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Faculty-Wide Courses 2009-2010

Thermo-Chemistry Enthalpy Changes in Chemical Process

SHEET No.2
PART 1

1. Two forms of carbon are graphite, the soft, black, slippery material used in “lead”
pencils and a lubricant for locks, and diamond, the brilliant, hard, gemstone. Using
the enthalpies of combustion for graphite (-394 KJ/mol) and diamond (-396
KJ/mol), Calculate Δ H for the conversion of graphite to diamond:

C graphite (solid) C diamond (solid)

Given that

Cgraphite(s) + O2(g) CO2(g) ΔH = - 394 kJ/mole


Cdiamond(s) + O2(g) CO2(g) ΔH = - 396 kJ/mole

To solve this problem we simply switch the direction of the 2nd reaction (the
diamond reaction) and add the two reactions together. That is,

Cgraphite(s) + O2(g) CO2(g) ΔH1 = - 394 kJ/mole


CO2(s) Cdiamond(s) + O2(g) ΔH2= + 396 kJ/mole
_________________________________________ _____________________
Cgraphite(s) Cdiamond(s) ΔHtotal = ΔH1 + ΔH2 = 2 kJ/mole.

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Faculty-Wide Courses 2009-2010
Thermo-Chemistry Enthalpy Changes in Chemical Process

2. Methanol (CH3OH) is often used as a fuel in high performance engines in race cars.
Compare the standard enthalpy of combustion per gram of methanol with that per
gram of gasoline. A gasoline is actually a mixture of compounds, but assumes for
this problem that gasoline is a pure liquid octane (C8H18). (Standard enthalpies of
formation of CH3OH , C8H18 , CO2(g) and H2O(L) are
-239, -269, -394, and -286 KJ/mol respectively )

standard enthalpy of combustion per gram of methanol


3
CH3OH + 2 O2 CO2 + 2 H2O
Δ HC= ∑ Vi * Δ HF i
3
Δ HC CH3OH = (1 * Δ HF CO2 ) + (2 * Δ HF H20 ) + (-1 * Δ HF CH3OH ) + (- 2 * Δ HF O2 )
3
Δ HC CH3OH = (1 * -394 ) + (2 * -286 ) + (-1 * -239 ) + (- * 0 ) = - 727 KJ/mole
2

Mass CH3OH = NO. Mole CH3OH * M.WT CH3OH


Mass CH3OH = 1 * (12+4+16) = 1*32 = 32 gm

standard enthalpy of combustion per gram of methanol


Δ HC CH 3OH −727
= M.wt CH 3OH = 32
= -22.7 KJ/gm

standard enthalpy of combustion per gram of octane


25
C8H18 + 2
O2 8 CO2 + 9 H2O
Δ HC= ∑ Vi * Δ HF i
25
Δ HC C8H18 = (8 * Δ HF CO2 ) + (9 * Δ HF H20 ) + (-1 * Δ HF C8H18 ) + (- * Δ HF O2 )
2
25
Δ HC C8H18 = (8 * -394 ) + (9 * -286 ) + (-1 * -269 ) + (- * 0)
2
Δ HC C8H18 = ( - 3,152 ) + ( - 2,574 ) + ( 269 ) + ( 0 ) = - 5,457 KJ/mole

Mass C8H18 = NO. Mole C8H18 * M.WT C8H18


Mass C8H18 = 1 * ( 8*12+1*18) = 114 gm

standard enthalpy of combustion per gram of methanol


Δ HC C8H18 −5,457
= M.wt C8H18 = = - 47.86 KJ/gm
114

standard enthalpy of combustion per gram of octane > standard enthalpy of combustion
per gram of methanol

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Mob. 0109790568
Mail. IS-FE@HOTMAIL.COM
Faculty-Wide Courses 2009-2010
Thermo-Chemistry Enthalpy Changes in Chemical Process

3. Compare that energy available from the combustion of a given volume of methane
and the same volume of hydrogen at the same temperature and pressure. (standard
enthalpy of formation of methane is -75 KJ/mol )

Since, they (methane and hydrogen) have the same volume and operated at same
temperature and pressure, So that they have the same No. of moles.

a-The combustion of methane


CH4 + 2 O2 CO2 + 2 H2O
Δ HC= ∑ Vi * Δ HF i
Δ HC CH4 = (1 * Δ HF CO2 ) + (2 * Δ HF H20 ) + (-1 * Δ HF CH4 ) + (-2 * Δ HF O2 )
Δ HC CH4 = (1 * -394 ) + (2 * -286 ) + (-1 * - 75 ) + (-2 * 0 )
Δ HC CH4 = (-394 ) + ( -572 ) + (75 ) + (0 ) = - 891 KJ/mole

b-The combustion of Hydrogen


1
H2 + 2 O2 H2O
1
Δ HC H2 = (1 * Δ HF H20 ) + (-1 * Δ HF H2) + (- * Δ HF O2 )
2
25
Δ HC H2 = (1 * -286 ) + (-1 * 0 ) + (- * 0)
2
Δ HC C8H18 = ( - 286 ) + ( 0) + ( 0 ) = - 286 KJ/mole

standard enthalpy of combustion of methane > standard enthalpy of combustion hydrogen

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Mob. 0109790568
Mail. IS-FE@HOTMAIL.COM
Faculty-Wide Courses 2009-2010
Thermo-Chemistry Enthalpy Changes in Chemical Process

4. Assuming that the combustion of hydrogen gas provide three times as much energy
per gram as gasoline, calculate the volume of liquid H2 (Density = 0.0710 g/mL )
required to furnish the energy contained in 80.0 L of gasoline ( Density = 0.740
g/mL ). Calculate also the volume that this hydrogen would occupy as a gas at 1.00
atm and 25𝑜 C.

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Faculty-Wide Courses 2009-2010
Thermo-Chemistry Enthalpy Changes in Chemical Process

5. When 1 mole of methane (CH4) is burned at a constant pressure, 890 KJ of energy


is released as heat. Calculate Δ H for a process in which a 5.8 g sample of methane is
burned at constant pressure.

1 mole 890 KJ

I have to get the new no. of moles that burned to get the amount of energy released
No. of mole = Mass / M.Wt
= 5.8 / (12+4)
= 0.3625 mole

1 mole 890 KJ
0.3625 mole ???? KJ

0.3625 ∗890
??? KJ = = 322.625 KJ
1

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Faculty-Wide Courses 2009-2010
Thermo-Chemistry Enthalpy Changes in Chemical Process

6. Consider the following reaction:


CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (L) ΔH= -891 KJ
Calculated the enthalpy change for each of the following cases:
a- 1.00 g methane is burned in excess oxygen.
b- 1.00*103 L methane gas at 740 torr and 250C is burned in excess oxygen.

a- I have to get the no. of moles that burned to get the amount of energy released

No. of mole = Mass / M.Wt


= 1 / (16)
= 0.0625

enthalpy change is = No. of mole * -891


= 0.0625 * -891 = -55.6875 KJ

b- I have to get the no. of moles that burned to get the amount of energy released
P V = N R T
𝑎𝑡𝑚 .𝑙𝑖𝑡
( atm ) ( Lit ) = ( g mole ) (𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙 . 𝑘
) ( oK )

760 torr ( mmHg) 1 atm


740 torr ( mmHg) ??? atm
??? atm = ( 740 * 1 ) / (760 ) = 0.9736 atm

PV=NRT
𝑎𝑡𝑚 .𝑙𝑖𝑡
( 0.9736 atm ) ( 1,000 L ) = ( ?? g mole ) ( 0.082𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙 . 𝑘
)( 298 oK )
( ?? g mole ) = (973.6)/(298*0.082)
( ?? g mole ) = (973.6)/(24.436)
( ?? g mole ) = 39.84

enthalpy change is = No. of mole * -891


= 39.84 * -891 = - 35,499.98 KJ

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Faculty-Wide Courses 2009-2010
Thermo-Chemistry Enthalpy Changes in Chemical Process

7. The enthalpy of combustion of solid Carbon to form carbon dioxide is -393.7


KJ/mole carbons, and the enthalpy of combustion of carbon monoxide to form
carbon dioxide is -283.3 KJ/mole carbon monoxide. Use these data to calculate Δ H
for the reaction:
2C (s) + O2 2 CO (g)

1
C (s) + O2 (g) CO (g) Δ H1 =????? KJ/mole { Find }
2
1
CO(s) + O2(g) CO2 (g) Δ H2 = -283.3 KJ/mole { Given }
2
_______________________________________ ________________________________________

C (s) + O2(g) CO2 (g) Δ H3 = -393.7 KJ/mole { Given }

Δ H3 = Δ H1 + Δ H2
-393.7 = Δ H1 + ( -283.3 )
Δ H1 = -393.7 + 283.3
Δ H1 = -110.4 KJ/mole

so that

1
C (s) + O2(g) CO (g) Δ H1 = -110.4 KJ/mole { I proved }
2

But I need
2C (s) + O2 2 CO (g) Δ H = 2* -110.4 KJ/mole
Δ H = - 220.8 KJ /mole

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Mob. 0109790568
Mail. IS-FE@HOTMAIL.COM
Faculty-Wide Courses 2009-2010
Thermo-Chemistry Enthalpy Changes in Chemical Process

8. Ethanol (C2H5OH) has been proposed as an alternative fuel. Calculate the standard
of enthalpy of combustion per gram of liquid ethanol. Knowing that the standard
enthalpy of formation of ethanol (liquid) = -278 KJ/mole.

standard of enthalpy of combustion per gram of liquid ethanol


C2H5OH + 3 O2 2 CO2 + 3 H2O
Δ HC= ∑ Vi * Δ HF i
Δ HC C2H5OH = (2 * Δ HF CO2 ) + (3 * Δ HF H20 ) + (-1 * Δ HF C2H5OH) + (- 3* Δ HF O2 )
Δ HC C2H5OH = (2 * -394 ) + (3 * -286 ) + (-1 * -278 ) + (- 3 * 0 )
Δ HC C2H5OH = (- 788 ) + (- 858 ) + ( 278 ) + (0 ) = - 1,368 KJ/mole

Mass C2H5OH = NO. Mole C2H5OH * M.WT C2H5OH


Mass C2H5OH = 1 * ( 2*12+1*6+1*16) = 46 gm

standard enthalpy of combustion per gram of methanol


Δ HC C2H5OH − 1,368
= M.wt of methanol = 46
= - 29.739 KJ/gm

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Faculty-Wide Courses 2009-2010
Thermo-Chemistry Enthalpy Changes in Chemical Process

9. Some automobiles and buses have been equipped to burn propane (C3H8). Compare
the amounts of energy that can be obtained per gram of (C3H8 (g)) and per gram of
gasoline, assuming that gasoline is pure octane, (C8H18 (L)). Look up the boiling
point of propane. What disadvantages are there to using propane instead of
gasoline as fuel? (Standard enthalpies of formation of C3H8(g) and C8H18(L) are -104
and -269 KJ/mole respectively )

standard of enthalpy of combustion per gram of propane


C3H8 + 5 O2 3CO2 + 4 H2O
Δ HC= ∑ Vi * Δ HF i
Δ HC C3H8 = (3 * Δ HF CO2 ) + (4 * Δ HF H20 ) + (-1 * Δ HF C3H8) + (-5 * Δ HF O2 )
Δ HC C3H8 = (3 * -394 ) + (4 * -286 ) + (-1 * -104 ) + (-5 * 0 )
Δ HC C3H8 = (-1,182 ) + ( -1,144 ) + ( 104 ) + ( 0 ) = -2,222 KJ/mole

Mass C3H8= NO. Mole C3H8* M.WT C3H8


Mass C3H8= 1 * (3*12+8) = 1*32 = 44 gm

standard enthalpy of combustion per gram of methanol


Δ HC CH 3OH − 2,222
= = = - 50.50 KJ/gm
Mass CH 3OH 44

standard of enthalpy of combustion per gram of octane


25
C8H18 + 2
O2 8 CO2 + 9 H2O
Δ HC= ∑ Vi * Δ HF i
25
Δ HC C8H18 = (8 * Δ HF CO2 ) + (9 * Δ HF H20 ) + (-1 * Δ HF C8H18 ) + (- 2
* Δ HF O2 )
25
Δ HC C8H18 = (8 * -394 ) + (9 * -286 ) + (-1 * -269 ) + (- 2
* 0)
Δ HC C8H18 = ( - 3,152 ) + ( - 2,574 ) + ( 269 ) + ( 0 ) = - 5,457 KJ

Mass C8H18 = NO. Mole C8H18 * M.WT C8H18


Mass C8H18 = 1 * (8*12+1*18) = 114 gm

standard enthalpy of combustion per gram of Octane


Δ HC C8H18 −5,457
= Mass C8H18
= 114
= - 47.86 KJ/gm
Look up the boiling point of propane
−44 𝑜 𝑓+32
Propane Boiling Point is -44𝑜 F = - 6.66𝑜 𝑐 = 1.8
What disadvantages are there to using propane instead of gasoline as fuel?
1- At the ambient temperature propane found in gas state, which is hard to handling.

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Faculty-Wide Courses 2009-2010
Thermo-Chemistry Enthalpy Changes in Chemical Process

10. Assume that -4.19*106 KJ of energy is needed to heat a home. If this energy is
derived from the combustion of methane (CH4), what volume of methane,
measured at STP must be burned? (Δ𝐻 𝑜 combustion for CH4= -891 KJ/mole)

1 mole - 891 KJ
??? Mole - 4.19*106 KJ

(− 4.19∗10 6 )∗1
??? mole = − 891
= 4,702.581 mole

PV= NRT
𝑎𝑡𝑚 .𝑙𝑖𝑡
(atm ) ( Lit ) = ( g mole ) (𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙 . 𝑘
)( oK )
𝑎𝑡𝑚 .𝑙𝑖𝑡
(1 atm ) ( ?? Lit) = (4,702.581 g mole) (0.082 𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙 . 𝑘
) (273 oK)
4,702.581∗0.082∗273
(?? Lit ) = 1
= 105,271.97 lit

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Mob. 0109790568
Mail. IS-FE@HOTMAIL.COM
Faculty-Wide Courses 2009-2010
Thermo-Chemistry Enthalpy Changes in Chemical Process

11. At 298 K, the standard enthalpies of formation for C2H2 (g) and C6H6 (L) are 227
KJ/mole and 49 KJ/mole, respectively.
a- Calculate ΔHo for C6H6 (L) 3 C2H2 (g)
b- Both acetylene (C2H2) and benzene (C6H6) can be used as fuel. Which compound
will liberate more energy per gram when combusted in air?

a- Calculate ΔHo for C6H6 (L) 3 C2H2 (g)


standard enthalpies of formation for C2H2 (g)
2 C (S) + H2 (g) C2H2 (g) ΔHF C2H2= 227 KJ/mole
6 C (S) + 3H2 (g) 3C2H2 (g) ΔH F 3C2H2= 3*227 = 681 KJ

standard enthalpies of formation for C6H6 (L)


6 C (S) + 3H2 (g) C6H6 (L) ΔHF C6H6 = 49 KJ/mole
C6H6 (L) 6 C (S) + 3H2 (g) ΔHF C6H6 = - 49 KJ/mole

6 C (S) + 3H2 (g) 3C2H2 (g) ΔHF 3C2H2= 3*227 = 681 KJ


C6H6 (L) 6 C (S) + 3H2 (g) ΔHF C6H6 = 1*- 49 = -49 KJ
__________________________________________ ___________________________________
Δ𝐻 𝑜 for C6H6 (L) 3 C2H2 (g) Δ𝐻 𝑜 = 681 -49 = 632 KJ

b- Both acetylene (C2H2) and benzene (C6H6) can be used as fuel. Which compound will
liberate more energy per gram when combusted in air?

Combustion for C6H6 (L)


15
C6H6 (L) + 2
O2 6 CO2 + 3H2O (g)
15
Δ HC C6H6 = (6 * Δ HF CO2 ) + (3 * Δ HF H20 ) + (-1 * Δ HF C6H6 ) + (- 2
* Δ HF O2 )
25
Δ HC C6H6 = (6 * -394 ) + (3 * -286 ) + (-1 * 49) + (- 2
* 0)
Δ HC C6H6 = ( - 2,364 ) + ( - 858 ) + ( -49) + ( 0 ) = - 3,271 KJ/mole

Mass C6H6= NO. Mole C2H2* M.WT C6H6


Mass C6H6= 1 * (6*12+6) = 1*78 = 78 gm

standard enthalpy of combustion per gram of methanol


Δ HC C6H6 − 3,271
= Mass C6H6
= 78 = - 41.93 KJ/gm

Combustion for C2H2 (g)


5
C2H2 (g) + 2O2 2 CO2 + H2O (g)
5
Δ HC C2H2 = (2 * Δ HF CO2 ) + (1 * Δ HF H20 ) + (-1 * Δ HF C2H2 ) + (- 2 * Δ HF O2 )

Eng. ISLAM IBRAHIM FEKRY Page 11


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Faculty-Wide Courses 2009-2010
Thermo-Chemistry Enthalpy Changes in Chemical Process
5
Δ HC C6H6 = (2 * -394 ) + (1 * -286 ) + (-1 * 227) + (- * 0 )
2
Δ HC C6H6 = ( - 788 ) + ( - 286 ) + ( -227) + ( 0 ) = - 1,301 KJ/mole

Mass C2H2= NO. Mole C2H2* M.WT C2H2


Mass C2H2= 1 * (2*12+2) = 1*26 = 26 gm

standard enthalpy of combustion per gram of methanol


Δ HC C2H2 − 1,301
= M.wt C2H2 = 26
= - 50.04 KJ/gm

Which compound will liberate more energy per gram when combusted in air?
(C2H2)

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Mob. 0109790568
Mail. IS-FE@HOTMAIL.COM
Faculty-Wide Courses 2009-2010
Thermo-Chemistry Enthalpy Changes in Chemical Process

12. Combustion of table sugar produces CO2 (g) and H2O (L).
a- Assuming that sugar is pure sucrose, C12H22O11(S), write the balanced equation for
the combustion reaction.
b- Calculated ΔH in KJ/mole C12H22O11(S) for the combustion reaction of sucrose.
( Standard enthalpy of formation of C12H22O11(S) is 2244 KJ/mole)

a- Write the balanced equation for the Combustion reaction of C12H22O11(S)


C12H22O11(S) + 12 O2 12 CO2 + 11 H2O (g)

b- Calculated ΔH
C12H22O11(S) + 12 O2 12 CO2 + 11 H2O (g)
Δ HC C12H22O11(S) = ( 12 * Δ HF CO2 ) + ( 11 * Δ HF H20 ) + (-1 * Δ HF C2H2 ) + (- 12 * Δ HF O2 )
Δ HC C12H22O11(S) = ( 12 * -394 ) + ( 11 * -286 ) + (-1 * 2244) + (- 12 * 0 )
Δ HC C12H22O11(S) = ( - 4,728 ) + ( - 3,146 ) + ( -2244) + ( 0 ) = - 10,118 KJ/mole

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