NURSING: AN ART AND SCIENCE

NURSING
-a caring profession
-comes from the Latin word, nutricius means to fosters, comfort and protects
-the diagnosis or treatment of human response to actual or potential problem (ANA)

4 MAJOR CONCEPTS OF NURSING THEORIES

Person (most important concept)
Environment
Health
Nursing

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE IN NURSING

I. Intuitive Nursing Period (Primitive Period; Ancient Civilization)
- It is practiced since prehistoric times among primitive tribes ad lasted through the early
Christian era
- ability to see something without reason
-spirit of nursing started
-based on Love, Instinct and Desire
-disease oriented
Beliefs and Practices
1. People are nomads. His philosophy of life was "the best for the most" and he was ruled
by the Law of Self-Preservation
2. Nursing was a function that belonged to women
3. Believed that illness is caused by evil spirits (voodoos)
4. Believed in medicine man (Shahman) who practices trephining (drilling a hole in the skull
with a rock or stone without anesthesia)
Contributions
1. Egypt
 Art of embalming (Anatomy and Physiology)
 Recognition of 250 diseases
2. China
 Pharmacology (Muteria Medica)
3. Babylonia
 Code of Hammurabi- practices of medicines and nursing
4. India
 Sushurutu- qualifications of nurses (job descriptions)
5. Israel
 Moses is recognized as the Father of Sanitation
 Ritual of circumcision of the male child
6. Ancient Greek
 Introduced caduceus, the insignia of medical profession today
 Hippocrates was given the title Father of Scientific Medicine
II. Apprentice Nursing Period
-began in 11th century and ended in 1836
-It is called the Period of "On-Job" Training
-Curative aspect of nursing
-Volunteer nurses received information from trained nurses
 Establishment of Kaiserwerth Institute for the training of Deaconessess (a training
school for nurses)- establish by Pastor Theodore Fliedner and Frederika Munster
Fliedner in Germany
Important Nursing Personages
1. St. Elizabeth of Hungary (Patroness of Nurses)
2. St. Catherine of Sienna (First Lady with a Lamp)
3. St. Clare (Founder of the Second Order of St. Francis of Assisi)

III. Dark Period of Nursing

-from the 17th century to the 19th century
-rise of Protestantism and downfall of Roman Catholicism
-anything related to Catholicism were destroyed (churches and hospitals)
-no provisions for the sick, no one to care for the sick
-Nursing became the work of least desirable of women as personified in a Charles Dickens'
novel as Sairey Gamp and Betsy Preg
a. women took bribe from patient
b. stole food from patient
c. used alcohol as a tranquilizer
d. use psychiatric patients for entertainment
Important Nursing Personages
1. Clara Barton (Founder of American Red Cross)
2. Dorothea Lynde Dix (Established the Nurse Corps of US Army)

IV. Educative Nursing Practice Period

-began on June 15, 1860 when the Florence Nightingale School of Nursing opened at St.
Thomas Hospital in London, England (St. Thomas Hospital School of Nursing)- best
contribution of Florence Nightingale in professional nursing
-marked the birth of formal education
 Florence Nightingale (Mother of Modern Nursing)
(Lady with a Lamp)
- born on May 12, 1820 in Florence, Italy
- entered the Deaconnes School at Kaiserworth for 6months
- published two books: Notes in Nursing and Notes on Hospital (What is it and What is it
not?)
 England (pioneer country for modern nursing)

V. Contemporary Nursing Period

-after World War II to the present
 -knowledge based

HISTORY OF NURSING IN THE PHILIPPINES

A. Earliest Hospitals
1. Hospital Real de Manila (1577)- first hospital
2. San Lazaro Hospital (1578)- founded by Brother Juan Clemente and exclusively for
leprosy patients
B. Hospitals and School of Nursing
1. Iloilo Mission Hospital School of Nursing (Iloilo City, 1906)- first school
2. St. Paul's Hospital of Nursing (Manila, 1907)
3. Mary Johnston Hospital and School of Nursing (Manila, 1907)
C. First Colleges of Nursing
1. University of Sto. Tomas College of Nursing (1946)
2. Manila Central University College of Nursing (1947)
3. University of the Philipines College of Nursing (1948)
D. Important Nursing Personages
1. Anastacia Giron-Tupas (First Chief Nurse Superintendent and founder of Philippines
Nurses Association)
2. Rosa Militar (Pioneer in School Health Education)
3. Loreto Tupaz (Dean of Philippine Nursing and Florence Nightingale of Iloilo)
4. Julita Sotejo (First Dean of UP College of Nursing)
5. Hilaria Aguinaldo (Founder of Filipino Red Cross)
6. Sor Taciana Triñanes (First Directress of UST College of Nursing)

THEORIES AND FRAMEWORK OF NURSING

Theorist Nursing Theory/Framework
Florence Nursing is the act of manipulating the patient’s environment (noise,
Nightingale (1860) nutrition, hygiene, light, comfort, socialization & hope) to assist him in his
Environmental recovery
Theory
Nursing is an interpersonal process of therapeutic interactions between
Hidegard Peplau
nurse and client developing a relationship where they mutually define the
(1952)
problem and potential solutions in which the nurse serves as a resource
Psychodynamic
person, counselor and surrogate
Nursing Theory
4 overlapping phases: orientation, identification, exploitation, resolution
Virginia Henderson Nursing is assisting an individual, sick or well, in the performance of
(1955) those activities contributing to health, recovery or peaceful death that the
Definition of Nursing individual would perform unaided if they had the necessary strength, will
or knowledge.
Henderson’s 14 Basic Needs: breath, eat & drink, eliminate, posture,
sleep, dress, temperature, hygiene, communicate, worship, work, place,
 Theorist Nursing Theory/Framework
learn, avoid danger
Faye Abdellah Nursing is a caring, intelligent, competent & technically well-prepared
(1960) service to the whole person, family & society. She identified 21 specific
Problem Solving client needs or nursing problem
Approach Defined nursing as having a problem solving approach with key
Typology of 21 nursing problems related to health needs of people
Nursing Problem
Ida Jean Orlando Nursing is interacting with clients to meet immediate needs by identifying
(1961) client behavior, nurses reaction & nursing action to be taken
Three elements She observed that the nurse provide direct assistance to meet an
compose the nursing immediate need for help in order to avoid or to alleviate distress or
situation helplessness
Lydia Hall Nursing centers on 3 components: CORE (therapeutic use of self),
(1962) CURE (disease & treatment) and CARE (body). Lydia Hall, also known
Nursing Circle for coining the term Nursing Process

Myra Levine Nursing is interaction aimed at conserving energy to optimize use of

(1966) client resources.
Conservation Theory 4 Conservation Principles: conserve client energy, structural, personal
and social integrity

Dorothea E. Goal of nursing is to reduce stress so that the client can move more
Johnson easily through recovery.
(1968) Behavioral System Model: consists of 7 basic needs or behavioral
Behavioral System subsystems, namely, security, nurturance, nourishment, elimination,
Model achievement, self-protection, sex

Martha E. Rogers Science of Unitary Human Beings: The individual or unitary human
(1970) being is an energy field coexisting within the universe and is more than
Unitary Human just the sum of its part
Beings as an Energy
Field

Dorothea E. Orem Goal of nursing is to help client attain self care, i.e. learned, goal-
(1971) oriented activity directed toward the self in the interest of maintaining life,
Self Care and Self health and well being.
Care Deficit Theory 3 Nursing Systems: wholly compensatory (all nursing care must be
perform, i.e. comatose patients), partially compensatory (both the nurse
and patient), supportive educative (knowledge deficit)
Imogene King 3 dynamic interacting systems: personal, interpersonal and social form
(1971) the basis for nurse client-relationship. Goal of nursing is to use
Goal Attainment communication to assist the client in reestablishing or maintaining
Theory positive adaptation to the environment
Nursing process is defined as dynamic interpersonal process between
 Theorist Nursing Theory/Framework
client, nurse and health system
Betty Neuman Goal of nursing is to assist client in stress (intra-, inter-, and extra-
(1972) personal) reduction via primary, secondary or tertiary levels of
Health Care Systems prevention
Model
Madeleine
Leininger She advocated that nursing is a humanistic and scientific mode of helping
(1978) client through specific cultural caring processes (values, beliefs and
Transcultural Care practices) which is central and unifying domain used to improve or
Theory maintain health

Sister Callista Roy Views the client as an adaptive system. Goal of nursing is to help client
(1979) adapt to changes in physiologic needs, self-concept, role functions and
Adaptation Model interdependent relations
She viewed each person as a unified bio-psychosocial system in
constant interaction with a changing environment
Jean Watson Human Caring Model: Goal of nursing is to promote health and prevent
(1979) illness through caring that is transpersonal and humanistic.
Philosophy and She emphasized that nursing is the application of the art and human
Science of Caring science through transpersonal caring transactions to help persons
Care and 10 Curative achieve mind-body-soul harmony, which generates self-knowledge, self-
Elements control, self-care and self-healing
Clients are open, mutual and in constant interaction with the environment.
Rosemarie Rizzo
Health is a continuous, open process rather than a state of well being.
Parse
She emphasized free choice of personal meaning in relating to value
(1981)
priorities, co-creating of rhythmical patterns, in exchange with the
Theory of Human
environment and contranscending in many dimensions as possibilities
Becoming
unfold.