contains Anemia has many

different causes, although

iron deficiency and its
resultant iron deficiency
anemia are the most
common causes. Elevated
levels of hemoglobin are
associated with increased
numbers or sizes of red
blood cells, called
polycythemia. This
elevation may be caused
by congenital heart
disease, cor -pulmonale,
pulmonary fibrosis, too
much erythropoietin, or
polycythemia vera.

Electrocardiogram An electrocardiogram We don’t No interpretation written

records electrical impulses know how to upon the assessment.
(P, PR, QRS, ST,
of the heart beat by the interpret the

51
 T) means of electrodes and a result
galvanometer. Identifies the
P wave, the TR interval,
QRS complex, ST segment,
T wave inspector
cardiogram. To identify the
clinical problems, such as
cardiac dysrhythmias,
cardiac hypertrophies,
myocardial ischemia,
electrolyte imbalances,
(potassium, calcium, and
magnesium), myocardial
infarction, pericarditis.

Date Basic Tests with Rationale Result Clinical Significance Nursing Interventions

52
 Normal Values

(before and after)

J Urinalysis An array of tests Before the exam:

performed on urine;
A 1. Explain the purpose and
one of the most
importance of the test
N common methods of
medical diagnosis. 2. Instruct the client to
U
collect the mid – stream
A urine.

R 3. Instruct to do
handwashing before and
Y
after collecting the
specimen

2 After the exam:

8 1. Label the specimen

bottle with client’s name,

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