegáIteLIgedayKMeragRtUv)anRtYtBinitü nigvaytémøedayRkum

kargarKMerag EdlTTYlxusRtUvsMrab;kic©karCak;lak;. eKaledAsMxan;² 6 énkarRKb;RKgsuxPaB
nigsuvtßiPaBrYmman³
• TTYlkarKaMRTBIGñkBak;B½n§ nig édKUrbs;KMerag
• CMrujTwkcitþ Gb;rM nigbNþúHbNþaldl;GñkEdlBak;B½n§ GMBIbBaðasuxPaB nigsuvtißPaB
• rkSa nigRtYtBinitüeRKaHfñak;
• GnuvtþkareFVIGFikarkic© b¤ svnkmμeGayeTogTat;
• Gnuvtþkarkat;bnßyhaniP½y b¤bec©keTsTb;sáat; cMeBaHbBaðasuxPaB nigsuvtßiPaB
• eKarBtam nig karCMrujeGayRbtibtþibTbBa¢a nig bTdæan
FatuKnøwH²énkarRKb;RKgsuxPaB nigsuvtßiPaBEdlTTYl)aneCaKC½yKW³
• eKalneya)ay
• karerobcM
71
• karerobcMEpnkar nigkarGnuvtþ
• karRtYtBinitütamdan
• karBinitüeLIgvijelIkarGnuvtþ nigkareFVIsvnkmμ
ÉksareKalneya)aysuvtßiPaB
eKalneya)aysuvtßiPaBKWRtUv)aneRbIedayGgÁPaBTaMgGs; ehIyesckþIEføgkarN_sþIGMBIeKal
neya)ayCak;lak;mYyRtUv)anbegáIteLIg sMrab;KMeragCaeRcIn EdlrYmman³
• karerobcM nig karcUlrYmrbs;GgÁPaB
• karerobcMExSbNþajraykarN_
• tYnaTI nig muxgar cMeBaHkarraykarN_ elIEpñksuxPaB nigsuvtßiPaBkñúgKMerag
¬GñkNa enAeBlNa enAkEnøgNa edayrebobNa¦
• smasPaKfvikaeRtombMrug sMrab;ral;haniP½y EdlBak;B½n§EdlRtUv)aneKsÁal;ehIy
• RbB½n§RtYtBiinitütamdan
• r)aykarN_sIþBIhaniP½ylkçN³TUeTA ¬EdlmankalbriecäT¦
• haniP½yCak;lak; nig karerobcMnana
• esckþIEføgkarN_sþIGMBIeKalneya)aybNþúHbNþalelIEpñksuvtßiPaB
• karerobcMsMrab;GKÁIP½y
• karbMBak;eRKOg]bkrN_
eKalneya)aysuvtßiPaBRtUv)aneKeRbICaPsþútagenAkñúgc,ab;rdæb,evNI (civil law) vabegáItCa

cMNg b¤Cas<anqøg¼TMnak;TMng rvagkarRKb;RKgGgÁPaB nig RbB½n§c,ab;.
karerobcM
karGnuvtþeKalneya)aysuxPaB nigsuvtßiPaBRbkbedayRbsiT§PaBmYy RtUvGnuvtþtamviFITaMgBIr
enH. karTMnak;TMngKñaenAkñúgKMerag nig karTMnak;TMngCamYyGgÁPaBEdlBak;B½n§ KWCakarsMxan; nigkarcUlrYm
nig karebþCJaTaMgGs;Kña KWsMxan;xøaMgNas;cMeBaHeCaKC½y. GgÁPaBmYy)ansMercnUvbTdæanx<s;elIEpñksuxPaB
nig suvtßiPaBKUrEtelIkTwkcitþ nigCYyKaMRTdl;vb,Fm’enAkñúgKMeragenH.
kaerobcMeKalneya)ayd¾Cak;lak;mYyKYrRtUv)anbegáIteLIg enAkñúgkarkMNt;RBMEdnénKMerag nig
RBMEdnkargarEdl)anÉkPaB enAkñúgrcnasm<½n§ nigRbB½n§Cak;lak;.
72
b:uEnþ etIRtUvsMerckargarenH)anedayrbobNa?
RbFanRKb;RKgdwknaMeKedayeFVICa]TahrN_
rkGñkNamñak;BitR)akdeGaybMeBjkargar
Fanafa RbFanRKb;RKgyl;)anBIkarTTYlxusRtUv
karRtYtBinitü FanafabuKÁlikmankarTTYlxusRtUv nig yl;)annUvGVIEdltMrUveGayBYk
eKeFVI.
nieyaCik nig smaCikRkumkargareFVIkarrYmKña

shRbtibtþikar pþl;karRbwkSadl;buKÁlikrbs;Gñk
eGayBYkeKmankarBak;B½n§kñúgkarsresrnitiviFI nigedaHRsaybBaða
mankarBiPakSaedIm,Ipþl;B’tmansþIGMBIhaniP½y nig viFankarkarBar

karTMnak;TMng
karRbCMuCaeTogTat;
PaKIepSg²TaMgGs;EdlBak;Bn§½KYrRtUv)anerobcM nigRKb;RKgrvagKña nigKña

karsRmuHsRmYl
buKÁlik b¤smaCikRkumkargarEdlmanCMnaj nigsmtßPaBKYrTTYlxus

RtUvkic©kar. esckþIENnaMcaM)ac;eGaymanPaBCak;lak; nigBak;B½n§KñaCa
mYybTbBa¢a.
smtßPaB erobcMeGaykarpþl;eyabl; nig karENnaM
pþl;karbNþúHbNþaleBlEdlcaM)ac;
73
Rkbx½NÐkarerobcMEpnkarnigkarGnuvtþkarRKb;RKgKMerag
1> karkMNt;GtþsBaØaN begáIteKaledA EdlGaceTAdl;)an
2> bTdæanénkarRbtibtþi sMKal;nUvtMrUvkarEpñkc,ab; nig begáItkarvaytMélhaniP½y
sMKal;nUvrebobeKalneya)aysuxPaB nig suvtßiPaB EdlRtUv)an

3> karRtYtBinitü RtYtBinitü nig GnuvtþelIkic©kard¾Cak;lak;
4> karcgRkgÉksar M rkSaÉksar RtYtBinitü nig r)aykarN_TaMgGs;srM ab;svnkmμCa

Psþútag
karerobcMEpnkaréneKalneya)aysuxPaB nigsuvtßiPaB GacnwgbegáInel,ÓndMeNIrkarénKMeragenaH

nig kMhitral;haniP½yEdlmincaM)ac;. kareRbIviFIsaRsþKMeragmYy RtUvpþl;nUvmnusSEdlmansmtßPaB edIm,I
bMeBj)antamtMrUvkarénc,ab;.
karBinitütamdan
TidæPaBnimYy²énKMeragRbQmeTAnwgskmμPaB EdleK)aneRKagTuk KYrRtUv)anBinitütamdan eyagelI
lkçN³vinicä½yCak;lak;.
karBinitütamdanelIKMeragenH KYryktamTMrg;én ³
• RbB½n§skmμ
• RbB½n§Rbtikmμ
skmμ Rbtikmμ
vas;EvgelIkarsMerc)annUvvtßúbMNgmuneBlGVI²xus RbmUlBt’man nig viPaKTidæPaBEdlQaneTAdl;kar
karBinitüemIleTogTat; eFVIxus ¬KμanskmμPaBkarBarmun¦
kargar)anEcgtambTbBa¢aCak;lak; eronBIkMhus bnÞab;BIGVI²)anxusehIy
74
cMNucKnøwHKWfa RtUveRbIRbB½n§TaMgBIrxagelIedIm,Ikat;bnßyhaniP½y. bnÞab;mk TaMgenHsMedAeTAelI
mnusSTaMgLayEdlmankarTTYlxusRtUvenAkñúgKMeragenaH edIm,IRtYtBinitü nigcat;viFankar.
karBinitüeLIgvij nigkareFVIsvnkmμ
eKaledAsMxan;énkareFVIsvnkmμKWedIm,I³
• FanacMeBaHkarsMerc)annUvkareKarBelIbTdæan
• pþl;nUvkarBnül;GHGagGMBIPaBcaM)ac; nigsmRsbrbs;eKalneya)ay
kñúgkMLúgvdþGayukalénKMeragmYy karBinitüeLIgvijelIsmasPaKCaeRcIntamlkçN³RbB½n§ KYrpþl;

CUnnUvkarBinitüsuxPaBd¾l¥mYy. kargakecjNamYyBIbTdæanEdl)anÉkPaBenH KYrcaM)ac;RtUvelIkeLIg
ehIy karGnuvtþl¥² KYrRtUv)anRtUv)anKaMRT nigeFVICaKMrUsMrab;Gnuvtþtam ebIsinCaeFVI)an.
dMeNIrkarsvnkmμKYrpþl;nUvTsSn³d¾TUlMTUlay b¤rUbPaBenAeBlevlaNamYy nigsMrab;epþatkaryk

citþTukdak;Cak;lak;NamYy.
skmμPaB 5J
ÉksarenAkñúg Assignment (2.2.3)
xageRkamenHCakarpþl;]TahrN_mYyéneKalneya)ay suxPaB nigsuvtßiPaB rbs;Rkumh‘un UK

mYy
Sample:
eKalneya)ayKMeragsuxPaB nigsuvtßiPaB
esckþIEføgkarsþIGMBIeKalneya)aysuxPaB nigsuvtßiPaBsMrab;KMeragCak;lak;enAkñúgGgÁPaB
RbFanRKb;RKgKMeragbMeBjEpñk ¬k¦ ¬x¦ ¬K¦ nig ¬X¦ xageRkam
k- eQμaHGgÁkar³
Gas½ydæan³
TUrs½BÞ³
TUrsar³
E-mail³
75
eKalbMNgéneKalneya)ayenHKWedIm,IbMeBjbEnßm elIeKalneya)aysuxPaB nig suvtßiPaBTUeTA
rbs;GgÁPaBxagelI b¤sMrab;eRbIenAeBlEdl eKminmaneKalneya)aysuxPaB nig suvtßiPaBdUcKñaenH b¤
eKminRtUvkarva eFVICaCMerIsmYyepSgeTotsMrab;eRbITak;TgCamYynwgsuxPaB nigsuvtßiPaBrbs;ePJóvTsSna nig
buKÁlikTaMGs;rbs;KMerag. vaminmanbMNg nigmincaM)ac;Kitvafa CaeKalneya)aysuxPaB nigsuvtßiPaBTUeTA
mYyepSgeTotrbs;GgÁPaBeLIy.
esckþIEføgkarN_GMBIeKalneya)ay - vaKWCakarcg;)anrbs; ¬cMNuc k xagelI¦
1- pSBVpSaybTdæanénsuvtßiPaB suxPaB nigsuxumalPaB EdleKarBy:ageBjeljtamc,ab;

sþIGMBIsuxPaB nigsuvtßiPaBenAkEnøgeFVIkardUcCa c,ab;enAqñaM 1974 nigc,ab;rdæsPaepSg² EdlBak;B½n§TaMgGs;
RBmTaMgRkmRbtibtþiEdlGnum½tepSg²eTot.
2- edIm,IFanafa eragcRk eRKOgbrikçar nigRbB½n§ mansuvtßiPaB ehIyKμanhaniP½ydl;suxPaBrbs;

nieyaCik b¤GñkdéTeTot EdlcUlmkTak;TgCamYyRKb;skmμPaBrbs;GgÁPaBenH.
3- edIm,Ipþl;eGaydl;nieyaCikTaMgGs;nUv Bt’man esckþIENnaM karbNþúHbNþal nigkarRKb;RKg

EdkBYkeKRtUvkaredIm,IeFVIkarRbkbedaysuvtßiPaB nigs½kþsiT§.
4- edIm,IFanafamankarerobcMsmrmü cMeBaHkarTTYlxusRtUvkñúgkarsþúkTuk nigdwkCBa¢Úneday

suvtßiPaBnUvral; \v:an; nigsarFatuepSg².
5- edIm,Ipþl;TIkEnøgeFVIkarEdlmansuvtßiPaB nigKμanhaniP½ydl;suxPaB nigmanRckecjcUl

suvtßiPaBeTAkan;kEnøgeFVIkar.
6- edIm,Ipþl;nUvbrisßanRbkbedaysuxPaB nigsuvtßiPaB nigmanmeFü)aypþl;suxumalPaBsmrmü

enARKb;RKwHsßanTaMgGs;. karpþl;CUnenHKWminsMrab;EtCaplRbeyaCn_nieyaCikb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþsMrab;mnusS
TaMgGs;Edlman»kasedIm,IeRbI b¤TsSnaRKwHsßanenaH.
7- edIm,IpSBVpSay nigeFVIeGaymanKMnityl;dwgBIbBaðasuvtßiPaB nig\riyabTTTYlxusRtUvrbs;

nieyaCikeFVIkarkñúgKMerag Gñkem:Akarbnþ nigGtifiCn.
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8- edIm,IFanafa mankaryl;c,as;fa karlb;bM)at;haniP½ycMeBaHsuxPaB nigsuvtßiPaB KWCakarTTYl
xusRtUvrbs;KN³RKb;RKgenARKb;kMritTaMgGs;.
karTTYlxusRtUvelIkmμviFICak;lak;
karTTYlxusRtUvelIEpñksuxPaB nigsuvtßiPaB RBmTaMgsuxumalPaB sßitenACamYy³
x> eQμaHGñkRKb;RKgKMerag
karTTYlxusRtUvelIkarGnuvtþEdlepþateTAelIEpñknisSit nigGtifiCnsßitenACamYy ³
K> eQμaHbuKÁlikTTYlxusRtUv RbsinebIxusBIxagelI
etIGñkNanwgFanafa mankarerobcMsmRsb edIm,IBinitütamdanRbtibtþikaréneKalneya)ayenH?
smaCikénRkumbuKÁliknimYy²RtUvTTYlxusRtUvelIkarFanafa BYkeKmankarelIkkMBs;rkSasuxPaB
nigsuvtßiPaBpÞal;xøÜnenAkEnøgeFVIkar nig suxPaB nigsuvtßiPaBénGñkTaMgenaHEdleFVIkarCamYyBYkeK
nigsuxPaB nigsuvtßiPaBénbuKÁlikKMerag nigGñkdéTeTotEdlmankarb:HBal;edayskmμPaBrbs;GgÁPaBEdl
maneQμaHdUcxagelI.
karrgrbYs nigeRKaHfñak;
karrgrbYs nigeRKaHfñak;dl;buKÁlikKMerag rYmTaMgGñkem:AkarbnþpgenaH RtUvEtkt;RtaTukenAkñúg
esovePAeRKaHfñak;mYy ehIyRtUvraykardl;³
X> eQμaH muxtMENgbuKÁlikKMerag b¤muxgar nigTItaMg³

TUrs½BÞ³
TUrsar³
E-mail³
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karRbugRby½tñcMeBaHGKÁIP½y
kMNt;GMBIviFankarGnuvtþenAkñúgkrNImanGKÁIP½yekIteLIg ehIyRtUvEtbiTenAelIkþarBt’man.m kar

hVwkhat;Bnøt;GKÁIP½yRtUv)aneFVIeLIgkñúgcenøaHeBlsmrmü nigkarkt;RtarkSaTuknUvkarhVwkhat;EbbenaH.
RbB½n§kNþwgRbkasGasnñ RtUvEtdak;enARtg;kEnøgsmrmüeTAtamcenøaHEdl)anesñI. pøÚvse®gÁaHeBlman
GKÁIsnIRtUvEtdak;sBaØasMKal;eGay)anc,as;las; edayeRbIR)as;pøaksBaaØeGay)ansmrmü ehIynig
EfrkSakMueGaymanPaBraMgsÞHRKb;eBlevlaTaMgGs;.
karRtYtBinitüelIsarFatuEdlbgáeRKaHfñak;dl;suxPaB
sarFatuEdlmaneRKaHfñak;TaMgGs;EdlbuKÁlik nigGtifiCnEdleKraykarN_R)ab ;RtUvsßitenA

eRkamkarvaytMél edayGnuelameTAtambTbBaØtiþ COSHH EdleKtMrUv. kñúglkçN³d¾smrmüenaH
viFankarRtYtBinitüNamYy Edl)anmkBIlTi§plénkarvaytMélenaH RtUvEtdak;eGayman nigRtUvGnuvtþtam.
KμankarvaytMélmYyRtUv)aneKeFIVeLIgeT Tal ;EtsarFatuEdlGacmaneRKaHfañk; RtUv)aneKGnuBaaØt

eGayeRbIR)as;.
GtßbTcMlgénkarvaytMélnanaEdlmaneFIVeLIgenAeRkambTbBaØtiþnana Gacrk)anenA RKb;TItaMg

Gnuvtþn_KMeragTaMgGs; sMrab;eFVIkarRtYtBinitüedaybuKÁlik GtifiCn nigGñktMNagrbs;GgÁPaB.
RbB½n§GKÁIsnI
RbB½n§GKÁIsnITaMgGs;rab;bBa¢ÚlTaMg]bkrN_eRbIedaycrnþGKÁIsnIEdlGacyYr)an nwgRtUv)aneKEfrkSa
enAkñúglkçxNÐsuvtþiPaBmYy ehIyGacRtUveKRtYtBinitüemIl nigcuHkñúgbBa¢ItamcenøaHeBld¾smrmü.
eKalkarN_EpñkGKÁIsnIman ³
1. kEnøgEdlGaceFVI)anedaysmRsb KYrkat;bnßycMnYnvu:ld¾Cak;Esþg ]TahrN_ kMlaMgePøIg 110

v:ulRtUv)aneKeRbI.
2. kEnøgEdlminGaceFVI)anedaysmRsbKYreRbI]bkrN_ Residual Current Device edIm,IkarBar.
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Bt’mannigkarbNþúHbNaþl
buKÁlik nigGtifiCnEdlRsbc,ab;TaMgGs;RtUvEtTTYl)annUvBt’man nigkarbNþúHbNþal dUcEdl
)anTamTaredayc,ab; b£vamankarcaM)ac;edIm,IFana suxPaB suvtþiPaB nig suxmalPaBrbs;BYkeK . Rbkar
enHnigrab;bBa©ÚlTaMgBt’man nigkarbNþúHbNþaledayELk sIþBIkareRKaHfañk;NamYy EdlBYkeKGacTTYlrg
nigsþIBIviFankarN_nanaEdlcaM)ac;kñúgkarkat;bnßyhaniP½ynana EdlekItmaneLIgBIeRKaHfañk;TaMgGs;enaH.
karerobcMnigBt’mad¾dak;lak;sþIBIKMerag
1. karerobcMraykarN_nana ¬GñkNa GIV eBlNa kEnøgNa rebobNa ¦
2. esckþIraykarN_sIþBIkarvaytMéleTAelIeRKaHfañk;én H & S rbs;KMeragrYmmansBaØasþIBIkareRKaH
fñak;d¾Cak;lak;rbs;KMerag ¬rab;bBa©ÚlTaMgkarvaytMélsuvtiþPaBpÞal;xøÜnsMrab;TItaMgCak;lak;nana.
]TahrN+_ enAbreTs ³ tMbn;dac;Rseyal tMbn;EdlmansRgÁam>>>>¦
3. karerobcMd¾Cak;lak;nanasMrab; 2 xagelI.
4. fvikasMrab;cMNayeTAelIGIVmYy EdlGacekItmanenAeBlGnaKtsMrab; ¬2¦nig ¬3¦ xagelI
¬]TahrN_³ karFanarra:b;rg nigkarerobcMnana EpñksuxPaB ¬fñaMeBTü¦ kareFIVdMeNIrtamynþehaH
CabnÞan; >>>¦.
5. karerobcMeTAelIkarBieRKaHeyabl; nigkarbNþúHbNþald¾Cak;lak;rbs;KMerag.
karTTYlxusRtUv
Gñkcat;EcgKMerag
GgÁPaBem
Gñkcat;Ecg nayk Gñkd¾éTeTot³
kalbriecäT
ry³eBlrbs;KMerag ¬EdleK)an)a:n;sμan;¦
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Bt’manEdlCab;Tak;TgdéTeTot
karvaytMéleTAelIsuvtþiPaB nigeRKaHfñak;EpñksuxPaB
eKalneya)ay EpñksuvtiþPaB nigsuxPaBPaKeRcIn nigc,ab;EdlCab;Bak;B½n§Tak;TgeTAnwgkrNIc,ab;
¬case law¦. ]TahrN_ bBaðananaEdleKelIkeLIg nigedaHRsayenAkñúgtulakar ehIy\LÚvenH
GacbegáItCaKMrU)an ¬precedent¦. karsMerccitþTaMgenHnwgpþl;eKalkarN_ENnaMsMrab;krNIRsedogKñanana
EdlekItmanenAeBlGnaKt.
eKalneya)ayEpñksuvtþiPaB begáItCaÉksarRKb;RKgEpñksuvtþiPaBd¾sMxan;mYy Edlral;skmμPaB
enAkñúgKMeragmYy RtUv)an eKvas; nigRtYtBinitü edayeyageTAelIva.
esovePAENnaMnanasþIBikarRKb;RKg EpñksuvtþiPaBd¾Cak;lak;RtUv)anplit nigTTYl)anBIKMerag b¤
skmμPaBrbs;KMeragBImun² ehIyRtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;RbB½n§RtYtBinitüKuNPaB .
eKalneya)ayEpñksuvtßiPaB
¬ÉksarEtmYy¦
karRtYtBinitüeTAelIKMerag
svnkmμ ¼ karRtYtBinitü
esovePAENnaMEpñksuvtßiPaB
¬ÉksarCaeRcIn¦
karbegáIteKalneya)ayEpñksuvtþiPaB nigtMrUveGaymankarRtYtBinitüeTAelIKMerag EdlRtUvGnuvtþ

CamYyesovePAENnaMEpñksuvtþiPaB. karERbRbYlNamYynwgRtUv)an ³
• eKkMNt;
• eKerobcMCYreTAtamkar probability 01 EdlGacekItman.
• eKeFVIkaredaHRsay
karvaytMéleTAelIsuvtßiPaB nigsuxPaB niwgRtUv)aneKGnuvtþkñúgrUbPaBCakarvaytMélrkTMhM b¤cMnYn
edayEp¥kelIkar)a:n;sμaneTAtamkarBit b¤karvaytMélrkKuNPaBedayEp¥kelIkarvinic½äypÞal;xøÜn edayeRbI
KMnit.
eRKaHfñak;nanaEpñksuxPaB nigsuvtßiPaBGacCabBaðad¾sMxan;mYy sMrab;KMeragnana. eRKaHfñak;mYy
cMnYnkñúgcMeNameRKaHfñak;TaMgenaHnwgRtUveKP¢ab;eTAnwgkarGnuvtþelxkUt 01 EdleKyl;RBm. eRKaHfñak;KW
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CaerOgTUeTA EdlGacekItmancMeBaHGgÁPaBPaKeRcInsþIBIKMerag 01 nana. bBaðaTaMgenHGacCa eRKOgma:sIun
sMPar³ ]bkrN_ nItiviFIénkareRbIR)as; kic©karnana dMeNIrkareragcRk nigGKar.
eRKaHfñak;CaTUeTARtUv)anRtYtBinitüeday ³
• Rkumh‘unFanara:b;rgnana.
• naykdæannanarbs;rdæaPi)al.
• shCIBBaNiC¢kmμnana.
• raykarN_sþIBIkarRtYtBinitü.
nItiviFIénkarvaytMéleTAelIeRKaHfñak; TamTar[mankarBicarNa edaymanPaBRbugRby½tñ nigyk

citþTukdak;x<s; ehIykarerobcMdMNak;kalnimYy²KWmansar³sMxan;Nas;cMeBaHKMerag. enAeBleRKaHfñak;
TaMgGs;RtUv)aneKbgðaj bnÞab;mkvaRbEhlCaGacsMerccitþeTAelIviFankarRtYtBinitünanad¾smRsbbMput.
viFankarTaMgGs;enHGacEp¥keTAelIbTBiesaFn_BImun² b¤sþg;dad¾Cak;lak;énRbtibtiþkar. karerobcMviFankar
RtYtBinitü nigRtUv)aneKRtYtBinti ütamry³Gayukalrbs;KMerag.
eKalneya)ay bgðajBI vaytMél viFankar RtYtBinitü

eRKaHfñak; eTAelI RtYtBinitü eLIgvij nig eKalneya)ay
EpñksuvtßiPaB EpñksuvtßiPaB
haniPy½ sMerccitþ RKb;RKg
nigRtYtBinitü
RtYtBinitüeTAelIrgVg;kareqñIytb
xagelIenH KWCaviFIsa®sþcMeBaHkarvaytMéleTAelIeRKaHfñak;EpñksuvtßiPaB nigsuxPaB. dMNak;kalnimYy²

RtUv)aneKvas; edayeyageTAtameKalneya)ayEpñksuvtßiPaB ehIyPaBERbRbYl b¤PaBxusEbøkNamYynwg
CacMelIycMeBaHeKalneya)aysMrab;karEktRmUvenH. eKGackt;sMKal;fakarcgRkgéneKalneya)ay
suvtßiPaBmYy KWmansar³sMxan;Nas;cMeBaHPaBeCaKC½yrbs;KMerag ehIyfaskmμPaBTaMgGs;GacRtUv)aneK
RtYtBinitü nigvaytMéledayRbugRby½tñ edayFanaRKb;eBlTaMgGs;fa sþg;dakMritx<s;énKuNPaBRtUv)aneK
sMerc)anenAkñúgrgVg;éneBlevla nigtMélEdleK)ankMrit.
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emeronTI 3 - niymn½ysegçb
bnÞab;BIsikSaemeronTI 3enHrYcGñkGacnwg³
1> cat;EcgKMerag ³
k> vaytémøelIKMrU3énkarcat;EcgKMerag.
x> kMNt;ktþananaEdlman\T§iBlelIPaBeCaKC½y b¤braC½yrbs;KMerag.
K> kMNt;lkçN³Cak;lak;rbs;KMerag sþg;da nigeKaledAGnuvtþn_smRsbrbs;KMerag.
X> tamry³karviPaKGMBImxu gar begátI nigGnuvtþnvU rcnasm<n½ R§ Kb;RKgKMeragedaymankarkMNt;nyi mn½y
niglkçN³Cak;lak;rbs;mxu naTI.
2. erobcMEpnkarRbkbedayRbsiT§PaB ³
k> yl; nigeRbIR)as;]bkrN_ nigticnicénkarerobcMEpnkar
x> yl;BIlMhat;erobcMEpnkarKMerag eRbIR)as;mUldæanRkdas
K> begáIt nigeRbIR)as;]bkrN_ nigdMeNIrkarénkarerobcMEpnkarKMerag eRbIR)as;kuMBüÚT½r
¬sUmemIlEpñkTI 1 Bt’manviTüa¦
3. GnuvtþKMeragEdlmankic©snüa ³
k> kMNt;sMKal;c,ab;Cak;lak;nanaBak;B½n§nwgkarRKb;RKgKMerag
x> BiBN’naGMBIkic©snüaKMerag
4. eRCIserIsRkumkargarKMerag
k> kMNt;CMnajEdlRtUvkarsMrab;RbFanRKb;RKgKMerag
x> eRCIserIs nigbegáItRkumkargarKMerag
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5. eRbIkmμviFIRKb;RKgKMeragEdlmanenAkñúgkuMBüÚT½r-dMNak;kalTI1
k> eRbIR)as;kmμviFIBt’manviTüa (IT) sMrab;kareFVIEpnkarKMerag
x> yl; nigvaytémø]bkrN_ nigticnicrbs;Bt’manviTüaCak;lak;
K> kMNt; nigeGayniymn½y énbNþajkargarGaTiPaB (a task precedent network) nig
ExSeBl (time line) EdlnwgsRmbsRmYlelIdMeNIrkardUcxageRkamenH ¬]TahrN_rYmman¦
• skmμPaBcab;epþImmun (activity earlier start)
• skmμPaBsMxan; (critical activities) CamYy ‘float’ and ‘iag’ time
• karviPaKfvika nig cMNay (budget and cost analysis)
• karbMEbkkarEbgEckFnFantUc² (resource allocation breakdown)
• bMEbkKMerageTACaEpñktUc² (crashing the project)
• begáItrcnasm<½n§bMEbkkargar ¬WBS¦
• eRCIserIserobcMrcnasm<n½ § nig eFVrI )aykarN_smRsbeGayTan;eBl
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emeronTI 3 ³ dMNak;kalkMNt;ny
i mn½y
emeronTI 3 ³ Area of Competence 6
karcat;EcgKMerag
vaCakarcaM)ac;Edlfa KMeragRtUvelIkeLIgGMBtI RmUvkarnanarbs;Gkñ EdlBak;Bn½ § RBmTaMgeKalbMNgKnøHw

rbs;KeM rag.
RbsinebIesckþRI tUvkarrbs;Gkñ EdlBak;Bn½ § minRtUv)anelIkeLIgenAkñgú KMerageT CemøaHGacnwgekItman

eLIg EdlkMhit b¤eFVIeGayGnþraydl;eCaKC½yrbs;KMerag. etIGñkEdlBakB½n§rMBwgcg;)anGVI?
GtifCi nGacnwgmanbMNg³
• cUlrYmkñúgkarsMerccitþTak;TgnwgKMerag
• cUlrYmkñúgkarGnuvtþKMerag
• pøas;bþÚrvtßúbMNgrbs;KMerag
• bBa¢asmaCikRkumkargarKMerag EdleFVIkareRkambgÁab;GgÁPaBrbs;xøÜn
RkumkargarKMeragGacnwgmanbMNg³
• eFVIkareRkamkardwknaMrbs;RbFanRKb;RKgKMerag
• eFVIkaredaymincaM)ac;mankarrMxanBIxageRkA
• eFVIkaredaymanGtþsBaØaNc,as;las; CamYyGgÁPaBd¾éTeTot
eKalkarN_ENnaMTaMgenHRtUvmanlkçN³c,as;las; minRseBcRsBil nigCak;lak;. vtßbú N

M gEdl)an
yl;RBmKñaBIxagedImrYcehIy RtUvEtGnuvtþtamedayGñkBak;B½n§TaMGs;. mankal³eTs³CaeRcInCemøaHGacekIt
manrvagGñkEdlBak;B½n§ enAeBlEdlKMeragdMeNIrkareTAmux. krNIPaKeRcIn RbFanRKb;RKgKMerag caM)ac;RtUv
sRmbxøÜneTAnwgkl³eTs³Edlpøas;bþÚr. tRmUvkarrbs;GtifiCnGacnwgRtUvkarEkERb b¤sRmbKMeragedIm,I
eGayRsbKñaeTAnwgkal³eTs³Edlpøas;bþÚrCak;lak;NamYy. enAeBlEdlmanCemøaHekItmaneLIg karcrcar
KWCaKnøWHkñúgkaredaHRsaybBaða.
karelIkeLIgGMBItRmUvkarrbs;GgÁPaBGacnwgmanbBaða edaysarEtkariyaFibetyü.
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karRbmUlpþúMþbuKÁlTaMgLayeGayeFVIkarrYmCamYYyKñaedIm,IsMerceKaledArYmmYyGacnwgRtUvTTYl
\T§iBlBI³
• briyakasneya)ay
• GMNac nig\T§iBlGUsTajrbs;mitþPkþi
• karsMerccitþGMBIbBaðaFnFan
• Par³kic© nigTMnYlxusRtUv
GgÁPaB )armÖCacMbgcMeBaHkarsMerc)annUveKaledAry³eBlxøI. karGnuvtþKMeragmYynwgman\T§iBl

eTAelIeKaledAenH ¬EdleBlxøHCaeKaledApÞal;xnÜø ¦. karsMercciteþ pþatkarykcitTþ ku dak; eRcInCagmuneTAelI b¤
bþÚrTisedAFnFansMrab;KMeragmYy GaceFVIeGaymanbBaðadl;lMnwgtulüPaBEdlmanRsab;.
PaBxusKñaKnøwHrvagGgÁPaB nigKMerag
eBlevla lT§plrMBwgTuk cMNayBak;B½n§ KuNPaBBak;B½n§

GgÁPaB Epnkarry³eBlEvg sþg;da¼TUeTA bnþ\tdac; GacEksRmYl)an
karerobcMEpnkar laybBa©ÚlKña rUbmnþcMNayEdl Gnuvtþsþg;daeRcIn

yuT§sa®sþ¼BaNiC¢kmμ GacERbRbYl)an xus²Kña
¬1-5 qñaM¦
KMerag Epnkarry³eBl manlkçN³xus KMeragfvikaGefr sþg;dartwgEtg
xøI¼mFüm ¬ry³eBl EbøkBIeK kñúgkarRbtibtþi
rbs;KMerag¦
manlkçN³ écñRbDit rUbmnþcMNay
mankMrit mankMNt;
ekIteLIgmYyelIk
karerobcMKMeragkñúgGgÁPaBGacmanlkçN³bt;Ebn)an b¤minGacbt;)anGaRs½yeTAtamrebob
RKb;RKg rbs;GgÁPaBCak;lak;NamYy. enAeBlxøHkarsRmbrbs;skmμPaBrbs;KMerag RtUv)aneFVIeLIgedIm,I
pøas;bþÚr rebobrbbeFVIkargarenAkñúgGgÁPaB edIm,IeGaymanPaBrh½sCagmun nigeqøIytbCamYynwgtRmUv
karrbs;GgÁPaB.
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CamYynwgkarbegáItRkumkargarKMerag enHnwgbNþaleGaybegáIteLIgnUvPaBCam©as;elIKMerag nig
dwknaMeTArkeCaKC½yénKMerag.
rcnasm<½n§rbs;KMerag nigrbs;GgÁPaB
edayeCosBuMrYc KMeragnwgmanlkçN³ nig \riyabfdMeNIrkar dUcKñaeTAnwgGgÁPaBemrbs;vaEdr.

vaCakarcaM)ac;Nas;Edlfa KMeragRtUvsÁal;GMBI kMritCMnajx<s;rbs;RkumRKb;RKgKMeragEdlmanRsab;.
man 3 RbePTénGgÁPaBKMeragcMbg² ³
• epþatsMxan;eTAelIGtifiCn (client focused)
• ma:RTIs (matrix)
• epþatsMxan;eTAelIKMerag (project focused)
GgÁPaBepþatsMxan;elIGtifiCn
KMerag RtUv)aneKrYmbBa©ÚleTAkñúgrcnasm<½n§EdlmanRsab;rbs;GgÁPaB. RkumkargarKMerag RtUv)an

eKeRCIserIsBIkñúgGgÁPaB eGaymkeFVIkargarKMeragkñúgmUldæaneRkAema:g edayeRCIserIsykGñkmanCMnaj
BIxageRkAmkcUlrYmCamYyRbsinebIcaM)ac;. KuNsm,tþicMbgénkareFVIEbbenHsßitenARtg;fa RbB½n§ nignitiviFIén
KMerag nwgsßitenAkñúgsßanPaBdEdl\tERbRbYl ehIymanTMnak;TMngKñaya:gCitsñiT§CamYYynwgGgÁPaB. bu:Enþ
KuNvibtþivijrYmman³
• bBaðacat;EcgkargarRbcaMéf¶rbs;GgÁPaB nigRKbelIkargarKMerag
• KMeragnwgminnaMeGaymankarpøas;bþÚrenAkñúgGgÁPaBeT
• GMNacrbs;RbFanRKb;RKgKMerag GacRtUv)ankMNt; b¤CH\T§iBlBIskmμPaBkargarrbs;GgÁPaB
• tRmUvkarrbs;KMerag RtUv)aneKTukecalmYykEnøgsin edaysartRmUvkarrbs;GgÁPaB
GgÁPaBepþatsMxan;elIKMerag
KMeragmanTMnak;TMngsV½ytCamYynwgGgÁPaBem. RkumkargarKMerag KWsßitenAdac;edayELk

edaymanFnFan GaKareFVIkar nigRbB½n§R)aRs½yTak;TgpÞal;xøÜn. enHKWfa RkumkargareFIkarkñúgrebobrbb
mYyEdlmanplitPaBx<s; nigmanlkçN³skmμmun.
86
KuNsm,tþiGacrYmman³
• rcnasm<½n§ b¤karcUlrYmeFVIkarCamYyKñakñúgRkummanlkçN³rwgmaM
• RbFanRKb;RKgKMeragGacRtYtBinitüemIlKMerag nig RkumkargarKMerag)aneBjelj
• mankarR)aRs½yTak;TgpÞal;
• karsMerccitþGaceFVI)anrh½s
KuNvibtþivijrYmman³
• RbB½n§eFVIkargarenAkñúgKMerag GacnwgxusKñaBIRbB½n§eFVIkargarenAkñúgGgÁPaB
• CMnajkargar nigcMeNHdwgkargar Gacnwg)at;bg;bnÞab;BIKMeragbBa©b;eTA
GgÁPaBKMeragma:RTIs
RbFanRKb;RKgKMeragRtUv)aneRCIserIs ecjmkBIGgÁPaBrbs;GtifiCn.
KuNsm,tþirYmman³
• TTYlykCMnaj nigbTBiesaFn_BIGgÁPaB
• eKGacRbmUlFnFanBIEpñkepSg²eToténGgÁPaBykmkeRbIR)as;
• RbB½n§ nignitiviFIeFVIkargarmanlkçN³suIsgVak;Kña
KuNvibtþirYmman³
• smaCikRkumkargarmanRbFanRKb;RKgkargarBIrnak;enARtYtBIelIBYkeK ehIyenHGacnaMeGay
manbBaða
• GMNacsßitenAkñúgédGgÁPaBGtifiCn nigRbFanRKb;RKgKMerag
• GMNacsMerccitþsßitenAEbkExJk dUcCaGMNacsMerccitþEpñkrdæ)alsßitenAeRkam RbFan
RKb;RKgKMerag
• karsMerccitþelIkargarbec©keTsnwgRtUvsßitenAeRkamRbFanRKb;RKgtammuxgarepSg²énKMerag
skmμPaB 6A
87
taragRtYtBinitüKMerag (Project Checklist)
enAeBlEdlGgÁPaBKMeragRtUv)aneRCIserIsRtwmRtUvehIy dMNak;kalbnþmkeTotKWRtUvKitKUrGMBI³
• lkçN³Cak;lak;rbs;KMerag
• tYnaTI nig TMnYlxusRtUvrbs;RkumkargarKMerag
• KMeragfvikarbs;KMerag
• ynþkarRtYtBinitüKMerag
lkçN³Cak;lak;rbs;KMeragrYmman³
• karBN’naGMBIKMerag nig eKalbMNgKnøwHrbs;KMerag
• esckþIEføgkarN_sþIGMBIebskkmμ b¤esckþIEføgkarN_sþIGMBIckçúvis½y
• vtßúbMNgEdlRtUv)aneKkMNt;rYcCaeRsc
• eKaledAcMbg Tinñpl nig lT§plsnüapþl;eGayGtifiCnnana
• GñkTTYlplBIKMerag
• visalPaBniglkçxNÐeyag (ToR’s)
• rcnasm<½n§rbs;GgÁPaB
• Bt’manlMGitGMBIKMeragfvikarbs;KMerag
• karGtßaFib,ay nig ehtuplbBa¢ak;BIsar³sMxan;énKMerag
tYnaTI nigTMnlY xusRtUvrbs;RkumkargarKMerag rYmman GñkNaeFVkI argarGVI enAeBlNa tamrebobNa.

eKRtUvEtkMNt;eGay)anc,as;las;nUvGVI²TaMgGs;EdlBak;B½n§nwgkargarKMerag dUcCa³
• tYnaTI nig TMnYlxusRtUv
• rgVas;énPaBeCaKC½y
• ExSbnÞat;énkarraykarN_
• siT§GMNac
KNnI nig KMeragfvikarbs;KMeragrYmman³

• RbB½n§KNnIc,as;las; nig gayRsYlyl;
• RbB½n§RtYtBinitü
• viFancat;EcghirBaØvtßú
• nitiviFIEdl)anRBmeRBogkñúgkarTUTat;cMNay nig EbbbTGnum½telIcMNay
88
ynþkarRtYtBinitüPaBERbRbYlénKMerag
enHCabBaðasMxan; enAeBlEdlPaBERbRbYlekIteLIg edaymin)anKitKUrdl; b¤minmankarGnum½t

RtwmRtUv GacnaMeGaymanbBaðaF¶n;F¶rdl;kargarRKb;RKg. kargakecjBIEpnkar BIlkçN³Cak;lak;; nig
BIkic©snüa nwgmanplb:HBal;dl;ry³eBl cMNay lT§pl nig KuNPaBénKMerag.
PaBERbRbYlenHGacrYmman³
• PaBERbRbYlenAkñúglkçN³Cak;lak; eBlevla FnFan nig cMNay
• PaBERbRbYlxagEpñkbrimaN nig¼b¤ EpñkKuNPaB
eKRtUvEtkt;RtaTuknUvPaBERbRbYlenH ]TahrN_ enAkñgú EbbbTesñsI EMu kERb ¬sUmemIl]TahrN_

xageRkam¦. enAeBlxøH skmμPaBmYycMnYnGactRmUveGaymankarEkERb dUecñHehIyEbbbTenHRtUvEtTTYl
karGnum½tBIsMNak;RbFanRKb;RKgKMerag edaymankarcrcarKñaCamYynwgGtifiCn b¤ GñkBak;B½n§rbs;KMerag.
eKRtUvrkSaTuksMeNIrsuMEkERbenH enAkñúgÉksarKMerag kñúgkMLúgeBlGnuvtþKMerag.
KMrUénEbbbTesñIsuMEkERbKMerag
sMeNIsuMEkERbKMerag
elx³ kalbriecäT³
Gnum½t¼bdiesF¼Tuksin³
sMeNIrsMuEkERb³
mUlehtuesñIsuMEkERb³
Epñkrgkarb:HBal;³
Éksar nig KMnUrEdlrgkarb:HBal;³
esñIsuMeday³ eyabl;Gñkvaytémø³
kalbriecäT³ kalbriecäT³
Gnum½teday³ kalbriecäT³
htßelxa³
89
karRBmeRBogkic©snüa
skmμPaB 6B
TMnak;TMngrvagGñkBak;B½n§enAkñúgKMeragEdlRtUv)aneKkMNt;GtþsBaØNc,as;las; TamTareGayman
ÉksarRBmeRBogKñapøÚvkarmYy. CaFmμta karRBmeRBogKñaenH nwgRtUvkMNt;edaylkçxNÐeyagEdlRBmeRBogKña.
bu:EnþenAeBlEdlTMnak;TMngRtUv)anbegáItedIm,IGnuvtþkargarmYy edayminmanEcgGMBIlkçxNÐeyag enAeBl
enaH eKRtUveFVIkic©snüapøÚvkarmYyedayEp¥keTAelIc,ab;kic©snüa.
niymn½yKtiyutþiénkic©snüa
: kics© nüa KWCakarRBmeRBogKñatampøÚvc,ab;mYyrvagPaKIBrI EdlmanGnuPaBtMrvU eGaymankatBVkic©pþl;
esvakmμeGayKñaeTAvijeTAmk :.
xageRkamenH KWCataragmYyEdlpþl;KMnitxøH² Tak;TgnwgTMnak;TMngrvagGñkTTYlem:Akar nig GtifiCn nig

GVIEdlCaTMnYlxusRtUUv nig GVIEdlCacMNgc,ab;elIPaKITaMgBIr GnuelameTAtamkic©RBmeRBogpøÚvkarmYy.
GñkTTYlem:Akar GtifiCn PaKITaMgBIr

1. tRmUvkarnanarbs;kic©snüa 1. karExVgKMnitKñaRtUv)an 1. kMNt;sMKal; nig
RtUv)ankMNt; nig yl;RBm edaHRsay manEpnkarTb;Tl; haniP½y
EdlGacnwgekItman
1. GñkTTYlem:Akarman 2. etIGtifiCnmansmtßPaB 2. EpnkarsMrab;yfaPaB
smtßPaBcMeBaHkarbMeBj bMeBjtRmUvkarrbs;GñkTTYlem:A
kic©snüa karEdrrWeT?
3. manbBaØtþiRKb;RKan;sMrab;
pøas;bþÚrbuKÁlik
KMeragPaKeRcInEtgmanTIRbwkSaCMnajc,ab;rbs;xnÜø edIm,Iplþ R; bwkSa nigFanafaKMeragminxusBIEbbbTén

c,ab;. enAeBlcrcarKMeragkic©snüaRtUvEtrYmbBa©ÚldUcteTAenH³
90
1. karÉkPaB
PaKITaMgGs;RtUvÉkPaBKñaCapøÚvkareTAelI³
• GVIEdlkMBugeFVI
• rebobEdlvaRtUv)ankMBugeFVI
• GñkNaEdlkMBugeFVIGVI
• eBlNavanwgRtUveFVIehIy
• nitiviFI RbsinebIkargarKMeragCYb]bsKÁ
• lkçN³Cak;lak;cugeRkayénkmμPaB
• lkçN³Cak;lak;Epñkbec©keTsEdlRtUvGnuvtþtam
kic©snüa tRmUveGayGnuvtþinUvral;lkçxNÐénkarrgarTaMgGs; EdlnwgRtUvbMeBjedayeKarBtam

lkçN³Cak;lak;Edl)anRBmRBagKñadUcEdl)anEcgkñúgkic©snüa. CaTUeTA kics© nüaedayELkmYyminEmn
RtwmEtEcgBIlkçxNÐtRmUveTAelIPaKITaMgBIrenaHeT vaEfmTaMgEcgGMBPI aBERbRbYlnanaEdleKRtUvKitKUr enAkñgú
dMNak;kalerobcMEpnkarKMerageTotpg.
kic©snüa
eyageTAtamniymn½yxagedIm kic©snüaKWCa : karRBmeRBogKñatampøÚvc,ab; :. vaKWCaesckþIEføgkarN_Edl

cgP¢ab;GtifiCn nig GñkTTYlem:Akar eTAnwgsMNuMxTMagLayEdlGacGnuvtþtamc,ab; EdlEcg
GMBIvisalPaBénkic©RBmeRBog nig EpñkepSg²rbs;va tamlkçxNÐya:gc,as;las;;.
kic©snüaEdl)anRBmeRBogKñaehIy RtUvbMeBjtamlkçxNÐEdltRmUvedayPaKITaMgBIr Tak;Tgnwg

GVIEdlRtUvdak;eGaybMeBj nig kareFVI nig karbMeBjGVI Edl)anRBmeRBogKñatampøÚvc,ab;.
dUcenH etIkic©snüaRtUvbBa©ÚlGVIxøH enAkñúgxnanaEdleK)anRBmeRBogKña?
manlkçxNÐmYycMnYnenAkñúgkic©snüa EdltRmUveGaybMeBjCapøÚvkar. lkçxNÐTaMgenaHrYmman³

• eKalbMNg
• karesñI nig karRBmTTYl
91
• témøtbsñg
• smtßPaB
1. eKalbMNg
PaKIBak;B½n§ RtUvmanbMNgeGaykic©snüamanGanuPaBcgtampøÚvc,ab;. niyayeGaygayyl;eTA

KWfa ;eKalbMNg ;kñúgkareFVIkarCamYyKña RtUvEtmanlkçN³RbtükS.
2. karesñI nig karRBmTTYl
enAeBlEdlmankarTak;TgrvagGñkTTYlem:AkarnigGtifiCn GñkTTYlem:AkarnwgRtUv : dak;sMeNI :

pÁt;pÁg;plitpl b¤ esvakmμc,as;las;EdlGtifiCnRtUvkar. cMENkÉ GtifiCnvijRtUvCMrabdl; GñkTTYl
em:Akarfa xøÜnyl;RBmTTYlsMeNIenHehIy dUcenH)ann½yfa ;karRBmTTYl ; ekItmaneLIg. enAkñúgdMNak;kal
enHehIyEdlkarRBmeRBogenaH manlkçN³cgpøÚvc,ab;. eTaHCay:agenHk¾eday karRBmTTYlnUvsMeNImyY RtUv
eFVIeLIgmunkalbriecäTTaMgLayNaEdlGñkTTYlem:Akar)ankMNt;Tuk. karRBmTTYlkaresñI b¤ karpþl;
Bt’manGMBIkarRBmTTYlsMeNI RtUvmanlkçN³c,as;las; ebIeTaHCatampÞal;mat; b¤ tamkareFVICalay
lkçN_GkSrkþI. karyWty:avEdlekItman edaysarEtkarbkRsayxus b¤ karP½nþRcLMelIbMNgrbs;kardak;
sMeNIRtUv)aneKdwgfa)anbNþaleGaymankMhusEdlmankarxatbg;ya:gF¶n;F¶r.
3. témøtbsñg
enAkñgú kics© nüaEdl)anRBmeRBogKña PaKInmi yY ²snüafanwgpþlp; litpl b¤ esvakmμ eGaydl;PaKImyY

eTot. kareFVIEbbenHeBlxøHehAfa : vtßúbMNgénkic©snüa : b¤ : GgÁPaBRtUv)anesñI nig RBmTTYl : b¤
k¾Ca : lkçxNÐrUbIyvtßú :.
4. smtßPaB
RbsinebIKμankarkMNt;tnY aTI nig TMnlY xusRtUveGay)anc,as;las;eT enaHkics© nüaEdl)an

RBmeRBogKñaeRkABIrgVg;Rkbx½NÐénlkçniþk³Rkumhu‘n GacnwgTukCaemaX³)an. PaKITaMgLayminGaccuHkic©snüa
EdlhYsBIsmtßkic©EdlxønÜ manenaHeT ¬ultra-vines¦ enH)ann½yfa ; hYsBIGN M acEdlxønÜ Égman .;
92
kics© nüaRtUvsßitenAkñúgsmtßkic©rbs;PaKITaMLay Edl)anRBmeRBogKñaelIlkçxNÐTaMgGs;rbs;va. vaCakar
caM)ac;Nas;Edlfa PaKITaMLayénkic©snüamansmtßPaBbMeBjkatBVkic© EdlmanEcgenAkñúgkic©snüarbs;
BYkeKcab;taMgBIeBlcuHkic©snüaPøammk.
5. visalPaBénkic©snüa
BIxagedIm GñkRtUv)anENnaMGMBIvaküs½BÞfμI²CaeRcIn EdlmankarBnül;enAkñúgbribfénc,ab;kic©snüa.

CakarsMxan;EdleyIg RtUvBicarNaelI³
k> GtþsBaØaNrbs;m©as; nig GtifiCn b¤ PaKIcUlrYmkñúgkic©snüa.
x> GtifiCnminmankmμsiT§iRsbpøÚvc,ab;elIKMerageT rhUtTal;EtlkçxNÐCak;lak;mYycMnYnRtUv)an
bMeBj.
K> GgÁPaBGnuvtþKMeragGacRtUv)aneKehAfa³
i. GñkTTYlem:Akar
ii. GCIvkr
iii. Gñklk;
X> Éksarkic©snüaRtUvmanlkçN³Cak;lak; nigc,as;las;KμanPaBRsBicRsBil b¤ mancenøaHRbehag
enaHeT.
g> tYnaTI nig TMnYlxusRtUvrvagGtifiCn nig PaKIBak;B½n§TaMgGs;RtUYvEtEcg nigkMNt;eGay)anc,as;las;.
c> lkçN³Cak;lak;Epñkbec©keTs (technical specification) RtUvEtRsbCamYynwglkçxNÐ
sþg;da Edl)anEcgeday sßab½nviC¢aCIv³ nig smaKmBaNiC¢kmμ.
q> karerobcMelItémønanaRtUvEtmankarÉkPaBKñaCapøvÚ kar edIm,Ikat;bnßyhaniPy½ nigPaBminc,as;
las;. kareFVIEbbenHFanafa KMeragGacRtUv)aneKkMNt; )a:n;sμantémø nigerobcMKMerag
fvika)anedaysuRkwt nigmankarBicarNadl;cMNayEdlmanRsab; (build-in costs) nig
karBüakrN_bMe):ag CaBiessRbsinebIKMeragTaMgenaHRtUvcMNayeBleRcInqñaMedIm,IbBa©b;.
smasFatu nig RbePTénkic©snüa
ebIeTaHbICakarRBmeRBogsßitenAkñúgKMeragrbs;GñkkþI b¤ rvagm©as;PaKh‘unBak;B½n§kþI b¤ Cakarpþl;kargar

eGaybuKÁlikkþI karcuHkic©snüa KWCaerOgcaM)ac;EdlRtUveFVI. KMeragmYyrYmpSMedaykarRBmeRBog Edl)an
93
crcarKñaelIEpñkCaeRcIn Edlmansar³sMxan;dl;karGnuvtþKMeragRbkbedayeCaKC½y. eTaHbICay:agNak¾eday
karkarRBmeRBogCaeRcInEdl)ancuHkic©snüaenH QrCakic©snüaedayxøÜnvanimYy²pÞal;.
mankic©snüaCaeRcInRbePT nig eRcInsNæan EdlBak;B½n§nwgKMerag. xageRkamenH KWCa kic©snüaem
kic©snüaem:Akarbnþ nig kalviPaKkargar.
1. kic©snüaem KWCakic©snüaEdl)anRBmeRBogKñaedayRkumhu‘nFM b¤GtifiCn EdlBak;B½n§enAkñúg
KMerag.
2. kic©snüaem:Akarbnþ KWCakic©snüaedayELkcuHCamYynwgRkumhu‘n b¤ ÉktþCnTIéTBIKña EdlenA
eRkAGMBIRkumkargarKMeragFM.
3. kalviPaKkargar KWCameFüa)ay b¤ lT§plrbs;CMnajkarEdlRtUvkar kñúgkardwknaMKMerageGay
eq<aHeTArkkarbBa©b;RbkbedayeCaKC½y.
xageRkamenHKWCaKMrU nig ]TahrN_Gnuvtþn_énkarerobrab;xagelI³

RbePTnanaénkic©snüa
kic©snüaem kic©snüaem:Akarbnþ kalviPaKkargar
kic©snüaem:Akarbnþ kalviPaKkargar
]TahrN_³ kareFVITIpSar nig plitGal;bu‘mcMerogmYy
kic©snüaem kic©snüaem::Akarbnþ kalviPaKkargar

Rkumhu‘n Creative Marketing Ltd. naMeTArkplitkmμ
EpnkarTIpSarRtUv)anbegátI nigGnuvtþ efr³evlasMrab;Epnkar
GnuvtþEpnkarTIpSar nig kalbriecäTcab;epþmI nig
karpSBVpSaynaeBlGnaKt
94
kumhu‘n Creative Marketing Ltd EpnkarsMrab;yfaehtu
EpnkarTIpSarRtUv)anbegáIt nigGnuvtþ efr³evlasMrab;Epnkar
GnuvtþEpnkarTIpSar nig pSayGal;b‘um kalbriecäTcab;epþIm nig
GtifiCn nig Rkumhu‘n karpSBVpSaynaGnaKt
Floss Records LTD
Rkumhu‘n L.P Production Ltd plitkmμeFVItamkarRBmRBagKña
TTYlplitGal;b‘umcMerog vicx©b;tamkarRBmRBagKña
RsbeTAtamlkçxNÐCak;lak;Edl
RBmeRBogKña eFVItamkalviPaKkarRBmRBagKña
edayeRbIRbePTkic©snüaenAkñúgRbGb;xagelIenH eKGacyl;BITMnak;TMngkic©snüaxageRkamenH³
1. Rkumhu‘n Floss Records LTD )ancuHkic©snüamYyCamYyGtifiCn edIm,IplitGal;bu‘mcMerog.

enHKWCakic©snüaem.
2. edaysarfaGñkcuHkic©snüaemminmanlT§PaBeFVTI pI Sar b¤ plitGal;bm‘u cMerogeGayGtifCi n
kics© nüaem:AkarbnþmyY RtUv)anRBmeRBogKña CamYyRkumhun‘ Creative Marketing Ltd. nig
Rkumhu‘n L.P. Productions Ltd.
3. Rkumhu‘npSBVpSayTIpSar nwgerobcMkalviPaKkargarCak;lak;mYycMnnY sMrab;kargarcaM)ac;edIm,I
pSBVpSayplitpl edayeRbImeFüa)aysmRsb nig eGaycMRkumeKaledA (target group).
4. Rkumhu‘nftcMerog nwgdak;eGaymankalviPaKkargarmYycMnYn EdlmanlkçN³bec©keTs nig
ragerACak;lak; Tak;TgeTAnwgkargarEdlnwgRtUvbMeBj nig eBlevlaEdlRtUvcMNaysMrab;kar
plitplitplenH.
5. kargarTaMgGs;EdlBak;B½n§nwgRkumhu‘nTTYlkic©snüaem:Akarbnþ EdlTak;TgeTAnwgkargarlMGit
GMBIkareFVITIpSar nig karplitGal;bu‘mcMerog nwgRtUvRBmeRBogKñarvagRkumhu‘nTaMgBIr nig GtifiCn.
cUrkt;sMKal;elI]TahrN_xagelIenH eyIgeXIjfa ; karcuHkic©snüaem:Akarbnþ ; RtUv)aneKeFVIeLIg

enAeBlEdlmankargarCak;lak;mYyrbs;KMerag Edl)anesñIminGacGnuvtþ)an edaysarKμanCMnaj b¤
smtßPaB enAkñúgRkumkargarKMerag b¤ kñúgkrNIenH ekIteLIgdUcKñacMeBaHGñkTTYlem:AkarFM.
95
segçb
mkdl;eBlenH elakGñk)anBicarNaGMBI³
1. GVIeTACakic©snüa
2. lkçxNÐnanaénkic©snüa – eKalbMNg
k> karesñI
x> karRBmTTYlsMeNI
K> smtßPaB
enAkñúgEpñkbnÞab;enH GñknwgsikSaGMBIkarkMNt;témøenAkñúgkic©snüa.
karkMNt;témøenAkñúgkic©snüa
karRBmeRBogelItémøsMrab;KMeragmYy nwgEcgGMBIGtþsBaØaN karvaytémø nig témøtbsñgrbs;

FatuTaMgLayEdlBak;B½n§enAkñúgkargarKMerag. enAkñúgdMNak;kalsikSaGMBIlT§PaBrbs;KMerag mincMeBaHfa
KMeragEdleKkMBugBicarNamanTMhMbu:NÑaenaHeT eKRtUveFVIkarviPaKGMBI cMNaynigplRbeyaCn_rbs;va EdlrYm
bBa©ÚlFatuTaMgLaydUcxageRkamenH ¬KMeragrbs;GñkGacmanFatuepSgBIenHeTot¦.
karkMNt;GtþsBaØaNkarcMNayTaMgGs;rYmman³ karTijsmÖar³pÁt;pÁg;
karTij]bkrN_
karEfTaM nig CYsCul
cMNayelIkardMeNIrkar
cMNayelIkarp¥akdMeNIrkar
ral;cMNaynImYy²Edl)anelIkeLIg eKRtUvEtdwgGMBIKuNRbeyaCn_rbs;va dUcCa³

• lkçN³rbs;KMerag
• etIvaKitCatémøluyeT?
• etIFatucMNayTaMgenaH KWCa mUlFn rW cMNaybegáItcMNUl?
• etIKWCa karcMNayEtmþg rW karcMNayCaRbcaM?
96
vaCak;EsþgNas; EdlFatuxøHnwgbkRsay CakarcMNayhirBaØvtßú b¤ minEmnhirBaØvtßú nigplRbeyaCn_
hirBaØvtßú b¤ minEmnhirBaØvtß.úß vaCakarsMxan;EdleyIgRtUvEbgEckeGaydac;BIKña rvagFatucN
M ayepSg²Kña.
FatuTaMgenH rYmman³
• cMNaymUlFn
• cMNaybegáItcMNUl
• cMNaypÞal;
• cMNayminpÞal;
cMNaymUlFn KWCacMNayTaMgLayNaEdlBak;B½n§nwgkarTij rW kareFVIlT§kmμRTBüskmμrUbIy_.

RTBüskmμrUbIy_TaMgenHrYmmandUcCa³ dIFøI GaKar eragcRk eRKOgtemøIg eRKOgtubEtg sþúk nig
sac;R)ak;Edlman.
kñúgkrNIPaKeRcIn GayukalEdleKGaceRbIR)as;vtßúTaMgGs;enH)an KWelIsBI 1qñaM.
cMNaybegáItcMNUl³ KWCacMNayEdlBak;B½n§nwgkarTij b¤ éføedImEdlekItmaneLIg cMeBaHFatuEdl

RtUvkarkñúgkMLúgeBlénKMerag eRkAGMBIkarcMNaymUlFn. karcMNayenHrYmman³
• karcMMNayelIdMeNIkar b¤ karcMNaybnÞab;bnSM dUcCa³ karEfTaM karCYsCul R)ak;ebovtSr_ nig
rdæ)al.
• enAeBlxøH cMNaybnÞab;bnSMRtUveKbMEbkcMNaypÞal; nigminpÞal;.
cMNaypÞal; KWCakarcMNayEdlTak;TgpÞal;eTAnwgkargarrbs;KMerag.
cMNayminpÞal; KWCakarcMNay b¤ karcMNaybnÞab;bnSM EdlrYmmandUcCa éføQñÜl Fanara:b;rg nig

smÖar³kariyal½y.
témøEdldak;esñIenAkñúgkic©snüa GacERbRbYleTAtamniymn½y nig eKalbMNg. enAeBlxøH

kics© nüaKMeragmYyGacrYmbBa©ÚlFatuepSg²CaeRcIn sMrab;dak;témøedayGaRs½yeTAelItémøtbsñgEdlkMBugEt
RtUv)anBiPakSaKña. TaMgenHrYmbBa©ÚlTaMg témøefr (fixed cost) témøedImbUkGRtacMeNj (cost-plus) nig
taragGRta (schedule of rates).
97
témøefr³ enHKWCatémøEdldak;esñI EdlminERbRbYl elIkElgEtmanxEcgpÞúyBIenHRtUv)an
eKdak;bBa©ÚleTAkñúgkic©snüa. ]TahrN_ témøBlkmμsMrab;KMeragenH KWEp¥keTAelIGRta $5.50 kñúgmYyema:g
sMrab;kargaredayéd. enHnwgkøayCaGRtaEdleKeRbIkgúñ karKNnatémøsrubrbs;kci ©snüa. buE: nþeKGac
dak;bBa©lÚ xbEnßmEdlEcgfa : GRtatémøBlkmμEdlmanEcgkñgú kic©snüaenH GacnwgRtUvEkERbeyageTAtam
bBaØtþisþIBIR)ak;kéRmCatiCaFrman. enAkñúgkrNIenH GRtaGtibrma ¬témøGtibrimaEdlmankarFana¦ KW £6.50
kñúgmYyema:g. ebIeTaHbICatémøefrk¾eday ktþabrisßanxageRkAbgáeGaymanPaBERbRbYltémø)anEdr.
enAkñúg]TahrN_enH )ankMNt;témøGtibrima EtenAeBlxøH krNIenHminGacmanTal;EtesaH.
témøedImbUkGRtacMeNj³ vaküs½BÞenHRtUv)anykmkeRbI EtenAeBlEdlGñkTTYlem:AkarKittémø

EdlmancMnYnRBmeRBogKñaelIsmÖar³ nig ry³eBl. GRtatémøRtUv)anRBmeRBogKñaCamun edayrYmbBa©ÚlGVI
EdleKehAfa : témøbUkbEnßm (mark-up) :.
taragGRta³ enAkñgú kics© nüa enAeBlxøHvaCakarGnuvtþTeU TA EdleKbBa©lÚ taragmYyEdlbMEbklMGti GMBI

RbePTkargarCak;lak; nig témøkñúgmYyÉkta.
skmμPaB 6C
skmμPaB 6D
eRCIserIs nig begáItRkumkargarKMerag
KMeragRtUv)aneKbegátI eLIgedIm,ICakaréqñRbDit b¤ bMeBjtRmUvkarEdleKkMNt;Cak;lak;NamYy b¤

CakareqøyI tbeTAnwgPaKITI 3 NamYy. edIm,IeGayKMeragmandMeNIrkar)anrlUntamEdlGaceFVeI TA)an GñkEdl
Bak;B½n§RtUveFVIkarrYmKñaCaRkummYy edIm,IsMercvtßúbMNgEdl)andak;.
skmμPaB 6E
98
GñkGacnwgbBa©ÚlsmaCikdUcxageRkam EdlCa : GñkedIrtYnaTIKnøwH (key players) : enAkñúgKMerag³
RbFanRKb;RKgKMerag RkumkargarKMerag
GñkRKb;RKgCan;x<s; GñkeRCamERCg
GtifiCn GñkBak;B½n§
tYnaTIrbs;GñkTaMgGs;xagelIenH mandUcxageRkam³
RbFanRKb;eRKagKMerag³
• CaGñkdwknaM (the conductor)³ FanakarGnuvtþKMerageGay)annUveCaKC½y
• Gopher ³ eFVIkarTMnak;TMngCamYynigPaKIBak;B½n§TaMgGs;
• CaGñksRmbsRmYlRbkbedayRbsiT§PaB nig s½kþsiT§
• CaGñkbegáItEpnkarKMerag rYmTaMgkar)a:n;sμantémønana
• CaGñkbegáItrcnasm<½nR§ kumkargarKMerag edIm,IRKb;eRKagKMerag
• CaGñkkMNt;haniP½yEdlGacekItmanTak;TgnwgKMerag
GñkRKb;RKgCan;x<s;³
• CaGñkEbgEckFnFan dUcCa fvika nig buKÁlik sMrab;eGayKMerag
• CaGñkpþl;kardwknaM nig TisedACayuT§sa®sþ
• CaGñkcUlrYmkñúgkargarKMeragenAeBlcaM)ac;
GtifiCn³
• CaGñkTUTat;sMrab;KMerag b¤plitpl
• CaGñksRmbsRmYlCamYynwgRbFanRKb;RKgKMerag
• CaGñkGnum½telIbøg;rbs;KMeragRsbeTAtamlkçN³Cak;lak;rbs;va
• CaGñkcMNayFnFaneTAelIKMerag rYmman buKÁlik eBlevla nig R)ak;kas
• CasRmbsRmYlCamYynwgRbFanRKb;RKgKMeragedIm,IkargarKMerag
• CaGñkRsaybMPøW
99
RkumkargarKMerag³
• CaGñkpþl;karKaMRTdl;RbFanRKb;RKgKMerag
• CaGñkpþl;CMnajcaM)ac; nig karcUlrYmkñúgkargarc,as;las;kñúgKMerag
• CaGñkeFVIkarrYmKñaedIm,IsMerckargar
• CaGñkTak;TgCamYynwgGtifiCn edIm,IFanafakargarRtUvsMerc)anedaymankarcMNay kareRbIeBl
evla sßitenAkñúgE;pnkarEdl)ankMNt; nig sMerc)annUvKuNPaB dUcEdl)ankMNt;kñúglkçN³
Cak;lak;.
GñkeRCamERCg ³
• enAkñúgkrNICaeRcIn buKÁlenHdUcKñaeTAnwgGñkpþl;fvikaEdr (sponsor). bu:Enþ eTaHbICaKat;Ca
nrNak¾eday Kat;enAEtCabuKÁlEdlmansiT§GMNacelIkarGnuvtþKMerag.
GñkBak;B½n§³
• buKÁlenH CabuKÁlÉktþCn b¤ CaRkum EdlmanBak;B½n§plRbeyaCn_enAkñúgkargarKMerag. BYkeK
GacCaRbFanRKb;RKgKMerag Gñk]btßmÖfvika GtifiCn b¤ smaCikNamñak;énRkumkargarKMerag.
KMerag GacmanlkçN³fμIRsLag KYrCaTIrMePIbcitþ minc,as;las; b¤ CakarpSgeRBgRbkbeday

haniP½yCaeRcIn. bu:Enþ minfaKMeragenaHmanhaniP½ykñgú kMrti NaeT vaCakarsMxan;Edlfa Rkumkargar
KMeragRtUvman³
• kardwknaMc,as;las;
• vtßúbMNgEdl)ankMNt;c,as;las;
• TisedA nig eKaledAc,as;las;
skmμPaB 6F
100
RkumkargarbegáIteLIgeday
KMeragGacRtUv)ancat;cUlkñúgmYyénEpñk 3³ mandUcteTA
1. KMeragqøgnaykdæannanaenAkñúgGgÁPaBmYy ]TahrN_dUcCa EpñkTIpSar eFVIkarCamYy Epñklk;.
2. GgÁPaBCaeRcInmkrYmshkarKñaedIm,IeFVk I argarFMmyY ]TahrN_dcU Ca karksagpøvÚ mYyGactRmUv
eGaymanvisVkrKUrbøg; nig visVkrsagsg; nig Rkumhu‘nsMNg; edIm,IGnuvtþdMeNIrkarsagsg;.
3. ÉktþCneRcInGñk rYmshkarKñaedIm,I)ansMercvtßúbMNgCak;lak;NamYy edaysarkarbMeBj
kargarmYycMnYn.
rcnasm<½n§rbs;RkumkargarKMerag KWCakarcaM)ac;nigmansar³sMxan;Nas; cMeBaHkarsMerc)aneCaKC½y

rbs;KMerag. vaCakarlM)akkñúgkarbnþkarRtYtBinitüeTAelIrcnasm<½n§ elIkElgEtvaRtUv)ankMNt;taMgEtBIeBl
dMbUgmk. cMnYnsmaCikEdlcUlrYmeFVIkarenAkñúgRkumkargarKMerag GacERbRbYlBIKMeragmYy eTAKMeragmYyeTot
GaRs½yelIGVIEdleKRtUvkar.
skmμPaB 6G
GñkGacbBa©ÚlsmaCikdUcxageRkam³
GnuRbFaneRcInnak;
buKÁlikEpñkrdæ)aleRcInnak;
visVkrsagsg;eRcInnak;
buKÁlikEpñkR)ak;ebovtSn_eRcInnak;
RbFanm®nþIhirBaØikmñak;
RbFanaykdßaneRcInnak;
vac,as;Nas;fa taMgEtBIdMbgU eLIy smasPaB nig karcUlrYmcMENkrbs;RkumkargarKMerag man

sar³sMxan;Nas;cMeBaHdMeNIrkarrbs;GgÁPaB enARKb;lMdab;fñak; nig RKb;lkçxNÐtRmUvTaMgGs;. GaRs½y
ehtuenH vaCaerOgsMxan;Nas;kñúgkarkMNt;tYnaTI nig TMnYlxusRtUv enAkñúgRkumkargareGay)anc,as;las;.
101
rcnasm<½n§ nig smasPaBénRkumkargarKMerag nwgERbRbYleTAtamRbePTénKMerag nig¼b¤ karcUl
rYmcMENkrbs;GñkBak;B½n§. rcnasm<½n§ nig smasPaB GacnwgmanPaBepSg²BIKña.
xageRkamenHKWCaTRmg;epSg²Kñaénrcnasm<½n§³
1. RkumkargarKMerag³ buKÁlikbMerIkargareGayGgÁPaBEtmYy EdlGñkTaMgenaHeFVIkarelIKMeragCak;lak;mYy b¤

eRcIn.
2. Rkum Matrix³ buKÁlikraykarN_eGayRbFanepSg²Kña GMBIkargarEpñkepSg²KñaénKMerag.
enAeBlxøH buKÁlikTaMgenH GacCabuKÁlikeBjema:g b¤ mineBjema:g GaRs½yeTAtamtRmUvkarrbs;

KMerag. kñúgn½yenH RbFanRKb;RKgKMerag RtUvmanGMNaceBjeljkñúgkarsMerc.
xageRkamenHKWCa]TahrN_myY GMBRI kumma:RTIsmYy
RbFanRKb;RKgKMerag A
EpñkKUrbøg; EpñkTIpSar Epñklk; epSg²
GñkRKb;RKg EpñkTIpSar Epñklk;

buKlÁ ik 1 buKÁlik 3 buKlÁ ik 4
buKlÁ ik 2
eyabl;nanaelImKMrmY a: RTIsxagelI ³
enAkñúgKMrUenH {buKÁlikTI2} nwgraykarN_eTAkan;RbFanEpñkKUrbøg; Tak;TgnwgbBaðanana GMBI

bBaðabøg;rbs;KMerag. enHRtUv)aneKdwgpgEdrfa CaExSbnÞat;TMnYlxusRtUvrbs;RbFanEpñkKUrbøg;. eTaHbI
y:agNak¾eday RbsinebI {buKÁlikTI2} RtYv)aneKeGayeFVICaGñkCMnYydl;EpñkTIpSareTA dUcenHRbFanEpñk
TIpSarKåCaExSbnÞat;TTYlxusRtUv edaymankarTTYlxusRtUvelImuxgaredayRbFanEpñkKUrbøg;. naykdæan
102
EdlbuKÁlikmñak;enAeRkamKWCa ExSbnÞat;TMnYlxusRtUv edaymincaM)ac;KitfabuKÁlikenaHeFVIkar enAkEnøgNa
b¤sMrab;GñkNaenAelItaragma:RTIs.
3. Rkumkargarkic©snüa - buKÁlikEdlcuHkugRtaedIm,IeFIVkic©karCak;lak;NamYy b¤kargarEdlCab;Bak;B½n§ enA

kñúgKMerag. karTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHkarFanafa kargarmYynwgRtUv)anbMeBjRbkbedayeCaKC½y nigbuKÁlik
TaMgGs; bMeBjkatBVkic©tamkic©snüarbs;BYkeK KWsßitenAeRkamsmμtkic©rbs;RbFanRKb;RKgKMeragEt
mñak;ÉgKt;. CYnkal RbkarenHnaMeGaymankarlM)akkñúgkarRtYtBinitü.
karbegáItRkumkargarKMerag ³
rhUtmkdl;eBlenHeyIgBicarNaeTAelI ³
1. GñkedIrtYKnwøHTaMgLayrbs;KMerag
2. CMMnajnana EdlRtUvkaredIm,IeFIVCaRbFanRKb;RKgKMerag
3. RbePTTaMgbIrbs;rcnasm<½n§Rkumkargar
\T,ÚvenHGñknwgKitGMBIviFIedIm,IbegáItRkumkargarmYy nig viFIedIm,IsMerceTAelIRbePTbuKÁlik nigCMnaj

Edll¥bMputEdlRtUvkarsMrab;karGnuvtþKMeragmYuyeGay)aneCakC½y.
PaBeCaKC½yénKMeragmYy BwgEp¥keTAelIlkçN³kargarénRkumkargar nigkarlaybBa©ÚlKña

eGay)anRtwmRtUvénGñkCMnajnanaenAkñúgRkum. sMrab;mUlehtuenH vamansar³sMxan;Nas;EdlfaRbFan
RKb;RKgKMeragman»kasedIm,IeRCIserIssmaCikd¾smrmüénRkumkargar EdleqøIytbeTAnwgtRmUvkarrbs;
KMerag.
kñúgeKalbMNgenH RbFanRKb;RKgKMeragcaM)ac;RtUvmanCMnajcaM)ac; edIm,IcUlrYmenAkñúg³

• karkMNt;BItYnaTIkargar
• karsresrrayrab;GMBIkargar (job description)
• kareRCIserIsbuKÁlik EdlmanCMnajBitR)akd.
• kareFVIetsþcitþsaRsþ.
103
eKRtUvkarCMnajTaMgenH nigCMnajd¾éTeTotenAeBleRCIserIsRkumkargarrbs;KMerag. RbsinebI
GaceTArYc RbFanRKb;RKgKMeragKYrEtsVHEsVg cUlrYmkñúgdMeNIrkareRCIserIssmaCikRkumkargarKMerag edIm,I
erobcMRkumkargard¾l¥bMputmYytamEdlGaceFVIeTA)an edIm,IsMerckargananarbs;KMeragRbkbedayeCaKC½y.
enAeBlEdlRbFanRKb;RKgKMerageRCIserIsRkumkargar b¤ buKÁlikÉktþbuKÁl b¤k¾buKÁlikmYyRkum edIm,I
eFIVkarRTRTg;dl;Rkumk¾eday Kat;RtUvBicarNaeTAelIbBaðamYycMnYndUcxageRkam ³
• dwgc,as;BImUlehtu EdlbuKÁlikRtUv)aneRCIserIs ¬manCMnajGVI smtßPaB nigRbvtþirUbbuKÁlik¦.
• TTYl)ankareCOTukcitþBIsMNak;;Rkum ¬]TahrN_³ tamry³TTYl)anFnFanEdleKRtUvkar
caM)ac;edIm,IgnuvtþKMerag¦
• bgðajBIesckþIR)afñarYmrbs;Rkumkargar
• dwknaMRkumkargar
• CMrujTwkcitþdl;Rkumkargarkñúgry³eBlénkarGnuvtþKMerag
vaCak;EsþgNas; EdlsÞIlrbs;RbFanRKb;RKgKMerag nig smtßPaBpÞal;xøÜnrbs;eKmansar³ sMxan;

Nas; RbsinebIcg;eGayKMeragkarmYy RtUv)anbBa©b;edayKμanbBaðaépÞkñúgenaH. karxkxanminsÁal;
GMBICMnajnanaEdlRtUvkar edIm,IGnuvtþkic©karmYycMnYn b¤k¾karxkxanmin)aneRbIR)as;buKÁlik EdlmanCMnaj
caM)ac;EdleKRtUvkar edIm,IbMeBjkargarEpñkNamYyénKMerag GacnwgmankarxUcxatdl;KMerag.
kareRbIR)as;GñkCMnajBIxageRkAenAkñúgRkumkargarénKMerag
CYnkalRbsinebIGñkminmanbuKÁlikEdlmanCMnaj b¤TTYlkarbNþúHbNþalRKb;RKan; edIm,IeFIVkic©kar

mYYycMnYnrbs;KMerag GñkGacRtUvkareRCIserIsbuKÁlikmkBIxageRkA. kñúgkrNIxøH RbFanRKb;RKgKMerag
GacRtUv)aneRCIserIsmkBIxageRkA edayKat;manCMnajRKb;RKan;edIm,IGnuvtþ b¤RKb;RKgKMerag.
vaCakarsMxan; RbsinebIminmanCMnaj b¤ÉkeTsRKb;RKan;edIm,IsMerc)annUvvtßúbMNgnanarbs;KMerageT
enaH GñkGaceRCIserIsbuKÁlikEdlsmrmübMput edIm,IFanafaKMeragnwgRtUv)aneKbBa©b;enAkñúgrgVg;énmaRtdæan
Edl)anRBmeRBogKña. kareRCIserIsbuKÁlikd¾RtwmRtUvKWmansar³sMxan; ehIyvak¾caM)ac;pgEdrfa karcuH
kic©snüad¾¾RtwmRtUv KYrEteFIVeLIgenAeBlEdlCYlbuKÁlikfμIeGayeFIVkar. enHmann½yfa minRtwmEtkar
layCMnajepSg²bBa©ÚlKñaeGay)anRtwmRtUv mankarcaM)ac;enaHeT buKÁlikEdlRtUv)aneKCYleGayeFIVkar
k¾RtUvmanlkçxNÐkargarRsbc,ab;pgEdr.
104
kargarnigc,ab;
c,ab;kargaredIrtYnaTIsMxan;Nas; sUm,IEtenAeBlEdlerobcMEpnkarKMeragk¾eday. kñúgkrNIxøH

RbsinebIKMeragsßitenAeRkamnaykdæanNamYyk¾eday k¾naykdæanbuKÁlki mantYnaTICaGñkTTYlxulRtUvelI
bBaðaenHEdr. eTaHbIy:agNak¾eday RbsinebIGñkRtUvkarCYlsmaCikRkumkargarfμI GñkRtUvEtcgcaMBI ³
• siT§iRsbc,ab;rbs;nieyaCik
• karTTYlxusRtUvrbs;nieyaCik
• RbePTnanaénkic©snüakargar. ]TahrN_³ kargareBjem:ag kargareRkAem:ag nigkargar
Edlmanry³eBlkMNt;Cak;lak;NamYy.
enAkñúgEpñkbnÞab;eTotenH GñknwgKitGMBI]TahrN_xøH²sþIGMBIkarbegáItlkçN³Cak;lak;rbs;buKÁlik.
eTaHbIy:agNak¾eday mancMnucBIKYrEtkt;sMKal;Tak;TgeTAnwgkarCYlGñkCMnajmkBIxageRkA. TI1 manEt
GtifiCneTEdlGackMNt;GMBIlkçN³Cak;lak;TaMgenH. TI2 edayEp¥keTAelItMrUvkard¾Cak;lak;rbs;Gñk
naykdæanbuKÁlikcaM)ac;RtUvkMNt;BIiry³eBl nigRbePTénkic©snüa.
niymn½ysþIBIlkçN³kargar
kargareBjem:ag - GñkRtUv)anCYleGaymkeFIVkarsMrab;ry³eBlmYy EdlmankarRBmeRBogKñakñúg

ry³eBlkñúgmYys)þah_. ]TahrN_³ eFIVkar 40em:agkñúgmYys)þah_. GñkGacCa buKÁlikGcié®nÞy_ b¤
buKÁlikCYlmanry³eBlkMNt;edayEp¥keTAelIkic©snüarbs;Gñk.
kargareRkAem:ag - GñkGaceFIVkargarmindl; 20em:agkñúgmYys)þah_. kñúgcMnucenH GñkGacCa

buKÁlikGciéRnÞy_ b¤ buKÁlikbeNþaHGasnñ k¾bu:EnþvamanRbeyaCn_kalNalMhUrénkargarminskmμ. ]TahrN_³
kargarGacmaneRcInenAEteBlRBwk ehIymantictYcenAeBlresol.
karEckrMElkkargar - RbePTénkargareRkAem:agenHKW buKÁlikGacEckrMElktYnaTI nigkarTTYlxus

RtUvedaysμ½RKcitþCamYyKñaeRcIn kñúgmuxtMENgeBjem:agEtmYy.
105
eFIVkarenApÞH b¤tamTUrs½BÞ - RbePTénkargarenHkMBugRtUv)aneKniymy:ageRcIn EdlnieyaCikGac
eFVIkargareTAeFIVenApÞHd¾suxRsYlrbs;eK)an. enHKWCaRbePTkargarEdlkMBugEtekIneLIgCaBiesselIEpñk
Bt’manviTüa nigEpñkbec©keTsbøg; nigRkahVic buKÁlikEpñklk; GñkkaEst nigGñkBieRKaHeyabl;epSg².
buKÁlikCab;kic©snüa - buKÁlikTaMgenHGacRtUv)aneKCYleGayeFIVkic©karCak;lak; mYyenAkñúgkic©snüa

Edlmanry³eBlbeNþaHGasnñ b¤ry³eBlkMNt;Cak;lak;NamYy. RbePTénkic©snüaenH saksmüeTAnwg
kargarrbs;KMerag EdlTamTarCMnajkMritx<s; edIm,IGnuvtþkic©karCak;lak;mYycMnYn. kñúgkrNIxøH buKÁlik
EdlCab;kic©snüaRtUv)aneKCYltamry³TIPñak;gar.
kargarÉkraCü - kareRCIserIsbuKÁlikkñúgRbePTenH RtUv)aneKeFIVeLIgkñúgTMrg;Cakic©snüaem:Akar

sMrab;ry³eBlxøImYy. enHKWGacsMrab;kargarCak;lak;mYy. ]TahrN_ GñkBieRKaHeyabl;elIEpñkbøg;
edayGnuelameTAtamc,ab; nigbTbBaØtiþnanarbs;shKmGWrub (EC) eTAnwgc,ab; nigbTbBaØtiþnanakñúgRsuk.
nieyaCkRtUvEtRbugRby½tñ nigBinitüfa buKÁlikkargarÉkraCü Edl)anCYlfμI)anbg;Bn§ nigkarFanar:ab;rgCati
rYcral;Gs; ebImindUcecñaHeT nieyaCkGacRtUveGayTTYlxusRtUv. RbePTdéTeToténkargarrYmman³
• karCYlbuKÁlik eGayeFIVkarelIsBIcMnYnem:agkargarEcgkñúgkic©snüarbs;eK ¬eFIVkarEfmem:ag¦.
• buKÁlikeFIVkargareTAtamrdUv.
• buKÁlikbeNþaHGasnñ.
• bTBiesaFn_kargar.
• buKÁlikEdlCYlenAkEnøgepSgeTot.
skmμPaB 6H
106
emeronTI 3³ Area of Competence 6
kareFVIEpnkarKMerag
manviFsI aRsþepSg²CaeRcIn EdleKeRbIR)as;edIm,IeFVEI pnkarKMerag. viFIsaRsþmyY cMnYnkñgú cMeNam

viFIsaRsþTaMgenHrYmman ³
1. taraghÁanqat (Gantt charts )
2. ticnicvaytMél nigBinitüeLIgvijelIkmμviFI ¬PERT chart¦ rYmTaMgmankarviPaKelIpøÚvsMxan;
(Critical Path Analysis ).
3. rcnasm<½n§bMEbkkargar (Work Breakdown Structure)
1. taraghÁanqat (Gantt charts )
Gantt chart bgðajBIkmμviFIénskmμPaBnanarbs;KMeragmYykñúgTMrg;Ca ry³eBl nig bnÞat;edk

(horizental bar chart) . bnÞat;nimYy² RtUv)anKUsedIm,IbgðajBIkMriteBlevlaénkic©karnimYy²rbs;KMerag.
kargarTaMgenHRtUverobcMeTAtamlMdab;tKña.
Gantt chart RtUv)aneKeRbIedIm,I ³

• bgðajBIkmμviFkI argarrbs;KeM rag nigkalviPaKénkarGnuvtþkargard¾RtwmRtUv.
• bgðajGMBIeKalsMxan;²rbs;KMerag (project’s milestones).
• bgðajBIry³eBlGtibrimaénKMerag.
• bgðajBIFnFanEdleK)anEbgEck ¬kñúgkrNIxøH¦.
• kt;RtaGMBIkargar)anekIn eFobeTAnwgEpnkaredIm (tracking grand).
Gantt charts ekIteLIgGMBIikargarCaeRcIn Edlbgðajtamry³bnÞat;RsbenAcMBImux eQμaHkic©kar

edaymanry³eBlcab;epþIm nigry³eBlbBa©b;Cak;lak;. CYnkalGñkGacemIleXIjfa kic©karmYycMnYn
Gaccab;epþImTnÞwmKña. kic©karrg (sub-tasks) mYycMnYnk¾RtUvbgðajenAelItaragenHEdr.
107
]TahrN_ 1³ Gantt charts rbs;kargartubEtglMGreKhdæanmYy
elxerog eQμaHkic©kar ry³eBl kBaØa tula vicäika FñÚr

24 31 07 14 21 28 05 12 19 26 02 09 16 23 30 07 14 21 28
1 ekaskMe)arecjBICBa©aMg 14 éf¶
2 erobcMePøWgGKÁIsnI 5éf¶
3 erobcM nigbUk 14éf¶
4 erob\dækñúgpÞH 3éf¶
5 erob\dæeRkApÞH 3éf¶
6 kargarCageQI nig kat;teQW 14éf¶
7 erobcMRbB½n§Twk 9éf¶
8 Rbk;dMbUl 1éf¶
9 labfñaM nigtubEtg 14éf¶
10 RkalkMralRBM 3éf¶
11 cUlsñak;enA
108
]TahrN_ 2³ Gantt charts rbs;kargarcak;saMgT,an
éf¶suRkTI13/ kumÖ³/ 7 éf¶suRkTI13/ kumÖ³/ 8 éf¶suRkTI13/ kumÖ³/ 9

elxerog eQμaH kic©kar ry³eBl 0 15 30 45 0 15 30 45 0 15 30 45
1 cak;saMgT,an 0.06 D
2 ebIkT,aneTAkaras;saMg 10 naTI
3 ctT,anEk,rFugsaMg 1 naTI
4 ecjBIT,an 1 naTI
5 ebIkKMrbsaMgT,an 1 naTI
6 TajTueyaeRbg 1 naTI
7 bBa©ÚlTueyaeRbgeTAkñúgsaMgT,an 1 naTI
8 sgát;KnøwHTueyaeRbg 1 naTI
9 bMeBjsaMgeTAkñúgT,an 4 naTI
10 dkTueyaeRbgmkvijeBjsaMgeBj 1 naTI
11 T,anmansaMgeBj 0 naTI
12 dak;TueyaeRbgeTAFugsaMgvijrbs;karas; 1 naTI
Milestone
13 bitKMrbeRbgsaMgT,an 1 naTI
14 edIreTAkEnøgKitluy 1 naTI
15 eFIVkarTUTat; 5 naTI
16 cUleTAkñúgT,anvijehIyebIkT,anecjeTA 2 naTI
109
cUrkt;sMKal;enAkñúg]TarhN_enH faetIkic©karmYycMnYnRtUv)anbBa©b; munkargardéTeTotcab;epþIm
edayebobNa nig kt;sMKal;pgEdrfa kic©karmYycMnYnCan;eBlKña ehIyEdlGacGnuvtþkñúgeBlTnÞwmKña.
GñkKYrEtemIlKMrUenH enAeBlbegáIt Gantt charts sMrab;kargarrbs;GñkpÞal; ¬cUremIl Assignment 2.0¦.
enAeBlEdlGnuvtþKMeragGñkGacemIleXIjfa Gñk)ansMercTisedAmYy b¤bBa©b;kic©karmYycMnYn

Edlkic©karTaMgenHmankarTak;TgKña. ]TahrN_ enAeBlsagsg;pÞHmYyxñgeKniyayfa RKwHRtUv)an
eKcak;muneK. Cakarc,as;Nas;fa kic©kard¾Cak;lak;mYyenHmankic©karrgtUc²rbs;vaCaeRcIneTot dUcCa
karerobcMTIkEnøgsagsg; kargarcak;ebtug nig kargarerobGidæ CaedIm. karbBa©b;kic©kartUc²TaMgenH
mansar³sMxan;Nas; edIm,IQandl;karbBa©b;kic©karemrYmrbs;va enAeBlvaekIteLIgrebobenH eKehAvafaCa
eKal (milestone). Milestone KWCacMnucmYyEdlkic©karmYycMnYnRtUv)aneKbBa©b; enAkñúgGayukal
rbs;KMerag vak¾GacRtUv)aneKehACa kalbriecäTkMNt; (deadline). Milestone EdlbgðajenAelI Gantt
charts Kμanry³eBleT.
KuNsm,tiþ nig KuNvibtiþén Gantt charts ³

KuNsm,tiþénkareRbIeRbIR)as; Gantt charts mandUcxageRkam³
• vabgðajGMBIBt’manrbs;KMeragkñúgTRmg;CaRkahVic.
• vabgðajGMBIry³eBlénkarGnuvtþn_kic©karnimYy².
• vabgðajGMBI Milestones sMxan;rbs;KMeragtamlMdab;tKñarbs;RBwtiþkarN_.
KuNvibtiþénkareRbIR)as; Gantt charts mandUcxageRkam³

• vaBi)akkñúgkarbgðajnUvKMeragEdlmanPaBsμúKsμajenAelI chart EtmYy.KMeragrgtUc² rbs;va
(sub-project) caM)ac;RtUvbgðajenAelI chart dac;edayELkBIKña.
• lMdab;tKña nigTMnak;TMngrvagkic©karCaeRcIn minGacRtUv)anbgðajeGay)anc,as;RKb;eBl
enaHeLIy.
skmμPaB 7A
110
kar)a:n;sμaneBlevla
edIm,IbegáIt Gantt chart edayeCaKC½y nigsuRkwtmYy GñkcaM)ac;dwgBIry³eBlénkic©karnimYy²

EdlnwgRtUvGnuvtþ. dUcGñk)aneronrYcehIy karKNnaeTAelIry³eBl EdleKtMrUvGacBwgEp¥keTAelI
kar)a:n;sμanbIRbePT.
edIm,ICarMlwkdl;Gñk kar)a:n;sμanTaMgenHKW ³
kar)a:n;sμansuTidæniym ³ RbkarenHGacRtUv)aneKsMerc)an RbsinebIkic©karTaMgGs; EdlCab;

Bak;B½n§enAkñúgKMerag dMeNIrkareTAtamEpnkaredayKμanbBaðaNamYyekIteLIg.
kar)a:nsμanRbhak;RbEhl ³ RbkarenHGacsMerc)anenAeBlEdleyIgKitbBa©ÚlnUvbBaðaTaMgGs;
EdlGacnwgekItmandUcCa karQWsáat; GakasFatuminGMeNaypl CaedIm.
kar)a:n;sμanTuTidæiniym ³ RbkarenHGacsMerc)annUveBlEdleyIgKitbBa©ÚlTaMg bBaðaeRKaHFmμCati

FM². EdleKsÁal;faCa ; krNIesnarIyU:GaRkk;bMput ; (worst case scenario).
enAeBlvamanRbeyaCn_kñúgkar)a:n;sμaneGayelIs cMeBaHFnFanEdlcaM)ac;edIm,IGnuvtþKMeragkar
eRbIR)as;kar)a:n;sμanEbbRbhak;RbEhlKWCa cMNuccab;epþImmYyd¾RbesIrmYy.
skmμPaB 7A
s ÉksarenAkñúg Assignment 2 (2.1.1)
skmμPaB 7B - Gantt Chart
skmμPaB 7C

skmμPaB 7D
111
PERT Chart
PERT KWCaGkSrbMRBYjénBaküfa ticnicvaytMél nigBinitüeLIgvijelIKMerag. vaTak;TgeTAnwg

karerobrab;GMBIkic©karTaMgGs;eTAtamlMdab;bnþKñaRtwmRtUv eTAtamrebobEdlkic©karTaMgGs; enHRtUv)an
Gnuvtþ nigtamkarTMnak;TMngKñaeTAvijeTAmkrbs;va. taragenHmanBt’manRsedogKñadUc EdleKeRbIR)as;
enAkñúg Gantt Chart Edr k¾b:uEnþvabgðajkñúgTMrg;epSgKña EdlCaTUeTAminR)ab;BIRkiteBlevlaenaHeT.
kic©karnanaRtUv)aneKbgðajenAkñúgRbGb; b¤enAkñúgrgVg;. RbGb;kargarRtUv)aneKP¢ab;eTAnwgRbGb;

kargarmYyeTot edaymanTMnak;TMngrNb. enHmann½yfa kic©karbnþmYyKWGaRs½yelIkic©karmunRtUv)an
bBa©b; ¬EdleKehAfakic©karmun¦ munnwgkargarbnÞab;Gaccab;epþIm nigbBa©b;.
TMnak;TMngrNbrvagkic©karTaMgenHCajwkjab;bMputKWCa karbBa©b; edIm,I karcab;epþIm (finish to
start). enHmann½yfakic©karTImYyRtUvEtbBa©b;munnwgcab;epþImkic©karTIBIreTot.
PaBrNbnanaGacmanpgEdrCa ³
• karcab;epþIm edIm,I karcab;epþIm (start to start)
• karbBa©b; edIm,I karbBa©b; (finish to finish)
RbGb; b¤rgVg;énkic©karnimYy²manBt’mansMxan;mYycMnYn. Bt’manTaMgenHCa ³

1. kalbriecäTcab;epþImelOnbMput (ES)
2. kalbriecäTbBa©b;yUrbMput (LF)
3. ry³eBlénkic©kar
4. GtþsBaØaNrbs;kic©kar CaeQμaH b¤elx
xageRkamenH KWCa]TahrN_sþIBI tarag PERT cMnYnBIr EdlykmkBI]TahrN_mkBI Gantt

Chart xagelI. RbGb;EdlmanRbGb;ditFMbgðajBIkic©karKnwøH (Critical Path) kñúg]TahrN_ xageRkam enH
112
erob\dækñúgpÞH erobcMePøIgGKÁIsnI kargarCageQI nigkat;teQI labfñaM nigtubEtg
4 1 éf¶ 2 5éf¶ 8 14 éf¶ 9 14 éf¶
20-10-97 20-10-97 21-10-97 27-10-97 07-11-97 28-11-97 27-11-97 13-12-97
ekaskMe)arecjBICBa©aMg
1 14 éf¶ RkalkMralRBM
01-10-97 14-10-97 10 3 éf¶
erobcM nig bUk 17-12-97 19-12-97
3 14 éf¶
erobcMRbB½n§Twk
20-10-97 8-11-97
7 9éf¶ cUlsñak;enA
27-10-97 08-11-97 11 1éf¶
erobcM\dæeRkApÞH 22-12-97 22-12-97
3 5éf¶
20-10-97 22-10-97 Rbk;dMbUl
8 1éf¶
23-10-97 23-10-97
PERT Chart bgðajBIkargartubEtglMGreKhdæanmYyeT,Igvij

113
ebIkLaneTAkarassaMg karcak;saMgLanrbs;Gñk
2 10naTI 1 6naTI
ctLanEk,rFugsaMg
3 1naTI
ecjBILan
4 1naTI PERT Chart sþIBIkargarcak;saMgLanrbs;Gñk
ebIKMrbFugsaMg
5 1naTI
TajTueyacak;saMg
6 1naTI
bBa©ÚlTueyaeTAkñúgFugsaMg
7 10naTI
sgát;KnwøHTueyaeRbg vilRtLb;mkkan;LanvijehIyebIkecjeTA
8 1naTI 16 2naTI
cak;saMgLan eFIVkarTUTat;
9 4naTI 15 0naTI
dkTueyasaMgecj edIreTAkEnøgKitluyedIm,Ibg;R)ak;
10 1naTI 14 2naTI
LanmansaMgeBj dak;TueyaeTAelIFugsaMgvij biTKMrbsaMgLan

11 0naTI 12 1naTI 13 1naTI
114
karviPaKelIpøÚvsMxan; (Critical Path Analysis)
tmkBI PERT chart KWCa Critical Path Analysis (CPA). enH CaticnicTMenIb mYykñúgkar
eFVIEpnkar nigRtYtBinitü EdlkMNt;bgðajBIkic©kard¾mansar³sMxan; EdleKTamTareGayGnuvtþ edIm,IbBa©b;
KMeragedayeCaKC½y. Critical Path KWCapøÚvd¾Evgq¶aybMputénkic©kar Tak;TgeTAnwgeBlevlaenAelI bNþaj
(network) b¤ PERT chart rhUtdl;karbBa©b;KMerag BIkarcab;epþImdl;cb;. enHminmann½yfa
kic©karTaMgGs;suT§EtTak;TgeTAnwg Critical Path enaHeT. Critical Part KWCapøÚvd¾Evgq¶aybMput.
\LÚvenH cUrsikSa]TahrN_én PERT chart Edl)acbgðajxageRkamenH ³
kic©karTI2 kic©karTI6
2éf¶ 6éf¶
kic©karTI1 kic©karTI4 kic©karTI7 kic©karTI9

1éf¶ 4éf¶ 7éf¶ 9éf¶
kic©karTI3 kic©karTI5 kic©karTI8

3éf¶ 5éf¶ 8éf¶
karcab;epþIm karbBa©b;
eBlevla
enAkñúg]TahrN_én PERT chart xagelI GñkKYrkt;sMKal;fa kic©karsMxan;CaeRcInTak;TgKñaeTAvijeTAmk.

GñkKYrEtkt;sMKal; pgEdrfa manpøÚvepSg²BIKñakñúgkarGnuvtþkic©karTaMgenH edIm,InaMeTAdl;karbBa©b;KMerag.
bnÞat;BN’RkhmbgðajBI Critical Path ehIyRtUvbgðajedaykarKNnadUcxageRkam ³
pøÚvsMxan;xagelIKW 1 + 2 + 6 + 9 = 18éf¶
pøÚvsMxan;kNþalKW 1 + 3 + 4 + 7 + 9 = 24éf¶
pøÚvsMxan;xageRkamKW 1 + 3 + 5 + 8 + 9 = 26éf¶
skmμ P
pøÚvsMxan;xageRkamKW
aB 7D
1 + 3 + 5 + 8 + 9 = 26éf¶ (Critical Path)
115
skmμPaB 7A
rcnasm<½n§bMEbkkargar (Work Breakdown Structures) (WBS)
rcnasm<½n§bMEbkkargar (WBS) KWCakarerobcMeTAtamlMdab;fñak;mYy EdlRsedogKñaeTAnwg

rcnasm<½n§éntaragerobcMBIelIcuHeRkam. vaGacRtUv)aneRbIR)as;Tak;TgeTAnwgkargar b¤FatudUc]TahrN_
xageRkam ³
WBS kMNt;bgðajBIkargarTaMgGs;EdlRtUveFIVeTAelIKMerag ehIybMEbkvaTaMgGs;enH eGay

eTACakargartUc²EdlGacRKb;RKg)an. kargartUc²TaMgenHRtUv)anbgðaj eTAtamlMdab;fñak;énTMnak;TMng
rbs;vaeTAvijeTAmk. KuNsm,tiþmYyénkarbMEbkkic©karenHKWWfa eKGac)a:n;sμankargartUc² EdlGac
RKb;RKgedaygayRsYlCag .
TMM rg;BIrepSgeTotén WBS KW³
• rcnasm<½n§bMEbkkargarrbs;GgPaB OBS ( Organizational Breakdown Structures )
ehIynwg
• rcnasm<½n§ bMEbkkargarrbs;plitpl PBS ( Product Breakdown Structures )
TMrg;TaMgBIrenHmaneKalbMNgEtmYy.
KnøwHnanaedIm,IbegáIt WBS KW ³
1. rcnasm<½n§dac;edayELkBIKñac,as;las;.
2. Fanafarcnasm<½n§nimYy²GaceFIVkareRbobeFob)aneTAtamTMnak;TMngrbs;va.
3. kic©karrgtUc²rbs;kic©karnana)anlMGitc,as;las;.
116
]TarhrN_³ taragrcnasm<½n§kargarbMEbk
visSmkalénRkumRKYrsar
eBlevla TisedA tMél epSg²
visSmkal karQb;sMrak kñúgRsuk GnþrCati TTYlR)ak;km©I R)ak;snSM

rbs;»Bukmþay enAsalaeron
PaBGacrk)an cMgay
karcak;va:k;saMug
enAkñúgKMeragenH RkumRKYrsarRtUvEtsMerccitþykvisSmkalsMrab;RkumRKYsarmYy. Gñknwgkt;sMKal;

fakic©karnimYy²minRtwmEtRtUv)anBicarNab:ueNÑaHeT bu:EnþmansMnYrCaeRcIneTot k¾RtUv)anecaTsYrpgEdr enA
Rtg;cMnucenH. dMeNIrkarTaMgmUlKWedIm,IqøúHbBa©aMgeTAelI ; EpñkénkarBicarNa ;. GñkGacecaTsYrnUvsMnYr
TaMgenHcMeBaHRbGb;nimYy²fa etIGVIEdlGñkRtUvkaredIm,IGnuvtþkic©karenH?
ticnicepSg²eTotTak;TgeTAnwgkarerobrab;xagelIKW ³
Matrix énkarTTYlxusRtUvelIkic©kar - vaCaRbGb;ragctuekaNEkgedaymankic©kar CaeRcInnwg
RtUvbMeBjenAxagEpñkmçag ehIyeQμaHrbs;buKÁlik nig GgÁPaBsßitenAxagelI.
ticnic Earned value ticnicenHTak;TgeTAnwgkarvas;elItMéledImBitR)akdrbs; kargarEdl)an

Gnuvtþ (ACWP) tMélkñúgKMeragfvikaénkargarEdl)anGnuvtþ (BCWP) nig tMélkñúgKMeragfvikaénkargar
117
Edl)anEdldak;kalviPaK (BCWS) . lT§§plRtUv)anbgðajCaRkahVik ehIyP¢ab;TMnak;TMngrvagtémø nig
eBlevlaEdlERbRbYl.
]TahrN_ 1 ³ KMeragmYyEdleKGnuvtþ)an 50% énvdþGayukalrbs;va EdlkMBugrt;Tan;kalviPaK

nwgTTYl)antMélsrub (value) énkargarEdl)anbBa©b; .
]TahrN_ 2 ³ KMeragmYyEdleKGnuvtþ)an 50% énvdþGayukalrbs;va edaymankic©kar

mYycMnYn)an)at;ecj nwgmanTak;TgeTAnwgkarbUk nig kardk kic©kartamlMdab;bnþKña rhUtdl;dMNak;kal
50% edIm,IKNnatMélEdlTTYl)anmkdl;RtwmenH (calculate earned value to date).
segçb
dMNak;kalCaTUeTAcMnYn 6 kñúgkarbegáIt PERT chart nwg Critical Path KW ³

1. kMNt;niymn½yrbs;KMerag nigkMNt;eGay)anc,as;las;eTAelIkic©karTaMgGs;.
2. begIáIteGayTMnak;TMngrvagkargarepSg² bnÞab;mksMercfaetI kargarNamYyRtUvGnuvtþmuneK.
3. KUsbNþajP¢ab;kic©karTaMgGs;CamYyKña.
4. kMNt;eBlevla nigtMélsMrab;kic©karTaMgGs;enH.
5. EsVgrk Critical Path edayKNnaeTAelIry³eBld¾yUrbMputtamry³bNþaj.
6. eRbIR)as;bNþajedIm,IeFVIEpnkar Binitütamdan nig RtYtBinitüKMerag.
118

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Regent School of Business

bnÞab;BIbBa©b;emeronTI 1 enH Gñknwg)anyl;GMBI ³

kardak;kMhitelIkarcMNay nig eBlevla edIm,eFVIeGaysMerc)annUvkarpøas;bþÚrmYy EdlRbkbedaypl

KMeragCadMeNIrkarmYyEdleFIVeLIg edIm,IsMerceGay)annUveKalbMNg b¤ edIm,IedaHRsaybBaða.

emeronenHepþatCasMxan;eTAelIfaetI RtUvbegáItEpnkarKMerag nig kMnt;GtþsBaØaNsmasFaturbs;

cMeBaHkarGaneTAelIÉksardéT Gñknwg)anCYbRbTHnUvniymn½yepSgBIenHeTot kñúgqñaM 1993

{ TMrg;gayRsYlbMputrbs;KMerag KWCakareFVIkargarmYydac;edayELk EdlmanvtßúbMNgTaMgLay

kñúgvKÁsikSaenH GñknwgeFIVkarCamYynwgdMNak;kalkMNt;GtþsBaØaNTaMg 6 énvdþGayukalrbs;KMerag

ebskkmμKMerag¼TisedA nig kmμvtßú

KMeragGacekIteLIgkñúgGgÁPaBmYy EdldMeNIrkarGaRs½yeTAelI TsSnviC¢a rcnasm½<n§ nig vb,Fm’

skmμPaB¼kic©kar sMNuMkic©karCaeRcInCak;lak; nimYy² b¤ KMeragnimYy²

karRtYtBinitü¼karRKb;RKg RtYtBinti üelIkic©kar nigvdþGayukalKMerag

tamry³niymn½y yuT§sa®sþ)anmkBIesckþIEføgkarN_sþIGMBIebskkmμrYm. yuT§sa®sþpþl;nUvTisedA

xageRkamenH Gñknwg)anBicarNaelI\Ti§BlepSg²KñaeTAelIGgÁPaBTaMgLay EdlBak;B½n§kñúgKMerag

vtßúbMNgrs;KMeragGacCa ExSedk (Horizontal) EdlpSaP¢ab;rvagnaykdçan b¤ muxgarEdlCa

TImYy ]TahrN_xagelI)anbgðajBIPaBbraC½yelIkarTMnak;TMngrvagEpñkTIpSar nigRkumplitkmμ.

karGnuvtþKMeragKYrEtRtUv)anpSaP¢ab;eTAnwg {karcg;)an nigtRmUvkar} rbs;GgÁPaB (Organization's

GacCakarrkR)ak;cMeNj tamry³kareFIVeGayesvakmμkan;EtRbesIreLIg b¤karBRgIkplitkmμ b¤karbEnßm

BaküTaMgenHRtUv)aneRbIedIm,IepþateTAelI { eKaledA } EdlnwgRtUveFIVeGay)ansMerc.

enAeBlEdlbegáItKMeragmYyeLIg enaHGacmanvtßúbMNgsMxan;mYycMnYn EdlGacbMEbktUc²teTA

xagelIenH eyIg)anBicarNGMBI vtßúbMNg nigBN’navafaCa { karcg;)an nig tMrUvkar } rbs;GgÁPaB.

r)aykarN_lT§pl RtUv)anbegáIteLIgenAdMNak;kalcab;epþIm enAeBleFIVGtþsBaØaNkmμEpnkar

CMhanTI2 bMErbMrYleTACa {lT§pl}

CMhanTI4 bMErbMrYlcMnucnimYy²[eTACa { lT§pl}

CMhanTI5 GnuvtþeLIgvij ¬cMNuckñúgdMNak;kal 1 dl;dMNak;kal 4¦

cMNucdMbUgEdlRtUvcgcaMKW KMeragRtUvEtmanTMnak;TMngCamYy nwgtMrUvkarrbs;PaKITaMgLayEdl

enAeBlEdlTisedA vtßúbMNg ehIynwgeKaledA RtUvsMercrbs;KMeragTaMgmUl)anbegáIteLIg

enAeBlEdlkareFVIGtþsBaØaNkmμkargarRtUv)anbBa©b; enAdMNak;kalbnÞab;KW dMeNIrkarénkareFIVkar

dMNak;kalniymn½yRtUvsMerc)an enAeBlEdlKMerag)ankMNt;rYc )anyl;RBm nigmankarsMerc

manEpñk 4 sMxan; EdlcaM)ac;RtUvkMNt; kMNt;GtþsBaØaN nigyl;RBmKW ³

cUrcgcaM ³ edIm,Ivivtþn_ecjBIdMNak;kalenH)an ral;cMNucxagelIRtUvEtman.

ral;KMeragTaMgGs;caM)ac;RtUveFIVhirBaØb,Tan. enHecjmkBIehae):ApÞal;rbs;GtifiCn b¤ecjBIRbPB

vaCaRbkarsMxan;EdlkareFIVEpnkarhirBaØvtßú RtUv)aneFIVeLIgmuneBlEdlKMeragcab;epþIm nigCakar

cUrcgcaM ³ edIm,Ivivtþn_ecjBIdMNak;kalenH)an RtUvEtmannUvPsþútagc,as;las; bBa¢ak;BIkar

FatucMNayrYmmannUvesckþIsegçbénFnFanTaMgGs; EdlRtUvkarsMrab;KMerag. RbFanRKb;RKgKMerag

Bt’mantbmkKN³RKb;RKg GtifiCn nig édKUEdlBak;B½n§nwgKMeragvij KWCaEpñkénnItiviFIKuNPaB.

6. RbtibtþikaredayGñkeRbIR)as; b¤karRbKl;eGay nigr)aykarN_vaytMél

r)aykarN_vaytMélBak;B½n§nwgkarvaytMélelIPaBeCaKC½yénKMerag nigkarsikSaeLIgvij GBIbBaða

karviPaKmuxgar CadMeNIrkarEdlGñkkMNt;GtþsBaØaN nigbMEbkkic©karTaMgGs;EdlBak;B½n§nwgKMerag

cUrcgcaM ³ Rtg;cMnucenH edIm,IbBa¢ak;eGay)anc,as; minRtUvPan;RcLMkarviPaKmuxgar CamYyKñanwg

dUcEdlelakGñk)aneXIjehIydMNak;kalnimYy² RtUv)anbMEbkCamuxgartUc² EdlGacRKb;RKg)an

ecjBIcMnucenH r)aykarN_lT§plénRbtibtþikarCaeRcInGacRtUv)anbegáIt EdlqøúHbBa©aMgBIdMNak;kal

{EpnkarTIpSar nigkarlk; sMrab;

Level 1 Level 2 Level 3

karsMerc)an TMhMeBlevla éføedIm nigKuNPaBEdlsMxan;²

kñúgkMLúgdMNak;kalénkareFIVGtþsBaØaNkmμbBaða 3 sMxan;² EdlRtUvBicarNaKW ³

muneBlcab;epþIm GñkKYrEtBicarNaBakükñúgRKamYyrbs;elak Cyrus Vance GnuelxaFikarén

karEføgxagelIrbs;elak Cyrus Vance Gacsnμt;faBitcMeBaHKMeragxøH. kñúgniymn½yeBlevla

• bBaðaFnFanmnusS ]> karCRmujTwkcitþFnFanmnusS CMgW nig suxPaB

xagelIenHRKan;EtCabBaðaxøHb:ueNÑaH EdlGacb:HBal;dl;KMerag nigbegáItnUvplvi)akd¾F¶n;F¶r

ry³eBlsrubénKMeragmYy GaRs½yelIkarbBa©b;edayeCaKC½y énkic©karBak;B½n§TaMgGs;.

KnøwHKWRtg;fa RtUvRKb;RKgeBlevlarbs;Gñk b¤ cUlrYmCamYyKMerag eFIVdUcenHedIm,IsMerceGay

Canic©kal vamanRbeyaCn_Nas; kñúgkarrkeGayeXIjfaetI RtUvcMNayeBlevlab:unμanedIm,I

RkummYyEdlkMBugRBagGMBIskmμPaBnanarbs;KMerag )annwkeXIjnUvCRmIsdUcxageRkam GMBIcMnYnéf¶

= 7 + (4x10) +16 = 63/ 6

cMNaM ³ mUlniFibMrugGacRtUv)andak; CaFatumYyrbs;KeM ragfvikadac;edayxøÜnva b:uEnþvak¾Gacdak;

enAeBlEdleFVkI arBicarNaelIKMeragrbs;Gñk GñkRtUvEtKitBIRbePTénéføcMNayTaMgGs;xagelI.

KuNPaB GacnaMeGaymansMnYrKnøwHBIr Bak;B½n§nwgEpñkBIr ³

2. etIKMeragGacRtUv)anbBa©b;RbkbedayPaBeCOCak;)an nig RtUv)anRbKl;eGayRbkbedaysþg;da

vcnanuRkm The Collins English Dictionary kMNt;niymn½y {KuNPaB} faCa ³

xageRkamKWCa]TahrN_smμtikmμmYy (hyphothetical example). RbsineRbIKuNPaBRtUv)an

epþImecjBIsMNYrsMxan;enH naMeGayekItmansMNYrCaeRcIneTot Tak;TgeTAnwgviFIsa®sþCaeRcInxus²

]TahrN_ cUrsMlwgemIls½kþsiT§PaB (efficiency) rbs;KN³RKb;RKgfñak;x<s; b¤ fñak;kNþal