MODERN DIGITAL AND

ANALOG
COMMUNICATION
SYSTEMS
Third Edition

B. P. LATHI

OXPORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS
 CONTENTS

PREFACE xi

1 INTRODUCTION /
Communication System 7
Analog and Digital Messages 3
Signal-to-Noise Ratio, Channel Bandwidth, and the Rate of Communication
Modulation 10
Randomness, Redundancy, and Coding 12

INTRODUCTION TO SIGNALS 14
2.1 Size of a Signal 14
2.2 Classification of Signals 20
2.3 Some Useful Signal Operations 24
2.4 Unit Impulse Function 28
2.5 Signals and Vectors JO
2.6 Signal Comparison: Correlation 35
2.7 Signal Representation by Orthogonal Signal Set 40
2.8 Trigonometric Fourier Series 44
2.9 Exponential Fourier Series 53
2.10 Numerical Computation of D n 60

ANALYSIS AND TRANSMISSION OF SIGNALS 71

3.1 Aperiodic Signal Representation by Fourier Integral 71
3.2 Transforms of Some Useful Functions 78
3.3 Some Properties of the Fourier Transform 84
3.4 Signal Transmission through a Linear System 107
3.5 Ideal and Practical Filters 706
3.6 Signal Distortion over a Communication Channel 770
VII
viii CONTENTS

3.7 Signal Energy and Energy Spectral Density 7 75

3.8 Signal Power and Power Spectral Density 123
3.9 Numerical Computation of Fourier Transform: The DFT 130

AMPLITUDE (LINEAR) MODULATION 151

4.1 Baseband and Carrier Communication 757
4.2 Amplitude Modulation: Double Sideband (DSB) 752
4.3 Amplitude Modulation (AM) 762
4.4 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) 770
4.5 Amplitude Modulation: Single Sideband (SSB) 777
4.6 Amplitude Modulation: Vestigial Sideband (VSB) 779
4.7 Carrier Acquisition 183
4.8 Superheterodyne AM Receiver 189
4.9 Television 797

ANGLE (EXPONENTIAL) MODULATION 208

5.1 Concept of Instantaneous Frequency 208
5.2 Bandwidth of Angle-Modulated Waves 275
5.3 Generation of FM Waves 229
5.4 Demodulation of FM 233
5.5 Interference in Angle-Modulated Systems 247
5.6 FM Receiver 245

6 SAMPLING AND PULSE CODE MODULATION 251

6.1 Sampling Theorem 257
6.2 Pulse-Code Modulation (PCM) 262
6.3 Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM) 278
6.4 Delta Modulation 287

7 PRINCIPLES OF DIGITAL DATA TRANSMISSION 294

7.1 A Digital Communication System 294
7.2 Line Coding 297
7.3 Pulse Shaping 370
7.4 Scrambling 319
7.5 Regenerative Repeater 322
7.6 Detection-Error Probability 329
7.7 M-ary Communication 334
7.8 Digital Carrier Systems 337
7.9 Digital Multiplexing 342

8 EMERGING DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGIES 354

8.1 The North American Hierarchy 354
8.2 Digital Services 368
8.3 Broadband Digital Communication: SONET 377
 Contents ix

8.4 Digital Switching Technologies 383

8.5 Broadband Services for Entertainment and Home Office Applications 392
8.6 Video Compression 395
8.7 High-Definition Television (HDTV) 400

9 SOME RECENT DEVELOPMENTS AND

MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS 404
9.1 Cellular Telephone (Mobile Radio) System 404
9.2 Spread Spectrum Systems 406
9.3 Transmission Media 416
9.4 Hybrid Circuit: 2-Wire to 4-Wire Conversions 427
9.5 Public Switched Telephone Network 430

10 INTRODUCTION TO THEORY OF PROBABILITY 434

10.1 Concept of Probability 434
10.2 Random Variables 445
10.3 Statistical Averages (Means) 463
10.4 Central-Limit Theorem 472
10.5 Correlation 473
10.6.Linear Mean Square Estimation 476

11 RANDOM PROCESSES 487

11.1 From Random Variable to Random Process 487
11.2 Power Spectral Density of a Random Process 496
11.3 Multiple Random Processes 509
11.4 Transmission of Random Processes through Linear Systems 570
11.5 Bandpass Random Processes 574
11.6 Optimum Filtering: Wiener-Hopf Filter 522

12 BEHAVIOR OF ANALOG SYSTEMS IN THE

PRESENCE OF NOISE 532
12.1 Baseband Systems 532
12.2 Amplitude-Modulated Systems 534
12.3 Angle-Modulated Systems 541
12.4-Pulse-Modulated Systems 557
12.5 Optimum Preemphasis-Deemphasis Systems 567

13 BEHAVIOR OF DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS IN

THE PRESENCE OF NOISE 577
13.1 Optimum Threshold Detection 577
13.2 General Analysis: Optimum Binary Receiver 582
13.3 Carrier Systems: ASK, FSK, PSK, and DPSK 590
13.4 Performance of Spread Spectrum Systems 607
CONTENTS

13.5 M-ary Communication 608

13.6 Synchronization 622

14 OPTIMUM SIGNAL DETECTION 626

14.1 Geometrical Representation of Signals: Signal Space 626
14.2 Gaussian Random Process 632
14.3 Optimum Receiver 637
14.4 Equivalent Signal Sets 662
14.5 Nonwhite (Colored) Channel.Noise 669
14.6 Other Useful Performance Criteria 670

15 INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION THEORY 679

15.1 Measure of Information 679
15.2 Source Encoding 684
15.3 Error-Free Communication over a Noisy Channel 690
15.4 Channel Capacity of a Discrete Memoriless Channel 693
15.5 Channel Capacity of a Continuous Channel 707
15.6 Practical Communication Systems in Light of Shannon's Equation 777

16 ERROR CORRECTING CODES 728

16.1 Introduction 728
16.2 Linear Block Codes 731
16.3 Cyclic Codes 737
16.4 Burst-Error Detecting and Correcting Codes 745
16.5 Interlaced Codes for Burst- and Random-Error Correction 746
16.6 Convolutional Codes 747
16.7 Comparison of Coded and Uncoded Systems 755

APPENDIXES 764
A. Orthogonality of Some Signal Sets 764
B. Schwarz Inequality 766
C. Gram-Schmidt Orthogonalization of a Vector Set 768
D. Miscellaneous 777

INDEX 775