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2. C¢vØı¬¿ B[Q˜ªØ∫ Bm] |÷¡®£kuæÆ
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Bsk ˆ£∏Æ ¶µm]) & B[QªU Q«UQ¢vØ
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AªS & II
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6. C¢vØ ¬ku¯ª® ˜£ı∫ & Pı¢vØiP“ PıªÆ ... 109

AªS & IV
7. _u¢vµzvÿS® §fl C¢vØı (1947 & 2000)
\≠P ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ ... 135
8. C¢vØı¬¿ vmh™mh® ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ
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3. ©ı|ª Aµ_ ... 203

AªS & II
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5. ˜u∫u¿P“ ... 223
6. Si≤∂¯© ... 233

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A¿˜£ıfl˜\ı&i&A¿¶P∫US (1509 & 1515) : C¢vØı¬¿

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ha_UPıµ∫P“ C¢vØı¬¿ u[P“ Aµ¯\ |÷¡ ¬∏Æ£

¬¿¯ª. ¡oP˜© A¡∫P–¯hØ ¨UQØ ˜{ıUP©ıP
A¯©¢ux. uÆ xo¢u ¨Øÿ]∞fl ≠ªÆ ¡oPzv¿
Q¯hzu ˆ£∏Æ ªı£zv¿ ©QÃa]دh¢u⁄∫. ˜©æÆ
{÷©n® ˆ£ı∏mP“ AvPÆ Q¯hUSÆ C¢˜uı˜⁄]Øz
wƒPŒ¿ u[P“ P¡⁄z¯ua ˆ\æzv⁄∫. "˜PıØfl' (Coen)
©ÿ÷Æ ¡ıfliˆ©fl (Van Diemen) BQ˜Øı∫ Q«US® £Sv
PŒ¿ ha_UPıµ∫PŒfl ˆ¡ÿ‘USU Pıµn©ıPz vPâu⁄∫.

ha_UPıµ∫PŒfl √Ãa]UPı⁄ Pıµn[P“ : 1. ha_UPıµ∫

P–USÆ B[Q˜ªØ∫P–USÆ C¯h˜Ø Hÿ£mh ˜£ımi
¨ÿ‘ 1623&BÆ Bsk ha_UPıµ∫P“ B[Q˜ªØ¯µ AÆ£ı∞
⁄ı¬¿ £kˆPı¯ª ˆ\¥u⁄∫. Aufl Pıµn©ıP B[Q˜ªØ∫
C¢˜uı˜⁄]Øı¬º∏¢x ˆ¡Œ˜Ø” ˜¡siØ |¯ª
Hÿ£mhx. B[Q˜ªØ∫ C¢vØı¬ÿSz v∏Ƨ⁄∫, 2. ha_U
Pıµ∫P“ C¢vØı¬¿ uÆ ˆ\¿¡ıUQ¯⁄ B[Q˜ªØ∏US
¬mkU ˆPıkUP ˜¡siØ |¯ª Hÿ£mhx. ha_UPıµ∫P“
C¢vØı¯¡ ¬h C¢˜uı˜⁄]Øı¬¿ ¡oPÆ ˆ\¥¡v
˜ª˜Ø AvP Dk£ık ˆPısh⁄∫ ©ÿ÷Æ 3. BµÆ£ ¨u˜ª
C¢vØı¬¿ ha_UPıµ∫PŒfl |¯ª¯© ¨UQØzx¡Æ
¡ı¥¢uuıP A¯©Ø¬¿¯ª.

˜h¤Ø∫P“
˜h¤Ø∫PŒfl Si˜Øÿ”[P“ : ˜h¤ØU Q«US C¢vØ
¡oPU S  (Company) 1616&¿ ˆhfl©ı∫UQ¿ |÷¡®£mhx.
˜h¤Ø∫P“ ˆufl¤¢vØı¬¿ uµ[PÆ£ıi Gfl›™hzv¿
7
1620&¿ u[P“ ¡oPz uªz¯u A¯©zu⁄∫. ˜©æÆ
P¿Pzuı¬ÿS (ˆPı¿Pzuı) A∏Qæ“Õ ˆ\µıÆß∫
Gfl›™hzvæÆ u[P“ Si˜Øÿ”[P¯Õ Hÿ£kzv⁄∫.
˜h¤Ø \©Ø® £µ®£ıÕ∫P¯Õz u¬µ A¢{ımk ¡oP∫P“
ˆ£∏ƶPà A¯hج¿¯ª. G⁄˜¡ A¡∫P“ u[P“ ¡oPz
uª[P¯Õ 1845&BÆ Bsk B[Q˜ªØ∏US ¬ÿ÷¬mh⁄∫.

B[Q˜ªØ∫P“
©ÿ” I˜µı®§Ø∫P¯Õ® ˜£ıª˜¡ B[Q˜ªØ∫P–Æ
C¢vØ ¡oP® ˆ£ı∏mP¯Õ ¬∏Ƨ⁄∫. G⁄˜¡ C¢vØı
ƒhfl ˜{µiØıP ¡oPz ˆuıh∫¶ ˆPı“Õ Gso⁄∫.
1600&BÆ Bsk C[Qªı¢x Aµ]Øı⁄ Gº\ˆ£z ©Pıµıo
Cªsh¤º∏¢u °÷ ¬Øı£ı∂P“ ˆPısh ¡oPU S 
Jfl÷US, Q«US {ıkP–hfl ¡oPÆ ˆ\¥Ø A›©v
¡«[Q⁄ı∫. §fl⁄∫ A¡∫P“ B[QªU Q«UQ¢vØ ¡oPU
S ¯¡ |÷¬⁄∫.

Q«UQ¢vØ ¡oPU S  `µz {P∂¿ J∏ ¡oPz uªÆ

A¯©UP A›©v ˆ£” 1609&BÆ Bsk \∫ ¬¿ºØÆ
ÌıUQflÏ Gfl£¡¯µ ¨PªıØ® ˜£µµ\∫ ·Pı[R∂fl
Aµ\¯¡US A›®§ ¯¡zux. B⁄ı¿ ˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø∂fl
ˆ\¿¡ıUS Pıµn©ıP ¨PªıØ∫ B[Q˜ªØ∫P–US A›©v
AŒUP¬¿¯ª. 1613&BÆ Bsk uıfl `µz {P∂¿
B[Q˜ªØ∫ ¡oPz uªÆ A¯©UP A›©vUP®£mh⁄∫.

\∫ uı©Ï ˜µı Gfl” ©ÿˆ”ı∏ B[Qª ¡∫zuP∫ 1615&BÆ

Bsk ·Pı[R∂fl Aµ\¯¡US ¡¢uı∫. A¡∫ C¢vØı¬¿
≠fl÷ BskP“ u[Q BUµı, `µz, AP©uı£ız ©ÿ÷Æ
¶˜µıa BQØ Ch[PŒ¿ B[Qª ¡oPz uª[P“ A¯©UP
A›©v ˆ£÷¡v¿ ˆ¡ÿ‘ ˆ£ÿ”ı∫. 1639&BÆ Bsk
§µıfl]Ï ˜h Gfl” B[Qª ¡oP∫ \¢vµQ∂ ©fl⁄∂fl RÃ
CØ[QØ ˆ\fl¯⁄® £Sv∞fl {ıØUP∂h™∏¢x ©uµı]¯⁄
¬¯ªUS ¡ı[Q⁄ı∫. §ÿPıªzv¿ ˆ\fl¯⁄ Gfl”¯«UP®
8
£mh A¢u Chzv¿ B[Qª ¡oPz uª©ı⁄ ˆ\∞flm
·ı∫‰ Gfl” ˜Pım¯h¯ØU Pmi⁄ı∫. A˜u ˜£ı¿
ˆPı¿Pzuı A∏Q¿ 1651&BÆ Bsk ̸UŒ∞¿ J∏
¡oPz uªÆ A¯©UP®£mhx. C[Qªı¢x ©fl⁄∫
CµshıÆ \ı∫ªÏ 1661&BÆ Bsk Szu¯PØıP £Æ£ı¯Ø
(¨Æ¯£) B[QªU Q«UQ¢vØ ¡oPU S ¬ÿS AŒzuı∫.
\ı∫ªÏ ˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø CÕ¡µ]¯Ø ©n¢x £Æ£ı¯Øa
^u⁄©ıP® ˆ£ÿ”ı∫.

A¢{ımPŒ¿ £Æ£ı∞fl J∏ ¡∏h ¡ıh¯P £ 10

©mk˜© Gfl£¯u E[PÕı¿ {Æ£ ¨iQ”uı? \ÿ˜””U
S¯”Ø π. 700 (£ƒsm (Pound) C[Qªı¢x {ınØÆ).

ˆPı¿Pzuı¬¿ J∏ ¡oPz uªÆ A¯©UP 1690&BÆ

Bsk B[Q˜ªØ∫ JÕµ[P^®§h™∏¢x A›©v
ˆ£ÿ”⁄∫. A[S 1696&BÆ Bsk A¯©UP®£mh ˜Pım¯h
¬¿ºØÆ ˜Pım¯h Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£mhx.

B[Qª ©∏zx¡µı⁄ ¬¿ºØÆ Ìı™¿hfl

¡[PıÕ Bm]ØıÕ∂fl E”¬⁄∫ J∏¡¯µ ˜{ı∞º∏¢x
Sn®£kzvØufl £Ø⁄ıP B[Q˜ªØ∫ ̸UŒ
{vUP¯µ∞¿ ¡oPz uªÆ Jfl‘¯⁄ A¯©UP A›©v
ˆ£ÿ”⁄∫.

B[QªU Q«UQ¢vØ ¡oPU S  C¢vØı¬¿

1857&BÆ Bsk ¡¯µ ufl ˆ\¿¡ıU¯P ¬∂ƒ£kzv
¡º¯©Øı⁄ AizuÕÆ A¯©zux. 1857&BÆ Bsk B[Qª
¡oPUS  Bm]US GvµıP {h¢u ˆ£∏Æ ¶µm]∞fl
¬¯Õ¡ıP ¬U˜hı∂Øı ©Pıµıo C¢vØı¬fl |∫¡ıP®
ˆ£ı÷®§¯⁄ Hÿ”ı∫.

§ˆµg_UPıµ∫P“
C¢vØı¬¿ B[Q˜ªØ∏US GvµıP PkÆ ˜£ımi
∞mh¡∫P“ §ˆµg_UPıµ∫P˜Õ. §ˆµg_U Q«UQ¢vØ
9
10
¡oPU S  1664&BÆ Bsk 14&BÆ ø∞ ©fl⁄∂fl
ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ B˜ª\Pµı⁄ Pı¿£∫m Gfl£¡∂fl v”fl™S
u¯ª¯©∞fl Rà A¯©UP®£mhx. CUPƈ£¤∞fl ˆ£ıx
CØUS{µıP |Ø™UP®£mh §µıfl]Ï P˜µıfl Gfl£¡µı¿
1667&BÆ Bsk `µz {P∂¿ ¨u¿ §ˆµg_ ¡oPzuªÆ
A¯©UP®£mhx. 1669&BÆ Bsk i\Æ£∫ v[PŒ¿
©`º®£mi⁄zv¿ Cflˆ⁄ı∏ §ˆµg_ ¡oPzuªÆ
|÷¡®£mhx.

§µıfl]Ï P˜µı›US® §fl §µıfl]Ï ©ı∫ifl Gfl£¡∫

|Ø™UP®£mhı∫. C¡∫ •·®ß∫ _¿uı⁄ı⁄ ˆÂ∫Pıfl
˜ªıi∞h™∏¢x A›©v ˆ£ÿ÷ 1674&BÆ Bsk £ısia
˜\∂¯Ø (Pondicherry) A¯©zuı∫. £ısia˜\∂ §ˆµg_U
Pıµ∫PŒfl u¯ª¯©∞h©ı⁄x. §fl⁄∫ §ˆµg_UPıµ∫P“
A¯uz ˆuıh∫¢x \¢vµ{ıT∫, £ª˜\ı∫ (Balasore), Pı]Æ
£\ı∫ BQØ Ch[PŒ¿ u[P“ Si˜Øÿ”[P¯Õ A¯©zu⁄∫.
1725&BÆ Bsk ©ª£ı∫ PhÿP¯µ∞¿ ©ıÓ©ıÓ¯Ø≤Æ 1739&BÆ
Bsk ˜\ı« ©shªU PhÿP¯µ∞¿ Pı¯µUPı¯ª≤Æ
§ˆµg_U Si˜Øÿ”[PÕıP A¯©zu⁄∫.

C¢vØı¬º∏¢u §ˆµg_®
£SvPŒfl B–{µıP 1735&BÆ Bsk
¨u¿ 1741 ¡¯µ l©ıÏ ¬Õ[Q⁄ı∫.
A¡∏US® §fl ¡¢u i≥®˜Õ
(Dupleix) J∏ ]”¢u Cµı· u¢v∂
Øı¡ı∫. A¡∫ C¢vØı¬¿ §ˆµg_®
˜£µµ_ Jfl¯” |÷¡ Gso⁄ı∫.
§ˆµg_ BvUPÆ C¢vØı¬¿ |¯ª
ˆ£” A¡∫ £ª ˜£ı∫PŒ¿ Dk£mhı∫.
i≥®˜Õ
G¤›Æ §ˆµg_UPıµ∫P“ £ısia
˜\∂, ©ıÓ, \¢vµ{ıT∫, Pı¯µUPı¿, H⁄ıÆ BQØ
£SvP¯Õ ©mk˜© uUP ¯¡zxU ˆPı“Õ ¨i¢ux.
C¢vØı¬¿ Bm]¯Ø |÷ƒ¡v¿ §ˆµg_UPıµ∫P¯Õ® §fl
u“Œ B[Q˜ªØ∫P“ ˆ¡ÿ‘ ˆPısh⁄∫.
11
Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“
1. ©ın¡∫ I˜µı®§Ø∂fl C¢vØ ¡∏¯P¯Ø® £ÿ‘ ¬ÕUP
¨i≤Æ.
2. ©ın¡∫ ˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø∂fl Si˜Øÿ”[P¯Õ® £ÿ‘
¬¡∂UP ¨i≤Æ.
3. ©ın¡∫ ha_UPıµ∫PŒfl C¢vØU Si˜Øÿ”[P¯Õa
_miUPımh CØæÆ.
4. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØı¬¿ B[Q˜ªØ∫ ©ÿ÷Æ §ˆµg_U
Si˜Øÿ”[P¯Õ® £ÿ‘Ø ¬¡µ[P¯ÕU ˆPıkUP
CØæÆ.

_Ø©v®•k
I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Øz ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ
1. Q.§.1453&BÆ Bsk PıflÏhıfli˜{ı§¯ÕU
¯P®£ÿ‘Ø¡∫P“
A. x∏UQØ∫P“ B. ha_UPıµ∫P“
C. §ˆµg_UPıµ∫P“ D. B[Q˜ªØ∫P“

2. RÃUPsh {ıkP¯Õa ˜\∫¢u Aµ\∫P“ ©ıæ™P¯Õ

FUS¬zu⁄∫
A. C[Qªı¢x, §µıfl_ B. §µıfl_, ψ£∞fl
C. ψ£∞fl, ˜£ı∫a_UP¿ D. ˜£ı∫a_UP¿, C[Qªı¢x

3. ¡ıϘPıh Pı©ı ˜Pı»UTk £Sv∞¿ C”[P A›©v

AŒzu Aµ\∫
A. •·®ß∫ _¿uıfl B. ¬\Ø {Pµ Aµ\∫
C. ©fl⁄∫ \ı©∂fl D. \¢vµ{ıT∂fl ©fl⁄∫

4. ˜Pı¡ı¯¡U ¯P®£ÿ‘Ø¡∫
A. A¿™hı B. ¡ıϘPıh Pı©ı
C. A¿¶P∫US D. \ı©∂fl
12
 5. \∫ ¬¿ºØÆ ÌıUQflÏ C¢{ım¯ha ˜\∫¢u¡∫
A. ˜£ı∫a_UP¿ B. ψ£∞fl
C. C[Qªı¢x D. §µıfl_

6. £Æ£ı¯Øz v∏©n® £∂\ıP® ˆ£ÿ” CµshıÆ \ı∫ªÏ

©n¢u CÕ¡µ]∞fl {ık
A. §µıfl_ B. ψ£∞fl
C. C[Qªı¢x D. ˜£ı∫a_UP¿

7. ¬¿ºØÆ ÌıUQflÏ J∏
A. B]∂Ø∫ B. ¬Øı£ı∂
C. ©∏zx¡∫ D. £¯h√µ∫

8. B[QªU Q«UQ¢vØ ¡oPUS  £Æ£ı¥US (¨Æ¯£)

AŒzu ¡∏h Szu¯P
A. £ 10 B. £ 20
C. £ 30 D. £ 40

9. §ˆµg_U Q«UQ¢vØ ¡oPU S  C¡∂fl u¯ª¯©∞fl

Rà A¯©UP®£mhx
A. §µıfl]Ï P˜µıfl B. Pı¿£∫m
C. i≥®˜Õ D. C¡∫PŒ¿ G¡∏Æ C¿¯ª

10. ©ª£ı∫ PhÿP¯µ∞¿ E“Õ ©ıӯخ §ˆµg_UPıµ∫P“

ˆ£ÿ” Bsk
A. 1725 B. 1735
C. 1715 D. 1745

II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ |µ®¶P

1. I˜µı®§Ø∫P“ _______________ ¡µ ¶vØ Ph¿¡»∞¯⁄U
Psk§iUP ¨Øfl”⁄∫.
13
 2. ¶vØ Ph¿ ¡»P“ Psk§i®£v¿ ¨fl˜⁄ıiØıPz
vPâu¡∫ ____________ B¡ı∫P“.
3. C¢vØı¬¿ ¨u¿ ˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø B–{µıP ¬Õ[QØ¡∫
____________.
4. ¬\Ø{Pµ Aµ_hfl ufl E”¯¡® £ª®£kzvØ¡∫ _________
B¡∫.
5. \v J»®§¿ A¿˜£ıfl\ı A¿¶P∫US ____________
§µ¶¬ÿS ¨fl˜⁄ıiØıPz vPâuı∫.
6. 1609&BÆ Bsk ____________ Gfl›™hzv¿ ha_UPıµ∫
PŒfl ¨u¿ ˜Pım¯h Pmh®£mhx.
7. \∫ uı©Ï ˜µı ____________ ©fl⁄∂fl Aµ\¯¡∞¿ ≠fl÷
BskP“ u[Q⁄ı∫.

8. ˆ\∞flm ·ı∫‰ ˜Pım¯h ____________ Gfl›™hzv¿

Pmh®£mhx.

9. £v⁄ıflPıÆ ø∞∞fl ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ B˜ªı\P∫ ____________

B¡ı∫.

10. `µzv¿ ¨u¿ §ˆµg_ ¡oPzuªzv¯⁄ A¯©zu¡∫

____________ B¡ı∫.

III. §fl¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ¯”® ˆ£ı∏zxP

1. ©ı∫U˜Pı ˜£ı˜ªı &--& }ªUPh¿ ˆPı“¯P

2. \ı©∂fl && C¢vØı¬ÿSU Ph¿¡»

3. §µıfl]ϘPı i A¿™hı && £ıµ^P ¡¯ÕShı

4. B∫©_ x¯”¨PÆ && ˆ¡¤_ ¡∫zuP∫

5. ¡ıϘPıh Pı©ı && ˜Pı»UTmifl Aµ\∫

14
 B

1. ha_UPıµ∫ && ˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø CÕ¡µ]

2. CµshıÆ \ı∫ªÏ && ¡ı\¯⁄® ˆ£ı∏“ wƒP“
3. AÆ£ı∞⁄ı £kˆPı¯ª && P¡∫⁄∫ & ˆ·⁄µ¿
4. §µıfl]Ï P˜µıfl && §ˆµg_ u¯ª¯©∞hÆ
5. £ısia˜\∂ && 1623

IV. _∏UP©ıP ¬¯hØŒUPƒÆ

1. I˜µı®§Ø \¢¯uPŒ¿ ˆ£∂xÆ ˜u¯¡®£mh C¢vØ
¡oP® ˆ£ı∏mPŒfl ˆ£Ø∫P¯ÕU S‘®§kP.

2. PıflÏhıfli˜{ı§Œfl √Ãa] I˜µı®§Ø ¡oP∫P¯Õ

G∆¬uÆ £ıvzux?

3. CÕ¡µ\∫ ˆÌfl‘ ""©ıæ™ ˆÌfl‘'' G⁄ A¯«UP®

£k¡˜ufl?

4. £ı∫zu˜ªı™˜Øı hØÏ £ÿ‘ J∏ S‘®¶z u∏P.

5. \ı©∂fl ˜£ı∫a_UR]دµ Hfl uıUQ⁄ı∫?

6. }ªUPh¿ ˆPı“¯P Gfl”ı¿ Gfl⁄?

7. C¢vØı¬¿ ˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø ¡oPz uª[PŒfl ˆ£Ø∫P¯ÕU

S‘®§kP.
8. ha_UPıµ∫PŒfl ¨UQØ ˜{ıUP[P“ Øı¯¡?
9. ha_UPıµ∫PŒfl ¡oPz uª[P¯ÕU S‘®§kP.
10. ha_UPıµ∫PŒfl √Ãa]UPı⁄ Pıµn[P“ Øı¯¡?
11. "§µıfl]Ï ˜h'' £ÿ‘ ]÷ S‘®¶z u∏P.
12. C¢vØı¬º∏¢u B[Q˜ªØ∂fl ¡oPz uª[P¯ÕU
S‘®§kP.
15
 13. C¢vØı¬¿ B[Q˜ªØ∫ A¯©zu ¨UQØ ˜Pım¯hPŒfl
ˆ£Ø∫P¯ÕU S‘®§kP.
14. £ısia˜\∂ G∆¬uÆ §ˆµg_UPıµ∫PŒfl u¯ª¯©∞h
©ıQØx?
15. i≥®˜Õ £ÿ‘ E©US Gfl⁄ ˆu∂≤Æ?

V. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P

1. ˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø∫ C¢vØı¬¿ u©x ¡oPzuª[P¯Õ

G∆¡ı÷ A¯©zxU ˆPısh⁄∫?
2. A¿˜£ıfl\ı i A¿¶P∫US ˜£ı∫a_UP¿æUSÆ C¢vØ∫
P–USÆ Bÿ‘Ø ˆuısi¯⁄U S‘®§kP.
3. C¢vØı¬¿ ˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø∂fl BvUPÆ √Ãa]دhØU
Pıµn[P“ Øı¯¡?
4. B[Q˜ªØ∫ C¢vØı¬¿ G∆¬uÆ uÆ ¡oPzuª[P¯Õ
|÷¬⁄∫?

VI. ˆ\¥¨¯”® £∞ÿ]

1. C¢vØ ¡¯µ£hzv¿ ˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø∫, ha_UPıµ∫,

B[Q˜ªØ∫ ©ÿ÷Æ §ˆµg_UPıµ∫ BQ˜Øı∂fl ¡oP
¯©Ø[P¯ÕU S‘UPƒÆ.
2. ¡ıϘPıh Pı©ı C¢vØı¬ÿS ¡¢u Ph¿¡»
©ı∫UPz¯u EªP®£hzv¿ S‘®§mkU PımhƒÆ.

16
 £ıhÆ & 2
C¢vØı¬¿ B[Q˜ªØ∫ Bm]
|÷¡®£kuæÆ Aufl ¬∂¡ıUP¨Æ

Pÿ”¿ ˜{ıUP[P“
1. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØı¬¿ B[Q˜ªØ∏USÆ §ˆµg_UPıµ∫
P–USÆ 18&BÆ °ÿ”ısi¿ {h¢u ˜©ıu¿P¯ÕU
Pÿ”¿.
2. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØı¬¿ B[Q˜ªØ∫ BvUPÆ ¡Õ∫¢u
¬uÆ £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄® ˆ£÷u¿.
3. ©ın¡∫ P∫{ıhP, ¯©`∫ ©ÿ÷Æ ©µızvØ® ˜£ı∫PŒfl
Pıµn[P“, A®˜£ı∫PŒfl ¬¯ÕƒP“ £ÿ‘ Aª_u¿.
4. ©ın¡∫ ¡[PıÕzv¿ B[Q˜ªØ∫ BvUPÆ ¡Õ∫¢u¯uz
ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
5. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØı¬¿ B[Q˜ªØ∫ BvUPÆ
¬∂¡¯h¢u¯u® ¶∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
6. ©ın¡∫ ˆ¡¿ˆªÏº §µ¶¬fl x¯n®£¯hz
vmhz¯u® £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄® ˆ£”¿.
7. ©ın¡∫ ˆ£fli[ §µ¶¬fl \≠Pa ^∫v∏zu[P¯Õ®
£ÿ‘U Pÿ”¿.
8. ©ın¡∫ h¿ˆÌÕ] §µ¶¬fl ¡ı∂_ C«®¶U ˆPı“¯P
(Doctorine of Lapse) G∆¬uÆ B[Qª Aµ]fl
¬∂¡ıUPzvÿS Eu¬Øx Gfl£¯u A‘u¿.
18&BÆ °ÿ”ısi¿ B[Q˜ªØ∏Æ, §ˆµg_UPıµ∫
P–Æ, ˜£ı∫a_UR]دµ≤Æ ha_UPıµ∫P¯Õ≤Æ C¢vØı¬¿
C∏¢x ˆ¡Œ˜Øÿ÷¡v¿ ˆ¡ÿ‘ Psh⁄∫. I˜µı®§Ø∏hfl
B⁄ C¢vØ ¡oPzv¿ B[Q˜ªØ∏Æ §ˆµg_UPıµ∫P–Æ
17
˜©˜ªı[Q |fl”⁄∫. C∆¬∏{ımi⁄∏Æ C¢vØı¬fl £ª
Ch[PŒ¿ uÆ ¡oPz uª[P¯Õ |÷¬⁄∫. ˆ£∏Æ£ıªı⁄
A∆¡oPz uª[P“ PhÿP¯µ¯Ø JmiØ £SvPŒ¿
A¯©¢v∏¢u⁄. ¡oPzvfl ≠ªÆ Q¯hzu ˆ£∏Æ Cªı£Æ
A∆¬∏{ımh¡∂¯h˜Ø ˜£ımi¯Ø≤Æ, ß\¯ª≤Æ
E∏¡ıUQØx. Au⁄ı¿ A¡∫P–US“ AiUPi Pk¯©Øı⁄
\s¯hP–Æ Hÿ£mh⁄. A®˜£ı∫PŒ¿ B[Qª® §ˆµg_
Aµ_P“ uÆ {ımk ¡oPU S UP–US Buµƒ AŒzu⁄.
1707&BÆ Bsk JÕµ[P^®§fl ©¯”¬ÿS® §fl
¨PªıØ® ˜£µµ_ ]u÷shx. 1645 ¨u¿ ]¡ı‚ ]¡ı‚∞fl
¬hı¨Øÿ]Øı¿ A¯©UP®£mh ©µızvØ® ˜£µµ_
•Ë¡ıUP“ u¯ª¯©∞¿ C¢vØı¬fl ˜©ÿS® £Sv∞¿
£µ¢x ¬∂¢ux. 1724&¿ |\ıÆ E¿¨¿U Gfl”¯«UP®£mh
A\®·ı uUPın®£Sv∞¿ Iuµı£ız Aµ¯\ |÷¬⁄ı∫.
1740&¿ Aº¡∫vPıfl ¡[PıÕzvfl _u¢vµ {¡ı£ıPz ufl¯⁄
A‘¬zxU ˆPıshı∫. B∫UPım¯hz u¯ª{PµıPU ˆPısk
\ıuzx¿ªı Pıfl (Saadatullah Khan, 1710 & 1732) P∫{ıhP®
£Sv∞fl {¡ı£ı⁄ı∫. A¡∏US® §fl Bm] ˆ\¥u¡∏Æ
A¡∏¯hØ ©∏©P›©ı⁄ ˜uıÏz Aº ©µızvØ∫PÕı¿
1740&¿ {h¢u ˜£ı∂¿ ˆPı¿ª®£mhı∫. Iuµı£ız |\ı©ı⁄
A\®·ı v∏a]µı®£“Œ ¡¯µ ¡¢x Afl¡∏wflPıfl Gfl£
¡¯µ B∫UPımifl {¡ı£ıP |Ø™zuı∫. A¡∫ ©UP“
©zv∞¿ ¶Pà ˆ£”¬¿¯ª. ©µızvØ∫PÕı¿ ]¯” ¯¡UP®
£mh ˜uıÏz Aº∞fl ©∏©P⁄ı⁄, \¢uı\ıQ® 1748&¿
¬k¬UP®£mk Afl¡∏w›USz ˆuı¿¯ª ˆPıkzx
¡¢uı∫. E“{ımk® £ı¯ÕØUPıµ∫P–Æ PªPzv¿ Dk£mh
⁄∫. A¢u |¯ªØÿ” Aµ]Ø¿ |¯ª¯© B[Q˜ªØ¯µ≤Æ,
§ˆµg_U Pı∫P¯Õ≤Æ {Æ {ımk Aµ]Ø¿ ¬¡Pıµ[PŒ¿
u¯ª∞h ¯¡zux.

I. P∫{ıhP® ˜£ı∫P“
¨u¿ P∫{ıhP® ˜£ı∫ (1746 & 48) & Pıµn[P“ : I˜µı®§Ø
¡oPU S UPŒ¯h˜Ø Hÿ£mh ˜£ımi®£¯P 1742&¿
18
i≥®˜Õ £ısia˜\∂
£ısia˜\∂∞fl B–{µıP |Ø™UP®£mhv
º∏¢x w¬µ©¯h¢ux. §ˆµg_UPıµ∫PŒfl |¯ª¯Ø
EØ∫zu i≥®˜Õ ¬∏Ƨ⁄ı∫. Aa\©ØÆ I˜µı®£ı¬¿
BÏv∂Ø ¡ı∂_∂¯©® ˜£ı∫ Hÿ£mhx. A®˜£ı∂¿
C[Qªı¢xÆ §µıfl_Æ Gv∫Gv∫ Ao∞¿ C∏¢u⁄.
A®˜£ı∫ C¢vØı¬æÆ Gvˆµıºzux. 1746&BÆ Bsk
B[Q˜ªØ∫ C¢vØı¬º∏¢u §ˆµg_UPıµ∫P“ ´x ˜£ı∫
ˆuıkzu⁄∫.
˜£ı∫ |PÃa]P“ : B[Q˜ªØ∫
u[P“ Phÿ£¯hz u¯ª¡∫
£ı∫ˆ⁄mifl Eu¬≤hfl C¢vØU
Phº¿ C∏¢u §ˆµg_U P®£¿
P¯ÕU ¯P®£ÿ‘⁄∫. i≥®˜Õ
ˆ©ı∑ÊØͺ∏¢u §ˆµg_
B–{µı⁄ ªı ß∫hıfl⁄ı¥¯\ (La-
Bourdonnais) Eu¬US A¯«zuı∫.
§ˆµg_U Phÿ£¯h ˆ\fl¯⁄z Cµı£∫m Q¯Õ∆
x¯” ¨Pz¯u ¨ÿ÷¯P∞mhx.
i≥®˜Õ≤Æ ªı ß∫hıfl⁄ı¥_Æ C¯n¢x ˆ\fl¯⁄¯ØU
¯P®£ÿ‘⁄∫. ˆ\fl¯⁄¯Ø ´mP Afl¡∏wfl ©ıßÏPıfl
u¯ª¯©∞¿ ™P®ˆ£∂Ø £¯h ˆØıfl¯” A›®§⁄ı∫.
B⁄ı¿ A®ˆ£∏Æ £¯h¯ØU Pmk®£ık ™UP ]‘Ø
§ˆµg_® £¯h A¯hØı‘¿ {h¢u \s¯h∞¿ ˜uıÿPizux.
i≥®˜Õ B[Q˜ªØ∂fl ˆ\∞flm ˜h¬m ˜Pım¯h¯ØU
¯P®£ÿ” ˜©ÿˆPısh ¨Øÿ] ˜uı¿¬ A¯h¢ux.
CuÿQ¯h∞¿ I˜µı®£ı¬¿ BÏv∂Ø ¡ı∂_∂¯©® ˜£ı∫
J∏ ¨iƒUS ¡¢ux. G⁄˜¡ C¢vØı¬æÆ B[Q˜ªØ∏Æ
§ˆµg_UPıµ∫P–Æ uÆ \s¯h¯Ø |÷zvU ˆPısh⁄∫.
¬¯ÕƒP“ : 1748&BÆ Bsk A¥&ªı&\ı®˜£¿ (Aix-la-
Chapelle) G›Æ Ehfl£iU¯P BÏv∂Ø ¡ı∂_∂¯©®
˜£ı∏US J∏ ¨ÿ÷®¶“Œ ¯¡zux. Azxhfl ¨u¿
P∫{ıhP® ˜£ı∏Æ J∏ ¨iƒUS ¡¢ux. A∆ƒhfl
£iU¯P∞fl£i B[Q˜ªØ∫ ˆ\fl¯⁄
ˆ\fl¯⁄¯Øz v∏Æ£®
19
ˆ£ÿ”⁄∫. AuÿS® £vªıP A¡∫P“ ¡h Aˆ©∂UPı¬¿
C∏¢u ø∞Ï£∫U (Louisburg)¯P §µıfl]ÿS u¢u⁄∫.

Pmk®£ımkhfl ¨¯”ØıP \Æ£ÕÆ ˆ£ÿ÷

I˜µı®£ı¬¿ ¶vuı¥ E∏¡ıUP®£mh •µ[QP¯ÕU
ˆPısk S¯”¢u GsoU¯P∞ªı⁄ £¯h√µ∫P“ Th
C¢vØ Aµ\∫PŒfl ™P® ˆ£∂Ø £¯h¯Ø≤Æ ˆ¡ÿ‘
ˆPı“Õ ¨i≤Æ Gfl£¯u ¨u¿ P∫{ıhP® ˜£ı∫
ˆ¡Œ®£kzvØx.
CµshıÆ P∫{ıhP® ˜£ı∫ (1748 & 1754) : C[Qªı¢x,
§µıfl_ BQØ {ıkPŒ¯h˜Ø C∏¢u £¯P≤n∫a]
I˜µı®£ı¬¿ ¨iƒUS ¡¢uıæÆ, C¢vØı¬¿ A∆¬∏
{ımk ¡oPU S UPŒ¯h˜Ø |ª¬Ø ˜£ımiz ˆuıh∫¢ux.
P∫{ıhP {¡ı®§fl £¯hP–US GvµıP i≥®˜Õ ˆ£ÿ”
ˆ¡ÿ‘ A¡∏US ™S¢u {ƧU¯P¯Ø≤Æ ˜£µı¯\¯Ø≤Æ
ˆPıkzux. §ˆµg_UPıµ∫PŒfl |¯ª¯Ø EØ∫zx¡˜u
i≥®˜Õ∞fl ˜{ıUP©ıP C∏¢ux. A¡∫ C¢vØ ©fl⁄∫P¯Õ
J∏¡˜µık J∏¡∫ ˜©ıu¬mhı∫. §ˆµg_UPıµ∫PŒfl
ˆ\¿¡ıUS ¡Õ∫a] ˆ£ÿ”¯uU Psh B[Q˜ªØ∫
Ga\∂U¯P≤Æ Aa\¨Æ ˆPısh⁄∫.
Pıµn[P“ : 1748&¿ Iuµı£ızvfl |\ıÆ Pıª©ı⁄ı∫.
Au¯⁄z ˆuıh∫¢x A¡∏¯hØ Cµshı¡x ©P⁄ı⁄
{ı]∫·[QÿSÆ, ˜£µ⁄ı⁄ ¨\ı£∫ ·[QÿSÆ C¯h˜Ø
¡ı∂_∂¯©® ˜£ı∫ Hÿ£mhx. P∫{ıhPzv¿ ˜uıÏz
Aº∞fl ©∏©P⁄ı⁄ \¢uı\ıQ® Afl¡∏w›US GvµıP
B∫UPık A∂دn¯Ø A¯hØ ¬∏Ƨ⁄ı∫. \¢uı
\ıQ®¶Æ, ¨\ı£∫·[SÆ ˜\∫¢xˆPısk §ˆµg_UPıµ∫
PŒfl Eu¬¯Ø {ıi⁄∫. G⁄˜¡ Afl¡∏w›Æ, {ı]∫·[SÆ
B[Q˜ªØ∂fl Eu¬¯Ø® ˆ£ÿ”⁄∫. Iuµı£ız ©ÿ÷Æ
B∫UPık A∂دnP¯ÕU ¯P®£ÿ÷¡v¿ Hÿ£mh \a\µ˜¡
˜£ı∏USU Pıµn©ıQØx.
˜£ı∂fl ˜£ıUS : 1749&¿ §ˆµg_® £¯hP“, \ı¢u\ıQ®
©ÿ÷Æ ¨\ı£∫·[ BQ˜Øı∂fl £¯hP–hfl C¯n¢x
20
BÆß∫ Gfl›™hzv¿ Afl¡ı∏w¯⁄z ˜uıÿPizu⁄∫.
A®˜£ı∂¿ Afl¡ı∏wfl E∞∂«¢uı∫. A¡∏¯hØ ©Pfl
¨P©x Aº uÿPı®§ÿPıP v∏a]µı®£“ŒUSz u®§
Ki⁄ı∫. A[S A¡∫ B[Q˜ªØ∂hÆ \µn¯h¢uı∫.
\¢uı\ıQ® P∫{ıhP {¡ı£ı⁄ı∫. A¡∫ i≥®˜Õ∞fl
Eu¬USU ¯P©ı”ıP ¡ uıfi∫, ¬¿ºØfi∫ ©ÿ÷Æ
£ısia˜\∂US A∏Qæ“Õ £ıT∫ BQØ Ch[P¯Õ®
§ˆµg_UPıµ∫P–US AŒzuı∫. §fl ¨P©x Aº¯Ø®
§i®£uÿPıP v∏a]µı® £“Œ¯Ø ˜{ıUQ® £¯hˆØkzuı∫.
B[Q˜ªØ∫ ¨P©x Aº∞fl Eu¬US ¡¢u⁄∫. B[QªU
Q«UQ¢vØ ¡oPU S ¬fl £¯hz u¯ª¡∫PŒ¿
J∏¡µı⁄ Cµı£∫m Q¯Õ∆ B∫UPım¯hz uıUS¡uÿS J∏
vmhÆ wmi⁄ı∫. Au¯⁄ B–{∫ \ısh∫Ï (SauVders)
Hÿ÷U ˆPıshı∫. A¡∫ Q¯Õ∆ ©ÿ÷Æ ˜©·∫ ªıµfl]fl
u¯ª¯©∞¿ £¯h Jfl¯” A›®§⁄ı∫. 1751¿ Q¯Õ∆
B∫UPım¯h AvP Gv∫®§fl‘ ¯P®£ÿ‘⁄ı∫. §ˆµg_®
£¯hP¯Õ≤Æ, \¢uı\ıQ®¯£≤Æ A¡∫ Bµo, Pı˜¡∂®
£ıUPÆ BQØ Ch[PŒ¿ ˜uıÿPizuı∫. B[Q˜ªØ∂hÆ
\µn¯h¢u \¢uı\ı§fl u¯ª xsiUP®£mhx (1752).
i≥®˜Õ¡ı¿ v∏a]µı®£“Œ¯ØU ¯P®£ÿ” ¨iج¿¯ª.
1754&BÆ Bsk §µıfl_ A¡¯µz v∏Æ£z ufl {ımkUS
A¯«zxU ˆPıshx. A¡∫ ˆ\fl”§fl CµshıÆ P∫{ıhP®
˜£ı∫ ¨i¡¯h¢ux.
G¤›Æ Iuµı£ızv¿ §ˆµg_UPıµ∫PŒfl |¯ª¯©
¡º¯©≤¯hØuıP˜¡ C∏¢ux. 1750¿ {ı]∫·[ ˆPı¯ª
≤shı∫. ¨\ı£∫ ·[ |·ı©ıP® ˆ£ı÷®˜£ÿ÷® §ˆµg_U
Pıµ∫P–US HµıÕ©ı⁄ \æ¯PP¯Õ ¡«[Q⁄ı∫. P∫{ıhP®
˜£ı∂¿ B∫UPım¯hU ¯P®£ÿ‘Øx B[Q˜ªØ∂fl ™P®
ˆ£∂Ø \ıu¯⁄ØıSÆ. G⁄˜¡ Q¯Õ∆ B∫UPımk √µ∫ Gfl÷
¶P«®£mhı∫.
¬¯ÕƒP“ : 1755¿ £ısia˜\∂ Ehfl£iU¯P ¯PˆØ z
uı∞ÿ÷. Aufl£i §ˆµg_UPıµ∫PŒfl £SvP“ A¡∫P–USz
v∏®§ AŒUP®£mh⁄. P∫{ıhP®£SvPŒ¿ B[Q˜ªØ∫
ˆ¡ÿ‘دh¢u⁄∫. Iuµı£ızv¿ ˆ·µ⁄¿ ¶ÏÍ (General
Bussy) §ˆµg_a ˆ\¿¡ıU¯P® £ıxPızx ¡¢uı∫.
21
≠fl”ıÆ P∫{ıhP® ˜£ı∫ (1756 & 1763) Pıµn[P“ :
I˜µı®£ı¬¿ ˆ¡izu H«ısk® ˜£ı˜µ ≠fl”ıÆ P∫{ıhP®
˜£ı∏US Eh⁄iU Pıµn©ıP A¯©¢ux. C¢vØı¬¿
§ˆµg_® £SvPŒfl B–{µıPƒÆ ¨ufl¯©® £¯hz
uÕ£vØıPƒÆ Pƒsm&i&ªıº (Count-de-Lally) Gfl£¡¯µ,
§µıfl_ {ımk Aµ_ C¢vØıƒUS A›®§ ¯¡zux. A¡∫
C¢vØı ¡¢uƒhfl ˆ\∞flm ˜h¬m ˜Pım¯h¯Øz
uıUQ Au¯⁄U ¯P®£ÿ‘⁄ı∫. ˆ\fl¯⁄¯ØU ¯P®£ÿ”z
vmh™mh A¡∫ Iuµı£ızvº∏¢u §ˆµg_z uÕ£v
¶ÏͯØz x¯nUS A¯«zuı∫. Ax ™P® ˆ£∂Ø u¡”ıP
¨i¢ux. ¶ÏÍ Iuµı£ızvº∏¢x ˆ¡Œ˜Ø‘؃hfl
B[Q˜ªØ∫ ¡h \∫UPı∫ £SvP¯Õ ˆ¡fl÷ ¯P®£ÿ‘⁄ı∫.
Iuµı£ızvfl |\ıÆ \ªı£z ·[ B[Q˜ªØ∏hfl
˜\µ˜¡siØ PmhıØ |¯ªUSz u“Õ®£mhı∫. Au⁄ı¿
Iuµı£ızv¿ §ˆµg_UPıµ∫P“ uÆ Aµ]Ø¿ ˆ\¿¡ıU¯P
C«¢u⁄∫. §ˆµg_z uÕ£vPÕı⁄ ªıº¯Ø≤Æ,
¶ÏͯØ≤Æ B[Q˜ªØ∫ £k˜uı¿¬ A¯hØa ˆ\¥u⁄∫.
1761&BÆ Bsk £ısia˜\∂¯Ø≤Æ Th §ˆµg_UPıµ∫P“
B[Q˜ªØ∂hÆ J®£¯hzu⁄∫.
¬¯ÕƒP“ : ≠fl”ıÆ P∫{ıhP® ˜£ı∫ 1763&BÆ Bsk £ı∂_
Ehfl£iU¯P ≠ªÆ ¨iƒUS ¡¢ux. Aufl£i §ˆµg_U
Pıµ∫P“ C¤ ˜Pım¯hP¯Õ® £ª®£kzuUThıx Gfl”
|£¢u¯⁄∞fl ˜£∂¿ £ısia˜\∂, Pı¯µUPı¿ ©ÿ÷Æ
§ˆµg_UPıµ∫P–USa ˆ\ı¢u©ı⁄ Cuµ £SvP“ ´skÆ
A¡∫PŒhÆ J®£¯hUP®£mh⁄. C¢vØı¬¿ §ˆµg_U
Pıµ∫PŒfl ˜£µ¡ı¬ÿS ≠fl”ıÆ P∫{ıhP® ˜£ı∫ J∏
¨ÿ÷®¶“Œ ¯¡zux.
B[Q˜ªØ∂fl ˆ¡ÿ‘UPı⁄ Pıµn[P“ : (1) §ˆµg_UPıµ∫
P–hfl J®§k¯P∞¿ B[Q˜ªØ∂fl |v |¯ª¯©
˜©fl¯©≤¯hØuıPU Pın®£mhx, (2) §∂miË Aµ_ u©x
¡oPU S ¬ÿS® ˜£ıx©ı⁄ Eu¬¯Ø AŒzux˜£ı¿
§ˆµg_ Aµ_ AŒUP¬¿¯ª, (3) §ˆµg_UPıµ∫P¯Õ ¬h
B[Q˜ªØ∫P“ ]”®£ı⁄ ¡oP ¡\vP¯Õ® ˆ£ÿ‘∏¢u⁄∫,
(4) C[Qªı¢x §µıfl¯\ ¬h ™P EØ∫¢u Ph¿ ¡º¯©
22
¯Ø® ˆ£ÿ‘∏¢ux, (5) B[Qª® £¯hzuÕ£vPŒ¯h˜Ø
{¿ª Jÿ÷¯© |ª¬Øx, (6) C[Qªı¢v¿ A¯©v
|ª¬Øuı¿ B[Q˜ªØ∫ C¢vØ ¬¡Pıµ[PŒ¿ ¨ U
P¡⁄z¯u≤Æ ˆ\æzv⁄∫, (7) ]”¢u B–{µı⁄ i≥®˜Õ∞fl
˜\¯¡ C¢vØı¬¿ ˜u¯¡®£mh PıªPmhzv¿ A¡∫
v∏Æ£ A¯«UP®£mhxÆ A¡∏US® §fl ¡¢u¡∫
i≥®˜Õ¯Ø® ˜£ı¿ v”¯©≤¯hØ¡µıP ¬Õ[PıuxÆ
§ˆµg_UPıµ∫PŒfl ˜uı¿¬USU Pıµn[PÕıP A¯©¢u⁄.

II. ¡[PıÕzv¿ B[Q˜ªØ∫ BvUP ¡Õ∫a]

Aº¡∫vPıfl 1740¿ ufl›¯hØ _u¢vµzv¯⁄ A‘¬z
uı∫. A¡∫ ¡[PıÕzvfl {¡ı® B⁄ı∫. 1756¿ Aº¡∫vPıfl
©¯”ƒUS® §fl A¡∏¯hØ ˜£µfl ]µı‰&Ez&ˆuÕªı
ufl›¯hØ 24¡x ¡Øv¿ ¡[PıÕzvfl {¡ı® B⁄ı∫. A¡∫
Bm]US ¡¢u ]‘x PıªzvÿS“ÕıP˜¡ ¡[PıÕzv¿
A¡∏USÆ B[Q˜ªØ∏USÆ C¯h˜Ø \a\µƒP“ ˜uıfl‘⁄.
§Õı]®˜£ı∫ & Pıµn[P“ : B[Q˜ªØ∫ ¡[PıÕzvº∏¢u
¬¿ºØÆ ˜Pım¯h¯Ø® £ª®£kzx¡¯u |÷zx©ı÷
]µı‰&Ez&ˆuÕªı Ezuµ¬mhı∫. B⁄ı¿ B[Q˜ªØ∫
˜Pım¯h¯Ø® ¶x®§zu¿ £o¯Ø |÷zu ©÷zu⁄∫. G⁄˜¡
{¡ı® Pı]Æ£·ı∂º∏¢u B[Qª ¡oPz uªzv¯⁄z
uıUQ⁄ı∫. §fl ¬¿ºØÆ ˜Pım¯h¯ØU ¯P®£ÿ‘⁄ı∫.
¨UQØ©ı⁄ B[Qª A桪∫ £ª∫ E∞∫ u®§⁄∫. G¤›Æ
146 ˜£∫P“ ¯PvPÕıP ]¯”§iUP®£mh⁄∫. A¡∫P“
A¯⁄¡¯µ≤Æ ]µı‰ ™Pa]‘Ø A¯” Jfl‘¿ ¯¡zx
A¯hUP®£mhuıPU T”®£kQ”x. 1756&BÆ ¡∏hÆ ·¸fl
©ıuÆ 20&BÆ {ı“ A¡∫PŒ¿ 123 ˜£∫ ≠a_zvn‘
C”¢uuıPƒÆ 23 ˜£∫ ©mk˜© E∞∫ §¯«zuuıPƒÆ
T”®£kQ”x. C¢u |PÃa] C∏mh¯” xصa \Æ£¡Æ (Black
Hole Tragedy) Gfl÷ B[Qª ¡µªıÿ÷ A‘b∫PÕı¿
¡∫oUP®£kQ”x.
Aa\Æ£¡zv¯⁄U ˜P“¬≤ÿ” ˆ\fl¯⁄∞º∏¢u
B[Q˜ªØ∫, Cµı£∫m Q¯Õ∆ ©ÿ÷Æ Phÿ£¯hz uÕ£v
23
¡ım\fl (Admiral Watson) BQ˜Øı∫ u¯ª¯©∞¿, J∏ Eu¬®
£¯h¯Ø ¡[PıÕzvÿS A›®§ ¯¡zu⁄∫. ]µı‰&Ez&
ˆuÕªı¬fl ¨ufl¯©® £¯hzuÕ£vØı⁄ ´∫ ·ı£∏hfl
Q¯Õ∆ J∏ CµP]Ø Ehfl£iU¯P¯Øa ˆ\¥x ˆPısk
{¡ı¯£ Gv∫ˆPı“Õz uØıµı⁄ı∫.
|PÃa]P“ : 1757&BÆ Bsk ·¸fl ©ıuÆ 23&BÆ {ı“
{¡ı§fl u¯ª{Pµı⁄ ¨∫Êuı£ızxUS A∏Q¿ C∏¢u
§Õı]¯Ø ˜{ıUQ Q¯Õ∆ ¨fl˜⁄‘⁄ı∫. u¯ª¯©z
uÕ£vØı⁄ ´∫ ·ı£∏hfl Q¯Õ∆ ˆ\¥x ˆPısh CµP]Ø
Ehfl£iU¯P∞fl£i A¡∫ B[Q˜ªØ∏US GvµıP ˜£ı∂¿
Dk£h¬¿¯ª. {¡ı®§fl £¯h√µ∫P“ ˜£ı∫UPÕzvº∏¢x
u®§ Ki⁄∫. §fl⁄∫ {¡ı¶Æ ˆPı¿ª®£mhı∫. Q¯Õ¬fl
¡ıUS÷v∞fl£i ´∫·ı£∫ ¡[PıÕzv¿ {¡ı® B⁄ı∫.
§Õı]∞¿ {h¢ux J∏ ]÷ ¯PPª®˜£ u¬µ Ax J∏ ˜£ı∫
A¿ª. G¤›Æ ¬¯ÕƒP¯Õ® ˆ£ı÷zu¡¯µ C¢vØ
¡µªıÿ‘¿ §Õı]®˜£ı∫ ™S¢u ¨UQØzx¡Æ ˆ£ÿ”uıPU
P∏u®£kQ”x. Hˆ⁄¤¿ C¢vØı¬¿ B[Q˜ªØ∫ Bm]
Pı¿ Ffl” A®˜£ı∫ ¡»¡Szux.
¬¯ÕƒP“ : ¶vØ {¡ı§h™∏¢x B[Q˜ªØ∫ ˆ£∏Æ
ˆuı¯P¯Ø® ˆ£ÿ”⁄∫. B[Qª ¡oPU S  24 £∫Pı⁄ıU
P¯Õ≤Æ ˆ£ÿ”x. ´∫·ı£∫ Q¯Õ∆¬fl ¯P®ˆ£ıƯ©ØıP
©ı‘⁄ı∫. A¡∂hÆ G¢u AvPıµ¨Æ C¿¯ª. {ıÕ¯h¬¿
A¡µı¿ B[Q˜ªØ∂fl ˜u¯¡P¯Õ® ß∫zv ˆ\¥ØƒÆ
¨iج¿¯ª. G⁄˜¡ 1760¿ A¡∫ £u¬∞º∏¢x ¬ªSÆ
£i PmhıØ®£kzu®£mhı∫. §fl¶ A¡∏¯hØ ©∏©P⁄ı⁄
´∫Pı]Æ ¡[PıÕzvfl ¶vØ {¡ı£ıP |Ø™UP®£mhı∫.
ˆ¡S¬¯µ¬¿ ´∫Pı]©ıæÆ B[Q˜ªØ∂fl ˆ£∏Q ¡¢uz
˜u¯¡P¯Õ® ß∫zv ˆ\¥Ø Cتı©¿ ˜£ı⁄x.
£U\ı∫ ˜£ı∫ (1764) Pıµn[P“ : ´∫Pı]Æ CÕ¯©≤Æ,
xi®¶Æ, ˜£µı∫¡¨Æ E¯hØ Bm]ØıÕ∫. A¡∫ _u¢vµ
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C∏¢x ˆ¡S ˆuı¯ª¬º∏¢u ©ı[R∫ (Manghir) Gfl›Æ
ChzvÿS ©ıÿ‘⁄ı∫. ufl £¯h√µ∫P–US® £∞ÿ]ØŒUP
24
ˆ¡Œ{ımk® £∞ÿ]ØıÕ∫P¯Õ ˜¡¯ªUS A©∫zv⁄ı∫.
G⁄˜¡ B[Q˜ªØ∏USÆ {¡ı¶US™¯h˜Ø \a\µƒ
Hÿ£mhx. B[Q˜ªØ∫ A¡¯µ® £u¬∞º∏¢x C”UP
¨iƒ ˆ\¥u⁄∫. Aufl ¬¯Õ¡ı¿ 1764&BÆ Bsk £U\ı∫
˜£ı∫ Hÿ£mhx. A®˜£ı∂¿ ´∫Pı]Æ, A˜Øızv {¡ı£ı⁄
_·ı&Ez&ˆuÕªı
_·ı&Ez&ˆuÕªı, ˆ©ıPªıØ Aµ\∫ Âı BªÆ BQØ
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˜©·∫ ©fl˜µı ˜uıÿPizuı∫. ´∫Pı]Æ ˜£ı∫UPÕzvº∏¢x
u®§ Ki⁄ı∫. ©ÿ” C∏¡∏Æ B[Q˜ªØ∂hÆ \µs
A¯h¢u⁄∫.
¬¯ÕƒP“ : 1765&¿ Hÿ£mh AªPı£ız Ehfl£iU¯P ≠ªÆ
£U\ı∫ ˜£ı∫ J∏ ¨iƒUS ¡¢ux. A∆ƒhfl£iU¯P∞fl£i
A˜Øızv, _·ı&Ez&ˆuÕªı¬ÿSz v∏®§ AŒUP®£mhx.
B⁄ı¿ A¡∫ ˜£ı∫ C«®•mkz ˆuı¯PØıP 50 ªm\Æ π£ı¥
B[Q˜ªØ∏US AŒUP˜¡si∞∏¢ux. B[Qª®£¯h
Jfl¯” A˜Øızv∞fl £ıxPı®§ÿPıP |÷zu ˜¡siØ
PmhıØzvÿS _·ı&Ez&ˆuÕªı E“ÕıUP®£mhı∫. ˜Pıµı,
AªPı£ız BQØ ©ı¡mh[P“ Âı BªzvÿS AŒUP®
£mh⁄. A¡∫ ¡[PıÕÆ, •Pı∫, K∂\ı BQØ £SvPŒ¿
C∏¢x |ª¡∂ ¡`¿ ˆ\¥≤Æ E∂¯©¯Ø (v¡ı¤ E∂¯©)
B[Q˜ªØ∏US AŒzuı∫. AuÿS DhıP A¡∫ BskUS 26
ªm\Æ π£ı¯Ø B[Q˜ªØ∂h™∏¢x K¥≈vØ©ıP®
ˆ£ÿ”ı∫. £U\ı∫ ˜£ı∫ B[Q˜ªØ¯µ ¡[PıÕzvfl Es¯©
Øı⁄ Bm]ØıÕ∫PÕıP ©ıÿ‘Øx. A®˜£ı∫ A¡∫PŒfl
Cµıq¡ ¡º¯©¯Ø≤Æ G¡¯µ≤Æ Gv∫ ˆPı“–Æ
\Uv¯Ø≤Æ ˆ¡Œ®£kzvØx.
¡[PıÕzv¿ ˆ£ÿ” ˆ¡ÿ‘∞⁄ı¿ Q¯Õ∆
¡[PıÕzvfl ¨u¿ B–{µıP (1758 & 1760) |Ø™UP®£mhı∫.
A¡∫ B[Qª Bm]¯Ø ¡[PıÕzvæÆ uUPınzvæÆ
¡æ®£kzv⁄ı∫. A¡∫ ¡[PıÕzv¿ A‘¨P®£kzvØ ¶vØ
|∫¡ıP ¨¯” Cµm¯h Bm]¨¯” G⁄®£mhx. Aufl£i
¡[PıÕzvfl |∫¡ıP® ˆ£ı÷®¶ {¡ı§h¨Æ AvPıµÆ
B[Q˜ªØ∂hzvæÆ C∏¢ux. G¢u AvPıµ¨Æ C¿ªıu
u¯ª¯©® ˆ£ı÷®¶ ©mkÆ {¡ı®§h¨Æ, G¢u ˆ£ı÷®¶Æ
C¿ªıu G¿ªı AvPıµ[P–Æ B[Q˜ªØ∂h¨Æ C∏¢u⁄.
25
 III. ¯©`∫ ˜£ı∫P“
Iu∫ Aº : Iu∫ Aº 1721&BÆ Bsk §”¢uı∫. A¡∏¯hØ
u¢¯u ¯©`∫ Aµ\∂fl £¯h®§∂ƒ u¯ª¡µı¡ı∫ (˜£‰uı∫
Faujdar).

Iu∫ Aº ufl ¡ıÃU¯P¯Ø J∏ \ıuıµn® £¯h

√µµıPz ˆuıh[Q⁄ı∫. Iu∫ £i®£‘¡ÿ”¡ˆµ¤›Æ E÷v≤Æ
¬ØUPzuUP √µ¨Æ, A‘ƒUT∫¯©≤Æ, ˆ£ıxA‘ƒÆ
ˆPısh¡∫. u⁄x Pi⁄ E¯«®£ı¿ ¯©`∫ Cµıq¡zvfl
¨ufl¯©® £¯hzuÕ£vØıP Iu∫ EØ∫ƒ ˆ£ÿ”ı∫.
¯©`∂fl ©fl⁄∫ C”¢u˜£ıx Iu∫ ufl¯⁄ {ımifl
Bm]ØıÕµıP A‘¬zx ¯©`∂fl _¿uı⁄ı⁄ı∫.
¨u¿ ¯©`∫ ˜£ı∫ (1767 & 1769) &
Pıµn[P“ : Iu∫ Aº ufl £¯h∞¿
§ˆµg_ √µ∫P¯Õ≤Æ ˜\∫zx® £¯h
¡º¯©¯Ø® ˆ£∏UQ⁄ı∫. ˆufl
C¢vØı¬fl £ª £SvP¯ÕU ¯P®£ÿ‘
ufl {ım¯h ¬∂¡ıUQ⁄ı∫. Iu∫
Aº∞fl ˜¡P©ı⁄ ¡Õ∫a] ©µızvØ∫,
Iuµı£ız |\ıÆ ©ÿ÷Æ B[Q˜ªØ∂fl
ˆ£ı”ı¯©¯Øz ysiØx. A¡∫P“
≠¡∏Æ C¯n¢x ≠¡∫ Tmho
A¯©zx Iu∫ Aº ´x ˜£ı∫ Iu∫ Aº
A‘¬zu⁄∫. Iu∫ u⁄x v”¯©Øı¿
©µızvدµ≤Æ |\ı¯©≤Æ ˆ¡ÿ‘ ˆPıshı∫. B⁄ı¿ 1767¿
Ï™z (Smith) Gfl” B[Qª® £¯hz uÕ£vØı¿ Iu∫ ˆ\[PÆ
©ÿ÷Æ v∏¡snı©¯ª∞¿ ˜uıÿPiUP®£mhı∫. A˜u
˜{µzv¿ Iu∫ Aº∞fl ©P⁄ı⁄ v®¶ _¿uıfl ufl
£¯hP–hfl ˆ\fl¯⁄¯Ø ˜{ıUQ ¨fl˜⁄‘⁄ı∫. G⁄˜¡
B[Q˜ªØ∫ \©ıuı⁄ Ehfl£iU¯P∞¯⁄a ˆ\¥x ˆPı“Õ
˜¡siØuı∞ÿ÷.
¬¯ÕƒP“ : 1769¿ Hÿ£mh ©uµı_ (ˆ\fl¯⁄) Ehfl
£iU¯P
£iU¯P≤hfl ˜£ı∫ ¨i¡¯h¢ux. Aufl£i Iu∏Æ
26
B[Q˜ªØ∏Æ ˜£ı∂¿ uıÆ ¯P®£ÿ‘Ø Ch[P¯Õz v∏®§
AŒzu⁄∫. Iu∫ Aº∞fl Gv∂PÕı⁄ |\ı¨Æ, ©µızvØ∫
P–Æ ¯©`¯µz uıUQ⁄ı¿ Iu∏US Euƒ¡uıP B[Q˜ªØ∫
J®¶U ˆPısh⁄∫.
CµshıÆ ¯©`∫ ˜£ı∫ (1780 & 1784) & Pıµn[P“ : 1771¿
¯©`∫ ©µızvØ∫PÕı¿ uıUP®£mhx. ˆ\fl¯⁄ Ehfl
£iU¯P∞fl£i B[Q˜ªØ∫ Iu∫ Aº∞fl Eu¬US ¡µ
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دµz uıUS¡uÿPı⁄ \¢u∫®£z¯u Gv∫˜{ıUQ∞∏¢uı∫.
Iu∫ Aº∞fl £Sv∞º∏¢u §ˆµg_USa ˆ\ı¢u©ı⁄
©ıÓ¯Ø B[Q˜ªØ∫ uıUQؘ£ıx Iu∫ Aº 1780&BÆ
Bsk B[Q˜ªØ∫ ´x ˜£ı∫ A‘¬zuı∫. A¡∫
P∫{ıhPzv¿ B[Qª®£¯h¯Øz ˜uıÿPizuı∫. A®£Sv
A¡∂hÆ \µn¯h¢ux. P∫{ıhPzvfl ˆ£∏Æ £Sv¯Ø Iu∫
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Gfl›™hzv¿ ˜uıÿPizux. ˜£ı∂¤¯h∞¿ 1782&BÆ
Bsk Iu∫ Aº ¶ÿ÷˜{ıØı¿ ©µn©¯h¢uı∫. B⁄ı¿
A¡µx ©Pfl v®¶ _¿uıfl Akzu C∏ ¡∏h[P“
B[Q˜ªØ∏hfl ˆuıh∫¢x ˜£ı∂mhı∫.
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©[P—∫ Ehfl£iU¯P ≠ªÆ A®
˜£ı∫ ¨i¡¯h¢ux. A®˜£ı∂¿
C∏uµ®§⁄∏Æ uıÆ ¯P®£ÿ‘Ø
Ch[P¯Õz v∏Æ£® ˆ£ÿ÷U
ˆPı“¡x G⁄ƒÆ ]¯”§iUP®£mh
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J®¶U ˆPısh⁄∫. Cµshı¡x
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G∆¬u ¬¯ÕƒP–Æ Cfl‘
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≠fl”ı¡x ¯©`∫ ˜£ı∫ : Pıµfl ¡ıºÏ §µ¶ (1786 & 1793)

¡[PıÕzvfl u¯ª¯© B–⁄µıP 1786&BÆ Bsk ˆ£ı÷®
27
˜£ÿ”ı∫. A¡∏US B[Qª® £¯hPŒfl ¨ufl¯©z
u¯ª¯©® ˆ£ı÷®¶Æ ¡«[P®£mhx. A¡∫ ≠fl”ı¡x
¯©`∫ ˜£ı∂¿ v®¶ƒUS GvµıP® ˜£ı∂mhı∫.
Pıµn[P“ : B[Q˜ªØ∫ |\ı¨h›Æ,
©µızvØ∏h›Æ u[P“ E”¯¡ ˜©Æ
£kzv⁄∫. A˜u ˜{µzv¿ v®¶ ufl
¡Õ[P¯Õ® ˆ£∏UQØxhfl §ˆµg_U
Pıµ∫PŒfl Eu¬¯Ø≤Æ ˆ£ÿ”ı∫. v®¶
1789&BÆ Bsk B[Q˜ªØ∂fl {m¶
{ıhı⁄ v∏¬uı[T¯µz (Travancore)
uıUQ⁄ı∫. G⁄˜¡ Pıµfl¡ıºÏ 1790¿
v®¶¬fl ´x ˜£ı∫ A‘¬zuı∫. C∏ Pıµfl¡ıºÏ
£¯hP–˜© ˆ¡ÿ‘z ˜uı¿¬P¯Õ
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¬¯ÕƒP“ : v®¶ B[Q˜ªØ∏hfl ^µ[P®£mi⁄ Ehfl
£iU¯P
£iU¯P¯Øa ˆ\¥x ˆPıshı∫. Aufl ¬¯Õ¡ıP ufl
{ımifl £ıv¯Øz v®¶ B[Q˜ªØ∏USU ˆPıkUP
˜{∂mhx. ©ª£ı∫, ShS®£Sv, vskUP¿, £ıµ©Pı¿ (uÿ
˜£ı¯uØ D˜µık, ˜\ªÆ) BQØ £SvP“ B[Q˜ªØ∏USU
ˆPıkUP®£mh⁄. Ax ©mk™fl‘ ≠fl÷ ˜Pıi π£ı¯Ø®
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v®¶ uÆ C∏ ¶u¿¡∫P¯Õ≤Æ §¯nU ¯PvPÕıP
B[Q˜ªØ∂hÆ J®£¯hUSÆ£i ˜{∂mhx.
{ıflPıÆ ¯©`∫ ˜£ı∫ (1799) & Pıµn[P“ : ^µ[P®£mi⁄Æ
Ehfl£iU¯P∞⁄ı¿ v®¶ ©ÿ÷Æ B[Q˜ªØ∂¯h˜Ø
A¯©v Hÿ£h¬¿¯ª. v®¶ ˆ¡¿ˆªÏº §µ¶¬fl
x¯n®£¯hz vmhz¯u Hÿ÷U ˆPı“Õ ©÷zuı∫. A¡∫
B[Q˜ªØ¯µ® £»¡ı[P Gso⁄ı∫. G⁄˜¡ Pıß¿,
PıflÏhıfli˜{ı§“, A˜µ§Øı ©ÿ÷Æ §µıfl_ BQØ
{ıkP–USz ufl yx¡∫P¯Õ A›®§ v®¶ Eu¬
˜Pı∂⁄ı∫. v®¶¬fl {h¡iU¯PP¯Õ A‘¢u ˆ¡¿ˆªÏº
§µ¶ Eh⁄iØıP 1799¿ v®¶¬ÿˆPvµıP® ˜£ı∫ ˆuıkzuı∫.
28
uÕ£v Ïl¡∫k, uÕ£v Ìı∂Ï BQ˜Øıµı¿ v®¶
˜uı¿¬¯Øz u ¡ ˜¡siØuı∞ÿ÷. ˆ¡¿ˆªÏº
^µ[P®£mi⁄z¯u ¨ÿ÷¯P∞mh˜£ıx v®¶ ™P √µ©ıP
˜£ı∂mkÆ ˜£ı∂¿ E∞∫ x”UP ˜{∂mhx.
¬¯ÕƒP“ : ¯©`∂fl ˆ£∏Æ£Sv¯Ø B[Q˜ªØ∫ uÆ
Aµ_hfl C¯nzxU ˆPısh⁄∫. ¯©`∂fl ©zvØ®£Sv
¡ıiØı∫ ©µ¯£a ˜\∫¢u Q∏Ënµı·ıƒUS AŒUP®£mhx.
v®¶¬fl SkÆ£Æ ^µ[P®£mi⁄zvº∏¢x APÿ”®£mk
˜¡ø∫a ]¯”US A›®£®£mhx.

x¯n®£¯hz vmh¨Æ
IV.
B[Q˜ªØ∫ BvUP ¬∂¡ıUP¨Æ
ˆ¡¿ˆªÏº §µ¶ C¢vØı¬fl
u¯ª¯© B–{µıP 1798&1805 ¡¯µ
£u¬ ¡Qzuı∫. A¡∫ £¿˜¡÷
ˆPı“¯PP¯Õ® §fl£ÿ‘ ¡oP
|÷¡⁄©ıP C∏¢u Q«US C¢vØ
¡oPU S ¯¡ C¢vØı¬fl ™P®
ˆ£∏Æ ¡¿ª¯©a \UvØıP EØ∫zv
⁄ı∫. B[Q˜ªØ Bm]¯Ø ¬∂ƒ
£kzu A¡∫ ≠fl÷ ¨¯”P¯ÕU
ˆ¡¿ˆªÏº §µ¶
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£¯hz vmhÆ, (2) ˜£ı∂fl ≠ªÆ {ıkP¯ÕU ¯P®£ÿ÷u¿,
(3) {ıkP¯Õ C¯nzu¿ BSÆ. C¡ÿ‘¿ x¯n®£¯hz
vmhz¯u® £ÿ‘ C[S A‘¢x ˆPı“˜¡ıÆ. {m¶¨¯”∞¿
B[Q˜ªØ∏hfl Ehfl£iU¯Pa ˆ\¥x ˆPı“–©ı÷ C¢vØ
Aµ_P¯Õ ˆ¡¿ˆªÏº ˜¡si⁄ı∫. A∆¡ı÷ Ehfl
£iU¯P∞¿ ˜\∫¢u Aµ_P“ RÃUPsh |£¢u¯⁄P¯Õ®
§fl£ÿ” ˜¡skˆ©⁄ ¡ÿ¶÷zu®£mh⁄. A¯¡P“ :
1. B[Q˜ªØ∂fl ˜©ªıs¯©¯Ø Hÿ÷U ˆPı“–u¿,
2. B[Q˜ªØ∂fl §µv|v J∏¡¯µ≤Æ B[Qªzx¯n®
£¯h¯Ø≤Æ u[P“ £Sv∞¿ ¯¡zxU ˆPı“–u¿,
29
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£SvP¯Õ B[Qª ¡oPU S ƒUSU ˆPıkzu¿,
4. x¯n®£¯hz vmhzv¿ ˜\∏Æ Aµ\∫P“ B[Q˜ª
دµz u¬µ ˜¡÷ G¢u I˜µı®§Ø∏h›Æ ˆuıh∫¶
¯¡zxU ˆPı“Õıv∏zu¿,
5. B[Qªz u¯ª¯© B–{∂fl A›©v∞fl‘ A∆
¡µ_P“ ©ÿ” Aµ_P–hfl G∆¬u ˜£a_¡ı∫z¯u∞æÆ
Dk£ku¿ Thıx,
6. C¢|£¢u¯⁄P–US Em£mh Aµ_P¯Õ ˆ¡Œz
uıUSuºº∏¢x B[Q˜ªØ∫ £ıxPı®£uıPƒÆ A¯¡
PŒfl E“ ¬¡Pıµ[PŒ¿ u¯ª∞k¡v¿¯ª G⁄ƒÆ
E÷vØŒzu⁄∫.
x¯n®£¯hz vmhzv¿ ˜\∫¢u {ıkP“ : 1. Iuµı£ız |\ıÆ
x¯n®£¯hz vmhz¯u ¨ufl ¨uº¿ Hÿ”ı∫. A¡∫
Ph®¯£, ˆ£¿ªı∂, A⁄¢u®ß∫ ©ÿ÷Æ P∫°¿ BQØ £Sv
P¯Õ B[Q˜ªØ∂hÆ J®£¯hzuı∫. (2) v®¶ _¿uıfl
C”¢u §fl¶ ¯©`∂fl Bm]¯Øz v∏Æ£® ˆ£ÿ” Q∏Ën
µı· ¡ıiØı∏Æ Czvmhzv¿ ˜\∫¢uı∫, (3) A˜Øızv {¡ı®
Czvmhz¯u Hÿ÷ ˜µıÓ¿ Psm ©ÿ÷Æ ˜uı B® £Sv∞fl
ˆufl©ı¡mh[P¯Õ AŒzuı∫, (4) •Ë¡ı CµshıÆ £ı‚
µı∆ ©ÿ÷Æ A˜{P Cµı\¶zvµ ©fl⁄∫P–Æ x¯n®£¯hz
vmhz¯u Hÿ÷U ˆPısh⁄∫.

Czvmhzvfl ]”®¶P“ : (1) Czvmhzv⁄ı¿ B[Q˜ªØ∫

C¢vØı¬¿ ˜©ªıvUPÆ ˆ£ÿ”⁄∫, (2) B[Q˜ªØ∂fl
¡Õ¨Æ ˆ\¿¡ıUSÆ ™S¢u AÕ¬¿ ˆ£∏QØx, (3) C¢vØ
©fl⁄∫P¯Õ B[Q˜ªØ∫ uÆ Pmk®£ımifl Rà ¯¡zv∏UP
CzvmhÆ Eu¬Øx, (4) C¢vØ Aµ_PŒfl ˆ\ª¬¿
|¯ªØı⁄ ™P®ˆ£∂Ø £¯h¯Ø B[Q˜ªØ∫ £µı©∂UP
CzvmhÆ Eu¬Øx, (5) Czvmhzv¯⁄ Hÿ” £ª C¢vØ
Aµ_P“ u[P“ {ımifl £ª £SvP¯Õ B[Q˜ªØ∏US
AŒzuuı¿ B[Qª® ˜£µµ]fl G¿¯ªP“ ¬∂¡¯h¢u⁄.
31
S¯”P“ : (1) Czvmhzv¯⁄ Hÿ” _˜u\ Aµ_P“ u[P“
©v®¯£≤Æ ˆ\¿¡ıU¯P≤Æ C«¢u⁄, (2) x¯n® £¯hz
vmhzv¿ ˜\∫¢u C¢vØ ©fl⁄∫PŒhÆ C∏¢x ˜Pıµ®£mh
Eu¬z ˆuı¯P A¡∫PÕx uSvUSÆ, ¡∏¡ı¥USÆ ˜©ªı⁄
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¡∂¯Øa _©zv⁄∫, (3) C¢vØ ©fl⁄∫P“ u[P“ £¯hP¯ÕU
P¯ªUP ˜¡siØ PmhıØzvÿS E“Õı⁄ı∫P“. A∆¡ı÷
P¯ªUP®£mh £¯h√µ∫P“ {ıÕ¯h¬¿ uUP∫, §shı∂P“
˜£ıfl” ˆPı“¯ÕØ∫P–hfl ˜\∫¢x ˆ£ıx©UP–USz
ˆuı¿¯ª ˆPıkUPªı∞⁄∫, (4) x¯n® £¯hzvmhzv¿
˜\∫¢u ©fl⁄∫PŒfl £ıxPı®§¿ B[Q˜ª Ø∫P“ AUP¯µ
PımiØuı¿ _˜u\ Aµ\∫P“ ˆ£ı÷®£ÿ” ¡ıÃU¯P ¡ıâx
u[P“ ©v®¯£≤Æ C«¢u⁄∫, (5) C¢vØ ©fl⁄∫P“ u©U
Q¯h˜Ø ˜{∂¯hØıP® ˜£ı∫ ¶∂Ø A›©vUP®£h¬¿¯ª
G¤›Æ, A¡∫P“ \v˜¡¯ªPŒ¿ Dk£mk® ˜£ı∫
BØzu[P¯Õa ˆ\¥Øªı∞⁄∫.
ˆ¡¿ˆªÏº §µ¶¬fl {ık C¯n®¶U ˆPı“¯P
Øı¿ B[Q˜ªØ∂fl Aµ]Ø¿ BvUPÆ ™P®ˆ£∂Ø
AÕ¬¿ ¬∂ ¡¯h¢ux. G⁄˜¡ ]ª ¡µªıÿ÷ A‘b∫P“
ˆ¡¿ˆªÏº §µ¶¯¡ ""B[QªU Q«UQ¢vØ ¡oPU
S ¬fl AU£∫'' Gfl÷ A¯«UQfl”⁄∫.

V. ©µızvØ® ˜£ı∫P“
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µıP |∏¡ıPÆ ˆ\¥u ˜£ıx (1772 & 1785) ¨u¿ ©µızvØ®
˜£ı∫ |Pâux. 1772¿ ©µızvØ Aµ]fl •Ë¡ı¡ı⁄
©ıu¡µı∆ •Ë¡ı C”¢uı∫. A¡∏US ¡ı∂_ C¿¯ª. G⁄˜¡
A¡∏¯hØ C¯ÕØ \˜Pıuµ∫, {ıµıØnµı∆ •Ë¡ı B⁄ı∫.
B⁄ı¿ A¡∏¯hØ ]‘Ø u¢¯u≤Æ ˜£µı¯\≤Æ ™S¢u,
µ˜Pı£ı G⁄ A¯«UP®£mh, µS{ıuµı¡ı¿ A¡∫ ˆPı¯ª
ˆ\¥Ø®£mhı∫. µS{ıu µı∆ ufl¯⁄® •Ë¡ı¡ıP A‘¬zxU
ˆPıshı∫. B⁄ı¿ µ˜Pı£ı Bm]® ˆ£ı÷®˜£ÿ”¯u Aµ\
¬_¡ı\Æ ˆPısh ≠zu ©µızvØ Aµ]Ø¿ u¯ª¡µı⁄
{ı⁄ı £m⁄ı¬Ï Gv∫zuı∫. A¡∫ ˆPı¯ª≤sh {ıµıØn
µı¬fl ©P⁄ı⁄ ©ıu¡µı∆ {ıµıدn A∂دn∞¿ A©∫zu
32
¬∏Ƨ⁄ı∫. µ˜Pı£ı B[Q˜ªØ∂fl Eu¬¯Ø {ıi⁄ı∫.
A¡∫ 1775¿ ¨Æ¯£ B–{∏hfl `µz Ehfl£iU¯P
Ehfl£iU¯P∞¿
¯PˆØ zvmhı∫. A∆ƒhfl£iU¯P∞fl£i u⁄US® •Ë¡ı
£u¬ Q¯h®£uÿS B[Q˜ªØ∫ Eu¬⁄ı¿ A¡∫P–USa
\ı¿ˆ\m, £ÏÍfl BQØ wƒP¯Õ AŒUP µ˜Pı£ı J®¶U
ˆPıshı∫. A∆ƒhfl£iU¯P B[Qªz u¯ª¯© B–{µı⁄
¡ıµfl˜ÌÏiUSUSz ˆu∂Øı©¿ ˜©ÿˆPı“Õ®£mhuı¿
A¡∫ A¢u Ehfl£iU¯P¯Ø |µıP∂zuı∫.
¡[PıÕzvfl B–{∫, u¯ª¯© B–{∫ G⁄ƒÆ
A¯«UP®£mhı∫. A¡∫ C¢vØı¬º∏¢u A¯⁄zx
B[Q˜ªØ∫P–USÆ EØ∫ AvPı∂Øı¡ı∫.
1776&¿ {ı⁄ı £m⁄ı¬Ï B[Q˜ªØ∏hfl ¶µ¢u∫ Ehfl
£iU¯P ˆ\¥x ˆPıshı∫. {ı⁄ı£m⁄ı¬Ï A∆¡ı÷ ufl
|¯ª¯Ø EØ∫zvU ˆPısk µ˜Pı£ı¯¡z ˜uıÿPizuı∫.
A®˜£ı∫ 1782&BÆ Bsk Hÿ£mh \ı¿¯£ Ehfl£iU¯P
≤hfl ¨iƒUS ¡¢ux.
¬¯ÕƒP“ : ©ıu¡µı∆ {ıµıØs •Ë¡ı B⁄ı∫.
B[Q˜ªØ∫ \ı¿ˆ\m w¯¡zu¬µ ©ÿ” £SvP¯Õz v∏®§
AŒzu⁄∫. µ˜Pı£ı¬ÿS Bsk K¥ƒ FvØ©ıP ≠fl÷
ªm\Æ π£ı¥ ¡«[P®£mhx.
CµshıÆ ©µızvØ®˜£ı∫ 1803 & Pıµn[P“ : ≠zu ©µızvØ
Aµ]Ø¿ u¯ª¡µı⁄ {ı⁄ı £m⁄ı¬Ï 1800&BÆ Bsk
C”¢uı∫. A¡∏¯hØ ©¯”¬ÿS® §fl ©µızvØz u¯ª¡∫P
Õı⁄ £ıflϘª, ]¢vØı BQ˜Øı∂¯h˜Ø ˜£ı∫ Hÿ£mhx.
A®˜£ıx Bm]¶∂¢u •Ë¡ı CµshıÆ £ı‚µı∆ ¡º¯©
Øÿ” Aµ\µı¥ ¬Õ[Q⁄ı∫. G⁄˜¡ A¡∫ ufl £ıxPı®§ÿS
B[Q˜ªØ∂fl Eu¬¯Ø {ıi⁄ı∫. B[Q˜ªØ∫ £ıflϘª,
]¢vØı BQ˜Øı∂fl Jfl‘¯n¢u £¯hP¯Õz ˜uıÿ
Pizu⁄∫.
¬¯ÕƒP“ : £ıflϘª≤Æ ]¢vØıƒÆ x¯n®£¯hz
vmhzv¯⁄ Hÿ÷U ˆPısh⁄∫. {ıÕ¯h¬¿ ©µızvØ∫
u[P“ ¡º¯©¯Ø C«¢u⁄∫.
≠fl”ıÆ ©µızvØ® ˜£ı∫ (1817 & 1818) & Pıµn[P“ : 1817¿
•Ë¡ı CµshıÆ £ı‚µı∆ B[Q˜ªØ∏US GvµıP
33
©µızvØ u¯ª¡∫PŒfl Tmh¯©®¶ Jfl‘¯⁄ E∏¡ıUP
¨Øÿ] ˆ\¥uı∫. Aa\©Øzv¿ •Ë¡ı¬fl A¯©a\∫
J∏¡µı¿ B[Q˜ªØ∂fl {s£µı⁄ £˜µıhı ¨uª¯©a\∫
ˆPı¯ªa ˆ\¥Ø®£mhı∫. Aufl ¬¯Õ¡ıP B[Q˜ªØµı¿
•Ë¡ı CµshıÆ £ı‚µı∆ C»¡ı⁄ J∏ Ehfl£iU¯P∞¿
¯PˆØ zvk©ı÷ ¡ÿ¶÷zu®£mhı∫. AuÿS Ehfl£h
©÷zuxhfl •Ë¡ı B[Q˜ªØ∫ ´x ˜£ı¯µ≤Æ ˆuıkzuı∫.
B⁄ı¿ A¡∫ B[Q˜ªØµı¿ ˜uıÿPiUP®£mhı∫. A∆
ˆ¡ÿ‘∞¯⁄z ˆuıh∫¢x u¯ª¯© B–{µı⁄ ˜ÌÏi[_®
§µ¶ C¢vØı¬¿ B[Q˜ªØ∂fl BvUPz¯u |¯ª
{ımi⁄ı∫.
¬¯ÕƒP“ : •Ë¡ı¬fl AvPıµÆ E∞∫zˆu«ıu¡ı÷
]¯uUP®£mhx. ©µızvØz u¯ª¡∫PŒfl £ª¨Æ
S¯”¢ux. A¡∫P“ B[Q˜ªØ∫PŒfl Rà Bm] ˆ\¥≤Æ
|¯ªUS ¡¢u⁄∫. C¢vØı¯¡ B[Q˜ªØ∫PŒh™∏¢x
Pı®£ıÿ” ©µızvØ∫ ˜©ÿˆPısh ¨Øÿ]P“ ˜uı¿¬
≤ÿ”⁄. •Ë¡ı CµshıÆ £ı‚µı¬ÿS ¡∏h K¥≈vØ©ıP
π£ı¥ 8 ªm\Æ AŒUP®£mhx. ©µızvØ® £SvP¯ÕU
ˆPıskuıfl ¨Æ£ı¥ (£Æ£ı¥) ©ı|ªÆ E∏¡ıQØx.
©ı∫ËÏ©ıfl (Marshman) Gfl” ¡µªıÿ”ı]∂Ø∂fl
P∏zx®£i ©µızvØ® ˜£ı∫PŒfl ¬¯Õ¡ı¿ _˜u\
Cµıq¡Æ ©mk™fl‘ _˜u\ ©⁄|¯ª≤Æ Ai¯©®
£kzu®£mhx.
B[Q˜ªØ∫ \zµ£v ]¡ı‚∞fl ©µ§¿ ¡¢u §µuı®
][¯P \uıµı
\uıµı¬fl ©fl⁄µıUQ⁄∫. A¡∫ B[Qª Bm]USU
Rî£i¢u ]ÿ”µ\ıP ¬Õ[Q⁄ı∫.
©µızvØ∫PŒfl √Ãa]UPı⁄ Pıµn[P“ : A¯¡P“
(1) ©µızvØ∂fl £ª√⁄Æ, (2) Aµ]Ø¿ ¡¿ª¯©∞fl¯©,
(3) v”¯©Øÿ” u¯ª¯©, (4) |ª©ıflØ A¯©®¶,
(5) ©µızvØ∂fl \≠P A¯©®§¿ Pın®£mh S¯”£ıkP“,
(6) Aµ]fl ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¬¡Pıµ[PŒfl ¶”UPo®¶,
(7) B[Q˜ªØ∂fl ]”¢u Cµı·u¢vµ v”›Æ, Jÿ”∫
A¯©®¶Æ BSÆ.
34
 VI. ¬¿ºØÆ ˆ£fli[ §µ¶¬fl
Rà C¢vØ∫ {ªÆ
¬¿ºØÆ ˆ£fli[ §µ¶ (1828
& 1835) u¯ª¯© B–{µıP 1828&BÆ
Bsk |Ø™UP®£mhı∫. A¡∫
™S¢u v”›Æ, {¿ˆªsn¨Æ,
©v~m£¨Æ ¡ı¥¢u |∫¡ıQ.
Aµ]fl {ªfl BÕ®£kÆ ©UPŒfl
{ª¯⁄ Ai®£¯hØıPU ˆPıshx
Gfl” ˆPı“¯P≤hfl ˆ\تıÿ‘Ø
¬¿ºØÆ ˆ£fli[ §µ¶
A‘¡ı∫¢u ¨u¿ u¯ª¯© B–{∫
A¡˜µ.
A¡∫ ©UP–US {fl¯©ØŒUSÆ ]ª ^∫v∏zu[P¯Õ
{¯h¨¯”®£kzv |∫¡ıPzv¿ u⁄x ¨zv¯µ¯Ø®
£vzxa ˆ\fl”ı∫. A¡∏¯hØ ^∫v∏zu[P¯Õ ≠fl÷
u¯ª®¶PŒ¿ ¡¯P®£kzuªıÆ. A¯¡ : (1) ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ
^∫v∏zu[P“, (2) |∫¡ıP ^∫v∏zu[P“, (3) \≠P
^∫v∏zu[P“ BQØ⁄¡ıSÆ.
C®£Sv∞¿ A¡∏¯hØ \≠P ^∫v∏zu[P¯Õ® £ÿ‘
A‘تıÆ. £zˆuıfl£uıÆ °ÿ”ısk C¢vØı¬¿, "\v'
G⁄®£kÆ EhflPm¯h H÷u¿, £ªuıµ ©nÆ, S«¢¯uz
v∏©nÆ, ˆ£s]_U ˆPı¯ª, ˆ£sP¯Õ ¬ÿ£¯⁄
ˆ\¥≤Æ £«UPÆ, Pn¡¯⁄ C«¢u ¬u¯¡® ˆ£sPŒfl
£∂uı£ |¯ª ˜£ıfl” \≠PU ˆPık¯©P“ |ª¬∞∏¢u⁄.
Azu¯PØ ˆPıiØ £«UP[P“ B«©ıP ˜¡πfl‘ C¢vØ®
£s£ımi¯⁄≤Æ, C¢vØ Jÿ÷¯©¯Ø≤Æ £ıvzu⁄. A¡ÿ‘¿
]ª w¯©P¯Õ® ˆ£fli[ §µ¶ APÿ” ¨Øÿ]zuı∫.
\v J»®¶ : \v G›Æ EhflPm¯h H÷u¿ C¢xUPŒ¯h˜Ø
Pın®£mh ™PU ˆPıiØ £«UP[PŒ¿ Jfl”ıSÆ. Aufl£i
Pn¡¯⁄ C«¢u ©¯⁄¬ ufl Pn¡fl Eh¯ª G∂®£uÿPıP
≠mh®£mh ]¯u∞¿ uı›Æ E∞∏hfl G∂¢x ufl E∞¯µ
©ı¥zxU ˆPı“Õ ˜¡skÆ. ˆuıhUPzv¿ xUPÆ uı[Pı©¿
35
uı⁄ıP A∆¡ı÷ ˆ\¥u⁄∫. B⁄ı¿ {ıÕ¯h¬¿ ¬u¯¡P“
E”¬⁄∫PŒfl ¡ÿ¶÷zuªı¿ E∞¯µ ©ı¥zxU ˆPı“ÕU
PmhıØ®£kzu®£mh⁄∫. ˆ£sP–US C¯«UP®£mh
©¤uzufl¯©Øÿ” Aaˆ\دª® ˆ£fli[ §µ¶¡ı¿ \QzxU
ˆPı“Õ ¨iج¿¯ª. G⁄˜¡ 1829¿ A¡µx Aµ_ J∏
\mhÆ CØÿ‘Øx. Aa\mhÆ EhflPm¯h H÷u¿ \mh
¬˜µıu©ı⁄ Sÿ”Æ G⁄ A‘¬zux. ˆ£sP¯Õ Ehfl
Pm¯h H÷Æ£i ¡ÿ¶÷zxÆ G¡∏USÆ ©µnush¯⁄
AŒUP®£kÆ Gfl÷ Aa\mhÆ T‘Øx. Aa\mhÆ |¯”˜¡”
¡[PıÕzvfl ¶PÙUP \≠P ^∫v∏zu¡ıvPÕı⁄ Cµı\ıµıÆ
˜©ıPflµı¥ ©ÿ÷Æ ˜u˜¡¢vµ{ıu uıT∫ BQ˜Øı∫
Buµ¬¯⁄ ˆ£fli[ ˆ£ÿ”ı∫.
E∞∫ £º∞ku¿ ©ÿ÷Æ ˆ£s ]_UˆPı¯ª J»®¶ :
PhƒÕ¯µz v∏®v®£kzu ©¤u E∞∫P¯Õ® £ºˆPıkUSÆ
¡«UPÆ C¢vØı¬¿ J∏]ª S‘®§mh C⁄zu¡∂hÆ
Pın®£mhx. ˜©æÆ ˆ£s ]_UˆPı¯ª G⁄®£kÆ
§”¢uƒh˜⁄˜Ø ˆ£s S«¢¯uP¯ÕU ˆPı¿æÆ £«UPÆ
S‘®£ıP Cµı·Ïuı⁄Æ, ˜©ÿS, ¯©Ø C¢vØı¬fl ]ª
£SvPŒ¿ Pın®£mhx. Cµı\¶zvµ∫PŒ¿ ˆ£∏Æ£ıfl¯©
Øı⁄ C¯Õb∫P“ £ª ˜£ı∫PŒ¿ Dk£mk C”¢uuı¿
A¡∫PŒfl GsoU¯P ™PU S¯”¢ux. ˜©æÆ £ı¯ª¡⁄®
£SvPŒ¿ ˆ£sPŒfl ¡ıÃU¯P ¨¯” ™PU Pi⁄©ıP
C∏¢uxÆ, ©ÿ” £SvPŒ¿ ¡µum\¯n ¨¯” §fl£ÿ”®
£mhxÆ AuÿSU Pıµn©ıP A¯©¢u⁄. A∆¬∏ £«UP[
P–Æ \mh¬˜µıu©ı⁄¯¡ Gfl÷Æ A¯u ´÷˜¡ı∫ Pk¯©
Øı⁄ ush¯⁄US E“Õı¡ı∫P“ Gfl÷Æ ˆ£fli[ §µ¶
A‘¬zuı∫.
uUP∫P¯Õ AhUSu¿ : uUP∫P“ Gfl” ˆPı“¯ÕU TmhÆ
Jfl÷©‘Øı £ØoP¯Õ≤Æ, ¡oP® £ØoP¯Õ≤Æ uıUQ
A¡∫PŒh™∏¢x ˆ£ı∏mP¯Õ® £‘zx ¡¢ux. A®
§µa\¯⁄ ©zvØ C¢vØı¬¿ |ª¬Øx. uUP∫P“ Pık
PŒæÆ ©UP“ {h©ımhÆ S¯”¢u £SvPŒæÆ ¡]zx
¡¢u⁄∫. ¡oP® £ØoP“ ¡»®£‘ ˆ\¥Ø®£mhuı¿,
36
£ØnÆ ˆ\¥¡x ™PƒÆ A£ıØPµ©ı⁄uıQØx. Aa \≠P
¬˜µıu ˆ\Ø¿P–US ˆ£fli[ §µ¶ ¨iƒPmh
¬∏Ƨ⁄ı∫. G⁄˜¡ A¡∫ ˜©·∫ ÏΩˆ©fl (Major Sleeman)
Gfl£¡∂fl u¯ª¯©∞¿ J∏ ¶vØ x¯”¯Ø Hÿ£kzv⁄ı∫.
uUP∫P“ ˆ£∏Æ AÕ¬¿ ]¯” §iUP®£mh⁄∫.
A¡∫P–US ©µn ush¯⁄˜Øı A¿ªx ™PU Pk¯©Øı⁄
ush¯⁄P˜Õı AŒUP®£mh⁄. uUP∫PŒfl S«¢¯uP“
^∫v∏zu vmh[P“ ≠ªÆ ©÷¡ıà ˆ£” ¡¯P ˆ\¥Ø®
£mhx. A¡∫P“ ¯Pzˆuı»º¿ £∞ÿ] ˆ£”, ˆuı»ÿ
£∞ÿ]®£“Œ Jfl÷ ˆuıh[P®£mhx. C∆¡ı÷ uUP∫PŒfl
B£zx ¨ ¡xÆ }UP®£mhx.
P¿¬a ^∫v∏zu[P“ : ˆ£fli[ §µ¶ u¯ª¯© B–{∫
£u¬∞¿ C∏¢u˜£ıx £“ŒPŒæÆ, P¿ø∂PŒæÆ
B[QªÆ £∞ÿ÷ ˆ©ı»ØıP ¶Szu®£mhx. u¯ª¯©
B–{∂fl \mh B˜ªı\Pµı⁄ ˆ©UPı˜ª §µ¶ Gfl£¡∫
AuÿSU Pıµn©ı¡ı∫. A¡∫ 1835¿ J∏ w∫©ı⁄z¯u |¯”
˜¡ÿ‘⁄ı∫. Aufl£i ˆ£fli[ §µ¶ B[Qªˆ©ı»¯Ø
C¢vØı¬fl A桪P ˆ©ı»ØıP ©ıÿ‘⁄ı∫. ˜©æÆ A¡∫
Q‘zx¡ \©Ø®£µ®ß»Ø∫P“ £“ŒP¯Õ≤Æ, P¿ø∂P¯Õ
≤Æ |÷¡ FUS¬zuı∫. Ax ¨uÿˆPısk C¢vØı¬fl
{kzuµ EØ∫Si ©UPŒ¯h˜Ø ˜©ÿPzvØ P¿¬¨¯” £µ¡
BµÆ§zux.

¡ı∂_ C«®¶U ˆPı“¯P≤Æ

VII.
B[Q˜ªØ∫ BvUPÆ ¬∂¡¯huæÆ
h¿ˆÌÕ] §µ¶ (1848 & 1856) C¢vØı¯¡ Bm]
ˆ\¥u ¶PÙUP B–{∫PŒ¿ J∏¡µı¡ı∫. A¡∫ HµıÕ©ı⁄®
£SvP¯Õ B[Q˜ªØ Bm]≤hfl C¯nzuı∫. ˜£ı∫P“
≠ªÆ {ıkP¯Õ C¯nUSÆ ˆPı“¯P¯Ø® §fl£ÿ‘⁄ı∫.
£g\ı¯£≤Æ, Rà £∫©ı¯¡≤Æ, ˜£ı∫P“ ≠ªÆ C¯nzxU
ˆPıshı∫. B[Qª HPıv£zvØz¯u C¢vØı¬¿ |¯ª
{ımh ¡ı∂_ C«®¶U ˆPı“¯P¯Ø® §fl£ÿ‘⁄ı∫. A˜u
˜{µzv¿ C¢vØı {√⁄©Ø©ıUP® £k¡uÿPı⁄ AizuÕz
v¯⁄≤Æ A¡∫ A¯©zuı∫.
37
 h¿ˆÌÕ]∞fl ¡ıÃU¯P ¡µªıÿ¯” G vØ \∫
h§“≥. h§“≥. Ìsh∫ (Sir W.W. Hunter) Gfl£¡∫
C¢vØı¬¿ h¿ˆÌÕ]∞fl £oP¯Õa _∏UP©ıP
≠fl˜” ≠fl÷ ¡ı∫z¯uPŒ¿ ¬ÕUSQ”ı∫. ˆ¡ÿ‘
ˆPı“–u¿, J∏[Q¯nzu¿, ¨fl˜⁄÷u¿ BQØ⁄
G⁄UT÷Q”ı∫.
¡ı∂_ C«®¶U ˆPı“¯P (Doctrine of Lapse) (B[Q˜ª
Ø∂fl ¡\©ıu¿) : C¢xUP“ u[P–US ¡ı∂_ C¿ªı©¿
C∏¢uı¿ Bs §“¯Õ¯Øz uzx GkzxU ˆPı“–Æ
E∂¯©¯Ø® ˆ£ÿ‘∏¢u⁄∫. A∆¡ı÷ uzx GkUP®£mh
©P›US G¿ªı E∂¯©P–Æ, Ph¯©P–Æ Esk.
uzˆukUP®£mh¡∏Æ CØÿ¯P ¡ı∂_P¯Õ® ˜£ıª
u¢¯u∞fl ˆ£ı÷®¶P¯Õ® £Q∫¢x ˆPısh⁄∫. ¨uº¿
_˜u\ ©fl⁄∫PŒfl uzˆukUSÆ E∂¯©¯Ø B[Q˜ªØ∫
Gzu¯PØ uØUP¨Æ Cfl‘ J®¶U ˆPısh⁄∫.
h¿ˆÌÕ] u¯ª¯© B–{µıP® £u¬ Hÿ”§fl
B[Qª Bm]¯Ø ¬∂ƒ£kzu ¡ı∂_ C«®¶U ˆPı“¯P
¯Ø® §fl£ÿ‘⁄ı∫. A¡µx £u¬UPıªzv¿ B[Q˜ªØ∫P
Õı¿ E∏¡ıUP®£mh Aµ_P“, A¡∫P¯Õa \ı∫¢v∏¢u
Aµ_P“, _u¢vµ Aµ_P“ G⁄ ≠¡¯PØı⁄ C¢vØ Aµ_P“
C¢vØı¬¿ C∏¢u⁄.
1. B[Q˜ªØµı¿ E∏¡ıUP®£mh Aµ_P“ :
C∆¡µ_P¯Õ B[Q˜ªØ∫ E∏¡ıUQ⁄∫. C¢{ıkPŒfl
Aµ\∫P“ u[PŒfl C”®§ÿS® §fl A∂دnUS
¡ı∂_P¯Õz uzx GkUP A›©vUP®£h¬¿¯ª.
2. B[Q˜ªØ¯µa \ı∫¢v∏¢u {ıkP“ : C∆¡µ_P“
B[Qª BvUPzv¯⁄a \ı∫¢v∏¢u⁄. C¢u {ıkPŒfl
Aµ\∫P“ uzˆukUP ˜¡skˆ©¤¿ B[Q˜ªØ∂fl
A›©v¯Ø® ˆ£” ˜¡si∞∏¢ux. A¡∫P–US
B[Q˜ªØ∫ A›©v AŒUPªıÆ A¿ªx ©÷UPªıÆ.
3. _u¢vµ Aµ_P“ : C∆¡µ_PŒfl ©fl⁄∫P“ uzˆukU
SÆ _u¢vµÆ ˆ£ÿ‘∏¢u⁄∫. B⁄ı¿ uzˆukUP®
38
 £mh¡∫P“ ©¯”¢u Aµ\∂fl ˆ\ı¢u ˆ\ızxUP–US
©mk˜© ¡ı∂\ıP ¨i≤˜©Øfl‘ A∂دn¯Ø® ˆ£”
¨iØıx. A∂دnUS ¡ı∂_∂¯©¯Ø B[Q˜ªØ∂fl
A›©v≤hfluıfl ˆ£”¨i≤Æ.
¡ı∂_ C«®¶U ˆPı“¯P ≠ªÆ C¯nUP®£mh {ıkP“
: CUˆPı“¯P∞fl ≠ªÆ h¿ˆÌÕ] \uıµı, ˆ·¥zß∫,
\Æ£¿ß∫, EuØß∫, ·ıfl] ©ÿ÷Æ {ıUß∫ BQØ £SvP¯Õ
B[Qª® ˜£µµ_hfl C¯nzxU ˆPıshı∫. A¡ÿ‘¿
\uıµı, {ıUß∫, ·ıfl] BQØ {ıkPŒfl C¯n®¶ \ÿ÷Æ
|ØıØ©ÿ”uıSÆ. 1857¿ {h¢u ˆ£∏Æ ¶µm]∞¿ ·ıfl]
µıo Cªm_™£ı¥ ufl¯⁄ Gv∫zu J∆ˆ¡ı∏ B[Qª
√µ¯⁄≤Æ ˆPıfl÷ S¬zx ufl {ım¯h® £‘zu
B[Q˜ªØ¯µ® £»w∫zxU ˆPıshı∫.
¡ı∂_ C«®¶U ˆPı“¯P∞fl ¬¯ÕƒP“ : CUˆPı“¯P∞
⁄ı¿ £ıvUP®£mh ©fl⁄∫PŒfl ˆ¡÷®¶US B[Q˜ªØ∫
BÕı∞⁄∫. A¡∫P“ B[Q˜ªØ∂fl w¬µ Gv∂PÕıP ©ı‘⁄∫.
˜©æÆ 1857&BÆ Bsk {h¢u ˆ£∏[PªPzvÿPı⁄ ¨UQØ
Pıµn[PŒ¿ CUˆPı“¯P≤Æ Jfl”ıSÆ. B[Q˜ªØ∫ ´x,
©UPŒfl ˆ¡÷®¶ A¯ª √\ ¡ı∂_ C«®¶U ˆPı“¯P
Pıµn©ı∞ÿ÷. u[P“ {ıkP–Æ B[Qª Bm]≤hfl
C¯nUP®£mk¬k˜©ı Gfl” £Ø En∫ƒ C¢vØ
Aµ\∫PŒhÆ ˆuıh∫¢x Pın®£mhx. ©UP–Æ B[Qª
Bm]¯Ø ˆ¡÷zu⁄∫. ©UP“ _˜u\ ©fl⁄∫PÕı¿ Bm]
ˆ\¥Ø®£k¡¯u˜Ø ¬∏Ƨ⁄∫. uzˆuk®£¯u A›©vzu
C¢xa \mhzvÿS ¨µnı⁄uıP ¡ı∂_ C«®¶U ˆPı“¯PU
P∏u®£mhx.
h¿ˆÌÕ]∞fl {√⁄ ©Ø©ıUP¿ {h¡iU¯PP“ :
h¿ˆÌÕ] £ª ^∫v∏zu[P¯Õ A‘¨P®£kzv⁄ı∫.
C∏®¶® £ı¯u ˜£ıUS¡µzx, u¢v ¨¯”, ©º¡ı⁄ u£ı¿
¨¯” BQØ⁄ A¡∏¯hØ Pıªzv¿ A‘¨P®£kzu®
£mh¯¡PŒ¿ ©”UP ¨iØıu¯¡ BSÆ.
C∏®¶®£ı¯u ˜£ıUS¡µzx : C¢vØı¬¿ ¨ufl¨uªıP
1853&BÆ Bsk ¨Æ¯£∞º∏¢x uı⁄ı ¡¯µ 20 ¯©¿
(36 Q.´.) yµzvÿS C∏®¶®£ı¯u A¯©UP®£mhx. 1854¿
39
ˆÌÕµı¬º∏¢x µıoPga Gfl›™hÆ¡¯µ C∏®¶®
£ı¯u A¯©UP®£mhx. 1856¿ ˆ\fl¯⁄∞º∏¢x
AµU˜PınÆ ¡¯µ∞ªı⁄ C∏®¶®£ı¯u A¯©UP®£mhx.
G⁄˜¡ h¿ˆÌÕ] C¢vØ C∏®¶®£ı¯u vmhzvfl
u¢¯u Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£kQ”ı∫.
ˆ£ıx® £ozx¯” : ¶x \ı¯ªP“ A¯©zu¿, Pı¿¡ı¥P“
ˆ¡mku¿, £ıª[P“ Pmku¿ BQØ £oP–UPıP ˆ£ıx®
£ozx¯” E∏¡ıUP®£mhx. Azx¯” HÿP⁄˜¡ ¶«UPzv
º∏¢u¡ÿ¯”a ^µ¯©USÆ £o∞æÆ Dk£mhx. A¡∫
£u¬U Pıªzv¿ P[¯PU Pı¿¡ı¥ ˆ¡mh®£mhx.
ˆPı¿Pzuı¯¡≤Æ ˆ£Âı¡¯µ≤Æ C¯nzu "Qµısm
iµ[U' (Grand Trunk) G⁄®£kÆ ˆ£∏ ¡»a \ı¯ª≤Æ,
A¡∏¯hØ Pıªzv¿ A¯©UP®£mhx.
u£ı¿ u¢v ¨¯” : h¿ˆÌÕ] A¯µAnı (3 ¯£\ı) u£ı¿
¨¯”¯Ø≤Æ A‘¨P®£kzv⁄ı∫. A˜u ˜£ı¿ u¢v
¨¯”¯Ø≤Æ A‘¨P®£kzv⁄ı∫. 1853 & 1856 ¡¯µ∞ªı⁄
Pıª Pmhzv¿ _©ı∫ 4000 ¯©¿ (6400 Q.´.) yµzvÿSz u¢v
C¯n®¶P“ ˆPı¿Pzuı, ˆ£Âı¡∫, ¨Æ¯£, ˆ\fl¯⁄
BQØ {Pµ[P¯Õ C¯nUSÆ ¬u©ıP A¯©UP®£mh⁄.
A¡ÿ‘fl Cµıq¡ ¨UQØzx¡Æ 1857¿ {h¢u ¶µm]∞fl
˜£ıx Enµ®£mhx.
P¿¬ : 1854¿ \∫ \ı∫ªÏ Em (Sir Charles Wood's Despatch of
1854) A‘U¯P∞fl Ai®£¯h∞¿ h¿ˆÌÕ] P¿¬z
x¯”∞¿ ]ª ©ıÿ”[P¯ÕU ˆPısk ¡¢uı∫. J∆ˆ¡ı∏
©ıPınzvæÆ ˆ£ıxUP¿¬zx¯” (Department of Public
Instruction DPI) Jfl÷ Hÿ£kzu®£mhx. ¨Æ¯£,
ˆPı¿Pzuı, ˆ\fl¯⁄ BQØ Ch[PŒ¿ £¿P¯ªU
P«P[P“ |÷¡ ¨Øÿ]P“ ˜©ÿˆPı“Õ®£mh⁄. A¯¡
1857¿ v”UP® £mh⁄.
uı¥ˆ©ı» ≠ªÆ £∞ÿ÷¬zuæUS ¨UQØzx¡Æ
AŒUP®£mhx. u¤Øı∫ P¿¬ |÷¡⁄[P¯Õ FUS¬UP
©ı¤ØÆ (Grants-in-aid) ¡«[SÆ ¨¯” A‘¨P®£kzu®
£mhx.
40
41
 h¿ˆÌÕ]∞fl Azu¯PØ ^∫v∏zu[P“ C¢vØı¯¡
{√⁄©Ø©ıUQh Cmka ˆ\fl”⁄.
Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“
1. ©ın¡∫ B[Q˜ªØ∂fl Bm] C¢vØı¬¿ |÷¡®
£mh¯u≤Æ Aufl ¬∂¡ıUPÆ £ÿ‘≤Æ ¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.

2. ©ın¡∫ P∫{ıhP, ¯©`∫ ©ÿ÷Æ ©µızvØ® ˜£ı∫P–U

Pı⁄ Pıµn[P“, A¡ÿ‘fl ¬¯ÕƒP“ £ÿ‘ S‘®§h
¨i≤Æ.

3. ©ın¡∫ §Õı], £U\ı∫ ˜£ı∫P¯Õ≤Æ A¡ÿ‘fl

¨iƒP“ £ÿ‘≤Æ |¯⁄ƒTµ CØæÆ.

4. ©ın¡∫ x¯n®£¯hzvmhÆ Aufl |¯”, S¯” £ÿ‘

¬¡∂UP ¨i≤Æ.

5. ©ın¡∫ ¬¿ºØÆ ˆ£fli[ §µ¶¬fl ^∫v∏zu[P¯Õ®

£ÿ‘ ©v®§h ¨i≤Æ.

6. ©ın¡∫ h¿ˆÌÕ]∞fl {ık ¬∂¡ıUSÆ ˆPı“¯P

£ÿ‘≤Æ, A¡∏¯hØ ^∫v∏zu[P“ £ÿ‘≤Æ
Gkzx¯µUP ¨i≤Æ.

_Ø©v®•k
I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Øz ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ

1. BÏv∂Ø ¡ı∂_∂¯©® ˜£ı∫ {¯hˆ£ÿ” £Sv

A. Aˆ©∂UPı B. B®§∂UPı
C. I˜µı®£ı D. B]Øı

2. P∫{ıhP {¡ı®§fl u¯ª{PµÆ

A. ˆ\fl¯⁄ B. £ısia˜\∂
C. B∫UPık D. Pı¯µUPı¿
42
3. ªı ß∫hıfl⁄ı¥Ï §ˆµg_ B–{µıP £u¬ ¡Qzu ChÆ
A. ˆ\fl¯⁄ B. ˆ©ı∑ÊØÏ
C. ˆPı¿Pzuı D. ¨Æ¯£

4. \¢uı \ıQ® C¡∏¯hØ ©∏©Pfl

A. Afl¡∏wfl B. ¨\ı£∫ ·[
C. ˜uıÏz Aº D. ¨P©x Aº

5. 1757&BÆ Bsk ¡[PıÕz¯u Bm] ˆ\¥u¡∫

A. ½·ı&Ez&ˆuÕªı B. ]µı‰&Ez&ˆuÕªı
C. ´∫Pı]Æ D. ´∫·ı£∫

6. §Õı]® ˜£ı∫ {¯hˆ£ÿ” Bsk

A. 1757 B. 1764
C. 1765 D. 1771

7. £U\ı∫ ˜£ı∂¿ C¢vØ ©fl⁄∫P¯Õz ˜uıÿPizu B[Qª

B–{∫
A. P∫⁄¿ Ï™z B. ˜©·∫ ©fl˜”ı
C. Q¯Õ∆ §µ¶ D. Am™µ¿ ¡ım\fl

8. Iu∫ Aº∞fl u¢¯u J∏

A. Aµ\∫ B. £ı‰uı∫
C. A¯©a\∫ D. ¡oP∫

9. ¨u¿ ¯©`∫ ˜£ı∂¿ Iu∫ Aº ˜uıÿPiUP®£mh ChÆ

A. ˆ\[PÆ B. ug\ı≈∫
C. ©ıÓ D. £ısia˜\∂

10. 1781¿ \∫ AØ∫ Tm Iu∫ Aº¯Øz ˜uıÿPizu ChÆ

A. ˜£ı∫˜hı ˜{ı¡ı B. ˆ\fl¯⁄
C. v∏¡ı[T∫ D. ¯©`∫
43
11. ¨u¿ ©µızvØ® ˜£ı∫ RÃUPsh u¯ª¯© B–{∫
Pıªzv¿ {¯hˆ£ÿ”x.
A. Cµı£∫m Q¯Õ∆ B. h¿ˆÌÕ]
C. ¡ıµfl ˜ÌÏi[ D. ˆ£fli[ §µ¶

12. Iu∫ Aº ©µn©¯h¢ux

A. |˜©ı¤Øı¡ı¿ B. ¶ÿ÷˜{ıØı¿
C. A¿\∫ (Sh¿ ¶s) D. Eh¿ {ª™fl¯©Øı¿

13. ˆ¡¿ˆªÏº §µ¶ RÃUPsh¡ı÷ ¶P«®£kQ”ı∫

A. ¡oPU S ¬fl ][PÆ B. {ım¯h E∏¡ıUQØ¡∫
C. ¡oPU S ¬fl AU£∫ D. ¡oPU S ¬fl u¯ª¡∫

14. ˆ·⁄µ¿ Ïk˜¡∫k £[˜Pÿ” ˜£ı∫

A. ¨u¿ ¯©`∫ ˜£ı∫ B. CµshıÆ ¯©`∫ ˜£ı∫
C. {ıflPı¡x ¯©`∫ ˜£ı∫ D. ¨u¿ ©µızvØ®˜£ı∫

15. uUP∫P“ ˆ\Ø¿£mh ChÆ

A. C©ıªØ® £Sv B. P[¯Pa \©ˆ¡Œ
C. ©zvØ C¢vØı D. ˆufl C¢vØı

16. \v J»UP®£mh Bsk

A. 1828 B. 1829
C. 1835 D. 1838

17. 1835¿ ¬¿ºØÆ ˆ£fli[ C¢vØı¬fl A桪P

ˆ©ı»ØıP A‘¬zu ˆ©ı»
A. §ˆµg_ B. B[QªÆ
C. E∏x D. C¢v
44
 18. ¡ı∂_ C«®¶U ˆPı“¯P RÃUPsh \mhzvÿS
¨µs£ıhı⁄uıPU P∏u®£mhx.
A. C¢x \mhÆ B. ¨P©vØ \mhÆ
C. Q‘zx¡a \mhÆ D. ˜µı©ı¤Øa \mhÆ

19. 1856¿ C®£SvP–UQ¯h∞¿ C∏®¶® £ı¯u A¯©UP®

£mhx.
A. ¨Æ¯£∞º∏¢x uı⁄ı B. uı⁄ı¬º∏¢x ß⁄ı
C. ˆ\fl¯⁄∞º∏¢x D. ˆÌÕµı¬º∏¢x
AµU˜PınÆ µıoPga.

II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ® ß∫zv ˆ\¥P

1. i≥®˜Õ _____________ ∞fl B–{µı¡ı∫.

2. B[Q˜ªØ∫ _____________ Gfl” Phÿ£¯hz u¯ª¡∂fl

Eu¬≤hfl §ˆµg_U P®£¿P¯ÕU ¯P®£ÿ‘⁄∫.

3. ≠fl”ıÆ P∫{ıhP® ˜£ı∏UPı⁄ Eh⁄iUPıµnÆ I˜µı®£ı

¬¿ Hÿ£mh _____________ ˜£ıµıSÆ.

4. §ˆµg_ B–{∫ Pƒsm&i&ªıº ¯P®£ÿ‘Ø ˜Pım¯h

_____________ BSÆ.

5. ]µı‰&Ez&ˆuÕªı¬fl ¨ufl¯©® £¯hzu¯ª¡∫

_____________ B¡ı∫.

6. £ı∂_ Ehfl£iU¯P∞fl£i _____________ ©ÿ÷Æ

_________ BQØ Ch[P“ §ˆµg_UPıµ∫P–US v∏®§
AŒUP®£mh⁄.

7. Iu∫ Aº¯Øz ˜uıÿPizu B[Qªz uÕ£v _________

B¡ı∫.

8. ¡[PıÕzv¿ Cµm¯h Bm] ¨¯”¯Ø A‘¨P®

£kzvØ¡∫ _____________B¡ı∫.
45
9. 1776&BÆ Bsk {ı⁄ı £m⁄ı¬Ï _____________ Ehfl
£iU¯P∞¿ ¯PˆØ zvmhı∫.

10. µ˜Pı£ı _____________ Gfl£¡∂fl ]‘Ø u¢¯u B¡ı∫.

11. `µz Ehfl£iU¯P∞fl ≠ªÆ B[Q˜ªØ∫ _____________

©ÿ÷Æ _____________ BQØ Ch[P¯Õ µ˜Pı£ı¬h
™∏¢x ˆ£ÿ”⁄∫.

12. Iu∫ Aº ufl £Sv∞º∏¢u §ˆµg_USa ˆ\ı¢u©ı⁄

_____________ uıUP®£mhuı¿ B[Q˜ªØ∫ ´x ˜£ı∫
A‘¬zuı∫.

13. Iu∫ Aº∞fl ©Pfl _____________ B¡ı∫.

14. v®¶ _¿uıfl B[Q˜ªØ∂fl {m¶ {ıhı⁄_____________

¯µz uıUQ⁄ı∫.

15. v®¶ _¿uıfl C”¢u §fl ¯©`∫ Aµ_ _____________

©fl⁄∏US AŒUP®£mhx.

16. v®¶ _¿uıfl Eu¬ ˜Pı∂_____________, _____________

©ÿ÷Æ _____________ BQØ {ıkP–US ufl yx¡∫P¯Õ
A›®§⁄ı∫.

17. ˆ£s ]_UˆPı¯ª AvPÆ Pın®£mh ChÆ ___________

BSÆ.

18. C¢vØı¬¿ ¨ufl¨uº¿ C∏®¶®£ı¯u ____________

¬º∏¢x _____________ ¡¯µ A¯©UP®£mhx.

19. h¿ˆÌÕ] _____________ u£ı¿ ¨¯”¯Ø A‘¨P®

£kzv⁄ı∫.

20. h¿ˆÌÕ] _____________ A‘U¯P∞fl Ai®£¯h∞¿

]ª P¿¬a ^∫v∏zu[P¯Õ A‘¨P®£kzv⁄ı∫.
46
III. §fl¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ¯”® ˆ£ı∏zxP
A
1. ¬¿ºØÆ ˜Pım¯h && B–{∫
2. \ısh∫Ï && ˆPı¿Pzuı
3. Cµı£∫m Q¯Õ∆ && ¨PªıØ® ˜£µµ\∫
4. ©ı[R∫ && Cµıq¡ A桪∫
5. Âı BªÆ && u¯ª{P∫

B
1. {ı⁄ı £m⁄ı¬Ï && 1776
2. \ı¿ˆ\m && 1782
3. ¶µ¢u∫ Ehfl£iU¯P && u¯ª¯© B–{∫
4. \ı¿¯£ Ehfl£iU¯P && wƒ
5. ¡ıµfl ˜ÌÏi[_ && ≠zu Aµ]Ø¿ u¯ª¡∫

C
1. A¥&ªı&\ı˜£¿
Ehfl£iU¯P && ≠fl”ıÆ P∫{ıhP® ˜£ı∫
2. £ısia˜\∂
Ehfl£iU¯P && ¨u¿ ¯©`∫ ˜£ı∫
3. £ı∂_ Ehfl£iU¯P && £U\ı∫ ˜£ı∫
4. AªPı£ız Ehfl£iU¯P && CµshıÆ P∫{ıhP® ˜£ı∫
5. ˆ\fl¯⁄ Ehfl£iU¯P && ¨u¿ P∫{ıhP® ˜£ı∫

D
1. µıo Cªm_™£ı¥ && \v J»®¶
2. ¬¿ºØÆ ˆ£fli[ && u¯ª¯© B–{∫
S ¬fl \mh E÷®§⁄∫
3. ˜©·∫ ÏΩˆ©fl && u£ı¿ ¨¯”
4. ˆ©UPı˜ª §µ¶ && uUP∫P“
5. h¿ˆÌÕ] §µ¶ && ·ıfl] µıo

47
IV. _∏UP©ıP ¬¯hØŒUPƒÆ

1. ¨u¿ P∫{ıhP® ˜£ı∏UPı⁄ Pıµn[P¯Õ ˆ¡Œ®£kzxP.

2. ¨u¿ P∫{ıhP® ˜£ı∂fl ¬¯Õƒ Øıx?

3. CµshıÆ P∫{ıhP® ˜£ı∏UPı⁄ Pıµn[P“ Øı¯¡?

4. CµshıÆ P∫{ıhP® ˜£ı∂fl ¬¯ÕƒP¯ÕU S‘®§kP.

5. B∫UPımk √µ∫ Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£k£¡∫ Øı∫? Hfl

A∆¡ı÷ A¯«UP®£kQ”ı∫?

6. §ˆµg_ B–{∫ Pƒsm&i&ªıº ˆ\¥u ™P®ˆ£∂Ø u¡÷

Øıx?

7. ≠fl”ıÆ P∫{ıhP® ˜£ı∂fl ¬¯ÕƒP¯ÕU T÷P.

8. "C∏mh¯”z xصÆ' £ÿ‘ ]÷S‘®¶z u∏P.

9. §Õı]® ˜£ı∏US® §fl B[Q˜ªØ∫ A¯h¢u {fl¯©P“

Øı¯¡?

10. £U\ı∫ ˜£ı∏UPı⁄ Pıµn[P¯ÕU S‘®§kP.

11. Iu∫ Aº G∆¡ı÷ ¯©`∂fl _¿uıfl B⁄ı∫?

12. ¨u¿ ¯©`∫ ˜£ı∏UPı⁄ Pıµn[P“ Øı¯¡?

13. 1790¿ Pıµfl¡ıº_ v®¶¬fl ´x Hfl ˜£ı∫ A‘¬zuı∫?

14. ≠fl”ıÆ ¯©`∫ ˜£ı∂fl ¨iƒP¯Õ ˆ¡Œ®£kzxP.

15. {ı⁄ı £m⁄ı¬Ï £ÿ‘ ]÷ S‘®¶ u∏P.

16. ≠fl”ıÆ ©µızvØ® ˜£ı∂fl ¬¯ÕƒP¯Õ ˆ¡Œ®£kzxP.

17. ©µızvØ∂fl √Ãa]UPı⁄ Pıµn[P¯ÕU S‘®§kP.

18. B[Qª BvUPÆ C¢vØı¬¿ ¬∂¡¯hØ ˆ¡¿ˆªÏº

˜©ÿˆPısh {h¡iU¯PP“ Øı¯¡?
48
 19. x¯n®£¯hz vmhzv¿ ˜\∫¢u {ıkPŒfl ˆ£Ø∫P¯ÕU
S‘®§kP.

20. uUP∫P“ £ÿ‘ E©US Gfl⁄ ˆu∂≤Æ?

21. ¡ı∂_ C«®¶U ˆPı“¯P ≠ªÆ h¿ˆÌÕ] C¯nzu

{ıkP“ G¯¡?

22. µıo Cªm_™£ı¥ B[Q˜ªØ∫ ´x G∆¬uÆ £»w∫zxU

ˆPıshı∫?

23. C¢vØ C∏®¶®£ı¯u∞fl u¢¯u Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£k£¡∫

Øı∫? Hfl?

24. P¿¬zx¯”∞¿ h¿ˆÌÕ] ˆ\¥u ^∫v∏zu[P¯ÕU

S‘®§kP.

V. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P

1. ¨u¿ P∫{ıhP® ˜£ı∏UPı⁄ Pıµn[P“ Øı¯¡? ˜£ı∂fl
¬¯ÕƒP¯Õ ˆ¡Œ®£kzxP.
2. CµshıÆ P∫{ıhP® ˜£ı∫ £ÿ‘ J∏ Pmk¯µ G xP.
3. P∫{ıhP® ˜£ı∫PŒ¿ B[Q˜ªØ∫ ˆ¡ÿ‘ ˆ£ÿ”uÿPı⁄
Pıµn[P¯Õ ¬ÕUPƒÆ.
4. ¡[PıÕzv¿ B[Q˜ªØ∫ G∆¡ı÷ BvUPÆ ˆ£ÿ”⁄∫?
5. CµshıÆ ¯©`∫ ˜£ı¯µ®£ÿ‘ J∏ Pmk¯µz u∏P.
6. ¨u¿ ©µızvØ® ˜£ı∂fl Pıµn[P“, |PÃP“ ©ÿ÷Æ
¬¯ÕƒP¯Õ ¬ÕUSP.
7. C¢vØı¬¿ B[Qª ¡oPU S ¬⁄∂fl BvUPz¯u
ˆ¡¿ˆªÏº §µ¶ G∆¡ı÷ ¬∂¡ıUQ⁄ı∫?
x¯n®£¯hzvmhzvfl |¯”, S¯”P¯Õ ¬ÕUSP.
8. ¬¿ºØÆ ˆ£fli[ §µ¶¬fl \≠Pa ^∫v∏zu[P“ £ÿ‘ J∏
Pmk¯µ ¡¯µP.
49
9. C¢vØı¬¿ B[Qª® ˜£µµ_ ¬∂¡¯hØ h¿ˆÌÕ]
§fl£ÿ‘Ø ˆPı“¯P¯Ø ¬¡∂UPƒÆ.
10. C¢vØı¯¡ {√⁄®£kzu h¿ˆÌÕ] ˜©ÿˆPısh
{h¡iU¯PP¯Õ ¡∂¯\®£kzxP.

VI. ˆ\¥¨¯”®£∞ÿ]
1. C¢vØ ¡¯µ£hzv¿ RÃUPsh¡ÿ¯”U S‘UPƒÆ :
A. ˆ¡¿ˆªÏº Pıªzv¿ B[Qª® £Sv¯ØU
S‘®§mk Av¿ §fl¡∏Æ Ch[P¯Õa _miU
PımhƒÆ & P∫{ıhPÆ, ¡h\∫UPı∫, ¡[PıÕÆ, •Pı∫,
A˜Øızv.
B. h¿ˆÌÕ] Pıª B[Qª® £SvP¯Õ ¡¯µ¢x Av¿
§fl¡∏Æ Ch[P¯Õa _miUPımhƒÆ & ·ıfl],
\uıµı, A˜Øızv, {ıUß∫, Eu¥ß∫, ¨Æ¯£, uı⁄ı,
ˆ\fl¯⁄, ˆPı¿Pzuı.

50
 £ıhÆ & 3
¨u¿ C¢vØa _u¢vµ®˜£ı∫
(1857&BÆ Bsk ˆ£∏ƶµm]) & B[QªU
Q«UQ¢vØ ¡oPU S  Bm]∞fl ¨iƒ

Pÿ”¿ ˜{ıUP[P“
1. ©ın¡∫ B[Q˜ªØ∫ Bm]¯Ø Gv∫zx {¯hˆ£ÿ”
¨¢¯uØ ¶µm]P¯Õ® £ÿ‘Ø (Early revolts) P∏zv¯⁄®
ˆ£÷u¿.
2. ©ın¡∫ 1857¿ Hÿ£mh ¶µm]UPı⁄ Aµ]Ø¿, |∏¡ıP,
ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ, \≠P, \©Ø, ©ÿ÷Æ Cµıq¡U Pıµn[P“
£ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄® ˆ£÷u¿.
3. ©ın¡∫ ˆ£∏Æ ¶µm] ˜uı¿¬ A¯h¢uuÿPı⁄
Pıµn[P¯Õ≤Æ Aufl ¬¯ÕƒP¯Õ≤Æ £ÿ‘ ¶∂¢x
ˆPı“–u¿.
4. ©ın¡∫ ¬U˜hı∂Øı ˜£µµ] §µPh⁄zvfl
¨UQØzx¡z¯uz ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.

§Õı]® ˜£ı∏US® §fl⁄∫ Q«UQ¢vØ ¡oPU S 

C¢vØı¬fl ˆ\¿¡zv¯⁄≤Æ, ¡Õ[P¯Õ≤Æ _µsi
¡¢ux. B[Q˜ªØ∫ C¢vØ∫P¯Õ Ai¯©PÕıP {hzv⁄∫.
A¡∫P“ C¢vØı¬¿ Aµ]Ø¿, \mhÆ, ©ÿ÷Æ ˆ£ı∏Õı
uıµÆ BQØ x¯”PŒ¿ ¶vØ A¯©®¶P¯Õ® ¶Szv⁄∫.
A¯¡ 18&BÆ °ÿ”ısi¿ {Æ {ımi¿ ¡«UQ¿ C∏¢u⁄
¡ÿ‘ÿS ¨ÿ‘æÆ ©ı÷£mh¯¡PÕıP C∏¢u⁄. B[Q˜ª
Ø∫PŒfl Aµ]Ø¿ ©ÿ÷Æ ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµU ˆPı“¯PPÕı¿
£ªuµ®£mh ©UP–Æ £ıv®§ÿS“Õı∞⁄∫. A¡∫P“
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Dk£mh C¢vØz u¯ª¡∫PŒ¿ ™Pa]”¢u¡µıPƒÆ, √µ
™UP¡µıPƒÆ vPâu¡∫ Cµıo Cªm_™£ı¥ B¡ı∫.
˜µıQ¿Psifl u¯ª{Pµı⁄ £ˆµ¥º∞¿ £¯h√µ∫P“
¶µm]∞Ωk£mh⁄∫. A¡∫P“ ˜µıQ¿ªı £Sv∞fl u¯ª
¡¯µz u[P“ B–{µıP A‘¬zu⁄∫. ·PwËß∂fl |ª®
§µ¶ƒÆ 80 ¡Øx |µÆ§Ø¡∏©ı⁄ Pfl¡∫][ ˜©ÿS •Pı∂fl
™Pa]”¢u Cµıq¡z uÕ£vØıPz vPâuı∫.
u¯ª¡∫P–hfl ˜\∫¢x ™Pz ¯u∂Øzxhfl ¶µm]∞¿
Dk£mh B∞µUPnUPı⁄ £¯h √µ∫P–Æ, ¬¡\ı∞P–Æ
©ÿ÷Æ ¯P¬¯⁄b∫P–Æuıfl C®¶µm]∞fl Puı{ıØP∫P“.
A¡∫P“ ™S¢u √µzxhfl ¯u∂Ø©ıP® ˜£ıµıi⁄∫. ]ª
Ch[PŒ¿ \ıuıµn ©UP–Æ ¶µm]∞¿ Dk£mh⁄∫.
Es¯©∞¿ ˆ\ı¿ª® ˜£ı⁄ı¿ ¬¡\ı∞P“, ¯P
¬¯⁄b∫P“ ©ÿ÷Æ ˆ£ıx©UP“ ¶µm]∞¿ £[S
ˆ£ÿ”uı¿ A®¶µm]US AvP ¡º¯© QmiØx. Au⁄ı¿
¶µm] ©UP“ ¶µm]ØıP ¶PÈ£ÿ”x. G¤›Æ
B[Q˜ªØ∂fl w¬µ AhUS ¨¯”Øı¿ A®¶µm]
ˆ¡ÿ‘ˆ£” ¨iØı©¿ ˜uı¿¬≤ÿ”x.
¶µm]∞fl ˜uı¿¬UPı⁄ Pıµn[P“ : 1857&BÆ Bsk
¶µm] £¿˜¡÷ Pıµn[PÕı¿ ˜uı¿¬Ø¯h¢ux.
59
Jÿ÷¯©∞fl¯© : ¶µm]ØıÕ∫PŒ¯h˜Ø Jÿ÷¯©∞¿¯ª.
˜u]ØÆ, Jÿ÷¯© ˜£ıfl” P∏zxUP“ ¡Õ∫a]دhØ
¬¿¯ª. ¶µm]ØıÕ∫P“ ˆ£ıx¡ı⁄ ˜{ıUPzv¯⁄U
ˆPısi∏UP¬¿¯ª. ¡[PıÕ £¯h√µ∫P“ C¯hUPıª
¨PªıØ® ¶P¯« ´skÆ ˆPısk¡µ Gso⁄∫. {ı⁄ı
\ıQ®¶Æ, uı¢vØı ˜uı®¶Æ ©µızvØa ˆ\¿¡ıU¯P ´skÆ
|÷¡ ¨Øÿ]zu⁄∫. Cµıo Cªm_™£ı¥ C«¢u ufl
{ım¯h ´mP® ˜£ıµıi⁄ı∫. Akzx, C®¶µm] {ıˆh[SÆ
£µ¡¬¿¯ª. C¢vØı¬fl ¡hUS ©ÿ÷Æ ©zvØ £SvPŒ¿
©mk˜© ¶µm] {¯hˆ£ÿ”x. ¨Æ¯£, £g\ı®, ]¢x,
Cµı·Ïuıfl ©ÿ÷Æ ˆufl¤¢vØı ˜£ıfl” £SvPŒ¿
A¯©v |ª¬Øx. B[Q˜ªØ∫ ^UQØ∫P“, B®Pı¤Ø∫P“
©ÿ÷Æ T∫UPıUP“ ˆPısh £¯h®§∂¬⁄∂fl ¬_¡ı\z
¯u® ˆ£ÿ”⁄∫. T∫UPı §∂ƒ ¶µm]¯Ø AhUP B[Q˜ª
Ø∏US Eu¬ØıPa ˆ\Ø¿£mhx.
{√⁄ P∏¬P“ & ˆuı»¿ ~m£ ¨¯”PŒ¿ S¯”£ık :
¶µm]∞¿ £[˜Pÿ”¿ A¿ªx √µa ˆ\Ø¿ ¶∂u¿ BQØ⁄
B[Q˜ªØ∂fl {√⁄ ˜£ı∫UP∏¬P–US DhıP¬¿¯ª.
¶µm]∞¿ £[˜Pÿ” ˆ£ıx©UPŒfl Buµƒhfl ˜£ıµıiØ
C¢vØ® £¯h√µ∫PÕı¿ {flS vmh™h®£mk J [Shfl
ˆ\تıÿ‘Ø B[Qª Cµıq¡zv¯⁄ Gv∫ˆPı“Õ ¨iØ
¬¿¯ª. £∞ÿ] ˆ£ÿ” £¯h√µ∫P–Æ, ˜u¯¡Øı⁄ ˜£ı∫U
P∏¬P–Æ uS¢u ˜{µzv¿ Q¯hUPı©¿ ˜£ı⁄uı¿ £ª
\©Ø[PŒ¿ ¶µm]ØıÕ∫P“ u[P“ ¨Øÿ]P¯ÕU ¯P¬h
˜¡siØ |¯ª Hÿ£mhx. B[Q˜ªØ∂fl ¬¯µ¡ı⁄ ˆ\Ø¿
£ıkP–USz u¢v ¨¯”≤Æ Ag\¿ uP¡¿ ¨¯”≤Æ
ˆ£∂xÆ Eu¬⁄.
u¯ª¯©® ˆ£ı÷®¶ : C¢vØ∫PŒ¯h˜Ø uSvØı⁄
u¯ª¡∫P“ Pın®£h¬¿¯ª. A¡∫P“ G∆¬u A¯©®
§¯⁄≤Æ vmhzv¯⁄≤Æ ˆ£ÿ‘∏UP¬¿¯ª. ˜©æÆ
¶µm]∞fl u¯ª¡∫P“ B[Qª® £¯hzuÕ£vP–US
Dhı⁄¡∫P–Æ A¿ª. Cµıo Cªm_™£ı≤Æ uı¢vØı
˜uı®¶Æ, {ı⁄ı \ıQ®¶Æ √µzv¿ ]”¢u¡∫P˜ÕØfl‘ {¿ª
60
uÕ£vP“ A¿ª. C÷vØıP B[Q˜ªØ∂fl Ph¿ ¡º¯©
uS¢u ˜{µzv¿ A¡∫PÕı¿ C[Qªı¢vº∏¢x £¯h Eu¬
ˆ£” Hx¡ıP A¯©¢v∏¢ux.
¶µm]∞fl ¬¯ÕƒP“ : 1. ¶µm]US®§fl B[QªU
Q«UQ¢vØ ¡oPU S ¬fl Bm] ¨iƒUS ¡¢ux,
2. C¢vØı¯¡ |∫¡QUSÆ ˆ£ı÷®§¯⁄ B[Qª Aµ˜\
˜©ÿˆPıshx, 3. J∏ ]”®¶a \mhzvfl ≠ªÆ CØUS{∫
S ƒÆ (Board of Directors) Pmk®£ımkU S ƒÆ (Board of
Control) P¯ªUP®£mh⁄. A¡ÿ‘ÿS® £vªıP C¢vØa
ˆ\ت∫ (Secretary of State for India) J∏¡∫ |Ø™UP®£mhı∫.
A¡∏US Eu¬h 15 E÷®§⁄∫P¯ÕU ˆPısh C¢vØU S 
Jfl÷ A¯©UP®£mhx, 4. C¢vØ Cµıq¡Æ ¨ ¡x©ıP
^µ¯©UP®£mhx, 5. CµUP©ÿ” ¨¯”∞¿ C¢vØ {ıkP¯Õ
C¯nzxU ˆPı“–Æ ˆPı“¯P ¯P¬h®£mhx. C¢vØ
Aµ_P¯Õ® £¯PzxU ˆPısh u¡”ı⁄ ˆ\¥¯P¯Ø
B[Q˜ªØ∫ En∫¢u⁄∫.
B[QªU Q«UQ¢vØ ¡oPUS  Bm]∞fl ¨iƒ :
1858¿ ¶µm] AhUP®£mhƒhfl C¢vØı¬¿ B[Qª Bm]
¡µªıÿ‘¿ J∏ ¶vØ PmhÆ E∏¡ı⁄x. C¢vØı
ˆuıh∫£ı⁄ B[QªU ˆPı“¯P∞¿ ¨UQØ ©ı÷u¿P“
Hÿ£mh⁄. |∫¡ıP A¯©®§æÆTh £ª ©ı÷u¿P“
Hÿ£mh⁄.
1858&BÆ ¡∏h \mh¨Æ ¬U˜hı∂Øı ˜£µµ]∞fl
§µPh⁄¨Æ : 1858&BÆ Bsk BPÏk ©ıuÆ C[Qªı¢x®
£ıµı–©fl”Æ J∏ \mhzv¯⁄ CØÿ‘Øx. Aufl£i
B[QªU Q«UQ¢vØ ¡oPU S ¬fl Bm] ¨iƒUS
¡¢ux. C¢vØ |∫¡ıPzv¯⁄ B[Qª Aµ_ ˜©ÿˆPıshx.
C¢vØı¬fl u¯ª¯© B–{∫ ¯¡]µı¥ G⁄ƒÆ
A¯«UP®£mhı∫. ¯¡]µı¥ Gfl£uÿS Aµ\®§µv|v Gfl÷
ˆ£ı∏“ BSÆ.
Aa\mhÆ CØÿ”®£mh˜£ıx C[Qªı¢¯u Bm]
ˆ\¥u¡∫ ¬U˜hı∂Øı ©Pıµıo
©PıµıoØı¡ı∫. A¡µx ˆ£Ø∂¿ J∏
61
˜£µ‘U¯P ˆ¡Œ∞h®£mhx. A¯u 1858&BÆ Bsk
{¡Æ£∫ ©ıuÆ ¨u¿ ˜uv C¢vØı¬fl u¯ª¯© B–{µı⁄
Pı¤[ §µ¶ AªPı£ızv¿ {h¢u u∫£ı∂¿ (TmhÆ)
ˆ¡Œ∞mhı∫. ˜£µµ]∞fl §µPh⁄Æ A¿ªx ˜£µ‘U¯P G⁄
A¯«UP®£mh A∆¡‘U¯P C¢vØ ©UPŒfl ©Pı\ı\⁄Æ
Gfl÷Æ P∏u®£mhx. C¢u A‘U¯P C¢vØ∫P–USa ]ª
\æ¯PP¯Õ ¡«[QØx. Aufl£i B[QªU Q«UQ¢vØ
¡oPUS  C¢vØ Aµ\∫P–hfl ˆPısi∏¢u Ehfl
£iU¯PP“ E÷vØıUP®£mh⁄. A∆¡‘U¯P C¢vØı¬fl
£«¯©Øı⁄ £s£ık, £«UP ¡«UP[P“ ©vUP®£kÆ G⁄
E÷vØŒzux. C¢vØ ©fl⁄∫P–USz uzx GkzxU
ˆPı“–Æ E∂¯© ¡«[P®£mhx. {ıi¯n®¶U ˆPı“¯P
¯P¬h®£mhx. A∆¡‘U¯P A¯⁄zx C¢vØ∫P–Æ C⁄,
ˆPı“¯P ˜¡÷£ıifl‘ P¿¬, v”¯©∞fl Ai®£¯h∞¿
Aµ_ |∫¡ıP® £oPŒ¿ ~¯«Øz uSv≤¯hØ¡∫P“
G⁄ƒÆ A‘¬zux. ˜©æÆ ¶µm]∞fl˜£ıx B[Q˜ªØ∂fl
©µnzvÿSU Pıµn©ıP C∏¢u¡∫P“ u¬µ ©ÿ”
A¯⁄¡∏USÆ |£¢u¯⁄Øÿ” ©fl¤®¶Æ ¡«[P®£mhx.
Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“

1. ©ın¡∫ B[Q˜ªØ∫US GvµıP {h¢u ¨¢¯uØ

¶µm]P¯Õa _miUPımh ¨i≤Æ.
2. ©ın¡∫ 1857&BÆ Bsk ˆ£∏ƶµm]UPı⁄ Aµ]Ø¿,
|∫¡ıP, ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ, \≠P, \©Ø, Cµıq¡ ©ÿ÷Æ
Eh⁄iU Pıµn[P¯Õ |¯⁄ƒTµ ¨i≤Æ.
3. ©ın¡∫ ¶µm]∞fl ˜£ıUQ¯⁄ ¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.
4. ©ın¡∫ ˆ£∏ƶµm]∞fl ˜uı¿¬UPı⁄ Pıµn[P¯Õ
¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.
5. ©ın¡∫ ¶µm]∞fl ¬¯ÕƒP¯Õ ¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.
6. ©ın¡∫ ˜£µµ]∞fl §µPh⁄z¯u ¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.

62
 _Ø ©v®•k
I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Øz ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ
1. ˆufl¤¢vØı¬¿ {h¢u ¶µm]∞¿ £ı¯ÕØUPıµ∫P–USz
u¯ª¯© Hÿ”¡∫
A. Cµıo Cªm_™£ı¥ B. {ı⁄ı \ıQ®
C. ©∏x \˜Pıuµ∫P“ D. uı¢vØı ˜uı®

2. 1857¿ {h¢u ¶µm]¯Ø® £ÿ‘ B[Qª ¡µªıÿ÷ B]∂Ø∫P“

¬¡∂USÆ ¬uÆ
A. ]®£ı¥ PªPÆ B. ˆ£∏[PªPÆ
C. _u¢vµ®˜£ı∫ D. ¬ku¯ª® ˜£ıµımhÆ

3. C¢vØ® ˆ£∏ƶµm]∞fl ˜£ıx C¢vØı¬fl u¯ª¯©

B–{µıP C∏¢u¡∫
A. ˆ¡¿ˆªÏº B. h¿ˆÌÕ]
C. Pı¤[ D. Q¯Õ∆

4. CØ¢vµ[PÕı¿ Eÿ£zva ˆ\¥Ø®£mh B[Qª {ımk®

ˆ£ı∏mP“ |µÆ§ ¡»¢u ChÆ
A. B[Qª {ımka \¢¯u B. C¢vØ {ımka \¢¯u
C. A˜µ§Ø {ımka \¢¯u D. Aˆ©∂UP {ımka \¢¯u

5. ˆ£ıx Cµıq¡® £oØıÕ∫ \mhÆ ˆ¡Œ¡¢u Bsk

A. 1856 B. 1857
C. 1858 D. 1859

6. Pıflß∂¿ ¶µm]USz u¯ª¯© uı[QØ¡∫

A. {ı⁄ı\ıQ® B. Cµıo Cªm_™£ı¥
C. ©[P“ £ıs˜h D. •Ë¡ı ¨uªıÆ £ı‚µı∆

7. Pfl¡∫][ J∏
A. B]∂Ø∫ B. ]®£ı¥
C. |ª®§µ¶ D. ¯P¬¯⁄U P¯ªb∫
63
 8. ¡[PıÕzvº∏¢u £¯h√µ∫P“ RÃUPsh¡∫PŒfl
C¯hUPıª ¶P»¯⁄z v∏Æ£ƒÆ ˆPısk¡µ Gso⁄∫
A. ©µızvØ∫ B. ¨PªıØ∫
C. ^UQØ∫ D. C¢xUP“
9. Cµıo Cªm_™£ı¥ ¶µm]∞¿ Dk£mh ChÆ
A. Pıflß∫ B. ©zvØ C¢vØı
C. ªU˜⁄ı D. ˆh¿º
10. ¯¡]µı¥ Gfl£ufl ˆ£ı∏“
A. Aµ\®§µv|v B. P®£¿ u¯ª¡∫
C. £¯hzuÕ£v D. \©Øz u¯ª¡∫
II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ |µ®¶P
1. £ı¯ÕØUPıµ∫P“ _____________ ©ÿ÷Æ _____________
BQØ Sn[PŒ¿ ]”¢x ¬Õ[Q⁄∫.
2. 1857¿ {h¢u ¶µm]¯Ø C¢vØ ¡µªıÿ÷ B]∂Ø∫P“
_____________ Gfl÷ ¡∏oUQfl”⁄∫.

3. 1857¿ {h¢u ¶µm]∞¿ ™Pa ]”¢u √µ∫PÕıP_____________

©ÿ÷Æ _____________ BQ˜Øı∫ P∏u®£mh⁄∫.
4. C¢vØ® £¯h√µ∫P–USz u[P“ \©ØÆ ©ÿ÷Æ £s£ımk
¡«UPzvfl£i _____________,_____________ ©ÿ÷Æ
_____________ BQØ¡ÿ¯”a ˆ\¥Ø u¯h ¬vUP®£mhx.

5. Cµıq¡® ˆ£ıx®£oØıÕ∫ \mhÆ C¢vØ £¯h√µ∫P“

_____________ Ph¢x £oØıÿ”z uØıµıP C∏UP
˜¡skÆ Gfl÷ ¡ÿ¶÷zvØx.
6. {ı⁄ı\ıQ§fl £¯hP¯Õ ¡»{hzva ˆ\fl”¡∫
_____________ B¡ı∫.

7. ©µızvØ∫ Bm]¯Ø ´skÆ |¯ª{ımh ¬∏ƧØ

u¯ª¡∫P“ ____________ ©ÿ÷Æ ___________ B¡ı∫P“.
8. ˆ£∏Æ ¶µm]¯Ø AhUP B[Q˜ªØ∫US Eu¬ ˆ\¥u
£¯h®§∂ƒ _____________ BSÆ.
64
 9. ¶µm]∞fl˜£ıx B[Q˜ªØ∂fl ¬¯µ¡ı⁄ ˆ\Ø¿£ık
P–US _____________ ©ÿ÷Æ ___________ ¨¯”P“ ™P
Eu¬ØıP C∏¢u⁄.
10. ¬U˜hı∂Øı ˜£µµ]∞fl A‘U¯P¯Ø _____________ §µ¶
_____________ u∫£ı∂¿ ¡ı]zuı∫.
III. §fl¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ¯”® ˆ£ı∏zxP
A
1. ˜¡ø∫ ]®£ı¥ PªPÆ && 1857
2. ˜£µUß∫ PªPÆ && ˜£µµ\∫
3. ˆ£∏ƶµm] && ·ıfl]
4. CµshıÆ £Py∫Âı && 1824
5. Cµıo Cªm_™£ı¥ && 1806
B
1. ©[P“ £ıs˜h && Pıflß∫
2. CµshıÆ £Py∫Âı && A˜Øızv
3. {ı⁄ı \ıQ® && ©zvØ C¢vØı
4. ˜£PÆ Ìϵz ©Pı¿ && ˆh¿º
5. Cªm_™£ı¥ && ˜£µUß∫
IV. _∏UP©ıP ¬¯hØŒUPƒÆ
1. £ı¯ÕØUPıµ∫P¯Õ® £ÿ‘ E©US Gfl⁄ ˆu∂≤Æ?
A¡∫PŒ¿ ]ª∫ ˆ£Ø¯µU S‘®§kP.
2. ˆ£∏ƶµm] Hÿ£h B[Q˜ªØ∂fl {ık C¯n®¶U
ˆPı“¯P G∆¬uÆ Pıµn©ı∞ÿ÷?
3. B[Qª Aµ]fl ´x C_ªı™Ø∫ Av∏®v A¯h¢u˜ufl?
4. C¢vØı¬fl ˆuı»¿P¯Õ B[Q˜ªØ∫ G∆¬uÆ
¨hUQ⁄∫?
5. C¢vØı¬¿ ˆ{\ƒz ˆuı»¿ ©¯”ØU Pıµn[P“ Øı¯¡?
65
 6. B∫.i. ˜©[P¿Ï (R.D. Mangles) A‘U¯P¯Ø® £ÿ‘ J∏
S‘®¶ u∏P.
7. 1857&BÆ Bsk {h¢u ¶µm]∞fl Eh⁄iU PıµnÆ Øıx?
8. ´µm ¶µm]∞fl ¬¯ÕƒP¯Õ ˆ¡Œ®£kzxP.
9. ˆ£∏ƶµm]∞¿ Cµıo Cªm_™£ı∞fl £[S Øıx?
10. Pfl¡∫][Qfl \ıu¯⁄¯ØU S‘®§kP.
11. ¶µm] Hfl C¢vØı ¨ ¡xÆ £µ¡¬¿¯ª?
12. 1857¿ {h¢u ¶µm]∞¿ £[S ˆ£ÿ” u¯ª¡∫PŒ¯h˜Ø
ˆ£ıx ˜{ıUPÆ Pın®£h¬¿¯ª Gfl£¯u |π§?
13. ¬U˜hı∂Øı ˜£µµ]∞fl A‘U¯P∞fl ¨UQØzx¡Æ Øıx?
V. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P

1. 1857&BÆ Bsk {¯hˆ£ÿ” ˆ£∏ƶµm]UPı⁄ Pıµn[P“

Øı¯¡?
2. ¶µm] Hfl C¢vØı¬fl ¡hUS ©ÿ÷Æ ©zvØ® £SvPŒ¿
©mkÆ £µ¬Øx?
3. 1857&BÆ Bsk ˆ£∏ƶµm] ˜uı¿¬Ø¯h¢uuÿPı⁄
Pıµn[P¯Õ ¡∂¯\®£kzxP.
4. 1857&BÆ Bsk ¶µm]∞fl ¬¯ÕƒP¯Õ G xP.
VI. ˆ\¥¨¯”® £∞ÿ]

1. C¢vØ ¡¯µ£hzv¿ ¶µm] {h¢u RÃUPsh ¯©Ø[

P¯ÕU S‘UPƒÆ :
ˆh¿º, Pıflß∫, ªU˜⁄ı, ´µm, ˜£µUß∫, £ˆµ¥º,
S¡ıºØ∫, AªPı£ız.

66
 AªS & II

£ıhÆ & 4
19&BÆ °ÿ”ısifl \≠P,
\©Øa ^∫v∏zu CØUP[P“

Pÿ”¿ ˜{ıUP[P“
1. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØı¬¿ \≠P, \©Øa ^∫v∏zu CØUP[P“
˜uıfl‘ØuÿPı⁄ Pıµn[P“ £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄® ˆ£”¿.
2. ©ın¡∫ §µÆ© \©ı·Æ, B∂Ø \©ı·Æ ©ÿ÷Æ Cµı©
Q∏Ën CØUPÆ BQØ¡ÿ‘fl ˜{ıUP[P“, A¡ÿ‘fl
£oP“ £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄® ˆ£”¿.
3. ©ın¡∫ §µÆ© bı⁄\¯£ ˜uıÿ÷¬UP®£mh ¬uÆ
£ÿ‘≤Æ, hıUh∫ Afl¤ˆ£\flm C¢vØ \¨uıØzvÿS
Bÿ‘Ø ˆuıskP“ £ÿ‘≤Æ ¶∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
4. ©ın¡∫ ¨_ºÆ ^∫v∏zu CØUP[P“ £ÿ‘≤Æ ¯\Øx
AP©xPı¤fl £oP“ £ÿ‘≤Æ Pÿ”¿.
5. ©ın¡∫ £ı∫], ^UQØ∫ ^∫v∏zu CØUP[P“ £ÿ‘
ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
6. ©ın¡∫ \≠P, \©Øa ^∫v∏zu CØUP[PŒfl ¬¯Õƒ
P¯Õ® £ÿ‘ ¶∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.

£zˆuıfl£uıÆ °ÿ”ısk, C¢vØı¬¿ \≠PÆ ©ÿ÷Æ

\©Øzv¿ £ª ^∫v∏zu {h¡iU¯PP“ ˜©ÿˆPı“Õ®
£mh⁄. \©ØzvæÆ, \≠PzvæÆ ¶S¢u w¯©P¯Õ≤Æ
˜PkP¯Õ≤Æ }US¡uÿS® £izu C¯Õb∫P“ £ª∫
¨Øfl”⁄∫.
67
 ˜©ÿPzvØ P∏zxUPÕı⁄ £Szu‘u¿, \©zx¡Æ,
_u¢vµÆ ©ÿ÷Æ ©¤uz ufl¯© ˜£ıfl”¯¡ A¡∫P¯ÕU
P¡∫¢u⁄. G⁄˜¡ A¡∫P“ u[P“ £s£ımi¿ C∏¢u
S¯”P¯Õ }UP ¨Øfl”⁄∫. A¡∫P“ C¢vØ® £s£ımi¯⁄
´skÆ ¶zx∞∫ ˆ£”aˆ\¥Ø ¬∏Ƨ⁄∫. BP˜¡ 19&BÆ
°ÿ”ısi¿ Hÿ£mh \≠P, \©Øa ^∫v∏zu[P¯Õ C¢vØ
©÷©ª∫a] CØUPÆ Gfl÷ {ıÆ A¯«UQfl˜”ıÆ. Cµı·ı
µıƘ©ıPfl µı¥ A∆¬ØUPzvfl ¨fl˜⁄ıiØıPz vPâuı∫.
\≠P, \©Ø CØUP[P“ ˜uıfl÷¡uÿPı⁄ Pıµn[P“ &
Aµ]Ø¿ Jÿ÷¯© : B[Q˜ªØ Bm]∞fl ¬∂¡ıUPÆ,
J∏[Q¯n®¶U ˆPı“¯PØı¿ C¢vØı Aµ]Ø¿ ∑v∞¿
Jfl÷£kzu®£mhx. Au⁄ı¿ C¢vØ∫PŒ¯h˜Ø |ª¬Ø®
ˆ£ıx®§µa\¯⁄P“ A¯⁄¡µıæÆ ¶∂¢x ˆPı“Õ®£mh⁄.
B[Q˜ªØ Bm]∞fl ufl¯©Øı⁄x £ª C¢vØ C¯Õb∫
P¯Õz u[PÕx xfl£zvÿSÆ C»|¯ªUS©ı⁄ Pıµn[
P¯Õ A‘Øz ysiØx.
Q‘zx¡ \©Ø®£µ®ß»Ø∫PŒfl §µa\ıµzvÿS Gv∫®¶ :
Q‘zx¡ \©Ø®£µ®ß»Ø∫P“ S‘®£ıP, H¯«, JkUP®
£mh¡∫P“, ©zv∞¿ u[P“ ©uz¯u® £µ®£ G¿ªı
¨Øÿ]P¯Õ≤Æ ˜©ÿˆPısh⁄∫. P¿¬U Th[P“, ©∏zx¡
©¯⁄P“, Cª¡\a ˜\¯¡P“ ©ÿ÷Æ Aµ]fl Buµƒ
BQد¡ Th A¢˜{ıUPzvÿS® £Øfl£kzu®£mhx.
G⁄˜¡ C¢xUP–Æ, C_ªı™Ø∫P–Æ u[P“ \©Ø[P¯ÕU
Pı®£ıÿ” G¿ªı ¨Øÿ]P¯Õ≤Æ ˜©ÿˆPısh⁄∫.
AØ¿{ımk A‘b∫PŒfl £[PŒ®¶ : ˜©ÿPzvØ A‘b∫P
Õı⁄ ©ıUϨ¿ª∫ ©ÿ÷Æ ¬¿ºØÆ ˜·ıflÏ BQ˜Øı∫
C¢vØı¬fl £«Æˆ£∏¯©¯Ø ˆ¡ŒUˆPın∫¢u⁄∫.
A¡∫P“ £s¯hØ C¢vØı¬fl ¶ª¯©™UP °¿P¯Õ
Bâx £izu⁄∫. Aufl ¬¯Õ¡ıP ˜©ÿPzvØ®
£s£ım¯h ¬h ™P EØ∫¢u C¢vØ® £s£ımka
ˆ\∂¬¯⁄ ˆ¡Œa\zvÿSU ˆPısk ¡¢u⁄∫. A¡∫P“ £ª
CªUQØ, \©Ø °¿P¯Õ ˆ©ı»ˆ£Ø∫zu⁄∫. A¢°¿P“
68
EªP® ¶Pà ˆ£ÿ”⁄. Au⁄ı¿ £izu C¢vØ∫PŒ¯h˜Ø
u[P“ £s£ımi¿ {ƧU¯P ¡Õ∫¢ux. G⁄˜¡ A¡∫P“
˜©ÿPzvØ® £s£ım¯h ¬h C¢vØ® £s£ık
˜©Æ£mhx Gfl£¯u |¯ª{ımh Gso⁄∫.
C¢vØa ˆ\¥vz uı“P“ : I˜µı®§Ø∫P“ C¢vØı¬¿ Aa_U
Th[P¯Õ A‘¨P®£kzv⁄∫. Au⁄ı¿ {ıŒuÃP–Æ,
£∏¡ CuÃP–Æ ˆ¡Œ¡µz ˆuıh[Q⁄. £¿˜¡÷ C¢vØ
ˆ©ı»PŒ¿ £ª ¶zuP[P–Æ ˆ¡Œ∞h®£mh⁄. A¡ÿ‘¿
ˆ£∏Æ£ıæÆ C¢vØ {ım¯h® £ÿ‘Ø P∏zxUP“ ChÆ
ˆ£ÿ‘∏¢u⁄. A¯¡ {Æ{ımifl £ıµÆ£∂Øz¯u≤Æ
˜©fl¯©¯Ø≤Æ £izu C¢vØ∫P“ A‘¢x ˆPı“Õ Eu¬⁄.
G⁄˜¡ A¡∫P“ C¢vØ® £s£ımk ©÷©ª∫a]US®
£oØıÿ‘hz ˆuıh[Q⁄∫.
˜©⁄ımkU P¿¬ : ˜©⁄ımkU P¿¬∞⁄ı¿ ˜©¯ªU
P∏zxUPÕı⁄ ©UPÕım], _u¢vµÆ, \©zx¡Æ ©ÿ÷Æ
˜u]ØÆ BQد¡ C¢vØı¬¿ £µ¬⁄. ˜©ÿPzvØ {ık
P–USa ˆ\fl” C¢vØ∫P“ AUP∏zxUP“ A[S ˆ\Ø¿£kÆ
¬uÆ £ÿ‘ ˜{µiØıP A‘¢x ˆPısh⁄∫. uı¥{ık v∏ƧØ
A¡∫P“ C¢vØ∫PŒ¯h˜Ø A¯¡ £ÿ‘Ø ¬»®¶n∫a]
C¿ªı©¿ C∏®£¯uU Psk ©⁄Æ ¡∏¢v⁄∫. AU
P∏zxUP“ C¢vØı¬¿ £µ¡ A¡∫P“ ˜u¯¡Øı⁄ Ai®
£¯ha ˆ\Ø¿PŒ¿ Dk£mh⁄∫.
£¿˜¡÷ x¯”PŒ¿ B[QªU P¿¬ ˆ£ÿ”
C¢vØ∫PÕı¿uıfl C¢vØ ˜u]Ø En∫ƒÆ, {√⁄
]¢u¯⁄≤Æ ˆ£∏©Õ¬¿ ¡Õ∫a] ˆ£ÿ”x Gfl£x ©÷UP
¨iØıu Es¯©ØıSÆ.
§µÆ© \©ı·Æ & 1828 : §µÆ© \©ı·Æ 1828&BÆ Bsk
Cµı·ı µıƘ©ıPflµı¥ Gfl£¡µı¿ ˆuıh[P®£mhx. A¡∫
¡[PıÕzv¿ K∫ A¢un∫ SkÆ£zv¿ §”¢uı∫. A¡∫ Aµı§,
\©ÏQ∏uÆ, £ıµ^PÆ, B[QªÆ, §ˆµg_, Cªzwfl,
Q˜µUPÆ ©ÿ÷Æ Ô®∏ ˜£ıfl” £ª ˆ©ı»P¯ÕU
Pÿ÷n∫¢uı∫. ˜©æÆ C¢x, C_ªıÆ, Q‘zx¡Æ ©ÿ÷Æ `§
69
BQØ £ª \©Ø uzx¡[P¯Õ≤Æ
Pÿ”ı∫. C¢x \≠Pz¯u≤Æ \©Øz
¯u≤Æ ^∫v∏zx¡x A¡∂fl
¨UQØ ˜{ıUP©ıP C∏¢ux. A¡∫
¡[PıÕÆ, C¢v, \©ÏQ∏uÆ,
£ıµ^PÆ ©ÿ÷Æ B[Qª ˆ©ı»
PŒ¿ £ª°¿P“ G v≤“Õı∫.
H_ Q‘Ïx¬fl Pmh¯ÕP“
(Precepts of Jesus Christ),
A¯©vUSÆ ©QÃa]USÆ ¡»
(The Guide to Peace and Happiness)
BQØ⁄ A¡ÿ‘¿ ]ª. A¡∫
¡[PıÕ ˆ©ı»∞æÆ £ıµ^P Cµı·ı µıƘ©ıPflµı¥
ˆ©ı»∞æÆ ˆ\¥vzuı“P¯Õ
BµÆ§zuı∫. ¨PªıØ® ˜£µµ\µı⁄ CµshıÆ AU£∫
CµıƘ©ıP›US Cµı·ı Gfl” £mhz¯u AŒzx A¡¯µz
u⁄x yx¡µıP C[Qªı¢xUS A›®§ ¯¡zuı∫.
J˜µ Phƒ“ Gfl” ˆPı“¯P∞fl Ai®£¯h∞ªı⁄
ˆ£ıxa\©Øzv¿ {ƧU¯PU ˆPısh¡∫PŒfl \¯£ØıP
§µÆ© \©ı·Æ C∏¢ux. E∏¡ ¡»£ık, \©Ø ¬vP“,
\h[SP“ BQØ¡ÿ¯” Cµı·ıµıƘ©ıPflµı¥ Psizuı∫.
B⁄ı¿ A¡∫ C¢x \©ØzvæÆ, ˜¡u[PŒæÆ ˆPısi∏¢u
{ƧU¯P¯Ø C«UP¬¿¯ª. §µÆ© \©ı·Æ \ıv¨¯”,
wshı¯©, \v G›Æ EhflPm¯h H÷u¿, E∏¡ ¡»£ık
BQØ¡ÿ¯”U Psizux.
ˆ£sPŒfl |¯ª∞¯⁄ EØ∫zu Cµı·ıµıÆ
˜©ıPflµı≤Æ ¬¿ºØÆ ˆ£fli[ §µ¶ƒÆ \v Gfl›Æ
EhflPm¯h H÷Æ £«UPz¯u J»UP ¨Øÿ]zu⁄∫.
1829&BÆ Bsk ˆ£fli[ §µ¶ EhflPm¯h H÷Æ £«UPÆ
\mhzvÿS® ¶”Æ£ı⁄x Gfl÷Æ, A¯u FUS¬®£¡∏US
©µnush¯⁄ ¡«[P®£kÆ Gfl÷Æ A‘¬zuı∫.
CUˆPıiØ £«UPzvÿS GvµıP CµıƘ©ıP¯⁄
©ıÿ‘Ø |PÃa] Gx Gfl÷ E[P–USz ˆu∂≤©ı?
CµıƘ©ıPfl ]÷¡⁄ı¥ C∏¢u˜£ıx uÆ™hÆ ™PƒÆ

70
 Afl¶PımiØ u⁄x ≠zu Asn¤fl ©¯⁄¬¯ØU
Pn¡fl C”¢uƒhfl, u©x E”¬⁄∫P“ EhflPm¯h H”
¡ÿ¶÷zv C”¢u¯uU Pshı∫. A¡∏¯hØ CÕÆ
ˆ{g]¿ A¢u |PÃa] B”ıu ˆ£∂Ø ¡k¡ıP C∏¢ux.
G⁄˜¡ CÕÆ ¡Øv˜ª˜Ø AUˆPıiØ £«UPz¯u
Ai˜Øık }UP ˜¡skÆ G⁄ ©⁄v¿ E÷vˆPıshı∫.
§µÆ© \©ı·Æ S«¢¯uz v∏©nz¯u≤Æ, £ªuıµ
©nz¯u≤Æ Gv∫zux. ˜©æÆ ¬u¯¡P“ ©÷©nz¯u
Bu∂zux. §µÆ© \©ı·zvfl u¯ª¡∫PŒ¿ J∏¡µı⁄ ˜P\¡
\¢vµ ˆ\fl¤fl ¨Øÿ]Øı¿ 1872&BÆ Bsk J∏ \mhÆ
ˆPısk¡µ®£mhx. Aufl£i S«¢¯uz v∏©n¨Æ,
£ªuıµ ©n¨Æ J»UP®£mh⁄. Aa\mhÆ Pª®¶z
v∏©nz¯u≤Æ, ¬u¯¡P“ ©÷©nz¯u≤Æ Bu∂zux.
Cµı·ıµıƘ©ıPflµı∞fl ©¯”¬ÿS® §fl §µÆ©
\©ı·zvfl £oP¯Õ® ¶PÙUP ˜P\¡ \¢vµ ˆ\fl›Æ
˜u˜¡¢vµ {ız uıT∏Æ ˜©ÿˆPısk {hzv⁄∫.
B∂Ø \©ı·Æ & 1875 : B∂Ø \©ı·z
v¯⁄, _¡ı™ uØı⁄¢u \µÏ¡v
1875&BÆ Bsk ˆuıh[Q⁄ı∫.
A¡∫ S·µızv¿ C∏¢u J∏ ]÷
{Pµzv¿ £«¯©∞¿ F‘Ø
A¢un∫ Sªzv¿ §”¢uı∫. A¡∫
CÕ¯©U Pıªzv¿ ≠¿ \[P∫
Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£mhı∫. A¡∫
_¡ı™ ¡µı‰⁄¢u∫ (Vrajanand)
Gfl£¡¯µ ©xµı¬¿ \¢vzuı∫.
A¡∂fl ^hµıQ ˜¡u[P¯ÕU
_¡ı™ uØı⁄¢u \µÏ¡v
Pÿ”ı∫. ˜¡u[P¯Õ® £µ®¶¡v¿
A¡∫ ufl ¡ıÃ{ı“ ¨ ¡¯u≤Æ
ˆ\ª¬mhı∫. A¡∫ C¢x \≠Pz¯ua ^∫v∏zu Gso⁄ı∫.
uØı⁄¢u \µÏ¡v∞fl P∏zx®£i ˜¡u[P“ G¿ªı
Es¯©P¯Õ≤Æ E“ÕhUQ≤“Õ⁄. G⁄˜¡ ""˜¡u[P¯Õ
71
˜{ıUQa ˆ\¿'' (Go Back to The Vedas) Gfl£x A¡µx ¨«UP
©ı⁄x. ˜¡u[P¯Õ® £ÿ‘Ø A¡∏¯hØ P∏zxUP“
\zØı∫zu §µPıË (Sathyartha Prakash) Gfl” A¡∫ G vØ
°º¿ Pın®£kQfl”⁄.
\©Øz¯u® ˆ£ı÷zu¡¯µ∞¿ B∂Ø \©ı·Æ E∏¡
¡»£ık, \©Øa \h[SP“, ™∏P[P¯Õ® £º∞h¿,
ˆ\ı∫UPÆ, {µPÆ ©ÿ÷Æ u¯ª¬v ˜£ıfl” ˜Pım£ıkP¯Õ
Gv∫zux. ©uÆ ©ı‘ ©ÿ” ©u[PŒ¿ ˜\∫¢u C¢x \©Ø
©UP¯Õz v∏Æ£ƒÆ C¢x \©ØzvÿSU ˆPısk¡µ
uØı⁄¢u \µÏ¡v _zv CØUPÆ (Suddhi Movement) Gfl”
CØUPz¯u BµÆ§zuı∫. Aufl ¬¯Õ¡ıP HµıÕ©ı⁄¡∫P“
v∏Æ£ƒÆ C¢x \©Øzv¯⁄® §fl£ÿ” BµÆ§zu⁄∫.
uØı⁄¢u \µÏ¡v C¢x \©Øzvfl ©ı∫ifl øu∫
Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£kQ”ı∫. ©ı∫ifl øu∫ ˆ·∫ˆ©¤¯Øa
˜\∫¢u ]”¢u \©Øa ^∫v∏zu¡ıvØı¡ı∫.
B∂Ø \©ı·Æ C¢x \≠PzvÿS® £Ø›“Õ £ª
£oP¯Õ® ¶∂¢x“Õx. A∆¡¯©®¶ S«¢¯uz v∏©nÆ,
£ªuıµ©nÆ, £∫uı G›Æ ¨Pzv¯µ Ao≤Æ ¨¯”,
\ıv¨¯” ©ÿ÷Æ EhflPm¯h H÷u¿ BQØ¡ÿ¯”
Gv∫zux. \©ı·Æ ˆ£sP¿¬, uıÃzu®£mh ©UPŒfl
¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ BQØ¡ÿ¯” ¡ÿ¶÷zvØx. Pª®¶z v∏©nÆ,
\©£¢v Enƒ Esn¿ (interdining) BQØ¡ÿ¯” FUS¬zux.
B∂Ø \©ı·Æ C¢vØı¬¿ S‘®£ıP ¡h C¢vØı¬¿ HµıÕ
©ı⁄ P¿¬ |÷¡⁄[P¯Õ |÷¬≤“Õx. S∏Sª[P–Æ
©PŒ∫ S∏Sª[P–Æ \©ÏQ∏u ˆ©ı»∞¿ ˜¡u[P¯Õ≤Æ
B≤∫˜¡uzv¯⁄≤Æ Pÿ§UQfl”⁄. uØı⁄¢u∫ B[Qª ˜¡u
£“ŒPŒæÆ (DAV Schools — Dayanand Anglo-Vedic Schools)
P¿ø∂PŒæÆ {√⁄U P¿¬, ©¤u £ıh[P“, A‘¬Ø¿
BQØ⁄ Pÿ§UP®£kQfl”⁄. uØı⁄¢u∂fl ^h∫PÕı⁄ ªıªı
ª·£vµı¥, ªıªı Ìflϵı‰, £siu S∏uz BQ˜Øı∫
B∂Ø \©ı·U ˆPı“¯PP¯Õ® £µ®§⁄∫. C¢vØ ˜u]Øz
u¯ª¡∫PÕı⁄ £ıªP[Pıuµ vªP∫, ˜Pı£ıª Q∏Ën
72
˜PıP˜ª BQ˜Øı∫ B∂Ø \©ı·zvfl uzx¡[PŒæÆ
˜Pım£ıkPŒæÆ ™S¢u Dk£ık ˆPısk C∏¢u⁄∫.

"_˜u\Æ' "C¢vØı C¢vØ∏U˜P' ˜£ıfl” {ÿP∏zxU

P¯Õ ¨ufl¨uº¿ T‘Ø¡∫ uØı⁄¢u \µÏ¡vØıPzuıfl
C∏UP ˜¡skÆ. A¡∏¯hØ ©ÿ” S‘U˜Pı“ ¡ı\PÆ
(Motto) "¡ı¥¯©˜Ø ˆ¡¿æÆ ˆ£ı¥¯© A¿ª' Gfl÷
ˆ£ı∏“£kÆ. "\zؘ©¡ ˆ·Ø˜u', "{ı Afl∂uÆ' (Satyam
Eva Jayate', 'Na Anritam') Gfl£uıSÆ.

§µÆ© bı⁄ \¯£ & 1875 (Theosophical Society) v˜Øı\ı§

Gfl” ˆ\ı¿ C∏ Q˜µUPa ˆ\ıÿPŒfl C¯n®¶ BSÆ.
v˜ØıÏ Gfl”ı¿ Phƒ“ Gfl÷Æ ˜\ı£ıÏ Gfl”ı¿ A‘ƒ
Gfl÷Æ ˆ£ı∏“£kÆ. G⁄˜¡ v˜Øı\ı§ Gfl”ı¿ Phƒ¯Õ®
£ÿ‘Ø A‘ƒ Gfl÷ ˆ£ı∏“£kÆ. Cx \©ÏQ∏u ˆ©ı»∞¿
§µÆ©bı⁄Æ Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£kQ”x. Ca\¯£ ¨ufl
¨uº¿ §Õı¡ımÏQ Gfl” ˆ£s©oØıæÆ, P∫⁄¿
Ga.GÏ. B¿Pım Gfl£¡µıæÆ 1875&BÆ Bsk Aˆ©∂UP
IUQØ {ıkPŒ¿ A¯©UP®£mhx.
C¢vØı¬fl ]¢u¯⁄≤Æ £s£ıkÆ A¡∫P¯Õ
D∫zu⁄. G⁄˜¡ A¡∫P“ §fl⁄∫ Aa\¯£∞fl u¯ª¯©
Chz¯u ˆ\fl¯⁄∞æ“Õ A¯hØı÷
A¯hØı÷US ©ıÿ‘⁄∫.
§µÆ©bı⁄ \¯£∞fl ¨UQØU ˆPı“¯PP“ : Ca\¯£∞fl
ˆPı“¯PPÕı¡⁄ :
1. \˜Pıuµzx¡z¯u Ai®£¯hØıPU ˆPısh
A¯⁄zx ©UPŒfl A¯©®¶ Jfl¯” E∏¡ıUSu¿,
2. £s¯hØ \©ØÆ, uzx¡Æ, A‘¬Ø¿ £ÿ‘ Pÿ”¿,
©ÿ÷Æ
3. CØÿ¯P∞fl |ØvP¯Õ A‘¢x ©¤u¤hÆ
ˆu¥√P \UvP¯Õ ¡Õ∫zuæÆ BSÆ.
Ca\¯£∞fl ]”®¶™UP A[Pzv⁄ıµı⁄ v∏©v.
Afl¤ˆ£\flm AƯ©Øı∫ 1893&BÆ Bsk C¢vØı ¡¢uı∫.
73
A¡∫ §µÆ©bı⁄ \¯£∞fl u¯ª¯©® ˆ£ı÷®§¯⁄
Hÿ”ı∫. A¡∫ C¢x \©Ø ©÷©ª∫a]USz ufl¯⁄ A∫®
£ozxU ˆPıshı∫. P¿¬z x¯”∞¿ A¡∫ Bÿ‘Ø £oP“
™P ¨UQØ©ı⁄¯¡ØıSÆ. A¡∫ £⁄ıµ]¿ (Pı])
ˆuıh[QØ ©zvØ C¢xU P¿ø∂ C÷v∞¿ £⁄ıµ_ C¢x
£¿P¯ªU P«Pzxhfl C¯nUP®£mhx. A¡∫ {hzvØ
ˆ\¥vzuıÕı⁄ |≥ C¢vØı (New India) §µÆ©bı⁄U
ˆPı“¯PP¯Õ® £µ®§Øx. §fl⁄∫ A¡∫ BµÆ§zu
ufl⁄ım] CØUPÆ (Home Rule Movement) C¢vØz ˜u]Ø
CØUPzvÿS Ez˜¡PÆ AŒzux.
Cµı©Q∏Ën CØUPÆ 1897 :
19&BÆ °ÿ”ısifl ©ÿˆ”ı∏
¨UQØ©ı⁄ ^∫v∏zu¡ıv Cµı©
Q∏Ën £µ©ÌÆ\∫ B¡ı∫. A¡∫
P¿Pzuı¬ÿS A∏Q¿ E“Õ
um]˜n_¡µ
um]˜n_¡µzvº∏¢u PıŒ
˜Pı∞ºfl ß\ı∂ØıP C∏¢uı∫.
A¡∫ ¨¯”ØıPU P¿¬ PÿP
¬¿¯ª. G¤›Æ ufl›¯hØ
GŒ¯©Øı⁄ CØ¿¶PÕıæÆ
Es¯©Øı⁄ A‘¬⁄ıæÆ Cµı©Q∏Ën £µ©ÌÆ\∫
ufl¯⁄a _ÿ‘ C∏¢u¡∫PŒfl
Afl§¯⁄® ˆ£ÿ”ı∫. G¿ªı \©Ø[PŒfl Ai®£¯h
Es¯©PŒæÆ A¡∏US Bâu {ƧU¯P C∏¢ux. A¡∫
A¯⁄zxa \©Ø[PŒfl Jÿ÷¯©¯Ø® ˜£ıvzuı∫. A¡∫
˜¡u[PŒæÆ E£|hu[PŒæÆ Pın®£kÆ EØ∂Ø P∏zxU
P¯Õ ™P GŒ¯©Øı⁄ ¨¯”∞¿ }vUP¯uP“ (Parables)
≠ªÆ Gkzx¯µzuı∫. ©UP“ A¯⁄¡∏Æ PhƒŒfl J∏
£Sv˜Ø Gfl÷ ¡º≤÷zv⁄ı∫. A¡¯µ® ˆ£ı∏zu¡¯µ
""©¤u∏USa ˆ\¥≤Æ £o Phƒ–USa ˆ\¥¡uıSÆ.''

Cµı©Q∏Ën∂fl ˆPı“¯PP¯Õ® £µ®§Ø® ˆ£∏¯©

A¡∏¯hØ ¨UQØ ^hµı⁄ ¬˜¡Pı⁄¢u¯µ˜Ø ˜\∏Æ.
¬˜¡Pı⁄¢u∂fl CÕ¯©® ˆ£Ø∫ {˜µ¢vµ{ız Gfl£uıSÆ.
74
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£“Œ®£i®¯£ ¨izu§fl EØ∫
P¿¬® ˆ£ÿ”ı∫. A¡∫ ˜©¯ª
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Ax ¨u¿ A¡∫ Cµı©Q∏Ën
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ˆPı“¯PP¯Õ C¢vØı ¨ ¡xÆ £µ®§⁄ı∫. A¡∏¯hØ
˜£a_zv”›Æ, ˜uıÿ”¨Æ Aµ\∫P¯Õ≤Æ, \ıuıµn
SiØı⁄¡∫P¯Õ≤Æ A¡∫£ı¿ P¡∫¢u⁄. ¬˜¡Pı⁄¢u¯µ®
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£oØıSÆ''. Ax˜¡ A¡∏¯hØ S‘U˜PıÕı∞ÿ÷.
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]UPı˜Pı {P∂¿ {¯hˆ£ÿ” EªPa \©Ø ©ı{ımi¿ £[S
ˆ£ÿ”ı∫. A[S S ™∞∏¢u¡∫P¯Õ ˜{ıUQ A¡∫ uÆ
E¯µ¯Ø ""C∆ƒªPa \˜Pıuµ, \˜Pıu∂P˜Õ'' (Brothers and
Sisters of this Universe) Gfl÷ ˆuıh[Q⁄ı∫. ¬˜¡Pı⁄¢u∫
EªP® £ı∫¯¡∞¿ C¢vØ∂fl £s£ımi¯⁄≤Æ, C¢x
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Aˆ©∂UPı¬fl Cuµ £SvPŒæÆ ©ÿ÷Æ C[Qªı¢væÆ
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£g\Æ ˜£ıfl”¯¡PŒfl £ıv®§ÿS“Õı⁄ ©UPŒfl xØ∫
}UPƒÆ, C¢|÷¡⁄Æ £oØıÿ‘≤“Õx.
_¡ı™ ¬˜¡Pı⁄¢u∫ C¢x \©ØÆ, £s£ık, \≠PÆ,
C¢vØ ˜u]ØÆ BQØ¡ÿ‘ÿS® ˆ£∏Æ ˆuısk Bÿ‘
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P¿¬ ©ÿ÷Æ B[Q˜ªØ Bm]∞fl uıUPzvº∏¢x
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Pın®£mh £∫uı ¨¯”, £ªuıµ ©nÆ ˜£ıfl”¯¡P¯ÕU
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Literacy Society) Gfl” A¯©®¯£ {¡ı® A®x¿ ªzw®
BµÆ§zuı∫. AUP«PÆ C_ªı™Ø∂¯h˜Ø P¿¬¯Ø®
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£ª £“ŒP¯Õz ˆuıh[QØx.
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PŒ¯h˜Ø {√⁄U P¿¬¯Ø≤Æ, \≠Pa ^∫v∏zu[P¯Õ≤Æ
£µ®§Ø ™P ¨UQØ©ı⁄ AºPı∫ CØUPz¯u \∫ ¯\Øx
AP©xPıfl ˆuıh[Q⁄ı∫. A¡∫ B[Qª Aµ\ı[Pzv¿
}vzx¯”∞¿ A桪µıP® £oØıÿ‘Ø¡∫. A¡∫ 1857&¿
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C∏¢uı∫. ˜©æÆ B[Qª Aµ_hfl ¨_ºÆP“ Jzx¯«UP
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76
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Dk£k¡x A¡∫PÕx {ªflP¯Õ®
£ıvUSÆ G⁄ A¡∫ {Ƨ⁄ı∫.
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˜u]ØU Pı[Qµ¯\ Gv∫zuıæÆ
C¢x ¨_ºÆ Jÿ÷¯©¯Ø A¡∫
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¨_ºÆP“ BQØ C∏¡∏Æ J˜µ
{ım¯ha ˜\∫¢u¡∫P“ Gfl÷Æ,
\∫ ¯\Øx AP©xPıfl A¡∫PŒfl Jÿ÷¯©∞¿uıfl
{ımifl ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ E“Õx
Gfl÷Æ P∏v⁄ı∫.
1864&BÆ Bsk \∫ ¯\Øx AP©xPıfl Pı]ß∂¿ £“Œ
Jfl¯”z ˆuıh[Q⁄ı∫. §fl⁄ımPŒ¿ Ax A‘¬Ø¿
P«PÆ (Scientific Society) Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£mhx. AUP«PÆ
£ª A‘¬Ø¿ °¿P¯Õ E∏x ˆ©ı»∞¿, ˆ©ı»ˆ£Ø∫zx
ˆ¡Œ∞mhx. A¡∂fl ™P®ˆ£∂Ø \ıu¯⁄ 1875&BÆ Bsk
AºPı∂¿ ¨P©vØfl B[Q˜ªı K∂Øsh¿ P¿ø∂¯Ø
(MAO) |÷¬ØuıSÆ. CUP¿ø∂ {ıÕ¯h¬¿ C¢vØ
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§fl⁄∫ A¢|÷¡⁄Æ AºPı∫ ¨_ºÆ £¿P¯ªU P«P©ıP
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CØUPÆ AºPı∫ CØUPÆ Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£mhx. A¡∫
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AUªıU (Thazil-ud-Akhlag) (J UPa ^∫v∏zuÆ) Gfl”
£zv∂¯P∞fl ¡ı∞ªıPz uÆ P∏zxUP¯Õ® £µ®§⁄ı∫.
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P«P[P“ ˆuıh[P®£mh⁄.
£ı∫] ©ÿ÷Æ ^UQØ ^∫v∏zu CØUP[P“ : £ı∫] C⁄
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ˆ{Õ˜µı‚ £L∫kfl‚≤Æ (Navoroji Furdoonji) B¡ı∫. ˆ£s
PŒfl ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zvÿPıPƒÆ, A¡∫PŒ¯h˜Ø {√⁄ P¿¬
77
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˜Pı®uı∫ (Rast Goftar) Gfl” £zv∂¯P¯Ø BµÆ§zu⁄∫.
©ÿ÷ˆ©ı∏ ¨UQØ £ı∫] C⁄ ^∫v∏zu¡ıv ˜\ıµ®‚
ˆ£[Pıº (Sorabji Bengali) Gfl£¡µı¡ı∫.
^UQØ∫ ©zv∞¿ ^∫v∏zu CØUPÆ ][ \£ıUPÕı¿
(Singh Sabhas) ˆuıh[P®£mhx. A¯¡ ªıT∂æÆ A™∫u
\µ]æÆ BµÆ§UP®£mh⁄. A∆¬∏ \£ıUP–Æ C¯n¢x
P¿¬¯Ø® £µ®¶¡v¿ ¨UQØ®£[S ¡Qzu⁄. 1892&¿
A™∫u\µ]¿ Pı¿\ı P¿ø∂ (Khalsa College) BµÆ§UP®
£mhx. ˜©æÆ £ª P¿¬ |÷¡⁄[P–Æ ˆuıh[P®
£mh⁄.
C∏£uıÆ °ÿ”ısifl BµÆ£zv¿ ^UQØ∂fl ¡»
£ımkz uª[PÕı⁄ S∏zx¡ıµıUP“ ß\ı∂PÕıæÆ ©P¢xU
PÕıæÆ (Mahants) Pmk®£kzu®£mk ¡¢u⁄. A¡∫P“ A¢u
¡»£ımkz uª[P¯Õz u[PŒfl ˆ\ı¢ua ˆ\ızxUPÕıPU
P∏v⁄∫. ]˜µıfl©o S∏zx¡ıµı §µ£¢uU P™mi≤Æ
APıºuÕU Pm]≤Æ AUS∏zx¡ıµıUP¯Õ ^UQØ C⁄®
§µv|vPŒhÆ J®£¯hUP ˜{ıUPÆ ˆPısh⁄. _u¢vµ
CØUPz u¯ª¡∫P–Æ A¯u Bu∂zu⁄∫. 1925&BÆ Bsk
J∏ \mhÆ CØÿ”®£mk Aa\mhÆ S∏zx¡ıµıUP¯Õ
|∫¡QUSÆ ˆ£ı÷®§¯⁄ ]˜µıfl©o S∏zx¡ıµı
§µ£¢uU P™mi∞hÆ J®£¯hzux.
^∫v∏zu CØUP[PŒ⁄ı¿ Hÿ£mh ¬¯ÕƒP“ : 1. ^∫v∏zu
CØUP[P“ \≠PzvæÆ, \©ØzvæÆ S‘®§hzuUP
©ı÷u¿P¯ÕU ˆPısk ¡¢u⁄. ˆuıhUPzv¿ S‘®§mh
]ª Ch[PŒ¿ Hÿ£mh ˆ£∏Æ ©ıÿ”[P“ {ıÕ¯h¬¿
A¯⁄zx® §∂ƒ ©UPŒ¯h˜Ø≤Æ £µ¬⁄, 2. ^∫v∏zu
CØUP[P“ C¢x ¨_ºÆ \©Ø[P¯Õ E÷v≤¯hØ⁄
BUQØxhfl Aa\©Øzv⁄∂¯h˜Ø |ª¬Ø \≠PU
ˆPık¯©P¯Õ }UPƒÆ ¨Øÿ]zu⁄, 3. Pÿ” C¢vØ∫P“
£Szu‘ƒhfl ]¢vUPz u¯ª®£mh⁄∫, 4. ^∫v∏zu
CØUP[P“ Ph¢uPıª ¶P»¯⁄ ´skÆ ¶x®§UP Eu¬⁄.
˜©æÆ C¢vØı¯¡ {√⁄® £kzuƒÆ Aa^∫v∏zu
CØUP[P“ x¯n ¶∂¢u⁄, 5. ¡mhıµ ˆ©ı»PŒfl CªUQØ
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\ıv¨¯”∞fl Pmk®£ık uÕµz ˆuıh[QØx, 7. ˆ£s
78
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|¯ª∞¯⁄ EØ∫zvh ]ª {h¡iU¯PP“ A‘¨P® £kzu®
£mh⁄, 8. £ı¡a ˆ\تıPU P∏u®£mh AØ¿{ımk®
£ØnÆ ©UPÕı¿ Hÿ÷U ˆPı“Õ® £mhx, 9. £ª x¯”PŒ¿
C¢vØı ¨fl˜⁄” E÷x¯nØıP ¬Õ[QØ B]∂Ø∫P“,
©∏zx¡∫P“, ¡«UP‘b∫P“, ¬gbı¤P“ ©ÿ÷Æ
£zv∂¯PØıÕ∫P“ Ah[QØ {kzuµ ©UP“ ˜uıfl” C∆
¬ØUP[P“ Pıµn©ı∞⁄, 10. ^∫v∏zua ˆ\Ø¿PÕı¿
£¿˜¡÷ £Sv∞¿ ¡ıâu C¢vØ ©UP“ Jfl÷˜\∫¢u⁄∫.
^∫v∏zu CØUP[P“ Jÿ÷¯© En∫¯¡ E∏¡ıUQ C¢vØ
˜u]ØÆ ¡Õ∫a] ˆ£” ˆuıshıÿ‘⁄.

Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“
1. ©ın¡∫ 19&BÆ °ÿ”ısifl \≠P, \©Øa ^∫v∏zu
CØUP[P“ ˜uıfl‘ØuÿPı⁄ Pıµn[P“ £ÿ‘ ¬ÕUP
¨i≤Æ.
2. ©ın¡∫ Cµı·ıµıƘ©ıPflµı¥ ©ÿ÷Æ uØı⁄¢u
\µÏ¡v BQ˜Øı∂fl £oP¯Õ ¬¡∂UP ¨i≤Æ.
3. ©ın¡∫ Cµı©Q∏Ën £µ©ÌÆ\∫, ¬˜¡Pı⁄¢u∫
©ÿ÷Æ Afl¤ˆ£\flm AƯ©Øı∫ BQ˜Øı∫ C¢vØ
\¨uıØzvÿS Bÿ‘Ø ˆuıskP¯Õ |¯⁄ƒTµ
CØæÆ.
4. ©ın¡∫ AºPı∫ CØUPzvfl G a] £ÿ‘≤Æ, \∫ ¯\Øx
AP©zPı¤fl £oP“ £ÿ‘≤Æ ¬¡∂UP ¨i≤Æ.
5. ©ın¡∫ £ı∫] ©ÿ÷Æ ^UQØ∫ CØUP[P¯Õ® £ÿ‘Ø
A‘¬¯⁄® ˆ£” CØæÆ.
6. ©ın¡∫ \≠P, \©Øa ^∫v∏zu CØUP[PŒfl uıUP[P¯Õ®
£ÿ‘ ©v®•k ˆ\¥Ø ¨i≤Æ.

_Ø ©v®•k
I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Øz ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ
1. 19&BÆ °ÿ”ısi¿ \≠Pzv¿ |ª¬Ø w¯©P¯Õ≤Æ,
˜PkP¯Õ≤Æ P¯ÕØ ¨Øÿ]zu¡∫P“
A. C¢vØ® £¯h√µ∫P“ B. £izu C¢vØ∫P“
C. £iUPıu C¢vØ∫P“ D. |ª®§µ¶UP“
79
2. \≠P, \©Ø ^∫v∏zu CØUPzvfl ¨fl˜⁄ıiØıPz
vPâu¡∫
A. CµıƘ©ıPfl µı¥ B. uØı⁄¢u \µÏ¡v
C. Afl¤ ˆ£\flm D. ¬˜¡Pı⁄¢u∫
3. §µÆ© \©ı·z¯uz ˜uıÿ÷¬zu¡∫
A. uØı⁄¢u \µÏ¡v B. Cµı·ı µıƘ©ıPflµı¥
C. \∫ ¯\Øx AP©zPıfl D. hıUh∫ Afl¤ˆ£\flm
4. Cµı·ıµıƘ©ıPflµı¥ RÃUPsh ˆ©ı»PŒ¿ C∏
£zv∂U¯PP¯Õ BµÆ§zuı∫
A. B[QªÆ, ¡[PıÕÆ B. ¡[PıÕÆ, £ıµ^PÆ
C. £ıµ^PÆ, C¢v D. C¢v, B[QªÆ
5. _¡ı™ uØı⁄¢u \µÏ¡v∞fl CÕ¯©U Pıª®ˆ£Ø∫
A. {˜µ¢u∫ B. ≠¿\[P∫
C. uØı⁄¢u∫ D. \¢vµˆ\fl
6. v˜Øı\ı§P¿ Gfl” ˆ\ı¿ RÃUPsh ˆ©ı»∞º∏¢x ˆ£”®
£mhx
A. B[Qªˆ©ı» B. Q˜µUPˆ©ı»
C. £ıµ^P ˆ©ı» D. E∏x ˆ©ı»
7. §µÆ©bı⁄ \¯£∞fl u¯ª¯©ØPÆ A¯©¢x“Õ ChÆ
A. ˆ\fl¯⁄ B. ˆPı¿Pzuı
C. ˆh¿º D. ¨Æ¯£
8. 1893&BÆ Bsk EªPa \©Ø ©ı{ık {¯hˆ£ÿ” ChÆ
A. ªshfl B. ]UPı˜Pı
C. ˆPı¿Pzuı D. GQ®x
9. µıÏz ˜Pı®uı∫ Gfl£x J∏
A. {PµÆ B. £zv∂¯P
C. Aµ\∫ D. ^∫v∏zu CØUPÆ
10. \∫ ¯\Øx ¨P©x Pıfl ufl P∏zxUP¯Õ® £µ®£
£Øfl£kzvØ £zv∂U¯P
A. ˆ©mµıÏ ˆ©∞¿ B. v ©µızuı
C. uı¿&Ez&AUªıU D. v C¢x
(Tahzil-ud-Akhleg)

80
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1. 19&BÆ °ÿ”ısk C¢vØı¬fl _____________ ©ÿ÷Æ

_________ BQØ¡ÿ‘¿ ^∫v∏zu {h¡iU¯PP“ ˜uıfl‘⁄.
2. £s¯hØ C¢vØ CªUQØ[P¯ÕU Pÿ” ¶PÙUP ˜©¿
{ımk A‘b∫P“ _____________©ÿ÷Æ ___________ B¡∫.
3. \©Ø® £µ®ß»Ø∫P“ C¢vØ∫PŒ¿ A˜{PÆ ˜£¯µz u[P“
\©Ø©ı⁄ _____________US ©ıÿ” ¨Øfl”⁄∫.
4. 19&BÆ °ÿ”ısifl C¢vØı¬¿ £µ¬Ø ˜©ÿPzvØ {ımk®
ˆ£ıxUP∏zxUP“ __________ ©ÿ÷Æ ___________ BSÆ.
5. Cµı·ı µıƘ©ıPflµı¥ G vØ ¶zuP[P“ _____________
©ÿ÷Æ_____________ BSÆ.
6. Cµı·ı µıƘ©ıPflµı∞fl ¨UQØ ˜{ıUPÆ _____________
\≠Pz¯u ˜©Æ£kzx¡uıSÆ.
7. ≠¿\[P∫ ________ Gfl£¡∂fl ^hµıQ ˜¡u[P¯ÕU Pÿ”ı∫.
8. uØı⁄¢u \µÏ¡v∞fl ¨«UP©ıP ¬Õ[QØ ˆ\ıÿˆ”ıh∫
_____________ BSÆ.
9. B∂Ø \©ı·zvfl ˆPı“¯PPÕı¿ uıUPÆ ˆ£ÿ” C¢vØ
˜u]Øz u¯ª¡∫P“ ___________ ©ÿ÷Æ__________ B¡∫.
10. \©ÏQ∏u ˆ©ı»∞¿ v˜Øı\ı§ Gfl£x _____________
Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£kQ”x.
11. §µÆ©bı⁄ \¯£¯Øz ˜uıÿ÷¬zu¡∫P“ _____________
©ÿ÷Æ _____________ B¡∫.
12. ¬˜¡Pı⁄¢u¯µ® ˆ£ı÷zu¡¯µ _____________ ©ÿ÷Æ
____________ BQ˜Øı∏USa ˆ\¥≤Æ ˆuısk Phƒ–USa
ˆ\¥≤Æ ™Pa ]”¢u ˆuıshıSÆ.
13. ¨_ºÆ \≠Pzv⁄∂hÆ _____________ ©ÿ÷Æ
___________ BQØ \≠PU ˆPık¯©P“ |ª¬⁄.
14. £ı∫] C⁄zu¡∂hÆ \≠P ^∫v∏zu[P¯Õ ¨uº¿
¶SzvØ¡∫P“ _____________ ©ÿ÷Æ ____________ B¡∫.
15. 1892&BÆ Bsk A™∫u\µ]¿ _________ P¿ø∂ ˆuıh[P®
£mhx.
81
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A
1. §µÆ© \©ı·Æ &-& £ıª P[Pıuµ vªP∫
2. \zvØı∫zu §µPıË && {√⁄U P¿¬
3. ˜u]Øzu¯ª¡∫ && ˜¡u[P–Æ E£|hu[P–Æ
4. DAV £“ŒP“ && _¡ı™ uØı⁄¢u \µÏ¡v
5. S∏SªÆ && ˜u˜¡¢vµ{ız uıT∫
B
1. Cµı·ı µıƘ©ıPfl µı¥ && B∂Ø \©ı·Æ
2. _¡ı™ uØı⁄¢u \µÏ¡v && Cµı©Q∏Ën £µ©ÌÆ\∫
3. hıUh∫ Afl¤ˆ£\flm && §µÆ© \©ı·Æ
4. _¡ı™ ¬˜¡Pı⁄¢u∫ && AºPı∫ CØUPÆ
5. \∫ ¯\Øx AP©xPıfl && §µÆ© bı⁄\¯£
IV. _∏UP©ıP ¬¯hØŒUPƒÆ
1. uÆ £s£ımi¿ Pın®£mh S¯”P¯ÕU P¯ÕØ ¬∏ƧØ
C¢vØ∫P¯ÕU P¡∫¢u ˜©¿{ımk P∏zxUP¯ÕU S‘®§kP.
2. C¢vØ∫P¯Õz v∏®v®£kzvØ, ¶vØ ]¢u¯⁄PŒfl
¬¯ÕƒP¯Õ ˆ¡ŒU ˆPın∫P.
3. Q‘zx¡ \©Ø® £µ®ß»Ø∫PŒh™∏¢x C¢xUP–Æ
¨_ºÆP–Æ u©x \©Ø[P¯Õ® £ıxPıUP ˜¡siØufl
A¡]ØÆ Hfl Hÿ£mhx?
4. ˜©ÿPzvØ A‘b∫P“ {Æ CªUQØzvÿS Bÿ‘Ø £oP“
Øı¯¡?
5. 19&BÆ °ÿ”ısifl \≠P, \©Øa ^∫v∏zu CØUPzvfl
¡Õ∫a]US C¢vØa ˆ\¥vzuı“PŒfl £[S £ÿ‘
S‘®§kP.
6. ˆ£sPŒfl ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zvÿS CµıƘ©ıPflµı¥ Bÿ‘Ø
£oP¯Õ ¬ÕUSP.
7. ˜P\∆ \¢vµˆ\fl £ÿ‘ ]÷ S‘®¶z u∏P.
8. C¢x \©Øzvfl ©ı∫ifl øu∫ Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£k£¡∫
Øı∫? Hfl?
82
 9. C¢x \¨uıØzvÿS B∂Ø \©ı·Æ Bÿ‘Ø £oP¯ÕU
S‘®§kP.
10. _¡ı™ uØı⁄¢u \µÏ¡v¯Ø® §fl£ÿ‘Ø¡∫PŒ¿ ]ª∂fl
ˆ£Ø∫P¯ÕU S‘®§kP.
11. §µÆ©bı⁄ \¯£ (v˜Øı\ı§P¿ ˆ\ı¯Èmi) G®˜£ıx,
G[˜P, Øıµı¿ A¯©UP®£mhx?
12. §µÆ©bı⁄ \¯£∞fl ¨UQØ ˜{ıUP[P“ Øı¯¡?
13. §µÆ©bı⁄ \¯£∞fl ˆPı“¯PP¯Õ hıUh∫
Afl¤ˆ£\flm G∆¬uÆ £µ®§⁄ı∫?
14. ˇ Cµı©Q∏Ën £µ©ÌÆ\∫ ©UP–US G∆¬uÆ
˜£ıvzuı∫?
15. 1893&BÆ Bsk ]UPı˜Pı¬¿ {¯hˆ£ÿ” EªP \©Ø
©ı{ım¯h® £ÿ‘ ]÷ S‘®¶z u∏P.
16. Cµı©Q∏Ën ©hzvfl £oP¯Õ ˆ¡ŒUˆPın∫P.
17. ¨P©vØ∫ CªUQØU P«Pzvfl ¨UQØU S‘U˜Pı“ Øıx?
18. \∫ ¯\Øx AP©zPıfl C¢vØ ˜u]ØU Pı[Qµ¯\ Hfl
Gv∫zuı∫.
19. S∏zx¡ıµıUP“ G∆¡ı÷ ^UQØ C⁄®§µv|vP“
Pmk®£ımifl Rà ¡¢u⁄?
IV. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P.
1. C¢vØı¬¿ \≠P, \©Øa ^∫zv∏zu CØUP[P“
˜uıfl÷¡uÿPı⁄ Pıµn[P¯Õ ˆ¡ŒU ˆPın∫P.
2. C¢x \¨uıØz¯ua ^∫v∏zx¡v¿ Cµı·ı µıƘ©ıPfl µı¥
©ÿ÷Æ §µÆ© \©ı·zvfl £[Q¯⁄ ¬¡ıv.
3. ¨_ºÆ ^∫v∏zu CØUP[P¯Õ® £ÿ‘ J∏ Pmk¯µz u∏P.
4. 19&BÆ °ÿ”ısk \≠P, \©Øa ^∫v∏zu CØUP[PÕı¿
Hÿ£mh ¬¯ÕƒP¯Õ ¡∂¯\®£kzxP.
VI. ˆ\¥¨¯” £∞ÿ]
1. ^∫v∏zu¡ıvPŒfl ¡ıÃU¯P ©ÿ÷Æ A¡∫P–¯hØ
£oP“ £ÿ‘Ø ¶zuP[P¯Õ® £iUPƒÆ.
2. Cµı©Q∏Ën ©hzvfl \≠Pa ˜\¯¡ ¯©Ø[PŒfl
A[Pzv⁄∫ ˜£ı¿ §”∫US® £o ˆ\¥¡v¿ Efl¯⁄
Dk£kzvU ˆPı“P.
83
84
 AªS & III
£ıhÆ & 5
C¢vØ ˜u]Ø CØUPzvfl
˜uıÿ”¨Æ ¡Õ∫a]≤Æ
Pÿ”¿ ˜{ıUP[P“
1. ©ın¡∫ ºmhfl §µ¶¬fl |∏¡ıP {h¡iU¯PP“
G∆¡ı÷ C¢vØ∫PŒfl {ªflP–US Gvµı⁄¯¡
Gfl£¯u® ¶∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
2. ©ın¡∫ ∂®£fl §µ¶, P∫\fl §µ¶ BQ˜Øı∂fl
^∫v∏zu[P¯Õ® £ÿ‘ A‘¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
3. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØ ˜u]Øzvfl ˜uıÿ”Æ, Aufl ¡Õ∫a]
BQØ¡ÿ‘ÿPı⁄ Pıµn[P¯ÕU Pÿ”¿.
4. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØ ˜u]ØU Pı[Qµ]fl ˜{ıUP[P¯Õ®
¶∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
5. ©ın¡∫ w¬µ¡ıvPŒfl ˜{ıUP[P¯Õ® ¶∂¢x
ˆPı“–u¿.
6. ©ın¡∫ ¡[PıÕ® §∂¬¯⁄, _˜u] CØUPÆ, ¨ÏºÆ
ΩU ˜uıÿ”Æ, `µz §Õƒ ©ÿ÷Æ ™fl˜hı&©ı∫º
^∫zv∏zu[P“ £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄® ˆ£÷u¿.
7. ©ın¡∫ ufl⁄ım] CØUPÆ, ªU˜⁄ı Ehfl£iU¯P,
©ıs˜hS&ˆ\ÆϘ£ı∫k ^∫zv∏zu[P“ £ÿ‘ Pÿ”¿.

1858&BÆ BsiÿS® §fl |∫¡ıPzv¿ Hÿ£mh ©ıÿ”[P“ :

1857&BÆ Bsk ˆ£∏Æ ¶µm]US® §fl C¢vØı¯¡
|∏¡QUSÆ ˆ£ı÷®¶ ¡oPU S ¬h™∏¢x 1858&BÆ
Bsk B[Qª Aµ]fl ¯PUS ©ı‘Øx. C¢vØı¬fl
|∫¡ıPz¯u B[Qª Aµ_ C¢vØa ˆ\ت∫ (Secretary of State
85
of India) ≠ªÆ ˜{µiØıP Hÿ÷U ˆPıshx. C¢vØ |∫¡ıPz
v¯⁄U Pmk®£kzvØ Aa ˆ\تıÕ∏US Eu¬h 15
E÷®§⁄∫P¯ÕU ˆPısh C¢vØU S  Jfl÷ Cªsh¤¿
A¯©UP®£mhx.
C¢vØı¬fl u¯ª¯© B–{∫ ¯¡]µı¥ Gfl÷Æ
A¯«UP®£mhı∫. A¡∫ C[Qªı¢vº∏¢u C¢vØa
ˆ\تıÕ∏US® £vªŒUPU Pmk®£mh¡∫. 1861&BÆ
Bsk B[Qª® £ıµı–©fl”Æ C¢vØ Pƒfl]¿P“ \mhÆ
A¿ªx C¢vØa \mh©fl”[P“ \mhz¯u CØÿ‘Øx.
Aufl£i u¯ª¯© B–{∂fl \mhUS  E÷®§⁄∫PŒfl
GsoU¯P 12&BP EØ∫¢ux. u¯ª¯© B–{∫ A¢u
E÷®§⁄∫P¯Õ |Ø™UPªıÆ. A¡∫PŒ¿ ]ª C¢vØ
E÷®§⁄∫P–Æ |Ø™UP®£mh⁄∫. AUS ¬ÿSU S‘®
§mh ]ª AvPıµ[P“ ©mk˜© C∏¢u⁄.
©ıPın |∫¡ıPz¯u® ˆ£ı÷zu¡¯µ 1861&¿ \mh
©fl”[P“ A‘¨P®£kzu®£mh⁄. B⁄ı¿ A¯¡ ©ıPın
B–{∂fl ¯P®£ı¯¡PÕıP˜¡ ˆ\Ø¿£mh⁄. A¯¡
C¢vØı¬¿ B[Q˜ªØ∫ ˆPısi∏¢u Aµ]Ø¿ ©ÿ÷Æ
ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ Dk£ıkP¯Õ® £ıxPızx A¯u ˜©Æ£kzx
¡¯u˜Ø ¨UQØ ˜{ıUP©ıPU ˆPısi∏¢u⁄. B[Qª
|∏¡ıPÆ, B[Qª ¬Øı£ı∂P“, ˆuı»¿ Av£∫P“ ©ÿ÷Æ
B[Qª A桪∫P“ BQ˜Øı∂fl {ªflP¯Õ ©mk˜©
£ıxPızux. AUS UP“ C¢vدµ® £ıvUSÆ ˆPı“¯P
P¯Õ˜Ø §fl£ÿ‘⁄. Azu¯PØ |¯ª∞æÆ 1870&BÆ Bsk
C¢vØı&C[Qªı¢x {ıkP–UQ¯h˜Ø A¯©UP®£mh
u¢v C¯n®¶ (Telegraphline) J∏ ]ª {fl¯© Gfl£¯u C[S
S‘®§h ˜¡skÆ. B[Q˜ªØ∫ u[PŒfl ˜£µµ_U ˆPı“¯P¯Ø
|¯ª |÷zv⁄∫. Ax ºmhfl §µ¶¬fl {h¡iU¯PP“
≠ªÆ ˆuŒ¡ıP® ¶ª®£mhx.
ºmhfl §µ¶, ∂®£fl §µ ¶, ©ÿ÷Æ P∫\fl §µ¶
§µ¶,
BQ˜Øı∂fl E“{ımk |∫¡ıPÆ

ºmhfl §µ¶ (1876 & 1880) : 1876¿ ºmhfl §µ¶ C¢vØı¬fl

¯¡]µıØıP® ˆ£ı÷®˜£ÿ”ı∫. A¡∫ CªUQØzv¿ Dk£ık
86
ˆPısh¡∫. B⁄ı¿ |∫¡ıP ¨fl A›£¡Æ Aÿ”¡∫.
˜©æÆ A¡∫ C¢vØ ¬¡Pıµ[P“ £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄≤Æ
ˆ£ÿ‘∏UP¬¿¯ª. A¢|¯ª∞¿ Bm]® ˆ£ı÷®˜£ÿ”
A¡∫ C¢vØ |∫¡ıPzv¿ £ª ©ıÿ”[P¯ÕU ˆPısk
¡¢uı∫. A¯¡ A¯⁄zxÆ §∂mh¤fl Dk£ıkP¯Õ
©mk˜© ß∫zv ˆ\¥u⁄. G⁄˜¡ C¢vØ∫P“ ºmhfl
§µ¶¬fl {h¡iU¯PPŒ¿ ™S¢u Av∏®v A¯h¢u⁄∫.
CµshıÆ B®Pı¤Ø® ˜£ı∫ : ºmhfl §µ¶ C¢vØı¬fl
u¯ª¯© B–{µıP C∏¢u˜£ıx, B[Pı¤Ïuı⁄zv¿
CµËØı¬fl ˆ\¿¡ıUS ¡Õ∫¡¯uU Psk B[Q˜ªØ∫
Ag]⁄∫. CµËØı B®Pı¤Ïuıfl ¡»ØıP C¢vØı ´x
£¯hˆØkUPUTkÆ Gfl÷ C[Qªı¢x GsoØx. G⁄˜¡
CµËØı¬fl ¬∂¡ıUPz¯uz ukUP B®Pı¤Ïuı⁄Æ
¨ ¡¯u≤Æ B[Q˜ªØ∂fl §i∞¿ ˆPısk¡µ ºmhfl
§µ¶ w∫©ı¤zuı∫. Au⁄ı¿ 1878&¿ B®Pı¤Ïuı¯⁄z uıUP
B[Qª® £¯h∞¯⁄ A›®§⁄ı∫. A¢{ımifl ©fl⁄∫ A´∫
ˆÂ∫Aº CµËØı¬ÿSz u®§ Ki⁄ı∫. B[Q˜ªØ∫ ¶vØ
©fl⁄∏hfl J∏ Ehfl£iU¯P¯Øa ˆ\¥x ˆPısh⁄∫.
Aufl£i B[Qª® §µv|v (English Resident) J∏¡∫ Pıߺ¿
|Ø™UP®£mhı∫. B⁄ı¿ ´skÆ B®Pı¤Ïuı⁄zv¿
Hÿ£mh J∏ PªPz¯u AhUP B[Q˜ªØ∫ CµshıÆ
¨¯”ØıP B®Pı¤Ïuıfl ´x £¯hˆØkzx A¢{ım¯hU
¯P®£ÿ‘⁄ı∫. ˜u¯¡∞¿ªı©¿ {h¢u A®˜£ı∫PÕı¿
C¢vØ® ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµÆ ™PƒÆ ˜©ı\©ıP® £ıvUP®£mhx.
1876 & 1878&BÆ BskPŒ¿ Hÿ£mh £g\Æ : 1876 ¨u¿ 1878
¡¯µ C¢vØı¬¿ ™PU Pk¯©Øı⁄® £g\Æ |ª¬Øx.
ˆ\fl¯⁄, ¨Æ¯£, Iuµı£ız, £g\ı®, ©zvØ® §µ˜u\zvfl
©zvØ® £Sv BQØ Ch[P“ ™P ˜©ı\©ıP® £ıvUP®
£mh⁄. Cªm\UPnUPı⁄ ©UP“ C”¢u⁄∫. £ª Qµı©[
P¯Õ ¬mk ©UP“ APfl”⁄∫. ™P®£µ¢u |ª®£SvPŒ¿
¬¡\ıØz¯uU ¯P¬h ˜¡siØ |¯ª Hÿ£mhx. A¢u
\©Øzv¿ ºmhfl §µ¶ C[Qªı¢vÿS Hÿ÷©v ˆ\¥u
xo¡¯PP–USa _[P¡∂ (BØzw∫¯¡) ¬vzuı∫. ˜©æÆ
87
1877¿ ˆh¿º∞¿ ˆ£∂Ø u∫£ı∫ Jfl÷ {hzv, Av¿
¬U˜hı∂Øı ©PıµıoØı¯µ C¢vØı¬fl ˜£µµ] Gfl÷
§µPh⁄®£kzv⁄ı∫. BhÆ£µ©ı⁄ A¢u u∫£ı¯µ {hzu
Cªm\UPnUPı⁄ π£ı¥ ˆ\ª¬h®£mhx.
Aaˆ\Ø¿ ì"˜µıÆ {PµÆ G∂¢x ˆPısi∏¢u˜£ıx
}˜µı ©fl⁄fl §i¿ ¡ı]zux˜£ı¿'' C∏¢ux.
¡mhıµ ˆ©ı»P“ £zv∂¯Pa \mhÆ 1878 : C¢vØ∫PŒfl
©⁄US¯”P¯Õ C¢vØ® £zv∂¯PP“ A›uı£zxhfl
ˆ¡Œ∞mh⁄. A¯¡P“ ºmhfl §µ¶¬fl {h¡iU¯P
P¯Õ≤Æ B[Qª Bm]¯Ø≤Æ Gv∫zx G v⁄. G⁄˜¡
£zv∂¯PPŒfl _u¢vµz¯uU Pmk®£kzu 1878¿ ¡mhıµ
ˆ©ı»P“ £zv∂¯Pa \mhz¯u ºmh¤fl Aµ_ CØÿ‘Øx.
¡mhıµ ˆ©ı»PŒ¿ ˆ¡Œ¡¢u ˆ\¥vzuı“P–Æ, £∏¡
CuÃP–Æ, Pk¯©Øı⁄ uoU¯PUS Em£kzu®£mh⁄.
Au⁄ı¿ C¢vØ∫P“ ^ÿ”©¯h¢u⁄∫.
C¢vØ B≤ua \mhÆ 1878 : ºmh¤fl Aµ_ 1878&BÆ Bsk
C¢vØ B≤ua \mhz¯uU ˆPısk ¡¢ux. Aa\mhÆ,
C¢vØ∫P“ B≤u[P¯Õ ¡ı[Q⁄ıæÆ, ¬ÿ”ıæÆ B[Qª
Aµ]hÆ E∂©Æ (Licence) ˆ£” ˜¡skÆ Gfl÷ ¡º
≤÷zvØx. Aa\mhz¯u ´‘Ø¡∫P“ A£µıuzxhfl ]¯”z
ush¯⁄USÆ E“ÕıP ˜¡si∞∏¢ux. B⁄ı¿,
B[Q˜ªØ∫, B[Q˜ªı&C¢vØ∫P“ B[Qª Aµ]fl RÃ
£o¶∂¢u S‘®§mh ]ª §∂¬⁄∏US Aa\mhzv¿
C∏¢x ¬ªUS AŒUP®£mhx. A∆¬uÆ ºmhfl §µ¶¬fl
ˆ£∏Æ £ıfl¯©Øı⁄ |∫¡ıP {h¡iU¯PP“ C¢vØ∫PŒfl
En∫ƒP–US GvµıP˜¡ C∏¢u⁄.
∂®£fl §µ¶ (1880 & 1884) : ∂®£fl §µ¶ 1880&BÆ Bsk
C¢vØı¬fl u¯ª¯© B–{µıP® ˆ£ı÷®˜£ÿ”ı∫. A¡∫
uıµıÕ ©⁄®£ıfl¯© ˆPısh¡∫. A¡∫ £izu C¢vØ
C¯Õb∫PŒfl Gv∫£ı∫®¶P¯Õ® ¶∂¢x ˆPıshxhfl
A¡∫PŒhÆ A›uı£¨Æ Pımi⁄ı∫. A¡∫ C¢vØ
|∫¡ıPzv¿ C¢vØ ©UP–Æ AvPÆ £[Sˆ£” ˜¡skÆ
88
Gfl÷ ¬∏Ƨ⁄ı∫. G⁄˜¡ ºmhfl
§µ¶ A‘¨P®£kzvØ £ª AhUS
¨¯”a \mh[P¯Õ A¡∫ }UQ⁄ı∫.
ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªa \mhÆ 1881 :
∂®£¤fl Aµ_ 1881&BÆ Bsk
¨u¿ ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªP“ \mhz¯u
CØÿ‘Øx. Aa\mhÆ 12 ¡ØvÿS
Em£mh ]÷¡∫PŒfl ˜¡¯ª
˜{µz¯u |∫n∞zux. ˜©æÆ Aa
\mhÆ ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªPŒ¿ A£ıØPµ ∂®£fl §µ¶
©ı⁄ CØ¢vµ[P¯Õa _ÿ‘ £ıx
Pı®¶ ˜¡º∞h ˜¡skÆ G⁄ ¡º≤÷zvØx. Aa\mhÆ
{¯h¨¯”®£kzu®£k¡¯uU PsPıoUP B¥¡ıÕ∫P“
|Ø™UP®£mh⁄∫.
¡mhıµ ˆ©ı»P“ £zv∂¯Pa \mhÆ }UP®£ku¿ 1881 :
A˜u Bsk ©UPÕı¿ ™PƒÆ ˆ¡÷UP®£mhxÆ ºmhfl
§µ¶ A‘¨P®£kzvØx©ı⁄ ¡mhıµ ˆ©ı»P“ £zv∂¯Pa
\mhz¯u ∂®£fl §µ¶ }UQ⁄ı∫. Au⁄ı¿ C«¢u £zv∂¯Pa
_u¢vµÆ ´skÆ ˆ£”®£mhx.
C¢vØ ©UP“ ˆuı¯PU PnUˆPk®¶ 1881 : {ım¯h
˜©æÆ ]”®£ıP |∏¡QUSÆ ˆ£ı∏mk ∂®£fl §µ¶
©UP“ˆuı¯P PnUˆPk®¶ ¨¯”¯Ø 1881&BÆ Bsk
C¢vØı¬¿ A‘¨P®£kzv⁄ı∫.
1882&BÆ Bsk P¿¬US  : 1882¿ ∂®£fl §µ¶ J∏
P¿¬US ¯¡ |Ø™zuı∫. Aufl u¯ª¡µıP \∫. h§“≥.
h§“≥. Ìsh∫ (Sir W.W. Hunter) Gfl£¡∫ ˆ\Ø¿£mhı∫.
AUS  ˆuıhUPUP¿¬ ©ÿ÷Æ C¯h|¯ªU P¿¬ BQØ
¡ÿ‘fl ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zvÿPı⁄ B˜ªı\¯⁄P¯Õ ¡«[QØx.
˜©æÆ AUS  J∆ˆ¡ı∏ ©ı¡mhzvæÆ ©ıv∂®£“ŒP“
(Model Schools) |÷¡®£h ˜¡skÆ Gfl÷Æ £∂¢x¯µ
ˆ\¥ux. u¤Øı∫ £“ŒP–US AŒUP®£mk ¡¢u ©ı¤Øz
ˆuı¯P¯Ø (Grants-in-aid) ˜©æÆ }mi®£ufl ≠ªÆ C¯h
89
|¯ªU P¿¬¯Ø FUS¬UPªıÆ G⁄ƒÆ AUS  T‘Øx.
ˆ£sP¿¬US AvP ¨UQØzx¡Æ ˆPıkUP ˜¡sk
ˆ©fl÷Æ AUS  Aµ_US® £∂¢x¯µa ˆ\¥ux. £g\ı®
£¿P¯ªUP«PÆ |÷¡®£h ∂®£fl §µ¶ Pıµn©ıP C∏¢uı∫.
E“Õım] : ∂®£¤fl ™P® ¶Páı¥¢u ^∫v∏zuÆ
|∏¡ıPz¯u≤Æ, |vU Pmk®£ım¯h≤Æ £µ¡ªıUP
GkUP®£mh {h¡iU¯PØıSÆ. A¡∏¯hØ Aµ_ C¢vØı¬¿
E“Õım] Aµ_ |÷¡®£h, 1883&84&BÆ BskPŒ¿
¡∂¯\ØıP® £ªa \mh[P¯Õ CØÿ‘Øx. A¯¡PŒfl£i
C¢vØı ¨ ¡xÆ ©ı¡mh ¡ı∂Ø[P–Æ (District Boards),
uıæUPı ¡ı∂Ø[P–Æ (Taluk Boards) A¯©UP®£mh⁄. A∆
ƒ“Õım] Aµ_ A¯©®¶PŒhÆ P¿¬, ˆ£ıxa_PıuıµÆ,
Si}∫, _zuÆ, _PıuıµÆ, \ı¯ª £µı©∂®¶ BQØ¡ÿ¯”
˜©Æ£kzxÆ £oP“ J®£¯hUP®£mh⁄. A®£oP¯Õa
ˆ\¥x ¨iUP A¯¡P“ ˜£ıx©ı⁄ |v ¡\v¯Ø® ˆ£ÿ÷
C∏¢u⁄. C∆¡¯©®¶PŒ¿ C¢vØ∫P“ u[P“ ¬¡Pıµ[
P¯Õz uı[P˜Õ |∫¡QzxU ˆPı“Õ® £∞ÿ]ØŒUSÆ
¬uzv¿ |Ø©⁄ (Nomination) ¨¯”US® £v¿ ˜u∫u¿
¨¯” §fl£ÿ”®£mhx. Aa^∫v∏zu[PÕı¿ ∂®£fl §µ¶
"E“Õım] Aµ]fl u¢¯u' Gfl” £mhz¯u® ˆ£ÿ”ı∫.
C¿£∫m ©˜\ıuı : ∂®£fl Aµ]fl \mh E÷®§⁄µı⁄ ].§.
C¿£∫m (C.P. Ilbert) Gfl£¡∫ 1883¿ J∏ \mhzv¯⁄U
ˆPısk ¡¢uı∫. Ax C¿£∫m ©˜\ıuı G⁄ A¯«UP®£mhx.
Aufl£i C¢vØ }v£vP“ B[QªU Sÿ”¡ıŒP¯Õ≤Æ
¬\ıµ¯n ˆ\¥≤Æ E∂¯© ˆ£ÿ”⁄∫. Aufl ≠ªÆ C¢vØ
}v£vP“ B[Qª }v£vP–US C¯nØı⁄ AvPıµÆ
ˆ£ÿ”⁄∫. B⁄ı¿ C¢vØı¬º∏¢u I˜µı®§Øa \≠Pzv⁄∫
Aa\mhz¯uU Pk¯©ØıP Gv∫zu⁄∫. G⁄˜¡ AÆ©˜\ıuı
Eh⁄iØıPz v∏zu®£h ˜¡siØuı∞ÿ÷. v∏zu®£mh
©˜\ıuı¬fl£i "S¯”¢u£m\Æ £ıv I˜µı®§Ø E÷®§⁄∫
P¯ÕU ˆPısh' }vUS ˜¡ (Jury) B[QªU Sÿ”¡ıŒP¯Õ
¬\ı∂UP ¨i≤Æ Gfl÷ ©ıÿ”®£mhx.
90
 ∂®£fl §µ¶ u¯h∞¿ªı ¡ıoPzv¿ (Free Trade)
™S¢u {ƧU¯P ˆPısh¡∫. A¡∫ £ª C”US©v ¡∂P¯Õ
}UQ⁄ı∫. A¡∫ E®¶ ´uı⁄ ¡∂¯ØU S¯”zuxhfl |ª¡∂
¡∂ ¨¯”¯Øa \∂ ˆ\¥ØƒÆ ¨Øÿ]P¯Õ ˜©ÿˆPıshı∫.

P∫\fl §µ¶ (1899 & 1905) : P∫\fl §µ¶ ¯¡]µıØıP £u¬

Hÿ£uÿS ¨fl £ª¨¯” C¢vØı¬ÿS ¡¢x ˆ\fl”¡∫. A¡∫
E÷v≤Æ Pi⁄ E¯«®¶Æ ˆPısh¡∫. A¡∫ B[Qª
C⁄˜© EØ∫¢ux Gfl÷Æ C¢vØı¯¡ Bm] ˆ\¥Ø A∆
¬⁄zvÿS E∂¯© Esk Gfl÷Æ {Ƨ⁄ı∫.

^∫v∏zu[P“ & £g\Æ & ©ÿ÷Æ §˜ÕU |¡ıµnÆ : P∫\fl

§µ¶ C¢vØı¬ÿS ¡¢u˜£ıx, £∏¡©¯« ˆ£ı¥zuuı¿,
©zvØ, ¡h C¢vØı¬fl £ª £SvPŒ¿ Pk¯©Øı⁄ £g\Æ
|ª¬Øx. Azxhfl §˜ÕU ˜{ı≤Æ £ª Ch[PŒ¿ Pın®
£mhx. P∫\fl £g\ |¡ıµnU S  Jfl÷ A¯©zx Aufl
|¡ıµn® £oP–US® ˆ£∏Æ ˆuı¯P¯Ø JxUQ⁄ı∫.

¬¡\ıØ ^∫v∏zu[P“ : Qµı©®¶” ©UP–US Eu¬h P∫\fl

§µ¶ £ª ¬¡\ıØa ^∫v∏zu[P¯Õ A‘¨P®£kzv⁄ı∫.
GŒØ u¡¯n∞¿ v∏®§a ˆ\æzuUTiØ PhflP“ ¬¡\ı∞
P–US ¡«[P®£mh⁄. {ımifl £ª £ıP[PŒæÆ
Tmk”ƒa \[P[P“ ˆuıh[P®£mh⁄. ¡[PıÕzv¿ ß\ı
Gfl›™hzv¿ ¬¡\ıØ Bµı¥a] |÷¡⁄Æ Jfl÷Æ
ˆuıh[P®£mhx. Aufl ˜{ıUPÆ ¬¡\ıØzx¯”∞¿ £ª
Bµı¥a]P¯Õ ˜©ÿˆPı“¡uıSÆ. P∫\¤fl |∏¡ıPzvfl
˜£ıx ˆ£∏©Õ¬¿ Pı¿¡ı¥P“ ˆ¡mh®£mk }∫®£ı\⁄
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Cµıq¡a ^∫v∏zu[P“ : P∫\fl Cµıq¡zvfl ˜£ıUS

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ˆPı“¯P¯Ø® §fl£ÿ‘Ø B[Qª Aµ_ ¨_ºÆPŒfl
˜¡sk˜Pı¯Õ Hÿ”x. 1906&BÆ Bsk hıUPı¬fl
{¡ı£ı⁄ \º¨¿ªı Pıfl u¯ª¯©∞¿ ¨_ºÆ ΩU
E∏¡ıQØx. ¨_ºÆ ΩU ¨_ºÆPŒfl E∂¯©P¯Õ® £ıx
Pı®£¯u ˜{ıUP©ıPU ˆPısk B[Q˜ªØ∏US ¬_¡ı\©ıP
{h¢x ˆPıshx.
`µz §Õƒ & 1907 : Pı[Qµ]¿ ™u¡ıvP–USÆ w¬µ ˜u]Ø¡ıv
P–USÆ C¯h˜Ø |ª¬Ø P∏zx ˜¡÷£ıkP“ AvP∂zxU
ˆPısk ¡¢u⁄. Pı[Qµ_, _صı‰ØÆ A¯h¡˜u u⁄x
˜{ıUPˆ©⁄ A‘¬UP ˜¡skÆ, Gfl÷ w¬µ ˜u]Ø¡ıvP“
¬∏Ƨ⁄∫. B⁄ı¿, Azu¯PØ w¬µ ¡»PŒ¿ Dk£mk B[Qª
Aµ_hfl ˜{µiØıP ˜©ıx¡uÿS ™u¡ıvP“ uØıµıP
C¿¯ª. 1907&BÆ Bsk {h¢u `µz ©ı{ımi¿ Pı[Qµ_z
u¯ª¡¯µz ˜u∫¢ˆuk®£v¿ C∏ §∂¬⁄∏US™¯h˜Ø
˜©ıu¿ Hÿ£mhx. Au⁄ı¿ Pı[Qµ_ CµshıP® §∂¢x
Avº∏¢x w¬µ ˜u]Ø¡ıvP“ ˆ¡Œ˜Ø‘⁄∫. C¢|PÃa]
`µz §Õƒ G⁄®£kQ”x.
™fl˜hı&©ı∫º ^∫v∏zu[P“ & 1909 : C¢vØı¬fl Aµ\®
§µv|vØı⁄ ™fl˜hı §µ¶ƒÆ C¢vØ Aµ_a ˆ\ت∫
©ı∫º≤Æ C¯n¢x C¢vØ \mh©fl”[P¯Õa ^∫v∏zu
vmhÆ ¡Szu⁄∫. Aufl£i 1909&BÆ Bsk C¢vØa \mh
©fl”[P“ \mhÆ, A¿ªx ™fl˜hı&©ı∫º ^∫v∏zua \mhÆ
CØÿ”®£mhx. Aa\mhÆ C¢vØ \mh©fl”[PŒfl ˆ\Ø¿
£ıkPŒ¿ ^∫v∏zu[P¯Õ A‘¨P®£kzvØx. Aa\mhzvfl£i
\mh©fl”[PŒ¿ ˜u∫¢ˆukUP®£mh A[Pzv⁄∫PŒfl
GsoU¯P EØ∫zu®£mhx. ¨_ºÆP–U ˆP⁄ u¤z
ˆuıSvP“ A‘¨P®£kzu®£mh⁄. Au¯⁄ Pı[Qµ_
Pk¯©ØıP Gv∫zux. £ı¿, ªı¿, £ı¿ (Bal, Lal, Pal)
Ah[QØ ≠¡∫ u¯ª¯©∞ªı⁄ Ao u[P“ ˜£a]⁄ıæÆ,
G zv ⁄ıæÆ, C¢vØı ¨ ¡xÆ ©UPŒ¯h˜Ø ˜£ıµımh
En∫¯¡z ysiØx. ©ı]¤∞fl ""¡ı¯Õ Gkzx Aµ¯\
√Ãzx. Hˆ⁄¤¿ Ax Azx´‘Ø Afl¤Ø Aµ_'' Gfl”
99
ˆ\ıÿP“ C¢vØ∂fl ©⁄v¿ Gvˆµıºzux. Es¯©∞¿
B[Q˜ªØ∂fl §∂zuı–Æ ˆPı“¯PØı⁄x ™u¡ıvP¯Õ
Aµ]hÆ ˆ©zu® ˜£ıUS¯hØ¡∫PÕıUQ, 1916&BÆ Bsk
{h¢u ªU˜⁄ı ©ı{ımi¿ A¡∫P¯Õz w¬µ¡ıvP–hfl
´skÆ Jfl÷˜\µ ¡» ¡Szux.
¨u¿ EªP®˜£ı∫ 1914 & 1918 : 1914&BÆ Bsk ¨u¿
EªP® ˜£ı∫ ˆuıh[QØx. B[Qª Aµ_ C¢vØı¯¡
A®˜£ı∂¿ §∂mh¤fl \ı∫§¿ £[Sˆ£”a ˆ\¥Ø
¬∏ƧØx. BµÆ£zv¿ C¢vØz u¯ª¡∫P–US Av¿
¬∏®£™¿¯ª. G¤›Æ C¢vØ® ˜£ı∫√µ∫P“ A®˜£ı∂¿
£[S ˆ£÷¡¯u ukUP¬¿¯ª.
ufl⁄ım] CØUPÆ 1916 : £ıª
P[Pıuµ vªP∫ 1916&BÆ Bsk
ufl⁄ım]U P«Pz¯u (Home Rule
League) ¨Æ¯£∞¿ |÷¬⁄ı∫.
AØ∫ªı¢¯ua ˜\∫¢u Afl¤
ˆ£\flm Gfl” ˆ£s©o
A¯hØı‘º∏¢u §µÆ©bı⁄
\¯£∞¿ ˆuıh∫¶¯hØ¡µı¡ı∫.
A¡∫ ufl¯⁄® £i®£iØıP
C¢vØ ˜u]Ø CØUPzv¿ Dk
£kzvU ˆPıshı∫. A¡∏Æ
ˆ\fl¯⁄∞¿ J∏ ufl⁄ım]U
P«Pz¯uz ˆuıh[Q⁄ı∫. A∆¬∏
P«P[P–Æ ˜\∫¢x C¢vØ∂fl ˜©ıvªı¿ ˜{∏
ufl⁄ım] CØUPÆ A¿ªx _Ø
Bm] ˆ£÷¡uÿS® §µa\ıµÆ ˆ\¥u⁄. ˜©ıvªı¿ ˜{∏ƒÆ
].B∫. uı_Æ A∆¬ØUPz¯u Bu∂zu⁄∫. hıUh∫ Afl¤
ˆ£\flm, uÆ ˜£a\ıæÆ G zuıæÆ, C¢vØ ©UPŒ¯h˜Ø
™P®ˆ£∂Ø AÕ¬¿ Eÿ\ıPz¯uz ysi⁄∫. B[Qª Aµ_
A¡∫ {hzvØ £zv∂¯PØı⁄ |≥ C¢vØı C¢vØı¯¡ u¯h
ˆ\¥ux. vªP∏Æ, Afl¤ˆ£\flm AƯ©Øı∏Æ ¯Px
ˆ\¥Ø® £mh⁄∫. A¢u ˜{µzv¿uıfl 1917&BÆ Bsk
©ıs˜hS §µ¶¬fl BPÏk A‘U¯P ˆ¡Œ∞h®£mhx.
100
 A∆¡‘U¯P, C¢vØ∫
P–US® £i®£iØıP ˆ£ı÷®
£ım] AŒUP®£kÆ Gfl÷ E÷v
ØŒzux. G⁄˜¡, C¢vØ∫P“
˜£ı∏US® §fl⁄∫ _Ø Bm]
Q¯hUSÆ Gfl” {ƧU¯P∞¿
B[Q˜ªØ∂fl ˜£ı∫ ¨Øÿ]
P–US ¨  ©⁄uıP Jz
x¯«®¶ ˆPıkzu⁄∫. Au⁄ı¿
ufl⁄ım] CØUPÆ ufl ¨UQØz
x¡z¯u C«¢ux.
ªU˜⁄ı J®£¢uÆ & 1916 : C¢vØ ].B∫. uıÏ
˜u]Ø Pı[Qµ]fl ªU˜⁄ı
©ı{ımi¿ C∏ ¨UQØ ¡µªıÿ÷ |PÃa]P“ ChÆ ˆ£ÿ”⁄.
¨uªı¡uıP, ™u¡ıvP–Æ w¬µ¡ıvP–Æ Jfl÷£mh⁄∫.
A¡∫P“ C∏ §∂¬⁄∏Æ K∫ IUQØ ¨fl⁄oØıPa
ˆ\Ø¿£mh⁄∫. Cµshı¡uıP, Pı[Qµ_Æ ¨_ºÆ ΩSÆ _Ø
Bm] ˆ£÷¡v¿ J∏¡∏UˆPı∏¡∫ Jzx¯«®¶ {¿Qh
J®£¢uÆ Jfl‘¿ ¯PˆØ zvmh⁄∫. Ax ªU˜⁄ı
J®£¢uÆ G⁄ A¯«UP®£kQ”x.
A¢u ªU˜⁄ı ©ı{ımi¿uıfl ·¡Ì∫ªı¿ ˜{∏
Pı¢v‚¯Ø ¨ufl¨uªıPa \¢vzuı∫.
¨u¿ EªP® ˜£ı∫ ¨i¡¯hu¿ & 1918 : ¨u¿ EªP®˜£ı∫
1918&BÆ Bsk ¨i¡¯h¢ux. B[Q˜ªØ∫PŒfl \ı∫§¿
˜£ı∂¿ £[S ˆ£ÿ” C¢vØ∫P“, u©US B[Q˜ªØ∂h
™∏¢x ]ª \æ¯PP“ Q¯hUSˆ©fl÷ ™S¢u B¡æhfl
Gv∫£ı∫zu⁄∫.
©ıs˜hS&ˆ\ÆϘ£ı∫k ^∫v∏zua \mhÆ & 1919 :
C¢vØıƒUPı⁄ Aµ_a ˆ\تıÕµı⁄ ©ıs˜hSƒÆ, C¢vØ
Aµ_®§µv|vØı⁄ ˆ\ÆϘ£ı∫kÆ B[Qª® £ıµı–©fl”Æ
Ca\mhzv¯⁄ 1919&BÆ Bsk CØÿ‘h® ˆ£ı÷®¶¯h
Ø¡∫P“ B¡∫. Ca\mhzvfl£i Q‘Ïx¡∫P“, B[Q˜ªı&
C¢vØ∫P“, ^UQØ∫P“ BQØ ≠fl÷ C⁄ ©UP–USÆ u¤z
ˆuıSvP“ ¡«[P®£mh⁄. Ca\mhÆ ©zvØ, ©ıPın \mh
101
©fl”[P¯Õ≤Æ ¬∂ƒ£kzvØx. ˜©æÆ, Ca\mhÆ
©ıPın[PŒ¿ Cµm¯h Bm] ¨¯”¯Ø≤Æ A‘¨P®
£kzvØx. C¢vØ∫P“ AvP GsoU¯P∞¿ \mh
©fl”[PŒ¿ ChÆ ˆ£ÿ”⁄∫. G¤›Æ, C¢vØ ˜u]ØU
Pı[Qµ_ Ca\mhz¯u |µıP∂zux. C¯uz ˆuıh∫¢x
C¢vØı¬¿ ·ıºØfl ¡ıªı£ıU £kˆPı¯ª≤Æ, Jzx¯«
Øı¯© CØUP¨Æ Hÿ£mh⁄.
Aa\mhz¯u ˆ¡Œ∞mhx B[Q˜ªØ∂fl ˆ£∏¢
ufl¯©Øÿ” ˆ\Ø¿ G⁄ƒÆ, Au¯⁄ Hÿ÷U ˆPı“¡x
C¢vØ∏US ©v®¶¯hØuıPıx G⁄ƒÆ Afl¤ˆ£\flm
¬¡∂zuı∫.
Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“
1. ©ın¡∫ ºmhfl §µ¶¬fl {h¡iU¯PP“ C¢vØ∫PŒfl
{ª›US G∆¡ı÷ Gvµı⁄¯¡ Gfl£¯u ¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.
2. ∂®£fl §µ¶ C¢vØ ©UP–US Bÿ‘Ø ˜\¯¡P¯Õ
©ın¡∫ |¯⁄ƒ Tµ ¨i≤Æ.
3. P∫\fl §µ¶¬fl ^∫v∏zu[P¯Õ ©ın¡∫ ¬¡∂UP
¨i≤Æ.
4. P∫\¤fl ì§∂zuı–Æ ˆPı“¯P¯Øí ©ın¡∫ ¬ÕUP
¨i≤Æ.
5. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØz ˜u]ØÆ ˜uıfl‘ØuÿPı⁄ Pıµn[
P¯Õ ¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.
6. ©ın¡∫ ™u¡ıvP“ w¬µ¡ıvPŒfl ˜{ıUP[P¯Õ≤Æ
ˆ\Ø¿P¯Õ≤Æ J®•k ˆ\¥Ø ¨i≤Æ.
7. ©ın¡∫ `µz §Õƒ Hfl Hÿ£mhx Gfl£¯ua _miU
Pımh ¨i≤Æ.
8. Afl¤ˆ£\flm AƯ©Øı∫ C¢vØ∏US Bÿ‘Ø
£oP¯Õ ©ın¡∫ ¬¡∂UP ¨i≤Æ.
9. ©ın¡∫ ufl⁄ım] CØUPzvfl ˜{ıUPzv¯⁄U
S‘®§h ¨i≤Æ.
10. ©ın¡∫ ªU˜⁄ı J®£¢uzvfl ¨UQØzx¡Æ £ÿ‘
S‘®§h ¨i≤Æ.
11. ©ın¡∫ ©ıs˜hS&ˆ\ÆϘ£ı∫k \mhÆ ˆPısk ¡¢u
©ıÿ”[P¯Õ® £miغh ¨i≤Æ.

102
 _Ø ©v®•k
I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Øz ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ
1. ˆ¡¿º u∫£ı¯µ {hzvØ¡∫.
A. ˆ©UPı˜ª §µ¶ B. ∂®£fl §µ¶
C. ºmhfl §µ¶ D. P∫\fl §µ¶
2. ºmhfl §µ¶ C¢vØ® £zv∂¯PPŒfl _u¢vµz¯uU Pmk®
£kzu ˆ¡Œ∞mh \mhÆ
A. ¡mhıµ ˆ©ı»P“ B. ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªa
£zv∂¯Pa \mhÆ \mhÆ
C. C¿£∫m \mhÆ D. £¿P¯ªU P«Pa \mhÆ
3. C¢vØı¬¿ ©UP“ ˆuı¯P PnUˆPk®¶ ¨¯”¯Ø
A‘¨P®£kzvØ¡∫
A. ºmh∫ §µ¶ B. ∂®£fl §µ¶
C. P∫\fl §µ¶ D. Q¯Õ∆ §µ¶
4. ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ª \mhÆ CØÿ”®£mh Bsk
A. 1887 B. 1882
C. 1883 D. 1885
5. E“ Bm]∞fl u¢¯u Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£k£¡∫
A. P∫\fl §µ¶ B. ∂®£fl §µ¶
C. ºmhfl §µ¶ D. ™fl˜hı §µ¶
6. ].§. C¿£∫m Gfl£¡∫ J∏
A. £¯hzu¯ª¡∫ B. \mh E÷®§⁄∫
C. u¯ª¯© B–{∫ D. }v£v
7. Tmk”ƒa \[P[P¯Õ A‘¨P®£kzvØ¡∫
A. ∂®£fl §µ¶ B. P∫\fl §µ¶
C. ºmhfl §µ¶ D. h¿ˆÌÕ] §µ¶
8. ˆuı¿ˆ£ı∏“ Bµı¥a]z x¯”¯Ø Hÿ£kzvØ¡∫
A. ºmhfl §µ¶ B. ∂®£fl §µ¶
C. P∫\fl §µ¶ D. ©ı∫º §µ¶
103
 9. ¡[PıÕ® §∂¬¯⁄ |Pâu Bsk
A. 1911 B. 1912
C. 1905 D. 1910
10. _˜u] CØUPzvfl ˜£ıx ©UP“ E£˜ØıQzu ¨«UPÆ

A. ˜¡u[P¯Õ B. ¡¢˜u ©ıuµÆ

˜{ıUQa ˆ\¿
C. _صı‰ØÆ G⁄x D. C¡ÿ‘¿ GxƒÆ C¿¯ª.
§”®¶∂¯©
11. ¨u¿ EªP®˜£ı∫ |Pâu BskP“
A. 1914 & 1916 B. 1912 & 1915
C. 1914 & 1918 D. 1918 & 1921
12. hıUh∫ Afl¤ˆ£\flm J∏
A. B[Qª® ˆ£s©o B. C¢vØ® ˆ£s©o
C. Aˆ©∂UP® ˆ£s©o D. AØ∫ªı¢x ˆ£s©o
13. BPÏk A‘U¯P¯Ø ˆ¡Œ∞mh¡∫
A. ©ı∫º B. ©ıs˜hS
C. ©ƒsm ˜£mhfl D. P∫\fl
II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ |µ®¶P
1. 1870¿ u¢vUPƧ C¯n®¶ C[Qªı¢xUSÆ _______ USÆ
C¯h˜Ø A¯©UP®£mhx.
2. C¢vØ∫P“ B≤u[P“ ¯¡zv∏UP, ¡ı[P A¿ªx ¬ÿP
˜¡skˆ©¤¿ Aµ]fl A›©v ˆ£”˜¡skÆ Gfl÷
¡ÿ¶÷zvØ \mhÆ _______ BSÆ.
3. 1881&BÆ Bsk ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªa \mhÆ _______ fl ˜¡¯ª
˜{µz¯u |∫n∞zux.
4. ∂®£fl §µ¶¬fl Aµ_ _______ \mhz¯u }UQØx.
5. ∂®£fl §µ¶ ______¿ E“Õ £¿P¯ªU P«Pz¯u |÷¬⁄ı∫.
6. P∫\fl _______ S  Jfl÷ A¯©zx |¡ıµn® £oP–US
ˆ£∏¢ˆuı¯P JxUQ⁄ı∫.
104
 7. C¯Õb∫P–US Cµıq¡® £∞ÿ]ØŒUP P∫\fl _______I
A¯©zuı∫.

8. Q«US ¡[PıÕzvfl u¯ª{P∫ _______ G⁄ƒÆ ˜©ÿS

¡[PıÕzvfl u¯ª{P∫ _______ G⁄ƒÆ A‘¬UP®£mh⁄.

9. _______fl §µPh⁄zv¿ ˆ¡Œ∞h®£mh ¡ıUS÷vP“

GxƒÆ §fl£ÿ”®£h¬¿¯ª.

10. C¢vØ∫P“ _______, _______ BQØ {ıkPŒfl IUQØzv

⁄ı¿ FUPÆ ˆPısk u[P“ _u¢vµzvÿS® ˜£ıµıh
¬∏Ƨ⁄∫.

11. _______, _______ BQ˜Øı∂fl G zxUP“ ©UP“ ©zv∞¿

˜u]Ø ¬»®¶n∫a]¯ØU ˆPısk ¡¢u⁄.

12. ™u¡ıvPŒfl ˜Pı∂U¯PP“ _______ Gfl÷ ¡∫oUP®

£mhx.

13. _˜u] CØUPzvfl ˜£ıx C¢vØ∫ _______ ˆ£ı∏mP¯Õ®

¶”UPozu⁄∫.

14. ufl⁄ım] CØUPzv¿ Dk£mh u¯ª¡∫P“ _______ ©ÿ÷Æ

_______ B¡ı∫.

15. ªU˜⁄ı¬¿ {h¢u Pı[Qµ_ ©ı{ımi¿ ·¡Ì∫ªı¿ ˜{∏

¨ufl ¨uªıP _______ I \¢vzuı∫.

III. §fl¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ¯”® ˆ£ı∏zxP

A
1. ¡mhıµ ˆ©ı»P“ £zv∂¯Pa \mhÆ &&- 1877
2. Ìsh∫ S  && 1881
3. ˆh¿º u∫£ı∫ && 1904
4. ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªa \mhÆ && 1882
5. C¢vØ® £¿P¯ªUP«Pa \mhÆ && 1878
105
 B
1. A´∫ ˆÂ∫ Aº && £«[Pıª |¯⁄ƒa ]fl⁄[P“
2. E“ Bm]∞fl u¢¯u && \mh E÷®§⁄∫
3. C¿£∫m && B®Pı¤Ø Aµ\∫
4. P∫\fl §µ¶ && ß\ı
5. ¬¡\ıØ Bµı¥a] ¯©ØÆ && ∂®£fl
C
1. uØı⁄¢u \µÏ¡v && ™u¡ıvP“
2. Aµ¬¢u ˜PıË && ¡¢˜u ©ıuµÆ
3. Afl¤ˆ£\flm AƯ©Øı∫ && ˜P\∂
4. £ıªP[Pıuµ vªP∫ && |≥ C¢vØı
5. Aµ]Ø¿ §a¯\ && _صı‰‚ØÆ
IV. _∏UP©ıP ¬¯hØŒUPƒÆ
1. ¡mhıµ ˆ©ı»P“ £zv∂¯Pa \mhÆ £ÿ‘ ]÷S‘®¶ u∏P.
2. 1881&BÆ Bsk ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ª \mhÆ £ÿ‘ E©US Gfl⁄
ˆu∂≤Æ?
3. ∂®£fl §µ¶ C¢vØ ˆ©ı»P“ £zv∂¯Pa \mhz¯u Hfl
}UQ⁄ı∫?
4. ∂®£fl §µ¶¬fl P¿¬a ^∫v∏zu[P¯ÕU S‘®§kP.
5. C¿£∫m ©˜\ıuı¬fl AÆ\[P“ Øı¯¡?
6. P∫\fl §µ¶¬fl ¬¡\ıØ ^∫v∏zu[P“ Øı¯¡?
7. P∫\fl §µ¶ G∆¡ı÷ C¢vØı¬fl £«[Pıª |¯⁄ƒa
]fl⁄[P¯Õ® £ıxPızuı∫?
8. ¡[PıÕÆ Hfl §∂UP®£mhx?
9. C¢vØ ˜u]Øzvfl ¡Õ∫a]∞æÆ A¯u® £µ®§ØvæÆ
Aa_UTh[P“ ©ÿ÷Æ ˆ\¥vzuı“PŒfl, £[Q¯⁄ ˆ¡ŒU
ˆPın∫P.
10. 1878&BÆ Bsk CØÿ”®£mh B≤ua \mhzvfl ¬¯Õƒ
Øıx?
11. C¢vØ ˜u]ØU Pı[Qµ_ G®˜£ıx Øıµı¿ ˜uıÿ÷¬UP®
£mhx?
12. C¢vØ ˜u]ØU Pı[Qµ]fl ˆuıhUPU Pıª ˜{ıUP[P“
Øı¯¡?
106
 13. ™u¡ıvP“ Øı∫? A¡∫PŒ¿ ]ª∂fl ˆ£Ø∫P¯ÕU
S‘®§kP.
14. w¬µ¡ıuz ˜u]Ø¡ıvPŒfl ˜{ıUP[P“ Øı¯¡?
15. ˆufl¤¢vØı¬¿ vªP∏US ˆ{∏UP©ı⁄ {s£∫PÕıP
C∏¢u¡∫P“ Øı∫?
16. ¨_ºÆ ΩQfl ˜{ıUP[P“ Øı¯¡?
17. w¬µ ˜u]Ø¡ıvP“ G®˜£ıx, Hfl Pı[Qµ¯\ ¬mk ¬ªQ⁄∫?
18. hıUh∫ Afl¤ˆ£\flm C¢vØ∫PŒ¯h˜Ø G∆¡ı÷ ˜u]Ø
En∫¯¡ Hÿ£kzv⁄ı∫?
19. ªU˜⁄ı J®£¢uzvfl ¨UQØzx¡Æ £ÿ‘ T÷P.
V. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P
1. ºmhfl §µ¶¬fl ˆ£∏¯©¯ØU S¯”zu ˆPı“¯PP¯ÕU
S‘®§kP.
2. ∂®£fl §µ¶¬fl ^∫v∏zu[P¯Õ ¬ÕUSP.
3. P∫\fl §µ¶¬fl ^∫v∏zu[P¯Õ ©v®§kP.
4. C¢vØı¬¿ ˜u]Ø CØUPÆ ˜uıfl÷¡uÿPı⁄ Pıµn[P¯Õ
¬ÕUSP.
5. `µz §Õƒ Hÿ£h Cmka ˆ\fl” |PÃa]P¯Õ ¬ÕUSP.
6. w¬µ ˜u]Ø¡ıvP“ G⁄®£mh¡∫P“ Øı∫? A¡∫PŒfl
˜{ıUPÆ Øıx?
7. C¢vØ _u¢vµ® ˜£ıµımhzv¿ hıUh∫ Afl¤ˆ£\flifl
£[Q¯⁄ ¬¡ıv.
VI. ˆ\¥¨¯”® £∞ÿ]P“
1. C¢vØ ˜u]ØU Pı[Qµ]fl ˜uıÿ”Æ ¨u¿ 1919&BÆ
Bsk ¡¯µ∞ªı⁄ C¢vØ ¬ku¯ª® ˜£ıµımh
|PÃa]P¯ÕU S‘USÆ PıªU˜Pımi¯⁄z (Time Line)
uØı∂UPƒÆ.
2. ·¡Ì∫ªı¿ ˜{∏ G vØ "iÏP¡∂ B® C¢vØı'
(Discovery of India) Gfl” ¶zuPzv¿ E“Õ _u¢vµ CØUPÆ
£ÿ‘Ø £SvP¯Õ® £iUPƒÆ.
3. ¡.E. ]uÆ£µÆ §“¯Õ, _®§µ©oØ £ıµvØı∫
BQ˜Øı∂fl ¡ıÃU¯P ¡µªıÿ¯”® £iUPƒÆ.

107
Pı¢vØiP“
108
 £ıhÆ & 6
C¢vØ ¬ku¯ª® ˜£ı∫ &
Pı¢vØiP“ PıªÆ

Pÿ”¿ ˜{ıUP[P“
1. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØ _u¢vµ® ˜£ıµımhzv¿ Pı¢v‚∞fl
£[S £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄® ˆ£”¿.
2. ©ın¡∫ ·ıºØfl ¡ıªı£ıU £kˆPı¯ª¯Ø® £ÿ‘≤Æ
Qªı£z CØUPÆ £ÿ‘≤Æ A‘¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
3. ©ın¡∫ Jzx¯«Øı¯© CØUPÆ £ÿ‘® ¶∂¢x
ˆPı“–u¿.
4. ©ın¡∫ _صı‰‚ØU Pm], ªıT∫ Pı[Qµ]fl
¨UQØzx¡Æ, E®¶a \zvØıUQµPÆ, ¡mh ˜©¯\
©ı{ıkP“ ©ÿ÷Æ ß⁄ı J®£¢uÆ £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄®
ˆ£”¿.
5. ©ın¡∫ 1935&BÆ Bsk C¢vØ Aµ_a \mhzvfl
AÆ\[P¯Õ® ¶∂¢xˆPı“–u¿.
6. ©ın¡∫ _u¢vµ® ˜£ıµımhzvÿS ˜{uı‚ Bÿ‘Ø
£oP¯Õ® £ÿ‘ A‘¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
7. ©ın¡∫ Q∂®Ï yxUS , ˆ¡“¯Õؘ⁄ ˆ¡Œ˜Ø÷
CØUPÆ, 1946¿ ¡¢u A¯©a\µ¯¡z yxUS ,
C¯hUPıª Aµ_ BQد¡ £ÿ‘Ø A‘¯¡® ˆ£”¿.
8. ©ın¡∫ ©ƒsm ˜£mhfl §µ¶¬fl vmhÆ £ÿ‘
A‘¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
9. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØ ©fl⁄µım]® £SvP“ C¯n®§¿
¡¿ª£ı¥ £˜hºfl £[S £ÿ‘® ¶∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.

1919&BÆ Bsk C¢vØa _u¢vµ® ˜£ıµımh

¡µªıÿ‘¿ J∏ ©ı÷£mh PıªPmhz¯uU S‘®£uıP
109
A¯©¢ux. 1919&BÆ Bsiº∏¢x 1947 ¡¯µ Pı¢v‚
_u¢vµ® ˜£ıµımhzv¿ ufl¯⁄ Dk£kzvU ˆPıshı∫.
G⁄˜¡ CUPıª PmhÆ Pı¢vØiP“ PıªÆ Gfl÷ A¯«UP®
£kQ”x. A¡∫ Pzv∞fl‘ Cµzu™fl‘ B[Q˜ªØ¯µ
Gv∫zx® ˜£ıµıh C¢vØ ©UP¯Õz uØı∫£kzv⁄ı∫.
¡fl¨¯”US® £vªıP \zvØıUQµPÆ, AQƯ\ BQØ
¨¯”P¯Õ® £Øfl£kzv⁄ı∫.
ˆµÕªm \mhÆ 1919 : ˆµÕªm \mhÆ 1919&BÆ Bsk
CØÿ”®£mhx. Aa\mhÆ Ezuµ¬fl‘ G¡¯µ≤Æ ¯Px
ˆ\¥Ø B[Qª Aµ_US AvPıµÆ AŒzux. Aa\mhzvfl
≠ªÆ ¬\ıµ¯n∞fl‘ G¡¯µ≤Æ ]¯”∞¿ A¯hUPªıÆ.
ˆµÕªm \mhzv¯⁄ Gv∫USÆ£i Pı¢v‚ C¢vØ∫P–US
A¯«®¶ ¬kzuı∫. Aufl ¬¯Õ¡ıP {ık ¨ ¡xÆ
P¯hدh®¶Æ, Gv∫®¶® ˜£ıµımh[P–Æ Hÿ£mh⁄.
·ıºØfl ¡ıªı£ıU £kˆPı¯ª, 13&H®µ¿ 1919 : ˆµÕªm
\mh Gv∫®¶® ˜£ıµımhÆ ˆuıh∫£ıP \zvØ£ı¿ ©ÿ÷Æ
\ı¥®¶wfl Qaæ (Saifuddin Kichlew) BQØ ¨UQØz
u¯ª¡∫P“ £g\ı§¿ ¯Px ˆ\¥Ø®£mh⁄∫. \mhzvÿS®
¶”Æ£ı⁄ AU¯Pv¯⁄ Gv∫zx ©UP“ A™∫u\µ]¿ E“Õ
·ıºØfl ¡ıªı£ıU Gfl›™hzv¿ ß[Pı Jfl‘¿ Ti⁄∫.
A®ß[Pı¬ÿS J∏ £UPÆ ©mkÆ ]÷ ~¯«¡ı∞¿
C∏¢ux. ©ÿ” G¿ªı £UP[P–Æ EØ∫¢u _¡∫PÕı¿
`«®£mi∏¢ux. Aufl ¯©Øzv¿ J∏ Qn÷ C∏¢ux.
A™∫u\µ]fl Cµıq¡z uÕ£vØı⁄ ˆ·⁄µ¿ hØ∫ A¢u
~¯«ƒ ¡ı∞ÿ£Sv¯Ø ≠kÆ£i ufl £¯hP–US Ezuµ
¬mhı∫. §fl G¢u¬u ¨fl⁄‘¬®¶™fl‘ A¯©vØıPƒÆ,
|µı≤u £ıoØıPƒÆ TiØ ©UP¯Õa _kÆ£i ufl £¯h
P–US Ezuµ¬mhı∫. AUTmhzv¿ £ª ˆ£si∏Æ,
S«¢¯uP–Æ Th C∏¢u⁄∫. Aa\Æ£¡Æ J∏ ˆPık¯©
Øı⁄ £kˆPı¯ªØı⁄x. Azx®£ıUQa `mi¿ H”US¯”Ø
500 ˜£∫ E∞∂«¢u⁄∫. 1200 ˜£∫P–US ˜©¿ PıØ©¯h¢u⁄∫.
Aa\Æ£¡Æ ·ıºØfl ¡ıªı£ıU £kˆPı¯ª A¿ªx
£g\ı® £kˆPı¯ª Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£kQ”x. Pı¢v‚
Aa\Æ£¡z¯uU Psizuı∫. Ax¨u¿ A¡∫ B[Qª
Aµ_hfl Jzx¯«UP ©÷zuı∫. A¡∫ C¢vØ ¬ku¯ª®
110
˜£ı∂¿ ]”®¶™UP u¯ª¡µıPz ˜uıfl‘⁄ı∫. A¡∫ 1920&BÆ
Bsk Jzx¯«Øı¯© CØUPz¯uz ˆuıh[Q⁄ı∫.
£g\ı® £kˆPı¯ª, §fl ¡¢u u¯ª¨¯”
∞⁄∂¯h˜Ø }izu J∏ uıUPz¯u Hÿ£kzvØx. u⁄x
Gv∫®§¯⁄U Pımh Cµ√¢vµ{ız uıT∫ B[Qª Aµ_
u⁄US AŒzu ¯{mƒm (Kinghthood) £mhz¯uz x”¢uı∫.
ˆufl B®§∂UP Aµ\ı¿ u⁄US AŒUP®£mh
ˆP¥\∫&C&Ó¢z (Kaiser-i-Hind) Gfl” £uUPz¯u Pı¢v‚
v∏®§ AŒzuı∫. uıT∫, Pı¢v‚, ˜{∏‚ BQ˜Øı∂fl
{s£µı⁄ ].G®. BsmπÏ (C.F. Andrews) Gfl£¡∫
A™∫u\µÏ ˆ\fl÷ v∏Ƨ؃hfl ·ıºØfl ¡ıªı£ıU
£kˆPı¯ª¯Ø® £ÿ‘ ©Pı˜u¡ ˜u\ı∞US RÃU
Psh¡ı÷ ""Ax J∏ £kˆPı¯ª, J∏ ˆPı¯ªUPÕÆ''
G⁄ G v⁄ı∫.
Qªı£z C ØUPÆ : C¢vØ ¨_ºÆP“
CØUPÆ
B[Q˜ªØ∫P–US GvµıP £ª S¯”
£ıkP¯ÕU ˆPısi∏¢u⁄∫. ¨u¿ EªP®
˜£ı∂fl ˜£ıx x∏UQ ˆ·∫ˆ©¤∞fl {m¶
{ıhıPa ˆ\Ø¿£mhx. ˜£ı∂¿ ˆ·∫ˆ©¤
˜uı¿¬Ø¯h¢uƒhfl x∏UQØ® ˜£µµ_
]u”iUP®£mhx. A®˜£µµ]fl £SvP¯Õ
§∂mh›Æ, §µıfl_Æ £[S ˜£ımkU
ˆPısh⁄. x∏UQØ _¿uıfl A¡©vUP®
£mhı∫. _¿uıfl ¨_ºÆP–US Pº£ı
A¿ªx \©Øz u¯ª¡∏Æ Th B¡ı∫.
G⁄˜¡ EªPÆ ¨ ¡x™∏¢u ¨_ºÆP“
B[Qª Aµ_US GvµıP Qªı£z
CØUP
CØUPz¯uz ˆuıh[Q⁄ı∫. C¢vØı¬¿
¨P©x Aº, \ƒPz Aº Gfl” C∏
\˜Pıuµ∫P“ A∆¬ØUPz¯uz ˆuıh[Q
¨P©x Aº ⁄ı∫P“. Pı[Qµ_U Pm] A∆¬ØUPz¯u
Bu∂zux. C¢xUP¯Õ≤Æ, ¨_ºÆ
P¯Õ≤Æ Jfl÷ ˜\∫UP Ax J∏ {¿ª \¢u∫®£Æ G⁄ Pı¢v‚
Gso⁄ı∫. ¨_ºÆ ΩU Pm]≤Æ, Pı[Qµ_U Pm]≤Æ
ˆ{∏[Q ¡µ Qªı£z CØUPÆ ¡»¡Szux.
111
 ¯\©fl S  ¶”UPo®¶

Jzx¯«Øı¯© CØUPÆ & 1920 : Pı[Qµ_U Pm]

1920&BÆ Bsk Jzx¯«Øı¯© CØUPz¯uU P¯h®
§izux. A∆¬ØUPzvfl ¨UQØ ˜{ıUPÆ AQƯ\, A¯©v
¡»PŒ¿ _صı‰‚ØÆ ˆ£÷¡uıSÆ. A∆¬ØUPÆ ≠fl÷
|¯ªPŒ¿ P¯h®§iUP®£mhx. ¨uªı¡uıP C¢vØ∫P“
B[Qª Aµ]h™∏¢x ˆ£ÿ” £mh[P¯Õ≤Æ, ˆPÕµ¡
¬∏xP¯Õ≤Æ Gv∫®¯£ ˆ¡ŒUPımkÆ ¡¯P∞¿ x”¢u⁄∫.

Cµshı¡x Pmh©ıP P¯hدh®¶ E“Œmh ˆ£∏Æ

˜£ıµımh[P¯Õ {hzv⁄∫. G¿ªı Aµ_ A桪P[P–Æ &
£“ŒP“, P¿ø∂P“, \mh©fl” {h¡iU¯PP“ E“£h
A¯⁄zxÆ ¶”UPoUP®£mh⁄. ˜©ıvªı¿ ˜{∏,
·¡Ì∫ªı¿ ˜{∏, ].B∫. uıÏ, Cµı·ı‚, D.¬. Cµı©\ı™
(u¢¯u ˆ£∂Øı∫) E“£h H”US¯”Ø 30,000 ˜u\£Uu∫P“
¯Px ˆ\¥Ø®£mk ]¯”∞ª¯hUP®£mh⁄∫.

A∆¬ØUPzvfl C÷vU PmhÆ ¡∂ ˆ\æzu ©÷zu¿

BSÆ. 1921&BÆ Bsk AP©uı£ızv¿ {h¢u Pı[Qµ_
©ı{ık, Aµ_ u[P“ ˜Pı∂U¯PP¯Õ |¯”˜¡ÿ÷Æ ¡¯µ
©UP¯Õ Aµ\ı[PzvÿS ¡∂ ˆ\æzu ˜¡shıÆ Gfl÷
˜PmkU ˆPıshx.
112
ˆ\Õ∂ ˆ\Õµı |PÃa] & 1922 : Jzx¯«Øı¯© CØUPÆ
P¯h®§iUP®£mh ˜£ıx Ezvµ®§µ˜u\zv¿ ˆ\Õ∂ ˆ\Õµı
Gfl›™hzv¿ Pı¡ª∫PŒfl AhUS¨¯” x®£ıUQa
`miÿS GvµıP ¬¡\ı∞P“ Pı¡¿ |¯ªØzvÿS w∞mh⁄∫.
Aa\Æ£¡zv¿ 22 Pı¡ª∫P“ E∞∂«¢u⁄∫. A¢|PÃa] ˆ\Õ∂
ˆ\Õµı |PÃa] G⁄®£kQ”x. A∆¡fl¨¯” |PÃa]¯ØU
˜P“¬≤ÿ” Pı¢v‚ ©⁄Æ ¡∏¢v⁄ı∫. A¢|PÃa] A¡µx
AQƯ\ ˆPı“¯PUS Gvµı⁄uıP A¯©¢ux. ©UP“
Cfl⁄¨Æ AQƯ\ ¡»∞¿ Jzx¯«Øı¯© CØUPzv¯⁄U
P¯h®§iUP £US¡®£h¬¿¯ª Gfl£¯u Pı¢v‚ En∫¢uı∫.
G⁄˜¡ A¡∫ Jzx¯«Øı¯© CØUPz¯u Eh⁄iØıP JxUQ
¯¡zuı∫. B[Qª Aµ_ Pı¢v‚¯ØU ¯Px ˆ\¥ux.
A¡∏US B÷ BskP“ ]¯”z ush¯⁄ ¡«[P®£mhx.
_صı‰‚ØUPm] & 1923 & 1925 : Pı¢v‚∞fl ¯PxUS® §fl
_u¢vµ® ˜£ıµımh √µ∫P¯Õ ¡»{hzva ˆ\¿ª \∂Øı⁄
u¯ª¡∫P“ C¿¯ª. Aº®ß∫ ]¯”∞¿ C∏¢u ˜©ıvªı¿
˜{∏ƒÆ, ].B∫. uı_Æ, _صı‰‚ØUPm]¯Ø E∏¡ıUQ
⁄ı∫P“. ˜u∫uº¿ ˜£ımi∞mk ˆ¡ÿ‘ ˆ£÷u˜ª AUPm]
∞fl ˜{ıUP©ıQØx. \mh \¯£US“ ~¯«¢x A[Q∏¢x
B[Qª Aµ\ı[Pz¯u Gv∫®£¯u AUPm] GkzxU T‘
¡ıvmhx. AUPm] C¢vØı¬¿ ˆ£ı÷®£ı⁄ Aµ_ |÷¡®£h
˜¡skˆ©⁄U ˜Pı∂ w∫©ı⁄z¯u |¯”˜¡ÿ‘Øx. ˜©æÆ
C¢vØ∫PŒfl ˜u¯¡P¯Õ≤Æ, ˜Pı∂U¯PP¯Õ≤Æ |¯”
˜¡ÿ‘h ¡mh˜©¯\ ©ı{ıkP“ {hzu®£h ˜¡skˆ©⁄ƒÆ
˜Pı∂U¯P ¬kzux. B⁄ı¿, 1925&BÆ Bsk ].B∫. uı]fl
©¯”¬ÿS® §fl AUPm] ˆ\غ«¢x §fl⁄∫ P¯ªUP®
£mhx.
¯\©fl S , 1927 : 1927&BÆ Bsk H  ˜£∫ Ah[QØ S 
Jfl÷ B[Qª Aµ\ı¿ |Ø™UP®£mhx. AUS ¬fl u¯ª¡
µıP \∫ ·ıfl ¯\©fl ˆ£ı÷®˜£ÿ”ı∫. AUS ¬¿ C∏¢u
A¯⁄¡∏˜© I˜µı®§Ø∫P“. G⁄˜¡ C¢vØ∫P“ AUS 
¬¯⁄ |µıP∂zu⁄∫. AUS  C¢vØı ¡¢u˜£ıx ""¯\©˜⁄
113
v∏Ƨa ˆ\¿'' (Simon, Go back) Gfl” ¨«UPz xhfl ©UP“
AUS ¬fl ¡∏¯P¯Ø® ¶”UPozu⁄∫.
£g\ı® ][PÆ Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£mh Cªıªı ª\£v
µı¥ ªıT∂¿ ¯\©fl ¡∏¯P¯Ø Gv∫zx® ˜£ıµımhz¯u
¨fl¤fl÷ {hzvؘ£ıx, Pı¡ª∂fl uiØia \Æ£¡zuı¿
C”UP ˜{∂mhx. A¡∏¯hØ ©µnÆ £Pz][Pı¿ £»
w∫UP®£mhx. Cªıªıª\£vµı¥ C”®£uÿSU Pıµn©ıP
C∏¢u Pı¡ª¯µ £Pz][ _mkU ˆPıfl”ı∫. AuÿPıP
§fl⁄ıŒ¿ A¡∏US B[Qª Aµ_ ©µnush¯⁄ AŒzux.
ªıT∫ Pı[Qµ_ ©ı{ık, 1929 : 1929&BÆ Bsk ·¡Ì∫ªı¿
˜{∏¬fl u¯ª¯©∞¿ ªıT∂¿ Pı[Qµ_ ©ı{ık TiØx.
AÆ©ı{ımi¿ B[Q˜ªØ∂h™∏¢x ¨ ¬ku¯ª A¿ªx
ßµn _u¢vµÆ ˜Pı∂ w∫©ı⁄Æ CØÿ”®£mhx. ©ÿ÷ˆ©ı∏
w∫©ı⁄¨Æ AUTmhzv¿ |¯”˜¡ÿ”®£mhx. Aufl£i
B[Q˜ªØ∏US GvµıP \mh ©÷®¶ CØUPÆ ˆuıh[P®
£mhx. AUTmhzv¿ J∆ˆ¡ı∏ BskÆ ·⁄¡∂ 26&BÆ
{ı“ _u¢vµ {ıÕıP {ıˆh[SÆ A›\∂UP®£h ˜¡skÆ
G⁄ƒÆ ¨iˆ¡kUP®£mhx. Aufl£i 1930&BÆ Bsk
·⁄¡∂ 26&BÆ {ı“ _u¢vµ v⁄©ıP {ık ¨ ¡xÆ
ˆPıshıh®£mhx.
1930&BÆ Bsk ·⁄¡∂ 26&BÆ {ı“ Pı[Qµ_U
Pm]∞fl ≠¡∫nU ˆPıi Hÿ”®£mhx. ©UP“ ßµna
_u¢vµÆ ˆ£” ˜£ıµıha \£uˆ©kzxU ˆPısh⁄∫. A¢u
{ı“ Pı[Qµ_U Pm] ¡µªıÿ‘¿ ˆ£ıflˆ⁄ zxUPÕı¿
ˆ£ı‘UP®£mh {ıÕı⁄x. C¢vØ ¡µªıÿ‘¿ A¢{ıŒ¯⁄
|¯⁄ƒ Tµ 1950&BÆ Bsk ·⁄¡∂ 26&BÆ {ı“ C¢vØ
Aµ]Ø¿ A¯©®¶ Hÿ÷U ˆPı“Õ®£mhx. A¢{ıŒ¯⁄
{ıÆ Siص_ v⁄©ıPU ˆPıshıi ¡∏Qfl˜”ıÆ.
E®¶a \zvØıQµPÆ, 1930 (Salt Satyagraha) A¿ªx \mh
©÷®¶ CØUPÆ : £ª Cªm\UPnUPı⁄ ©UP“ E£˜ØıQzu
\ıuıµn E®§fl ´x B[Qª Aµ_ ¡∂ ¬vzux. A¢u ¡∂
¬v®§⁄ı¿, CØÿ¯PØıPU Q¯hUSÆ E®¯£ G¿˜ªıµı
æÆ GŒv¿ E£˜ØıQUP ¨iØıu |¯ª C∏¢ux. ¨UQØ
114
©ıP H¯« ©UP“ ™PƒÆ £ıvUP®£mh⁄∫. G⁄˜¡ Pı¢v‚
E®¶ ¡∂¯Ø Gv∫UPz w∫©ı¤zuı∫. A¡∫ 1930&BÆ Bsk
©ı∫a v[P“ 12&BÆ {ı“ ¡µªıÿ÷a ]”®¶™UP usi®
£Ønz¯u ˜©ÿˆPıshı∫.
\£∫©v B]µ©zvº∏¢x usi ¡¯µ≤“Õ 241
¯©¿P“ (H”US¯”Ø 400 Q.´.) yµz¯u \˜µı‚¤
{ı≤k E“£h ˜u∫¢ˆukUP®£mh 78 Buµ¡ıÕ∫P–hfl
Pı¢v‚ 25 {ı“PŒ¿ Pı¿{¯hØıP® £ØnÆ ˆ\¥uı∫.
A®£Ønzvfl ˜£ıx "¡¢˜u ©ıuµÆ' Gfl” ¨«UPÆ
G¿ªı Ch[PŒæÆ Gvˆµıºzux.
A¡∫ H®µ¿ 6&BÆ ˜uv usi¯Ø A¯h¢x AUPhÿ
P¯µ∞º∏¢u E®¯£ ufl ¯PØı¿ Gkzuı∫. A¢|PÃa]
C¢vØı ¨ UP ©UP“ CØUPÆ ˆ¡izvh J∏ w®ˆ£ı‘
Øı¥ A¯©¢ux. A∆¬ØUPzv¿ ˆ£sP–Æ £[˜Pÿ”⁄∫.
ˆufl¤¢vØı¬¿ A®£Ønz¯u Cµı\ ˜Pı£ıªıa\ı∂Øı∫
v∏a]µı®£“Œ∞º∏¢x ˜¡uıµsØÆ ¡¯µ ˜©ÿˆPıshı∫.
©ª£ı∫ PhÿP¯µ∞¿ Pı[Qµ_z u¯ª¡∫PŒ¿ J∏¡µı⁄
˜PÕ®£fl ˜Pı»UTmiº∏¢x ¯£Øfi∫ ¡¯µ £Ønz¯uz
u¯ª¯© uı[Q {hzv E®¶ ¡∂¯Ø Gv∫zuı∫. A∆¬ØUPÆ
E®¶ \zvØıUQµPÆ A¿ªx \mh ©÷®¶ CØUPÆ G⁄
A¯«UP®£mhx.
Au¯⁄z ˆuıh∫¢x {ık ¨ ¡xÆ ˜£ıµımh[P–Æ,
P¯hدh®¶P–Æ, Afl¤Ø® ˆ£ı∏mP¯Õ® ¶”UPoz
uæÆ ˜©ÿˆPı“Õ®£mh⁄. ©UP“ ¡∂ ˆ\æzu ©÷zu⁄∫.
1930&BÆ Bsk ˜© ©ıu C÷v∞¿ Pı¢v‚, ˜{∏‚,
Cµı·ı‚ ˜£ıfl” ¨UQØz u¯ª¡∫P“ ¯Px ˆ\¥Ø®£mh⁄∫.
¡h˜©ÿS G¿¯ª®¶” ©ıPın[PŒ¿ ¡ıâu ©UP–Æ
Aa\mh ©÷®¶ CØUPzv¿ £[˜Pÿ”⁄∫. A®£Sv∞¿
G¿¯ª Pı¢v (Frontier Gandhi) G⁄ A¯«UP®£mh Pıfl
A®x¿ Pı£∫Pıfl u¯ª¯©˜Øÿ÷ A¡∫P¯Õ ¡» {hzv⁄ı∫.

\mh ©÷®¶ CØUPÆ Jzx¯«Øı¯© CØUPzvº∏¢x

©ı÷£mhx. C∆¬ØUPzvfl ¨UQØ ˜{ıUPÆ ¨ a
115
_u¢vµÆ ˆ£÷¡x BSÆ. Aa_u¢vµz¯u, \mh[P¯Õ ´‘
Øı¡x A¯h¢vh ˜¡skÆ G⁄U P∏u®£mhx. C¢vØ∫P“
B[Qª Aµ\ı[Pz¯u G¿ªı |¯ªPŒæÆ Gv∫zx Au¯⁄a
ˆ\غ«UPaˆ\¥Ø, \mh ©÷®¶ CØUPÆ ysiØx.

¡mh ˜©¯\ ©ı{ıkP“ 1930 & 32

¨u¿ ¡mh ˜©¯\ ©ı{ık, 193
19300 : B[Qª Aµ]⁄ı¿ \mh
©÷®¶ CØUPz¯u AhUP ¨iج¿¯ª. G⁄˜¡ C¢vØ∫
P¯Õa \©ıuı⁄®£kzxÆ ¡¯P∞¿ B[Qª Aµ_ 1930&BÆ
Bsk Cªsh¤¿ ¡mh˜©¯\ ©ı{ık Jfl‘ÿS Hÿ£ık
ˆ\¥ux. B⁄ı¿ Pı[Qµ_U Pm]z u¯ª¡∫P“ A¯⁄¡∏Æ
]¯”∞¿ A¯hUP®£mk C∏¢uuı¿ Pı[Qµ_ A¢u
©ı{ımi¿ £[˜PÿP¬¿¯ª.

Pı¢v & C∫¬fl J®£¢uÆ, 1931 : Pı¢v‚ 1931&BÆ Bsk

¬ku¯ª ˆ\¥Ø®£mhı∫. Aufl §fl Pı¢v&C∫¬fl J®£¢uÆ
¯PˆØ zuı⁄x. A∆ˆ¡ı®£¢uzvfl£i Pı¢v‚ \mh
©÷®¶ CØUPzv¯⁄U ¯P¬h J®¶U ˆPıshı∫. Aµ]Ø¿
¯PvP“ A¯⁄¡¯µ≤Æ ¬ku¯ª ˆ\¥uı¿ CµshıÆ ¡mh
˜©¯\ ©ı{ımi¿ Pª¢xˆPı“ÕƒÆ C¯\¢uı∫. G¤›Æ
A∆ˆ¡ı®£¢uÆ ©µn ush¯⁄ ¬vUP®£mka ]¯”∞
º∏¢u ¶µm]z u¯ª¡∫PÕı⁄ £Pz][, Cµı·S∏ BQ˜Øı∂fl
¬ku¯ªUS ¡» ¡SUP¬¿¯ª.

CµshıÆ ¡mh ˜©¯\ ©ı{ık: 1931&BÆ Bsk CµshıÆ

¡mh˜©¯\ ©ı{ık {¯hˆ£ÿ”x. Pı¢v‚ AÆ©ı{ımi¿
Pª¢x ˆPıshı∫. B⁄ı¿ AÆ©ı{ımi¿ G¢u J∏ C÷v
¨iƒÆ Gmh®ˆ£”¬¿¯ª. ©⁄¨¯h¢u Pı¢v‚ C¢vØı
v∏Ƨ⁄ı∫. A¡∫ Aµ_® §µv|v¯Øa \¢vUP ˜©ÿˆPısh
¨Øÿ] £Ø¤fl‘® ˜£ı⁄x. §fl B[Qª Aµ_ Pı[Qµ_U
Pm]¯Øa \mh ¬˜µıu©ı⁄x G⁄ A‘¬zux. Pı¢v‚≤Æ
©ÿ” ¨UQØ Pı[Qµ_z u¯ª¡∫P–Æ ]¯”∞ª¯hUP®
£mh⁄∫.
116
 Cªsh¤¿ {¯hˆ£ÿ” CµshıÆ ¡mh˜©¯\ ©ı{ımi¿
Pı¢v Pª¢x ˆPı“Õ ˆ\¿æu¿

≠fl”ıÆ ¡mh ˜©¯\ ©ı {ık, 1932 : Pı[Qµ_z u¯ª¡∫P“

©ı{ık,
G¡∏Æ £[S ˆ£”ı©˜ª˜Ø ≠fl”ıÆ ¡mh ˜©¯\ ©ı{ık
{¯hˆ£ÿ”x. Ax ˜uı¿¬∞¿ ¨i¢ux.
¡S®¶ ¡ı∂® §µv|vzx¡¨Æ ß⁄ı J®£¢u¨Æ,
1932 : 1932¿ Pı¢v‚ ]¯”∞¿ A¯hUP®£mi∏¢u˜£ıx
CµıƘ\ ˆ©Uˆhı⁄ı¿k u¯ª¯©∞ªı⁄ B[Qª Aµ_
¡S®¶¡ı∂® §µv|vzx¡z vmhz¯u A‘¬zux. Aufl
£i ]÷£ıfl¯©∞⁄∏USÆ, uıÃzu®£mh C⁄ ©UP–USÆ
u¤ Ch JxURk ¡«[P®£kÆ G⁄ A‘¬UP®£mhx. Az
vmhz¯uz uıÃzu®£mh C⁄ ©UPŒfl u¯ª¡µı⁄ hıUh∫
§.B∫. AƘ£zPı∫ ¡µ˜¡ÿ”ı∫. B⁄ı¿ C¢vØa \≠Pz
v¯⁄ ˜©æÆ §∂zuı–Æ J∏ vmh©ıP Pı¢v‚ Au¯⁄U
P∏v⁄ı∫. G⁄˜¡ A¡∫ A¯u |µıP∂zuı∫. Au¯⁄z ˆuıh∫¢x
A¡∫ \ıSÆ¡¯µ Esnı¬µuz¯u ˜©ÿˆPıshı∫. 1932&BÆ
Bsk AƘ£zPı∏hfl Hÿ£mh ß⁄ı Ehfl£iU¯PUS®
§fl A¡∫ u⁄x Esnı ¬µuzv¯⁄U ¯P¬mhı∫. A∆
ƒhfl£iU¯P∞fl£i uıÃzu®£mh ©UP–UPı⁄ u¤
JxURk ¯P¬h®£mhx. AuÿS® £vªıP \mh \¯£PŒ¿
117
JkUP®£mh, §flu[QØ ¡S®§⁄∫P–US AvP AÕƒ
GsoU¯P∞¿ Ch[P“ ¡«[P J®¶UˆPı“Õ®£mhx.
A∆¡ı÷ B[Q˜ªØ∂fl §∂zuı–Æ vmhÆ ¨‘ØiUP®
£mhx.
1935&BÆ Bsk C¢vØ Aµ_a \mhÆ : C¢vØ Aµ_a
\mhÆ 1935&BÆ Bsk CØÿ”®£mhx. Aa\mhÆ ¯\©fl
S ¬fl A‘U¯P ¡mh˜©¯\ ©ı{ıkPŒfl ¨iƒP“ Ai®
£¯h∞¿ CØÿ”®£mhx. Aa\mhÆ A‘¨P®£kzvØ
©ıÿ”[P“ (1) ©ıPın[PŒ¿ ufl⁄ım], (2) ©ıPın[PŒ¿
Cµm¯h Bm]¨¯” }UPÆ, (3) ©zv∞¿ Tmhım] Aµ_,
(4) ©zvØ, ©ıPın ]UP¿P¯Õz w∫UP Tmhım] }v©fl”Æ
|÷ƒu¿ ©ÿ÷Æ (5) Tmhım] ∂\∫∆ ¡[Q (Federal Reserve
Bank) |÷ƒu¿ BQØ⁄¡ıSÆ.

Aa\mhÆ Pı[Qµ]fl Gv∫£ı∫®¶P¯Õ ß∫zva ˆ\¥Ø

¬¿¯ª. G⁄˜¡ Pı[Qµ_ u⁄x ˜£ıµımhz¯uz ˆuıh∫¢
ux. G¤›Æ 1937¿ A©¿£kzu®£mh Aa\mhzvfl
Ai®£¯h∞¿ {h¢u ˜u∫uº¿ Pı[Qµ_ ˜£ımi∞mhx.
Pı[Qµ_ 8 ©ıPın[PŒ¿ ©¢v∂ \¯£ A¯©zux.
CµshıÆ EªP®˜£ı∫: CµshıÆ EªP®˜£ı∫ 1939&BÆ
Bsk Hÿ£mhx. A®˜£ı∂¿ §∂mh¤fl |¯ª¯© Ch∫
£ık ™UPuı⁄x. B[Qª Aµ_ Pı[Qµ_ u¯ª¡∫P¯Õ˜Øı
A¿ªx \mh\¯£ E÷®§⁄∫P¯Õ˜Øı Pª¢x B˜ªı]UPı
©¿ C¢vØı¯¡ A®˜£ı∂¿ Dk£kzvØx. C¢vØı¯¡
A®˜£ı∂¿ Dk£kzvدuU Pı[Qµ_ ˆuıhUPzv¿ ¬∏Æ£
¬¿¯ª. §fl⁄∫ ˜£ı∂fl ¨i¬¿ C¢vØı¬ÿSa _u¢vµÆ
AŒUP®£h ˜¡skÆ Gfl” |£¢u¯⁄≤hfl Au¯⁄U
Pı[Qµ_ Hÿ÷U ˆPıshx.
‚fl⁄ı¬fl C∏{ıkP“ ˆPı“¯P, 1940 : ¨P©xAº
‚fl⁄ı 1940&BÆ Bsk u⁄x C∏ {ıkP“ ˆPı“¯P¯Ø
ˆ¡Œ∞mhı∫. A¡∫ ¨_ºÆP–US £ıQÏuıfl Gfl” J∏
u¤ {ık ˜Pı∂⁄ı∫.
118
BPÏk {flˆPı¯h 1940 : CµshıÆ EªP®˜£ı∂¿ C¢vØ∫
P¯Õ Dk£kzuU Pıµn©ı¥ C∏¢u¡∫ B[Qª Aµ\®
§µv|v ºflºz˜Pı B¡ı∫. A¡∫ Pı[Qµ¯\z v∏®v®
£kzu ]ª \æ¯PP¯Õ A‘¬zuı∫. Aufl£i ˜£ı∫ ¨iƒÿ”
Ehfl C¢vØı¬ÿS ˆhı™¤Øfl A¢uÏx (Dominion Status)
¡«[P®£kÆ Gfl÷ E÷vØŒzuı∫. ˜©æÆ C¢vØ Aµ]Ø
ª¯©®§¯⁄ ¡¯µ¢vh J∏ S  A¯©UP®£kÆ Gfl”ı∫.
Aµ_® §µv|v∞fl ˜£ı∫ |∫¡ıPU S ¬¿ C¢vØ∫ J∏¡∫
|Ø™UP®£k¡ı∫ Gfl÷Æ E÷v T‘⁄ı∫. A∆¡‘ ¬®¶P“
1940&BÆ Bsk BPÏk ©ıuÆ ˆ¡Œ∞h®£mh⁄. G⁄˜¡
A¯¡ BPÏk {flˆPı¯h Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£kQfl”x.
Pı[Qµ_ A∆¡‘U¯P¯Ø ¨ ¡x©ıP |µıP∂zux.
C¢vØ ˜u]Ø Cµıq¡Æ, 1942 : ˜{uı‚ (u¯ª¡∫ G⁄
ˆ£ı∏“ £kÆ) _£ıË \¢vµ˜£ıÏ ¶Pà ˆ£ÿ” ˜u\z u¯ª¡∫
PŒ¿ J∏¡∫. A¡∫ Pı¢v‚ ˜©ÿ
ˆPısh A¯©v® ˜£ıµımh ¨¯”
PŒ¿ v∏®v دhج¿¯ª. A¡∫
1927&BÆ Bsk C¢vØ ˜u]ØU
Pı[Qµ]¿ ˜\∫¢uı∫. ·¡Ì∫ªı¿
˜{∏ƒhfl C¯n¢x £oØıÿ‘
⁄ı∫. ˜{uı‚ C¯Õb∫P–USÆ
ˆ£ıx ©UP–USÆ ˜u]Ø En∫ƒ
ˆ£” Pıµn©ı¥z vPâu¡∫. A¡∫
HµıÕ©ı⁄ C¯Õb∫P¯Õ ˜u]Ø
CØUPzv¿ £[S ˆ£” ¯¡zuı∫. _£ıË \¢vµ˜£ıÏ
A¡∫ 1938&BÆ Bsk C¢vØ
˜u]ØU Pı[Qµ]fl u¯ª¡µıPz ˜u∫¢ˆukUP®£mhı∫.
1939¿ A¡∫ ¨ÿ˜£ıUSU Pm]¯Ø (Forward Bloc Party)
ˆuıh[Q⁄ı∫. A¡∫ £ª {ıkP–USÆ _ÿ÷® £ØnÆ
˜©ÿˆPısk C¢vØı ´x A¢{ıkPŒfl A›uı£z ¯u®
ˆ£ÿ”ı∫. A¡∫ ]‘xPıªÆ √mka ]¯”∞¿ (House arrest)
¯¡UP®£mhı∫. A[Q∏¢x A¡∫ B®Pı¤Ø∫ ˜£ı¿ ˜¡h
™mk C¢vØı¬º∏¢x u®§ ˆ·∫©¤¯Ø A¯h¢uı∫.
ˆ·∫©¤∞fl u¯ª¡∫ Ómª¯µa \¢vzx C¢vØı¬ÿS
119
A¡µx Eu¬¯ØU ˜Pı∂⁄ı∫. §fl ·®£ıfl ˆ\fl÷ A¢{ımk
§µu©¯µa \¢vzuı∫.
§fl⁄∫ 1942¿ £∫©ı ˆ\fl”ı∫. Aa\©ØÆ £∫©ı
·®£ı¤Ø∫ ¡\™∏¢ux. ·®£ı¤Ø∫ B[Q˜ªØ∂hÆ £o
¶∂¢u ˆ£∏©Õ¬ªı⁄ C¢vØ∫P¯ÕU ¯Pxˆ\¥x ]¯”U
¯PvPÕıP ¯¡zv∏¢u⁄∫. A¡∫PŒfl GsoU¯P 20,000USÆ
˜©¿ C∏USÆ. ˜{uı‚Øı¿ A¡∫P¯Õ ·®£ı¤Ø∫ ¬k¬z
u⁄∫. A¡∫P¯ÕU ˆPısk _£ıË \¢vµ ˜£ıÏ C¢vØ
˜u]Ø Cµıq¡zv¯⁄ (Indian National Army) E∏¡ıUQ⁄ı∫.
§fl 1943¿ A¡∫ ][P®ß∫ ˆ\fl”ı∫. A[S C¢vØ ¬ku¯ªU
P«Pzvfl (Indian Independence League) u¯ª¯©® ˆ£ı÷®¯£
CµıË §Pı∂ ˜£ıÏ _£ıÊhÆ J®£¯hzuı∫.
C¢vØı¯¡a ˜\∫¢u Cµı˧Pı∂ ˜£ıÏ 1915&BÆ
Bsk ¨u¿ ·®£ı¤¿ ¡]zx ¡¢uı∫. A¡∫ 1942&BÆ
Bsk ©ı∫a ©ıuÆ ˜hıUQ˜Øı {P∂¿ _u¢vµ ©ı{ık
Jfl¯” {hzv⁄ı∫.
B\ız Ó¢z L£ı‰ (Azad Hind Fauj) Gfl÷ A¯«UP®
£mh C¢vØ ˜u]Ø Cµıq¡zvfl uÕ£vØıP _£ıË
ˆ£ı÷® ˜£ÿ”ı∫. Ax ¨u¿ _£ıË \¢vµ˜£ıÏ ˜{uı‚
(u¯ª¡∫) Gfl÷ G¿˜ªıµıæÆ A¯«UP®£mhı∫. C¢vØ
˜u]Ø Cµıq¡zv¿ ·ıfl] µıo Cªm_™ £ı¥ ˆ£Ø∂¿
A¯©UP®£mh ˆ£sP“ Ao® §∂¬ÿS Cªm_™ Gfl”
u™Ã{ımk® ˆ£s©o u¯ª¡µıPa ˆ\تıÿ‘⁄ı∫.
ˆ·¥Ó¢z Gfl” _£ıË \¢vµ˜£ı]fl ¨«UPÆ ¶PÃ
ˆ£ÿ” ¨P©⁄ıP ©ı‘ C¢vØı ¨ UP Gvˆµıºzux.
"ˆh¿º¯Ø ˜{ıUQaˆ\¿' (Delhi Chalo) G›Æ ©ÿˆ”ı∏ ¶PÃ
ˆ£ÿ” ¨«UP¨Æ ˜£ı]›¯hØuıSÆ. A¡∫ Hÿ£kzvØ
Cµıq¡Æ C¢vØı¬fl ¡hQ«US® £SvØı⁄ ©o®ß∫
¡¯µ ¨fl˜⁄‘Øx. xµv∏Ëh¡\©ıP AvP ©¯«∞⁄ıæÆ,
˜©ı\©ı⁄ `Ã|¯ªPÕıæÆ A¢u Cµıq¡Æ ™Pz xØ∫
P¯Õa \¢vzux. G⁄˜¡ A®£¯h §fl¡ı[P˜¡siØ |¯ª
Hÿ£mhx. A∆¡ı÷ ˆ\¿¯P∞¿ A¡∫PŒ¿ A˜{P∫ £∫©ı
120
£Sv∞¿ uÆ E∞¯µ C«¢u⁄∫. EªP® ˜£ı∂¿ 1945&BÆ
Bsk ·®£ıfl \µn¯h¢ux. G⁄˜¡ C¢vØ ˜u]Ø
Cµıq¡ √µ∫P“ ¯Px ˆ\¥Ø®£mh⁄∫. A¢|¯ª∞¿ ˜{uı‚
£ı[PıUQº∏¢x ˜hıUQ˜Øı¬ÿS ¬¯µ¢uı∫. A∆¡ı÷
ˆ\¿æÆ ¡»∞¿ A¡∫ ¬©ı⁄ ¬£zv¿ E∞∂«¢uuıP
{Æ£®£kQ”x.

C¢vØı¯¡ ¬k¬UP ˜{uı‚ Psh P⁄ƒ A¡∏¯hØ

Pıªzv¿ |¯”˜¡”¬¿¯ªˆØ¤›Æ A¡∏¯hØ √µa
ˆ\Ø¿ C¢vØ ©UPŒ¯h˜Ø Bâu ˜u\£Uv¯Ø ¡Õ∫zux.
A¡µx ¡ıÃU¯P C¢vØ ©UPŒfl En∫ƒP¯Õz umi
G ®§Øx.

Q∂®Ï yxUS , 1942 : \∫ Ïhı˜£ı∫k Q∂®Ï ]ª vmh[

P–hfl C¢vØı ¡¢uı∫. A¡∫ Pı[Qµ]fl Jzx¯«®¯£
{ıi⁄ı∫. A¡∫ ufl vmhz¯uU RÃUPsh¡ı÷ ¬ÕUQ⁄ı∫.

C¢vØ∫P“ B[Q˜ªØ∫ ´x ˆPısi∏¢u ˆ¡÷®§¯⁄

©”¢x ˜£ı∂¿ A¡∫P–US Eu¬Pµ©ı¥ C∏UP ˜¡skÆ.
˜£ı∫ ¨i¢uƒhfl C¢vØ Aµ]Ø¿ A¯©®§¯⁄ ¡¯µ¡uÿ
Pı⁄ ¶vØ vmhÆ A‘¬UP®£kÆ G⁄U T‘⁄ı∫. B⁄ı¿
C¢vØı¬ÿS _u¢vµÆ ¡«[S¡x£ÿ‘ A¡∫ Gzu¯PØ P∏z
v¯⁄≤Æ S‘®§h¬¿¯ª. G⁄˜¡ ©Pız©ı Pı¢v A¡µx
vmhzv¯⁄ v¡ıªıQU ˆPısi∏¢u ¡[QUS §fl˜uv
∞mh Pı˜\ı¯ª (A post dated cheque on a failing bank) ¡«[S
¡x ˜£ı¿ C∏®£uıPU T‘ A¯u |µıP∂zuı∫. G⁄˜¡
Q∂®Ï yxU S  ˜uı¿¬ Pshx.
ˆ¡“¯Õؘ⁄ ˆ¡Œ˜Ø÷ CØUPÆ, 1942 (Quit India
Movement) : Q∂®Ï yxUS ¬fl ˜uı¿¬ Pı¢v‚∞fl
˜£ıUQ¿ ©ıÿ”[P¯ÕU ˆPısk ¡¢ux. Ax¡¯µ A¡∫
§fl£ÿ‘ ¡¢u AQƯ\ ¡»P“ Gzu¯PØ £Ø¯⁄≤Æ AŒUP
¬¿¯ª Gfl£¯u En∫¢uı∫. G⁄˜¡ A¡∫ B[Q˜ªØ∫
C¢vØı¯¡ ¬mk ¨ ¡x©ıP ˆ¡Œ˜Ø” ˜¡skˆ©⁄U
˜Pı∂⁄ı∫. C[Qªı¢vÿSÆ C¢vØı¬ÿS™¯h∞¿ G∆¬u
121
{m¶”ƒÆ Jzx¯«®¶Æ C¤ C∏UPıx G⁄ A¡∫
ˆ¡Œ®£¯hØıP A‘¬zuı∫.
Ì∂·fl Gfl” £zv∂¯P∞¿ Pı¢v‚ ˆuıh∫¢x £ª
Pmk¯µP¯Õ G v⁄ı∫. Av¿ A¡∫ ¬ÕUQØ
P∏zxUP“, Pmk¯µP“ Ai®£¯h∞¿ ¡µªıÿ÷® ¶PÃ
™UP ˆ¡“¯Õؘ⁄ ˆ¡Œ˜Ø÷ CØUPÆ ˜uıfl‘Øx.
C¢vØ∫P“ C¤≤Æ ˆ£ı÷zxU ˆPı“Õ¨iØıx G⁄z
ˆuŒƒ £kzv⁄ı∫. ""{ıfl ˆ£ı÷zv∏®£¯uz ˆuıh∫¢
˜u⁄ı⁄ı¿ Gflˆ”fl¯”USÆ ˆ£ı÷zv∏UP ˜¡siØx
uıfl'' Gfl÷ T‘⁄ı∫. ˆ£ı÷¯©¯Ø C«¢u Pı¢v‚,
""Ai¯©zu⁄zuı¿ u¤®£mh ¨¯”∞¿ EÕa˜\ı∫ƒÿ”
{ıfl Aµ]ªı |¯ª∞¯⁄U (Anarchy) Th HÿPz uØı∫''
G⁄ ˜©æÆ T‘⁄ı∫.
1942&BÆ Bsk BPÏk 8&BÆ {ı“ Pı[Qµ]fl ˆ\Øÿ
S  J∏ w∫©ı⁄z¯u CØÿ‘Øx. Azw∫©ı⁄Æ B[Q˜ª
دµ C¢vØı¯¡ ¬mk ˆ¡Œ˜Ø÷©ı÷ ˜Pı∂Øx.
¨Æ¯£∞¿ {h¢u ˆ\ØÿS U Tmhzv¿ Pı¢v‚∞fl
©”UP¨iØıu ˆ\ıÿˆ£ı»¯¡z ˆuıh∫¢x Azw∫©ı⁄Æ
|¯”˜¡‘Øx. ""¨ a _u¢vµÆ u¬µ ˜¡÷ Gu¤æÆ {ıfl
v∏®v A¯hØ ©ım˜hfl. {ıÆ AuÿPıP ¡ıØ¡ıÆ A¿ªx
√Ø¡ıÆ. C¢vØı¯¡ ¬ku¯ª ˆ£”a ˆ\¥˜¡ıÆ A¿ªx
AƨØÿ]∞¿ ˆ\zx ©i˜¡ıÆ'' Gfl”ı∫ Pı¢v‚.
Es¯©∞¿ A®˜£a_ ™P®ˆ£∂Ø AÕ¬ªı⁄ B≤u©ÿ”
¶µm]US A¡∫ G ®§ØU SµªıP A¯©¢ux.
AuÿS Akzu {ı˜Õ Pı¢v‚, ˜{∏‚, A¶¿PªıÆ
B\ız ©ÿ÷Æ ¨UQØ Pı[Qµ_z u¯ª¡∫P“ A¯⁄¡∏Æ
¯Px ˆ\¥Ø®£mh⁄∫. \∂Øı⁄ ¡»Pımku¿ C¿ªı¯©
Øı¿ {ıˆh[SÆ ¡fl¨¯”U Pª¡µ[P“ Hÿ£mh⁄.
CµshıÆ EªP® ˜£ı∫ 1945&BÆ Bsk ¨i¡
¯h¢ux. C[Qªı¢v¿ ˆuı»ÿPm] (Labour Party) Bm]US
¡¢ux. ˆuı»ÿ Pm]∞fl u¯ª¡∫ Amº (Attlee) B¡ı∫.
A¡∫ C¢vØa _u¢vµ® ˜£ıµımhzvÿS Buµƒ AŒzu¡∫.
A¡∫ C[Qªı¢vfl §µu©µı⁄ı∫. A¡∫ Pı[Qµ]fl
´x B[Qª Aµ_ ¬vzv∏¢u u¯h EzuµƒP¯Õ≤Æ
122
¬ªUQ⁄ı∫. C¢vØı¬fl §µa\¯⁄P¯Õz w∫UP J∏ S ¯¡
C¢vØı¬ÿS A›®§ ¯¡zuı∫. AUS  C¢vØı¬ÿSa
_u¢vµÆ ¡«[P £∂¢x¯µa ˆ\¥ux.
A¯©a\µ¯¡z yxU S  1946 : (The Cabinet Mission) 1946BÆ
Bsk ©ı∫a ©ıuÆ C¢vØıƒUPı⁄ B[Qª A¯©a\∫ ˆ£vU
ªıµflÏ, (The British Indian Minister) ¡∫zuPU S ¬fl
u¯ª¡µı⁄ H.¬. AˆªU\ısh∫ ©ÿ÷Æ \∫. Ïhı˜£ı∫k
Q∂®Ï BQØ ≠¡∫ ˆPısh S  C¢vØı¬ÿS ¡¢ux.
A¡∫P“ ≠¡∏˜© §∂miË A¯©a\µ¯¡∞¿ E÷®§⁄∫P
Õı¥ C∏¢u⁄∫. G⁄˜¡ AUS  Pı§ˆ⁄m A¿ªx
A¯©a\µ¯¡U S  Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£mhx. AUS 
C¢xUP“, ¨_ºÆP“ ˆ£∏¡ı∂ØıP A¯©¢u ©ıPın[
P¯Õ E∏¡ıUP £∂¢x¯µa ˆ\¥ux. ˜©æÆ Tmhım] Aµ_
¨¯”¯Ø≤Æ AUS  £∂¢x¯µzux. C¢vØ∫PŒfl §µa\¯⁄
P¯Õz w∫UP C¯hUPıª Aµ_ Jfl¯” A¯©zvh
B[Q˜ªØ∫ ¨iƒ ˆ\¥u⁄∫.
C¯hUPıª Aµ_, 1946 : ˜{∏¯¡® §µu©µıPU ˆPısh J∏
C¯hUPıª Aµ_ 1946¿ |÷¡®£mhx. A¢u C¯hUPıª
Aµ¯\ A¯©UP ˜{∏ ‚fl⁄ı¬fl Eu¬¯ØU ˜Pı∂⁄ı∫.
B⁄ı¿ ‚fl⁄ı ˜{∏ƒhfl Jzx¯«UP ©÷zx¬mhı∫.
‚fl⁄ı u⁄x £ıQÏuıfl ˜Pı∂U¯P∞¿ §i¡ıu©ıP
C∏¢uı∫. G⁄˜¡ C¢vØ® §∂¬¯⁄ u¬∫UP ¨iØıu
uı∞ÿ÷.
©ƒsm ˜£mhfl vmhÆ 1947 : 1947&BÆ Bsk ©ƒsm
˜£mhfl §µ¶ C¢vØı¬fl u¯ª¯© B–{µıP® £u¬
Hÿ”ı∫. A¡∫uıfl B[Qª Aµ]fl P¯h]z u¯ª¯© B–{∫
B¡ı∫. ¨_ºÆ ΩUQ⁄ı¿ E∏¡ıUP®£mh Aµ]Ø¿ ©ÿ÷Æ
Aµ]ت¯©®¶ ¨mkUPm¯hUS A¡∫ J∏ w∫ƒ
¡«[Q⁄ı∫. Aufl£i C¢vØı, C¢vØ ≥¤Øfl Gfl÷Æ
£ıQÏuıfl ≥¤Øfl Gfl÷Æ C∏ _u¢vµ {ıkPÕıP®
§∂UP®£h ˜¡siØuı∞ÿ÷. C¢vØı¬º∏¢u _˜u\
Aµ_P“ C∆¬∏{ıkPŒ¿ Huı¡x Jfl÷hfl ˜\∫¢x
123
 ˆPı“Õ˜¡ı A¿ªx _u¢vµzxhfl
C∏UP˜¡ı ¬∏®£ E∂¯©® ˆ£ÿ”⁄.
Pı[Qµ_Æ ¨_ºÆΩSÆ Azvmhz
v¯⁄ Hÿ÷U ˆPısh⁄. Azvmhz
vfl Ai®£¯h∞¿ C[Qªı¢x
Aµ_ 1947&BÆ Bsk ·¸¯ª ©ıuÆ
C¢vØ ¬ku¯ªa \mhzv¯⁄
CØÿ‘Øx. C¢vØ® §∂¬¯⁄
1947&BÆ Bsk {¯h¨¯”£kzu®
£mhx. B[Qª Aµ]h™∏¢x
AvPıµ[P“ C¢vØı ©ÿ÷Æ
©ƒsm ˜£mhfl §µ¶ £ıQÏuıfl BQØ {ıkP–US
©ıÿ”®£mh⁄. ¶vuıP E∏¡ıUP®
£mh £ıQÏuıfl ˜©ÿS £g\ı®, ]¢x, ¡h˜©ÿS G¿¯ª®
¶” ©ıPınÆ ©ÿ÷Æ Q«US ¡[PıÕÆ BQØ¡ÿ¯”U
ˆPıshuıP A¯©¢ux. AÆ©ıPın[PŒ¿ ¨_ºÆ ©UP“
ˆuı¯P ˆ£∏Æ£ıfl¯©ØıP C∏¢ux.
C¢vØı 1947&BÆ Bsk
BPÏk 15&BÆ {ı“ ¬ku¯ª ˆ£ÿ”x.
ˆh¿º∞¿ E“Õ ¡µªıÿ÷® ¶PÃ
™UP ˆ\[˜Pım¯h∞¿, §∂mh¤fl
≥¤Øfl ·ıU (Union Jack) ˆPıi £”¢u
Chzv¿, C¢vØı¬fl ≠¡∫nU
ˆPıi Hÿ”®£mhx. ©ƒsm
˜£mhfl §µ¶ _u¢vµ C¢vØı¬fl
¨u¿ u¯ª¯© B–{µıPƒÆ (Gov-
ernor-General) £siu∫ ·¡Ì∫ªı¿
˜{∏ ¨u¿ §µu© ©¢v∂ØıPƒÆ ]. Cµı\˜Pı£ıªıa\ı∂Øı∫
ˆ£ı÷® ˜£ÿ”⁄∫. §fl⁄∫ ]. Cµı\
˜Pı£ıªıa\ı∂Øı∫ _u¢vµ C¢vØı¬fl ¨u¿ C¢vØz
u¯ª¯© B–{µıP® £u¬ ¡Qzuı∫. C¢vØı 1950&BÆ
Bsk ·⁄¡∂ 26&BÆ {ı“ Siص\ı⁄ƒhfl hıUh∫
Cµı˜\¢vµ§µ\ız {©x{ımifl ¨u¿ Siص_z
u¯ª¡µı⁄ı∫.
124
 _˜u\ Aµ_PŒfl C¯n®¶ :
C¢vØı _u¢vµÆ A¯h¢u ˜£ıx
{ımi¿ H”zuı« 565 _˜u\ Aµ_P“
C∏¢u⁄. A¯¡P¯Õ {¡ı¶P“,
©fl⁄∫P“ ©ÿ÷Æ |\ıÆ
˜£ıfl”¡∫P“ Bm] ˆ\¥x ¡¢u⁄∫.
A¢u Aµ_P¯Õ C¢vØıƒhfl
C¯nUSÆ ˆ£ı÷® §¯⁄a \∫uı∫
¡¿ª£ı¥ £˜h¿ ˜©ÿˆPıshı∫.
AuÿˆP⁄ C¢vØ Aµ_P“ x¯” (The
\∫uı∫ ¡¿ª£ı¥ £˜h¿ Indian States Department)
E∏¡ıUP®£mhx. £˜h¿ Az
x¯”US A¯©a\µıP® ˆ£ı÷® ˜£ÿ”ı∫. ˆuıhUPzv¿
_˜u\ Aµ\∫PŒ¿ £ª∫ u¤zxa ˆ\Ø¿£h˜¡ ¬∏Ƨ⁄ı∫.
£˜h¿ A¡∫P¯Õ C¢vØ ≥¤Ø›hfl ˜\∏Æ£i A¯«®¶
¬kzuı∫. £ª∫ A∆¡¯«®¯£ Eh⁄iØıP Hÿ”⁄∫.
H”zuı« 562 _˜u\ Aµ_P“ C¢vØ ≥¤Ø›hfl
C¯n¢u⁄. A∆¡ı÷ C¢vØ J∏¯©®£ımiÿSÆ,
£ıxPı®§ÿSÆ ˜{µ C∏¢u B£zx }UP®£mhx. B⁄ı¿,
PıË´µÆ, Iuµı£ız ©ÿ÷Æ „⁄ıPz BQد¡ C¢vØıƒhfl
C¯nØz uØ[Q⁄. £˜h¿ u⁄x Aµ]Ø¿ v”¯©∞⁄ıæÆ
Pk¯©Øı⁄ {h¡iU¯PPÕıæÆ A¢u {ıkP¯Õ C¢vØ
≥¤Ø›hfl C¯nzx C¢vØı¬fl C∏ƶ ©¤u∫ Gfl”
¶P¯«® ˆ£ÿ”ı∫.
PıË´µÆ : PıË´¯µ Bm] ˆ\¥u ©Pıµı·ı Ì∂][
J∏ C¢x B¡ı∫. A[S ¡ıâu ©UPŒ¿ ˆ£∏Æ£ıfl¯©
Øı⁄¡∫P“ ¨_ºÆPÕı¡∫. PıË´∂fl Aµ\∫ PıË´µz¯u
C¢vØıƒh˜⁄ı A¿ªx £ıQÏuı›h˜⁄ı C¯nUP
¬∏Æ£¬¿¯ª. AuÿQ¯h∞¿ £ıQÏuıfl ©¯ª¡ıÃ
©UP¯Õ PıË´∫ ´x £¯hˆØkUP FUS¬zx A¡∫P–US
©¯”¨P Eu¬P¯Õa ˆ\¥ux.
A®£¯hP“ PıË´µzvfl u¯ª{Pµı⁄ ˇ{P¯µ
ˆ{∏[Q⁄. ˜¡÷¡» Cfl‘ 1948&BÆ Bsk ©Pıµı·ı
125
Ì∂][ PıË´µz¯u C¢vØıƒhfl C¯nzuı∫. B⁄ı¿
AuÿS“ £ıQÏuıfl £¯hP“ PıË´µzxUS“ Fk∏¬ ]ª
£SvP¯ÕU ¯P®£ÿ‘U ˆPısh⁄. C¢vØı £ıQÏuıfl
C¯h˜Ø 1948&BÆ Bsk J∏ ]÷ ˜£ı∫ Hÿ£mhu⁄ı¿
PıË´µÆ C¢vØıƒhfl C¯n¢v∏UP ¬∏ƧØx.
Iuµı£ız : C¢vØa _˜u\ Aµ_PŒ¿ ™P®ˆ£∂Øx
Iuµı£ız. A[S ¡ıâu ©UPŒ¿ ˆ£∏Æ£ıfl¯©˜Øı∫
C¢xUP“. |\ıÆ Aµ\∫ J∏ ¨_ºÆ. |\ı™fl §µu©
A¯©a\µı⁄ Pı]Æ CµıϬ Gfl£¡∫ u¯ª¯©∞¿
AvPıµ™UP J∏ ]÷ ¨_ºÆ §∂ƒ Cµı\UP∫
CØUPzv¯⁄z ˆuıh[QØx. A∆¬ØUPÆ C¢xUP–US
GvµıP ˆ£∏Æ ˆPık¯©P¯Õ C¯«zux. A¡∫PŒfl
E∞∏USÆ Eh¯©P–USÆ ˆ£∏Æ w[S Hÿ£mhx.
©ƒsm ˜£mhfl §µ¶ƒÆ £˜hæÆ ˜\∫¢x ¬kzu
C¯n®¶ ˜¡sk˜PıŒ¯⁄ HÿP |\ıÆ ©÷zx ¬mhı∫.
Ax©mk™¿ªı©¿ A¡∫ £ıQÏuı›hfl ˜\∏¡uÿPı⁄
Ehfl£iU¯P∞æÆ Dk£mhı∫. G⁄˜¡ A®£Sv ©UP“
A¡∏US GvµıPU QÕ∫a] ˆ\¥u⁄∫. {ımi¿ \mhÆ ©ÿ÷Æ
J [S ^∫ ˆPmhx. G⁄˜¡ C¢vØ Aµ_ u¯ª∞h
˜¡siØ PmhıØzvÿS“Õı⁄x. £˜h¿ Cµıq¡
{h¡iU¯P¯Øz ˆuıh[Q⁄ı∫. ≠fl˜” {ımPŒ¿ Iuµı£ız
¨ ¡xÆ ¯P®£ÿ”®£mhuı¿ |\ıÆ \µn¯h¢uı∫. 1948¿
Iuµı£ız C¢vØ ≥¤Ø›hfl C¯n¢ux.
·˙⁄ıPz C¯n®¶, 1949 : ·˙⁄ıPz PzvØ¡ı∂º∏¢u J∏
™Pa ]‘Ø Aµ_. Aufl ©UP“ C¢xUP“. B⁄ı¿ ©fl⁄∫ J∏
¨_ºÆ. ©UPŒfl ¬∏®£z¯u ©vUPı©¿ ·˙⁄ıPzvfl
©fl⁄∫ £ıQÏuı›hfl ufl {ım¯h C¯nzuı∫. Au⁄ı¿
©UP“ E“{ımkU Pª¡µzv¿ Dk£mh⁄∫. Aµ\µı¿
A¡∫P¯Õ AhUP ¨iج¿¯ª. G⁄˜¡ A¡∫ £ıQÏ
uı›USz u®§ Ki⁄ı∫. §fl⁄∫ 1948¿ ©UP“ ¡ıUˆPk®¶
{h¢ux. A®£Sv ©UP“ A¯⁄¡∏Æ C¢vØ ≥¤Ø›hfl
˜\µz w∫©ı¤zu⁄∫. 1949&BÆ Bsk ·⁄¡∂ 29&BÆ {ı“
·˙⁄ıPz C¢vØıƒhfl C¯n¢ux.
126
127
§ˆµg_® £SvP“ C¯nUP®£h¿, 1954 : §ˆµg_
Aµ]fl A›©v≤hfl £ısia˜\∂, Pı¯µUPı¿, ©ıÓ,
H⁄ıÆ, \¢vµ{ıT∫ BQØ £SvP“ 1954&BÆ Bsk
C¢vØıƒhfl C¯nUP®£mk C¢vØ ≥¤Øfl £SvPÕı∞⁄.
˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø £SvP“ C¯n®¶, 1961 : ˜Pı¡ı, ¯h≥,
hı©fl BQد¡ C¢vØı¬¿ ˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø Si˜Øÿ”[P
Õı¥ C∏¢u⁄. §ˆµg_ Aµ]¯⁄® ˜£ı¿ ˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø
Aµ_ u[P“ Si˜Øÿ”[P¯Õ C¢vØı C¯nzxU
ˆPı“Õ¡¯u A›©vUP¬¿¯ª. B⁄ı¿ C®£SvPŒ¿
¡ıâu ©UP“ C¢vØıƒhfl C¯nØ ¬∏Ƨ⁄∫. G⁄˜¡
1961¿ C¢vØı C®§µ˜u\[PŒfl ´x Cµıq¡ {h¡iU¯P
GkUP ˜{∂mhx. 1961&BÆ BsiÿS® §”S C÷vØıP
A¯¡P“ C¢vØ ≥¤Ø¤fl £SvPÕı∞⁄.
Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“

1. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØ ¬ku¯ª® ˜£ıµımhzvÿS Pı¢v‚

Bÿ‘Ø ˆuıskP“ £ÿ‘ ¬¡∂UP ¨i≤Æ.
2. ©ın¡∫ ·ıºØfl ¡ıªı£ıU £kˆPı¯ª £ÿ‘
¬ÕUPƒÆ, {Æ ˜u\£Uu∫P“ G∆¡ı÷ ¬ku¯ªUS®
˜£ıµıi⁄∫ G⁄ EnµƒÆ ¨i≤Æ.
3. ©ın¡∫ Qªı£z CØUPÆ, Jzx¯«Øı¯© CØUPÆ
BQØ¡ÿ¯”® £ÿ‘ ¬¡∂UP ¨i≤Æ.
4. ©ın¡∫ ˆ\Õ∂ ˆ\Õµı |PÃa]¯Ø≤Æ, _صı‰‚ØU
Pm]∞fl ˜uıÿ”z¯u≤Æ ¬¡∂UP ¨i≤Æ.
5. ©ın¡∫ ¡µªıÿ÷® ¶Páı¥¢u usi® £Ønz¯u®
£ÿ‘ ¬¡∂UP ¨i≤Æ.
6. ©ın¡∫ ¡mh˜©¯\ ©ı{ıkP¯Õ≤Æ, A¡ÿ‘fl
¨iƒP¯Õ≤Æ ¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.
7. ©ın¡∫ ß⁄ı Ehfl£iU¯P, 1935&BÆ Bsk C¢vØ
Aµ_ \mhÆ BQØ¡ÿ‘fl ¨UQØ AÆ\[P¯Õ ¬¡∂UP
¨i≤Æ.

128
 8. ©ın¡∫ ªıT∫ ©ı{ık, BPÏk {flˆPı¯h C¢vØ
¬ku¯ª® ˜£ı∂¿ ˜{uı‚∞fl £[S BQØ⁄ £ÿ‘
¬¡∂UP ¨i≤Æ.
9. ©ın¡∫ A¯©a\µ¯¡z yxUS , ©ƒsm˜£mhfl
vmhÆ £ÿ‘ S‘®§h ¨i≤Æ.
10. ©ın¡∫ _˜u\ Aµ_PŒfl C¯n®§ÿS £m˜h¿ Bÿ‘Ø
£oP“ £ÿ‘ ¬¡∂UP ¨i≤Æ.
11. ©ın¡∫ ¬ku¯ª® ˜£ı∫ √µ∫PŒfl ˆuıskP¯Õ≤Æ
vØıP[P¯Õ≤Æ |¯⁄ƒTµ ¨i≤Æ.

_Ø ©v®•k
I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Øz ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ
1. ˆµÕªm \mhÆ CØÿ”®£mh Bsk
A. 1919 B. 1917
C. 1918 D. 1921
2. ·ıºØfl ¡ıªı£ıU £kˆPı¯ª≤hfl ˆuıh∫¶¯hØ
B[Qªz uÕ£v
A. ˜©·∫ Ϻˆ©fl B. ˆ·⁄µ¿ hØ∫
C. \∫ B∫u∫ ˆ¡¿ªÏº D. P∫⁄¿ ©ıfl\fl
3. ·ıºØfl ¡ıªı£ıU £kˆPı¯ªUS® §fl Cµ√¢vµ{ız
uıT∫ x”¢u £mhÆ
A. u¯ª¡∫ B. ¯{mƒm
C. §µ¶ D. Aµ\∫
4. x∏UQUS GvµıP §∂miË Aµ_ ˆ\¥u |ØıØ©ÿ”
ˆ\دªU Psizx Aº \˜Pıuµ∫P“ BµÆ§zu CØUPÆ
A. ¨_ΩÆ ΩU B. _Ø µı‰‚ØU Pm]
C. Qªı£z CØUPÆ D. Jzx¯«Øı¯© CØUPÆ
5. _صı‰‚ØU Pm] ˜uıfl‘Ø ChÆ
A. Aº®ß∫ ]¯” B. ˆh¿º
C. ˆ\Õ∂ ˆ\Õµı D. AªPı£ız
129
6. 1929&BÆ Bsk {h¢u ªıT∫ Pı[Qµ_ ©ı{ımiÿSz
u¯ª¯© ¡Qzu¡∫
A. Pı¢v‚ B. ˜{∏‚
C. ˜{uı‚ D. Cµı·ı‚

7. ˆufl C¢vØı¬¿ E®¶a \zvØıUQµPz¯u ¨fl¤fl÷

{hzvØ¡∫
A. Pı¢v‚ B. Cµı\˜Pı£ıªıa\ı∂Øı∫
C. Pı©µı\∫ D. Pıfl A®x¿ Pı£∫Pıfl

8. CµshıÆ EªP® ˜£ı∫ ˆuıh[QØ Bsk

A. 1937 B. 1939
C. 1941 D. 1942

9. C¢vØ ˜u]Ø Cµıq¡z¯uz ˜uıÿ÷¬zu¡∫

A. ].B∫. uıÏ B. ˜{uı‚
C. Pı¢v‚ D. Cµı·ı‚

10. ¨_ºÆP–USz u¤ {ık ˜¡skˆ©fl÷ ˜Pmh¡∫

A. {¡ı® \º¨¿ªı B. ˜{uı‚
C. ‚fl⁄ı D. Aº \˜Pıuµ∫P“

11. C¯hUPıª Aµ]¿ §µu©∫ £u¬ ¡Qzu¡∫

A. ˜{∏‚ B. Cµı·ı‚
C. £m˜h¿ D. Pı¢v‚

12. _u¢vµ C¢vØı¬fl ¨u¿ C¢vØz u¯ª¯© B–{∫

A. Pı¢v‚ B. ˜{∏‚
C. ‚fl⁄ı D. Cµı·ı‚

13. C¢vØı Siص_ B⁄ {ı“

A. 26 ·⁄¡∂ 1935 B. 15 BPÏk 1947
C. 26 ·⁄¡∂ 1950 D. 26 BPÏk 1950
130
II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ |µ®¶P
1. 1919&BÆ Bsk ¯Pxˆ\¥Ø®£mh C∏ ¶PÈ£ÿ” £g\ı®
u¯ª¡∫P“ ________ ©ÿ÷Æ________B¡∫.
2. ·ıºØfl ¡ıªı£ıU £kˆPı¯ªUS® §fl Pı¢v‚ ˆufl
B®§∂UP Aµ_ A¡∏USU ˆPıkzu________ £uUPz¯u
v∏®§U ˆPıkzuı∫.
3. C¢vØı¬¿ Aº \˜Pıuıµ∫PÕı⁄ ________≤Æ ________≤Æ
Qªı£z CØUPz¯u BµÆ§zu⁄∫.
4. ________fl ©¯”¬ÿS® §fl _صı‰‚ØU Pm]
P¯ªUP®£mhx.
5. ________ Gfl£¡∫ G¿¯ªUPı¢v Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£kQ”ı∫.
6. 1940&BÆ Bsk ªıT∫ Tmhzv¿ ________ Gfl£¡∫
C∏{ıkP“ ˆPı“¯P¯Ø ˆ¡Œ∞mhı∫.
7. C¢vØ∫P“ CµshıÆ EªP®˜£ı∂¿ Dk£hU Pıµn©ıP
C∏¢u B[Qªz u¯ª¯© B–{∫ ________ B¡ı∫.
8. C¢vØ ˜u]Ø Cµıq¡zv¿ ˆ£sP“ Ao®§∂ƒ
________ Gfl£¡∫ u¯ª¯©∞¿ CØ[QØx.

9. CµshıÆ EªP®˜£ı∫ ________&BÆ Bsk ¨iƒ

A¯h¢ux.
10. C¯hUPıª Aµ_ A¯©UP ˜{∏‚ ¨_ºÆ ΩQfl
u¯ª¡µı⁄ ________ Gfl£¡∂fl Eu¬¯ØU ˜Pı∂⁄ı∫.
11. _u¢vµ C¢vØı¬fl ¨u¿ C¢vØz u¯ª¯© B–{∫
________ Gfl£¡∫ B¡ı∫.

12. {©x C¢vØU Siص]fl ¨u¿ Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ ________

B¡ı∫.
13. ·˙⁄ıPzvfl ©fl⁄∫ J∏ ________ B¡ı∫.
14. ________ Aµ\µı⁄ Ì∂][ G¢u {ımkh›Æ ˜\µı©¿
u¤zv∏UP ¬∏Ƨ⁄ı∫.

131
 15. C¢vØı¬º∏¢x §ˆµg_U Si˜Øÿ”[P“ ________ BÆ
Bsk C¢vØ ≥¤Ø›hfl C¯n¢u⁄.

16. 1961&¿ ˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø Si˜Øÿ”® £SvPÕı⁄ ________,

________ ©ÿ÷Æ ________ BQد¡ C¢vØıƒhfl
C¯nUP®£mh⁄.

17. \∫uı∫ £˜h¿ C¢vØı¬fl ________ Gfl÷ ¶P«®£kQ”ı∫.

III. §fl¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ¯”® ˆ£ı∏zxP

A
1. ˆµÕªm \mhÆ && Pı¢v‚
2. usi® £ØnÆ && ˜{uı‚
3. ˆ·¥Ó¢z && Cµıq¡z uÕ£v
4. ˆ·⁄µ¿ hØ∫ && 1927
5. ¯\©fl S  && 1919

B
1. ˜©ıvªı¿ ˜{∏ && Ezvµ®§µ˜u\Æ
2. ˆ\Õ∂ ˆ\Õµı && _صı‰‚ØUPm]
3. £g\ı§fl ][PÆ && Pıfl A®x¿ Pı£∫Pıfl
4. G¿¯ª Pı¢v && CµıƘ\ ˆ©Uˆhı⁄ı¿k
5. ¡S®¶¡ı∂® §µv|vzx¡Æ && Cªıªı ª·£vµı¥
IV. _∏UP©ıP ¬¯hØŒUPƒÆ

1. Pı[Qµ_UPm] Hfl ˆµÕªm \mhz¯u Gv∫zux?

2. ·ıºØfl ¡ıªı£ıU £kˆPı¯ª £ÿ‘ ]÷ S‘®¶z u∏P.
3. Qªı£z CØUPÆ Hfl ˆuıh[P®£mhx?
4. _صı‰‚ØUPm] Hfl BµÆ§UP®£mhx?
132
 5. µıË §Pı∂ ˜£ıÏ Gfl£¡∫ Øı∫?

6. Q∂®]fl vmhzv¯⁄ Pı¢v‚ Hfl |µıP∂zuı∫?

7. A¯©a\µ¯¡z yxU S ¬fl E÷®§⁄∫P“ Øı∫?

8. ©ƒsm ˜£mhfl vmhÆ £ÿ‘ ¬ÕUSP.

V. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P

1. Jzx¯«Øı¯© CØUPzvfl ≠fl÷ |¯ªP¯Õ ¬ÕUPƒÆ.
2. usi® £Ønz¯u® £ÿ‘≤Æ Aufl ¬¯ÕƒP¯Õ≤Æ
¬¡∂UP.
3. ¡mh˜©¯\ ©ı{ıkPŒfl ¨UQØzx¡zv¯⁄ ˆ¡ŒU
ˆPın∫P.
4. 1935&BÆ Bsk C¢vØ Aµ_a \mhÆ ˆPısk¡¢u
©ıÿ”[P“ Øı¯¡?
5. ˆ¡“¯Õؘ⁄ ˆ¡Œ˜Ø÷ CØUPÆ £ÿ‘≤Æ Aufl
¬¯ÕƒP¯Õ≤Æ ¬ÕUSP.
6. _u¢vµ® ˜£ıµımhzv¿ _£ıË \¢vµ˜£ıÏ, C¢vؘu]Ø
Cµıq¡zvfl £[Q¯⁄® £ÿ‘ G xP.
7. £˜h¿ Hfl C¢vØı¬fl C∏ƶ ©¤u∫ Gfl÷
A¯«UP®£kQ”ı∫?
8. §fl¡∏Æ |PÃa]P–US PıªU˜Pık Jfl÷ ¡¯µP.

A. Jzx¯«Øı¯© CØUPÆ
B. ˆ\Õ∂ ˆ\Õµı |PÃa]
C. _صı‰‚ØU Pm]
D. E®¶a \zvØıUQµPÆ
E. ¡mh ˜©¯\ ©ı{ıkP“

9. 1930 ¨u¿ 1945 ¡¯µ∞ªı⁄ I¢x ¨UQØ |PÃa]P¯ÕU

PıªU˜Pımi¿ S‘®§kP.
133
VI. ˆ\¥¨¯”® £∞ÿ]P“

1. C¢vØ ¡¯µ£hzv¿ RÃUPsh Ch[P¯ÕU S‘UPƒÆ :

Iuµı£ız, ·˙⁄ıPz, PıË´µÆ, ˜Pı¡ı, ¯h≥, hı©fl,
£ısia˜\∂, H⁄ıÆ, ©ıÓ
2. ¬ku¯ª® ˜£ıµımh √µ∫PŒfl £h[P¯Õa ˜\P∂zx
£hHk (Album) Jfl÷ uØı∂UPƒÆ.

134
 AªS & IV

£ıhÆ & 7
_u¢vµzvÿS® §fl C¢vØı
(1947 & 2000) & \≠P ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ
Pÿ”¿ ˜{ıUP[P“
1. ©ın¡∫ _u¢vµzvÿS® §fl C¢vØı Gv∫ˆPısh \≠P
\¡ı¿P¯Õz ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
2. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØı¬¿ \≠P ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zvÿS
˜©ÿˆPı“Õ®£mh {h¡iU¯PP¯ÕU Pÿ”¿.
3. ©ın¡∫ wshı¯© J»®§ÿPıP ˜©ÿˆPı“Õ®£mh
{h¡iU¯PP¯Õ® ¶∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
4. ©ın¡∫ 1947 ¨u¿ C¢vØı¬¿ Hÿ£mh \≠P
¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄® ˆ£”¿.
5. ©ın¡∫ \≠P ©ÿ÷Æ P¿¬ ¡Õ∫a]∞⁄ı¿ Hÿ£mh
uıUP[P¯ÕU Pÿ”¿.

_u¢vµÆ ˆ£ÿ” §fl C¢vØı £ª \¡ı¿P¯Õa \¢vUP

˜{∫¢ux. \≠P Hÿ”zuıÃP“, ˆ£sP“, ]÷¡∫P“ ©ÿ÷Æ
JkUP®£mh §∂¬⁄∫ §µa\¯⁄P–US C¢vØı w∫ƒ Pın
˜¡si∞∏¢ux. ˜©æÆ G zu‘¬fl¯© C¢vØı¬fl ™P
˜©ı\©ı⁄ £ª√⁄©ıP ¬Õ[QØx. A¯¡ C¢vØı¬fl \≠P
¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zvÿSz u¯hP¯Õ E∏¡ıUQ⁄. G⁄˜¡ \≠P
¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zvfl ˜u¯¡ Bâx Enµ®£mhx. C¢vØı¬¿
\≠P ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zv¯⁄U ˆPısk¡µ £ª {h¡iU¯PP“
˜©ÿˆPı“Õ®£mh⁄. A¯¡ \≠Pa ^∫v∏zu CØUP[P“,
\≠P{ªa \mh[P“ ©ÿ÷Æ P¿¬ ¡Õ∫a]∞fl ≠ªÆ {¯h
¨¯”®£kzu®£mh⁄.
135
ß™uı⁄ CØUPÆ : C∆¬ØUPzv¯⁄ 1951&BÆ Bsk
H®µ¿ 18&BÆ {ı“ B\ı∫Ø ¬˜⁄ı£ı£ı˜¡ x¡UQ⁄ı∫.
Aufl ˜{ıUPÆ |ØıØ©ı⁄ ©ÿ÷Æ \©zx¡ \¨uıØ
A¯©®§¯⁄ E∏¡ıUS¡uıSÆ. C∆¬ØUPÆ AvP AÕ¬¿
|ª[P¯Õ ¯¡zv∏¢u |ªa_¡ıfluı∫PŒh™∏¢x E£∂
|ª[P¯Õ® ˆ£ÿ÷ A¡ÿ¯” |ª©ÿ” H¯« ¬¡\ı∞P–US®
£Q∫¢uŒ®£¯u ˜{ıUP©ıPU ˆPısi∏¢ux. |ª¨¯h˜Øı∫
uı©ıP ¨fl¡¢x |ª[P¯Õz uı⁄©ıP ¡«[S¡¯u C∆
¬ØUPÆ FUS¬zux. C∆¬ØUPÆ Hÿ£kzvØ ¬»®
¶n∫¬⁄ı¿ ©zvØ, ©ı|ª Aµ_P“ \mh[P¯Õ CØÿ‘ |ª
Ea\ ¡µÆ§¯⁄U ˆPısk ¡¢u⁄. |ª©ÿ” H¯«PŒfl
£∂uı£ |¯ª∞¯⁄ C∆¬ØUPÆ ˆ¡Œa\®£kzvU
PımiØx.
\∫˜¡ıuØ CØUPÆ : C∆¬ØUP¨Æ ¬˜⁄ı£ı£ı˜¡ A¡∫P
Õı¿ x¡UP®£mhx. C∆¬ØUPÆ {©x ˜u\z u¯ª¡∫PŒfl
B]∞¯⁄® ˆ£ÿ‘∏¢ux. C∆¬ØUPÆ A¯⁄zx ©UPŒfl
EØ∫¬¯⁄≤Æ, {ª¯⁄≤Æ ˜©Æ£kzx¡¯u ˜{ıUP©ıPU
ˆPısi∏¢ux. Si¯\z ˆuı»¿P“ ˜©Æ£ık, Pu∫ Eÿ£zv
BQØ⁄ C∆¬ØUPzvfl ¨ufl¯©® £oØıSÆ. C¢vØı
¬¿ AQƯ\, A¯©v ¡»∞¿ J∏ \≠P, ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ®
¶µm]∞¯⁄U ˆPısk ¡∏¡¯u C∆¬ØUPÆ ˜{ıUP©ıPU
ˆPısi∏¢ux.
ˆ£sP“ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ : _u¢vµzvÿS ¨fl⁄∫ C¢vØı¬¿
ˆ£sPŒfl |¯ª ¡∏¢uzuUP ¡¯P∞¿ C∏¢ux. 1947 ¨u¿
ˆ£sPŒfl |¯ª∞¯⁄ ˜©Æ£kzu £ª \≠Pa \mh[P“
CØÿ”®£mh⁄. {©x Aµ]ت¯©®¶a \mhÆ Bs, ˆ£s
\©zx¡zv¯⁄ ¡º≤÷zxQfl”x. ˆ£sP“ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”z
vÿPıP |¯”˜¡ÿ”®£mh \mh[P“ ©ÿ÷Æ Cuµ
{h¡iU¯PP“ §fl¡∏©ı÷ :
1954&BÆ Bsk v∏©na \mhÆ : Ca\mhÆ Pª®¶z
v∏©n[P¯Õ≤Æ, \©Ø Pª®¶z v∏©n[P¯Õ≤Æ \mh®
£i ˆ\¿æ£iØıUQØx. ˜©æÆ BsP“ v∏©n ¡Øv¯⁄
21 BPƒÆ ˆ£sP“ v∏©n ¡Øv¯⁄ 18 G⁄ƒÆ \mh
136
ß∫¡©ıUQØx. Ca\mhÆ S«¢¯u A¿ªx £ı¿Ø
¬¡ıPz¯u ush¯⁄US∂Ø Sÿ”Æ G⁄ A‘¬zux.
1955 & 56&BÆ Bsk C¢xa \mh ©˜\ıuı : C¢vØı¬¿
ˆ£sP“ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ” ¡µªıÿ‘¿ Ca\mhÆ J∏ ©Pı
\ı\⁄©ıPU P∏u®£kQ”x. v∏©nÆ, ©n¨‘ƒ (Divorce)
A¿ªx ¬¡ıPµzx, ¡ı∂_∂¯©, Pı®£ıÕ∫ E∂¯©, uzx
Gkzu¿ £ÿ‘Ø ¬¡µ[P¯Õ Ca\mhÆ ¬ÕUSQfl”x.
1955&BÆ Bsk C¢xa v∏©na \mhÆ : Ca\mhÆ
J∏¡›US J∏zv Gfl›Æ J∏ uıµ ©nz¯u (Monogamy)
\mh® ß∫¡©ıUQØx. C¢xUP“ £ªuıµ (Polygamy) ©nÆ
¶∂¢x ˆPı“¡¯u Ca\mhÆ ukUQfl”x. Ca\mhÆ
BsP“, ˆ£sP“ C∏£ıª∫P–USÆ ©n¨‘ƒ A¿ªx
¬¡ıPµzv¿ \© E∂¯©∞¯⁄ ¡«[SQfl”x.
1956&BÆ Bsk C¢x ¡ı∂_∂¯©a \mhÆ : Ca\mhÆ uı¥,
u¢¯uØ∂fl ˆ\ızv¿ ©P›USÆ, ©P¤fl S«¢¯uP–USÆ
E“Õx ˜£ıª ©P–USÆ ©PŒfl S«¢¯uP–USÆ \©
E∂¯© A¿ªx £[Sˆ£” ¡» ¡SUQfl”x.
1956&BÆ Bsifl C¢x CÕ¡∫ ©ÿ÷Æ Pı®¶∂¯©a
\mhÆ : Ca\mhÆ uı¥USU S«¢¯uP“ ´uı⁄ CØÿ¯PU
Pı®£ıÕ∫ Gfl” E∂¯©¯Ø® £ıxPıUQfl”x. ˜©æÆ
Ca\mhÆ BsP¯Õ® ˜£ı¿ ˆ£sP–Æ ©Pfl A¿ªx
©P¯Õz uzx GkUSÆ E∂¯©¯Ø≤Æ ¡«[SQfl”x.
1961&BÆ Bsk ¡µum\¯n uk®¶a \mhÆ (1984¿ v∏zu®
£mhx) : Ca\mhÆ ¡µum\¯n Gfl›Æ _µshºº∏¢x
ˆ£sP¯Õ® £ıxPıUQfl”x. ¡µum\¯n ˆ£÷u¿
Ca\mhzvfl£i Pk¯©Øı⁄ ush¯⁄US∂Ø Sÿ”©ıSÆ.
1961&BÆ Bsk ©P®˜£÷ \æ¯PP“ \mhÆ : Ca\mhÆ
£oØıÿ÷Æ ˆ£sP“ ©P®˜£÷ ¬k®¶ ˆ£÷Æ E∂¯©¯Ø
¡«[Q≤“Õx.
137
1971&BÆ Bsk ©∏zx¡∑vØı⁄ P∏ P¯ª®¶a \mhÆ :
P∏ƒÿ‘∏USÆ ˆ£sPŒfl Eh¿ ©ÿ÷Æ ©⁄ B˜µıUQ
ØzvÿS F÷ ¬¯Õ¬USÆ P∏¯¡ P¯ªUSÆ E∂¯©¯Ø
Ca\mhÆ ˆ£sP–US AŒUQfl”x.
1976&BÆ Bsk \© FvØa \mhÆ : Ca\mhÆ BsP–US
|PµıP ˆ£sP–USÆ FvØÆ ¡«[S¡uÿS ¡»¡SU
Qfl”x. £o ¬¡Pıµ[PŒ¿ £ı¿ Ai®£¯h∞ªı⁄ ˜¡÷
£ımi¯⁄ Ca\mhÆ ukUQfl”x.
©ÿ” \≠P, ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµz vmh[P“ : C¢vØ Aµ_
1953&BÆ Bsk ©zvØ \≠P {ª ¡ı∂Øzv¯⁄ A¯©zux.
A˜u ˜£ı¿ J∆ˆ¡ı∏ ©ı|ªzvæÆ ©ı|ªa \≠P {ª
¡ı∂Ø[P“ E“Õ⁄. A¯¡ ˆ£sP“, S«¢¯uP“ ©ÿ÷Æ
GŒ˜Øı∂fl {ªflP¯Õ ˜©Æ£kzxQfl”⁄. F⁄¨ÿ”
ˆ£sP“, ¬u¯¡P“, A⁄ı¯uP“, ¯P¬h®£mh ˆ£sP“
BQ˜Øı∂fl {ªflP¯Õ C∆¡ı∂Ø[P“ £ıxPıUQfl”⁄.
1990&BÆ Bsk ˜u]Ø ˆ£sP“ B¯nØa \mhÆ : Ca
\mhzvfl£i 1992&BÆ Bsk ·⁄¡∂ 31&BÆ {ı“ ˜u]Ø
ˆ£sP“ B¯nØÆ Jfl÷ Hÿ£kzu®£mhx. C∆
¡ı¯nØzvÿS J∏ u¯ª¡∏Æ, ˆ\ت∏Æ, ©ÿ”
E÷®§⁄∫P–Æ E“Õ⁄∫. C∆¡ı¯nØÆ ˆ£s E∂¯©P“
©÷®¶, ˆPık¯©P“, A}vP“ ˜£ıfl” ¶Pı∫P¯Õ ¬\ı∂zx
A¯¡P¯ÕU P¯ÕØ {h¡iU¯PP¯Õ Gkzx ¡∏Qfl”x.
CµıËi∂Ø ©QÕ ˜PıË A¿ªx ˆ£sP–UPı⁄ ˜u]Ø
Phfl ¡«[SÆ |vØÆ : C¢|v |÷¡⁄ A¯©®¶ 1993&BÆ
Bsk ©ı∫a v[P“ 30&BÆ {ı“ Hÿ£kzu®£mhx. ˆuı»¿
A¿ªx ˜¡¯ª ¡ı¥®¶ ¡\v∞¯⁄z ˆuıh[P H¯« ©ÿ÷Æ
˜u¯¡ ™UP ˆ£sPÕı¿ A¯©UP®£kÆ _Ø Eu¬U
S UP–US (Self-Help Groups) C¢|vØzvº∏¢x |v Eu¬
¡«[P®£kQ”x.
£ıºPı \Æ∂v ˜Øı·⁄ı (Balika Samridhi Yojana) : CzvmhÆ
1997&BÆ Bsk AU˜hı£∫ v[P“ 2&BÆ {ı“ ˆuıh[P®
138
£mhx. 1999&¿ ©ıÿ”Æ ˆ\¥Ø®£mh CzvmhÆ ¡÷¯©U
˜PımiÿSU Rà (below poverty line) ¡ı Æ uı¥©ı∫P–US®
§”USÆ ˆ£s S«¢¯uP–US® £Ø⁄ŒUPU TiØx.
Azu¯PØ ˆ£s S«¢¯uP“ J∆ˆ¡ı∏¡∏Æ Ag\ªPÆ
A¿ªx ¡[Q∞¿ π£ı¥ 500/& ¯¡®¶z ˆuı¯PØıP
ˆ\æzu®£kQ”x. AUS«¢¯uP“ 18 ¡Øv¯⁄ |¯”ƒ
ˆ\¥≤Æ ˆ£ı x Azˆuı¯P¯Ø P¿¬ A¿ªx v∏©n
˜{ıUPzvÿS® £Øfl£kzvU ˆPı“ÕªıÆ. Cx©mk™fl‘
A¡∫P“ £zuıÆ ¡S®¶¡¯µ P¿¬ PÿP Eu¬z ˆuı¯P≤Æ
¡«[P®£kQ”x.
_¡ & \Uv vmhÆ (Swa & Shakti Project) : CzvmhÆ 1998&BÆ
Bsk AU˜hı£∫ v[P“ 16&BÆ {ı“ ¨u¿ ˆ\Ø¿£mk
¡∏Qfl”x. Czvmhzvfl ≠ªÆ 15 ¨u¿ 20 ˆ£sP¯ÕU
ˆPısh _Ø Eu¬U S UPÕı¿ ˆuıh[P®£kÆ BUPß∫¡
£oUS Aµ_ |v Eu¬ AŒzx ¡∏Qfl”x.
C¢vØı¬¿ ˆ£sP“ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zv¯⁄ ˜{ıUP©ıPU
ˆPısk Aµ_ ©ÿ÷Æ Aµ_ \ıµı ˆuısk |÷¡⁄[P“ (Non-
Governmental Organisations) ˜©æÆ £ª {h¡iU¯PP¯Õ
Gkzx ¡∏Qfl”⁄. IUQØ {ıkP“ \¯£ (I.{ı. \¯£)
1978&BÆ Bsi¯⁄ \∫¡˜u\ ˆ£sP“ Bsk G⁄
A‘¬zux. u™Ã {ımi¿ ˆ£sP–US 30 ¬ UPık
˜¡¯ª¡ı¥®§¿ Ch JxURk ˆ\¥Ø®£mk“Õx. E“Õım]
A¯©®¶PŒ¿ ˆ£sP“ 33 ¬ UPık Ch JxURk ˆ£”z
uSv≤¯hØ¡∫P“. ˆ£sP“ uÿ˜£ıx A桪∫PÕıPƒÆ,
©∏zx¡∫PÕıPƒÆ, ˆ£ı‘ØıÕ∫PÕıPƒÆ, Pı¡ª∫PÕıPƒÆ,
\mh©fl” E÷®§⁄∫PÕıPƒÆ (M.L.A.) £ıµı–©fl”
E÷®§⁄∫PÕıPƒÆ, (M.P.) E“Õ⁄∫. C¢vØı ˆ£s
§µu©¯µ≤Æ, B–{∫P¯Õ≤Æ, ¨uª¯©a\∫P¯Õ≤Æ Psk
E“Õx. C¯¡ _u¢vµzvÿS® §fl⁄∫ ˆ£sP“ |¯ª∞¿
Hÿ£mk“Õ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”[P¯Õ≤Æ \≠P ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”
\ıu¯⁄¯Ø≤Æ GkzvØƶQfl”⁄.
]”ı∫ {ªÆ : S«¢¯uz ˆuı»ªıÕ∫ §µa\¯⁄ C¢vØı¬¿
J∏ ˆ£∏Æ \≠P® §µa\¯⁄ØıSÆ. H¯«a ]÷¡∫P“
139
`Ã|¯ªPŒfl PmhıØzv⁄ı¿ £oUSa ˆ\¿ª ˜¡si
≤“Õx. {©x Aµ]ت¯©®¶a \mhÆ ]÷¡∫P¯Õz ˆuı»¿
A¯©®¶PŒ¿ ˜¡¯ªUP©∫zx¡¯uz u¯h ˆ\¥Qfl”x.
1948&BÆ Bsk C¢vØz ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªP“ \mhÆ 14
¡ØvÿSm£mh Bs A¿ªx ˆ£so¯⁄z ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ª
PŒ¿ ˜¡¯ªUP©∫zx¡¯uz u¯h ˆ\¥Qfl”x. 1951&BÆ
Bsk ˜uımhz ˆuı»ªıÕ∫ \mhÆ 12 ¡ØvÿSU RÃ
E“Õ ]÷¡∫P¯ÕU Pı®§ ©ÿ÷Æ Cµ®£∫ ˜uımhz
ˆuı»º¿ ˜¡¯ªUP©∫zx¡¯uz ukUQfl”x. 1952&BÆ
Bsk _µ[Pa \mhÆ 15 ¡ØvÿSU RÃ E“Õ¡∫P¯Õa
_µ[P[PŒ¿ ˜¡¯ªUP©∫zx¡¯uU Pmk®£kzxQfl”x.
1960&BÆ Bsk ]÷¡∫PŒfl \mh®£i G¿ªı
©ı|ª[PŒæÆ ]”ı∫ {ª ¡ı∂Ø[P“ A¯©UP®£mk“Õ⁄.
1961&BÆ Bsk ˆ£s ]_¡¯ua \mhÆ ˆ£s S«¢¯uP“
ˆPı¿ª® £k¡¯uz ukUQfl”x. u¡÷ C¯«®˜£ı¯µ
Ca\mhÆ usiUQfl”x. ]”ı∫ ˆuı»º¯⁄ }UPƒÆ,
]÷¡∫P¯Õ® £∞ÿ÷¬UPƒÆ, £¿˜¡÷ {h¡iU¯PP“
˜©ÿˆPı“Õ® £mk ¡∏Qfl”⁄. G¤›Æ ]”ı∫ §µa\¯⁄
£¿˜¡÷ Pıµn[PŒ⁄ı¿ {ımifl J∏ ]ª £SvPŒ¿
Cfl⁄¨Æ }izx ¡∏Qfl”x.
JkUP®£mh ©UPŒfl {ªÆ : \ıv ¨¯”∞⁄ı¿ Hÿ£kÆ
Hÿ”zuıà C¢vØı¬ÿS ©ÿˆ”ı∏ \¡ıªıSÆ. {©x
Aµ]ت¯©®¶a \mhÆ G¢u ¡¯PØı⁄ ˜¡÷£ımi¯⁄≤Æ
ukUQfl”x. 1955&BÆ Bsk wshı¯©U Sÿ”a \mhÆ
wshı¯©¯ØU P¯h®§i®˜£ı∏USz ush¯⁄ ¡«[S
Qfl”x. 1989&BÆ Bsk uıÃzu®£mh, £«[Si∞⁄∫
(A}vP“ uk®¶a) \mhÆ, uıÃzu®£mh £«[Si∞⁄∏US
GvµıP C¯«UP®£kÆ A}vP¯ÕU P¯ÕØ Pk¯©Øı⁄
ush¯⁄ AŒUP ¡¯P ˆ\¥Qfl”x. Czu¯PØ \mhß∫¡
{h¡iU¯PP¯Õz u¬µ ©zvØ, ©ı|ª Aµ_P“ uıÃzu®
£m˜hı∫, £«[Si∞⁄∫, ©ÿ” §ÿ£kzu®£mh ¡S®§⁄∫
P–US ˜¡¯ª ¡ı¥®§æÆ, P¿¬ |÷¡⁄[PŒæÆ Ch
JxURk ˆPı“¯P∞¯⁄® §fl£ÿ‘ ¡∏Qfl”⁄. P¿¬
Eu¬z ˆuı¯PP“, Pmhna \æ¯PP“, ]”®¶ ©ÿ÷Æ
ˆuı»¿ £∞ÿ], Czu¯PØ ¡S®§⁄∫P–UPı⁄ ¬kv ¡\v
140
BQØ {h¡iU¯PP“ C¢vØı¬¿ J∏[Q¯n¢u \≠P
¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zv¯⁄U ˆPısk ¡∏¡v¿ Eu¬ ¶∂¢x“Õ⁄.
]÷£ıfl¯©∞⁄∫ {ªÆ : C¢vØ Aµ]ت¯©®¶a \mhÆ
]÷£ıfl¯©∞⁄∫ P¿¬ |÷¡⁄[P“ A¯©zvhƒÆ,
u[PÕx, \≠P, £s£ımk E∂¯©P¯Õ ˜©Æ£kzvU
ˆPı“ÕƒÆ E∂¯©∞¯⁄ AŒUQfl”x. 1992&BÆ Bsk
]÷£ıfl¯©∞⁄∫ ˜u]Ø B¯nØa \mhÆ ˜u]Ø, ©ı|ª
]÷£ıfl¯©∞⁄∫ B¯nØ[P¯Õ A¯©zvh ¡»
ˆ\¥Qfl”x. Czu¯PØ {h¡iU¯PP“ {©x {ımiæ“Õ
]÷£ıfl¯©∞⁄∫ ©zv∞¿ £ıxPı®¶ En∫¬¯⁄®
Hÿ£kzv≤“Õ⁄.
F⁄¨ÿ˜”ı∫ {ªfl : F⁄¨ÿ˜”ı∫PŒfl S¯”P¯ÕU
P¯Õ¢vh Aµ_ ©ÿ÷Æ Aµ_ \ıµı ˆuısk |÷¡⁄[P“
£oØıÿ‘ ¡∏Qfl”⁄. 1955&BÆ Bsk F⁄¨ÿ˜”ı∫ \mhÆ
Eh¿ F⁄¨ÿ˜”ı∫ ©÷¡ıà ˆ£ÿ‘h CØÿ”®£mhx.
1976&BÆ Bsk Pıflß∂¿ C¢vØa ˆ\Øÿ¯P Eh¿
E÷®¶P“ Eÿ£zv |÷¡⁄Æ (Artificial Limb Manufacturing Cor-
poration of India) A¯©UP®£mhx. C¢|÷¡⁄Æ F⁄¨ÿ
˜”ı∏USz ˜u¯¡®£kÆ ©¤u E÷®¶P¯Õa ˆ\Øÿ¯PØıP
Eÿ£zva ˆ\¥x ¡∏Qfl”x. 1997&BÆ Bsk ·⁄¡∂z
v[P“ 24&BÆ {ı“ ˜u]Ø F⁄¨ÿ˜”ı∫ ¡Õ∫a] |v
|÷¡⁄Æ (The National Handicapped Finance and Development
Corporation) A¯©UP®£mhx. C¢|÷¡⁄Æ F⁄¨ÿ˜”ı∫P“
P¿¬, ©ÿ÷Æ ˜¡¯ª ¡ı¥®§¯⁄® ˆ£” Phfl Eu¬ØŒzx
¡∏Qfl”x.
¨v˜Øı∫ {ªfl : ¨v˜Øı∫ {ª¯⁄® ˜£oh Aµ_ ©ÿ÷Æ
ufl⁄ı∫¡z ˆuısk |÷¡⁄[P“ ˆ\Ø¿¶∂¢x ¡∏Qfl”⁄.
¨v˜Øı∫ ¡\v≤hfl u[Qh ¨v˜Øı∫ C¿ª[P“ (Old Age
Homes) Hÿ£kzu®£mk“Õ⁄. Azu¯PØ C¿ª[P–US
Aµ_ Eu¬P¯Õ® ¶∂¢x ¡∏Qfl”x.
P¿¬ ¡Õ∫a] : \≠P ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zv¯⁄U ˆPısk ¡∏¡v¿
P¿¬∞fl £[S ¡º¯© ¡ı¥¢uuıSÆ. P¿¬ J∏[Q¯n¢u
141
\≠P ¡Õ∫a]¯ØU ˆPısk¡µ E÷x¯n® ¶∂Qfl”x.
1951&BÆ Bsk C¢vØı¬¿ P¿¬ A‘ƒ ˆ£ÿ‘∏¢˜uı∂fl
¬ UPık 16.1 BSÆ. ˆ£sP“ P¿¬ ™P® §flu[QØ
|¯ª∞¿ ¶”UPoUP®£mi∏¢ux. _u¢vµzvÿS® §fl⁄∫
P¿¬ ¡Õ∫a]US ™S¢u P¡⁄Æ ˆ\æzu®£mhx.
C¢vØı¬¿ P¿¬¯Ø ˜©Æ£kzxÆ ˆ£ı÷®¶ ©zvØ,
©ı|ª C∏ Aµ_P–¯hØx©ıSÆ. C¢vØ Aµ_ 1948&BÆ
Bsk hıUh∫ \∫. CµıuıQ∏Ënfl A¡∫P“ u¯ª¯©∞¿
£¿P¯ªUP«PU P¿¬US ¬¯⁄ |Ø™zux.
J∆ˆ¡ı∏ BskÆ hıUh∫ \∫. CµıuıQ∏Ënfl
A¡∫PŒfl §”¢u {ıÕı⁄ ˆ\®hÆ£∫ 5 B]∂Ø∫
v⁄©ıPU ˆPıshıh®£kQ”x.
A¡∫ u¯ª¯©∞ªı⁄ S  AŒzu 1949&BÆ Bsk
A‘U¯P∞fl Ai®£¯h∞¿ {©x {ımifl P¿¬ ¨¯”
©ıÿ‘د©UP®£mhx. 1953&BÆ Bsk hıUh∫ H.
Cªm_©n \ı™ ¨uºØı∫ u¯ª¯©∞¿ ©ÿˆ”ı∏ P¿¬U
S  A¯©UP®£mhx. AUS  £∂¢x¯µ∞fl£i £“ŒU
P¿¬ Gfl£x Pÿ”æÆ ˆ\Ø¿£ıkÆ Gfl›Æ Ai®£¯h∞¿
A¯©¢ux. EªP, C¢vØ, ·⁄{ıØP Cªm]ØU Si©UP¯Õ
E∏¡ıUS¡˜u EØ∫|¯ª® £“ŒU P¿¬∞fl ˜{ıUP©ıP
A¯©Ø˜¡skˆ©⁄ AUS  £∂¢x¯µzux. EØ∫|¯ª®
£“Œ |¯ª∞¿ ]÷¡∫PŒfl Jmkˆ©ızu ¡Õ∫a]∞¯⁄U
ˆPısk¡µ ˜¡skˆ©⁄ AUS  ¡º≤÷zvØx. 1964&BÆ
Bsk ˜Pızuı∂ P¿¬US  A¿ªx ˜u]ØU P¿¬U S 
|Ø™UP®£mhx. AUS ¬fl 1966&BÆ Bsk £∂¢x¯µ
A‘U¯P C¢vØı ¨ ¡xÆ J˜µ ©ıv∂Øı⁄ P¿¬
A¯©®§¯⁄U ˆPısk¡µ GsoØx.
AUS ¬fl A‘U¯P ˆuı»¿, ˆuı»¿~m£,
ˆ£ı‘∞Ø¿, ˜¡Õıs¯© ©ÿ÷Æ A‘¬Ø¿ P¿¬US
¨UQØzx¡Æ AŒzux. 1986&BÆ Bsifl ¶vØ P¿¬U
ˆPı“¯P≤Æ 1992&BÆ Bsifl ˆ\Ø¿ vmh¨Æ 21&BÆ
°ÿ”ısk ˆuıh[SÆ ¨fl 14 ¡Øx¡¯µ E“Õ A¯⁄zx
S«¢¯uP–USÆ |¯”ƒhfl TiØ uµ©ı⁄ P¿¬¯Øz
142
u∏¡¯u ˜{ıUP©ıPU ˆPısi∏¢u⁄. Czu¯PØ ¨Øÿ]PŒ
⁄ı¿ 1951&BÆ Bsk 42.6 ¬ UPıhıP C∏¢u ˆuıhUPU
P¿¬ ˜\∫U¯P 1999&BÆ Bsk 94.9 ¬ UPık |¯ªUS
EØ∫¢ux. EØ∫|¯ª® £“ŒU P¿¬, EØ∫ P¿¬ ©ÿ÷Æ
£¿P¯ªUP«PU P¿¬USÆ \© ¨UQØzx¡Æ AŒUP®£mk
¡Õ∫a]≤ÿ”x. C¢vØı¬¿ 1.10 Cªm\zvÿSÆ ˜©ÿ£mh
EØ∫|¯ª® £“Œ, ˜©¿|¯ª® £“Œ |÷¡⁄[P“ E“Õ⁄.
A˜u ˜£ı¿ ˆ£ıx, ˆuı»¿~m£, ©∏zx¡ ©ÿ÷Æ
˜¡Õıs¯©U P¿¬US 12,350 P¿ø∂P“ E“Õ⁄.
C¢vØı¬¿ 250USÆ ˜©ÿ£mh £¿P¯ªU P«P[P“ (Universi-
ties) ˆ\تıÿ‘ ¡∏Qfl”⁄. ˜\∫U¯P GsoU¯P
AvP∂®§⁄ıæÆ |÷¡⁄[PŒfl GsoU¯P ¡Õ∫a]∞
⁄ıæÆ 2000&BÆ Bsk C¢vØı¬¿ P¿¬ Pÿ˜”ı∂fl
¬ UPık 65 ¢vÿSÆ ˜©¿ EØ∫¢ux.

1947&BÆ BsiÿS® §fl⁄∫ C¢vØı¬¿ Hÿ£mh

\≠P, P¿¬ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zvfl ¬¯Õ¡ıP S‘®§hzuUP \≠P
©ıÿ”Æ Hÿ£mk“Õx. \ıv A¯©®§¿ \∂ƒ Hÿ£mk“Õx.
\≠P Ch®ˆ£Ø∫ƒ Hx¡ıQ≤“Õx (Social mobility), {√⁄
©Ø©ıuº⁄ı¿ \¨uıØzvfl A¯⁄zx §∂ƒ ©UP–USÆ
{fl¯©P“ ˆ\fl÷ ˜\∫Qfl”⁄. C¢vØı¬¿ \©zx¡
\¨uıØÆ ˜uıfl‘¡∏Qfl”x.

Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“
1. ©ın¡∫ ß™uı⁄, \∫˜¡ıuØ CØUP[PŒfl
˜{ıUP[P¯Õ ¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.
2. ©ın¡∫ _u¢vµzvÿS® §fl⁄∫ C¢vØı¬¿ ˆ£sP“
¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zv¯⁄ ¬¡∂UP ¨i≤Æ.
3. ©ın¡∫ JkUP®£mh §∂¬⁄∫, ]÷¡∫P“, ]÷£ıfl¯©
∞⁄∫ {ªflP–UPıP GkUP®£mh {h¡iU¯PP¯Õ
¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.
4. ©ın¡∫ 1947&BÆ BsiÿS® §”S Hÿ£mh P¿¬
¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zv¯⁄ ¬¡∂UP ¨i≤Æ.

143
 _Ø©v®•k
I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Øz ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ
1. ß™uı⁄ CØUPÆ ˆuıh[P®£mh Bsk
A. 1960 B. 1950
C. 1952 D. 1951
2. ¡µum\¯n uk®¶a \mhÆ CØÿ”®£mh Bsk
A. 1961 B. 1960
C. 1962 D. 1963

3. u™Ã {ımi¿ ˆ£sP–US ˜¡¯ª ¡ı¥®§¿ Ch

JxURmifl AÕƒ
A. 30 ¬ UPık B. 33 ¬ UPık
C. 31 ¬ UPık D. 32 ¬ UPık
4. B]∂Ø∫ v⁄Æ ˆPıshıh®£kÆ {ı“
A. ˆ\®hÆ£∫ 5 B. ˆ\®hÆ£∫ 10
C. ˆ\Æ£hÆ£∫ 15 D. ˆ\®hÆ£∫ 25

5. ˜Pızuı∂U S  |Ø™UP®£mh Bsk

A. 1966 B. 1962
C. 1960 D. 1964
II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ |µ®¶P

1. \∫˜¡ıuØ CØUPzv¯⁄z ˆuıh[QØ¡∫ ________ B¡ı∫.

2. C¢xz v∏©na \mhÆ ________ ©nz¯ua \mhß∫¡

©ıUQØx.

3. ˆ£sP“ \© FvØÆ ˆ£” ¡¯P ˆ\¥≤Æ \mhÆ________

BSÆ

4. ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªPŒ¿ ]÷¡∫P¯Õ ˜¡¯ªUP©∫zx¡¯uz

ukUSÆ \mhÆ ________ BSÆ.
144
 5. wshı¯©U Sÿ”a \mhÆ CØÿ”®£mh Bsk ________.

6. hıUh∫ H. Cªm_©n\ı™ ¨uºØı∫ S  |Ø™UP®£mh

Bsk________.

III. §fl ¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ¯”® ˆ£ı∏zxP

1. ¬˜⁄ı£ı£ı˜¡ && 1953

2. ©zvØa \≠P {ª ¡ı∂ØÆ && 1986
3. ˆ£s ]_¡¯uz uk®¶a \mhÆ && ß™uı⁄ CØUPÆ
4. ¶vØ P¿¬U ˆPı“¯P && 1961

IV. _∏UP©ıP ¬¯hØŒUPƒÆ

1. ß™uı⁄ CØUPzvfl ˜{ıUPÆ Gfl⁄?

2. C¢x ¡ı∂_∂¯©a \mhÆ u∏Æ E∂¯© Gfl⁄?

3. ©zvØ, ©ı|ª, \≠P {ª ¡ı∂Ø[PŒfl £o Gfl⁄?

4. 1952&BÆ Bsk _µ[Pa \mhzvfl ˜{ıUPÆ Gfl⁄?

5. ˜u]Ø F⁄¨ÿ˜”ı∫ ¡Õ∫a] |v |÷¡⁄Æ G®˜£ıx

A¯©UP®£mhx?

6. 1951&BÆ Bsk C¢vØı¬¿ Pÿ˜”ı∂fl ¬ UPık Gfl⁄?

V. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P

1. C¢vØı¬¿ ˆ£sP“ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zvÿS GkUP®£mh

{h¡iU¯PP¯Õ ¬ÕUSP.

2. 1947 ¨u¿ C¢vØı¬¿ P¿¬ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ S‘zx G xP.

3. _u¢vµzvÿS® §fl⁄∫ C¢vØı¬¿ \≠P ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ £ÿ‘

J∏ Pmk¯µz u∏P.

145
VI. ˆ\¥¨¯”® £∞ÿ]P“

1. ¡µum\¯n uk®¶ £ÿ‘ J∏ ˆ\ıÿ˜£ı∏US Hÿ£ık

ˆ\¥P.
2. C¢vØı¬¿ P¿¬ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zvÿS GkUP®£mh
{h¡iU¯PP“ S‘zx ¬⁄ı&¬¯h |PÃa] {hzxP.

146
 £ıhÆ & 8
C¢vØı¬¿ vmh™mh® ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ
¨fl˜⁄ÿ”¨Æ A‘¬Ø¿ ©ÿ÷Æ
ˆuı»¿~m£ ¡Õ∫a]≤Æ
Pÿ”¿ ˜{ıUP[P“
1. ©ın¡∫ _u¢vµzvfl ˜£ıx C¢vØı Gv∫ˆPısh
ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ® §µa\¯⁄P“, vmh™hºfl ˜{ıUP[P“
©ÿ÷Æ I¢uıskz vmh[P“ £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄®
ˆ£”¿.
2. ©ın¡∫ I¢uıskz vmh[PŒfl ≠ªÆ A¯h¢u
\ıu¯⁄P¯Õ® ¶∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
3. ©ın¡∫ u¤Øı∫©ØÆ, uıµıÕ©ØÆ, EªP©ØÆ £ÿ‘≤Æ
C¯¡ S‘zu C¢vØı¬fl |¯ª∞¯⁄≤Æ ˆu∂¢x
ˆPı“–u¿.
4. ©ın¡∫ _u¢vµzvÿS® §fl⁄∫ C¢vØı¬¿ Hÿ£mh
A‘¬Ø¿, ˆuı»¿ ~m£ ¡Õ∫a]P¯Õ® ¶∂¢x
ˆPı“–u¿.

B[Qª Bm]ØıÕ∫P“ C¢vØı¬¯⁄U Pa\ı® ˆ£ı∏m

P¯Õ Eÿ£zv ˆ\¥≤Æ J∏ {ıhıP˜¡ ¯¡zv∏¢u⁄∫.
A¡∫P“ C¢vØı¬fl ˆuı»¿ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zv¯⁄®
¶”UPozu⁄∫. ¨u¿, CµshıÆ EªP®˜£ı∫PŒfl ˜£ıx
Hÿ£mh ˜u¯¡PŒ⁄ı¿ C¢vØı¬¿ ]‘x ˆuı»¿ ¡Õ∫a]
Hÿ£mhx. B⁄ı¿ A∆¡Õ∫a] £ıµımhzuUP AÕƒ
C¿¯ª. §∂¬¯⁄Øı¿ C¢vØ® ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµÆ ™PƒÆ
£ıvUP®£mhx. §∂UP®£hıu C¢vØı¬º∏¢u _©ı∫ 68
¬ UPık }∫®£ı\⁄® £Sv £ıQÏuı›USa ˆ\fl”x.
Au⁄ı¿ {©x {ımifl Enƒ Eÿ£zvU S¯”¢ux. Aufl
¬¯Õ¡ıP C¢vØı¬¿ Enƒ uı¤Ø® £ÿ”ıUS¯”
147
Hÿ£mhx. {ımifl u¤{£∫ ¡∏©ı⁄¨Æ ™PƒÆ S¯”¡ı⁄
uıP C∏¢ux. ©UPŒfl ¡ıÃU¯Pz uµ¨Æ §flu[QØ |¯ª
∞˜ª˜Ø C∏¢ux. ˜©æÆ ©UP“ ˆuı¯P® ˆ£∏UPzuı¿
˜¡¯ª∞fl¯© Hÿ£mhx. G⁄˜¡ 1947&BÆ Bsk _u¢vµÆ
ˆ£ÿ”˜£ıx C¢vØı £ª ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ® §µa\¯⁄P¯Õ
Gv∫ˆPı“Õ ˜¡si∞∏¢ux. A®§µa\¯⁄P¯Õ }UQh
C¢vØı vmh™mh® ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¡Õ∫a] ¨¯”∞¯⁄
˜©ÿˆPıshx.
vmhUS , 1950 : G¢uˆ¡ı∏ }sh Pıª A¿ªx S÷QØ
Pıª S‘U˜Pı“P¯Õ≤Æ ˆ¡ÿ‘ˆ£”a ˆ\¥vh
˜¡skˆ©¤¿ ¨¯”Øı⁄ vmh™h¿ A¡]Ø©ıQfl”x.
{ımiÿPı⁄ Azu¯PØ vmh™h¿ £o∞¯⁄® ¶∂¢vh
˜{∏¬fl Aµ_ 1950&BÆ Bsk ©ı∫a v[PŒ¿ vmhU
S ¬¯⁄ A¯©zux. ˜{∏ Aufl u¯ª¡µıP ¬Õ[Q⁄ı∫.
vmhU S ¬fl £oP“ : 1. I¢uıskz vmh[P¯Õ
¡Szu¿, 2. {ımiÿSz ˜u¯¡Øı⁄ ˆ£ı∏“, ≠ªu⁄,
©¤u¡Õ Buıµ[P¯Õ ©v®§ku¿, 3. |v JxURk x¯”
P¯Õ |∫n∞zu¿, 4. {ımifl ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”z
v¯⁄ AÕ¬h¿ ©ÿ÷Æ, 5. Aµ]fl ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµU
ˆPı“¯PP“, vmh[P“ ´uı⁄ B˜ªı\¯⁄P¯Õ ¡«[Su¿
BQØ⁄¡ıSÆ. 1952&BÆ Bsk {ımifl vmh™mh®
ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¡Õ∫a]∞¯⁄ ¡æ®£kzu ˜u]Ø ¡Õ∫a]U
S  (National Development Council) G›Æ ©ÿˆ”ı∏ A¯©®¶Æ
Hÿ£kzu®£mhx. C∆¡¯©®§¿ ©ı|ª[P“ £[˜Pÿ÷
{ımifl ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¡Õ∫a]US Jzx¯«UQfl”⁄.
vmh™hºfl ˜{ıUP[P“ : C¢vØz vmh™hºfl ¨UQØ
˜{ıUP[PÕıP (1) ˜u]Ø ¡∏¡ı¥, ©UPŒfl u¤{£∫
¡∏¡ı¥ BQØ⁄¡ÿ¯” AvP∂UPa ˆ\¥u¿, 2. ©UPŒfl
¡ıÃU¯Pz uµzv¯⁄ EØ∫zxu¿, 3. ¡÷¯©¯Ø≤Æ, ˜¡¯ª
∞fl¯©¯Ø≤Æ S¯”zu¿ ©ÿ÷Æ, 4. A¯⁄¡∏USÆ \©®
ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¡ı¥®¶UP¯Õ ¡«[Qh¿ BQØ⁄ A¯©¢u⁄.
Pª®¶® ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµÆ : ˜{∏¬fl Aµ_ Pª®¶® ˆ£ı∏Õı
uıµU (Mixed Economy) ˆPı“¯P∞¯⁄® §fl £ÿ‘Øx. Aufl
148
ˆ£ı∏“ Aµ_USa ˆ\ı¢u©ı⁄ (ˆ£ıx |÷¡⁄[P“)
u¤Øı∏USa ˆ\ı¢u©ı⁄ (u¤Øı∫ |÷¡⁄[P“) Cµsk
ˆuı»¿ |÷¡⁄[P–˜© {ımi¿ CØ[SÆ Gfl£uıSÆ.
1950&BÆ BskPŒ¿ ˆuı»¿ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zvfl ysP“
G⁄®£kÆ ]ª Ai®£¯h P⁄µPz ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªP¯Õ
A¯©zvh ˆ£∏Æ ≠ªu⁄Æ ˜u¯¡®£mhx. Azu¯PØ
ˆuı»¿P“ _©ı∫ 20&v¯⁄ 1948&BÆ Bsk, 1956&BÆ Bsk
|¯”˜¡ÿ”®£mh Aµ]fl ˆuı»¿ ˆPı“¯Pz w∫©ı⁄[P“
A¯hØıÕÆ ˆ\¥u⁄. A¯¡P“ £ıxPı®¶ ©ÿ÷Æ uÕ¡ıhz
ˆuı»¿P“, ¬sˆ¡Œ Bµı¥a], Aq \Uv, ¡ı⁄≈∫v (Air-
ways), P®£¿ Pmku¿, ™fl\ıµ® ˆ£ı∏mP“, ˆuıh∫
¡siP“ (Railways), GLSz ˆuı»ÿ \ı¯ªP“, Gsˆn¥
©ÿ÷Æ Gsˆn¥ ˆ£ı∏mP“ ©ÿ÷Æ ™fl Eÿ£zv ˜£ıfl”
£ª ˆuı»¿PÕıSÆ. Cz ˆuı»¿PŒfl ¡Õ∫a]UPı⁄
{h¡iU¯PP¯Õ Aµ_ ˜©ÿˆPıshx. §fl⁄∫ ¡[QP–Æ,
Pı®•mk (Insurance) |÷¡⁄[P–Æ Th Aµ]fl Pmk®
£ımifl Rà ˆPısk ¡µ®£mh⁄. 1956&BÆ Bsk C¢vØ®
£ıµı–©fl”Æ \©u∫© \¨uıØ A¯©®§¯⁄ |÷ƒ¡¯u
Aµ]fl \≠P, ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµU ˆPı“¯PPŒfl ˜{ıUP©ıP
Hÿ÷U ˆPıshx. Aufl ˆ£ı∏“ {ımifl ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµa
ˆ\Ø¿P“ ¯©Øz vmh™h¿ ≠ªÆ {¯h ˆ£÷Æ
Gfl£uıSÆ. AUˆPı“¯P≤Æ Th u¤Øı∫ ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªP“
´x Aµ]fl Pmk®£ık AvP∂UP ¡»˜PıºØx. u¤Øı∫
x¯” Aµ]fl E∂©zxhfl (License) uıfl ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªP“
A¯©zvh A›©vUP®£mh⁄. xo Eÿ£zv, ]ˆ©sm,
˜©ımhı∫ ¡ıP⁄[P“, CØ¢vµz ˆuı»¿, ]÷ ˆuı»¿P“
©ÿ÷Æ Si¯\z ˆuı»¿P“ BQØ⁄ u¤Øı∂fl ¨Øÿ]US
¬h®£mh⁄. B⁄ı¿ 1991&BÆ Bsiº∏¢x ˆuıh[QØ
uıµıÕ ©Ø©ıu¿, u¤Øı∫ ©Ø©ıu¿ ©ÿ÷Æ 20&BÆ
°ÿ”ısifl C÷v I¢x BskPŒ¿ Hÿ£mh EªP
©Ø©ıu¿ BQØ¡ÿ‘ÿS® §fl⁄∫ As¯©U Pıªzv¿
Pª®¶® ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµU ˆPı“¯P ©ıÿ”zvÿS“ÕıQ E“Õx.
149
I¢uıskz vmh[P–Æ, \ıu¯⁄P–Æ : C¢vØı Cx¡¯µ
Jfl£x I¢uıskz vmh[P¯Õ {¯h¨¯”®£kzv≤“Õx.
uÿ˜£ıx £zuı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (2002&-2007) ˆ\غ¿
E“Õx. ¨u¿ I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1951&1956) 1951&BÆ Bsk
ˆuıh[P®£mhx. AzvmhÆ ˜¡Õıs¯©US ¨UQØzx¡Æ
AŒzux. }∫®£ı\⁄Æ, ™fl Eÿ£zv, ˆuı»¿, ˜£ıUS¡µzx
˜£ıfl” ©ÿ” x¯”PŒfl ¡Õ∫a]USÆ P¡⁄Æ ˆ\æzu®
£mhx. £¿˜{ıUS {v }∫z vmh[PÕı⁄ uı˜©ıu∫ vmhÆ
(˜©ÿS ¡[PÆ, •Pı∫), J∂\ı¬¿ ©Pı{v∞fl S÷U˜P Pmh®
£mk“Õ ÓµıSm A¯n (EªQfl }Õ©ı⁄ A¯n), \mª‰
{v∞fl S÷U˜P Pmh®£mk“Õ £Uµı {[P¿ A¯n
(C¢vØı¬fl ™P®ˆ£∂Ø £¿˜{ıUS {v}∫z vmhÆ),
x[P£zµı vmhÆ (B¢vµı, P∫{ıhPÆ), ˜Pı]z vmhÆ
(•Pı∫), \ıÆ£¿ vmhÆ (©zvØ® §µ˜u\Æ, Cµı·Ïuı⁄Æ),
©≥µıUÊz vmhÆ (˜©ÿS ¡[PÆ), {ıPı∫·˙⁄\ıP∫ vmhÆ
(B¢vµ®§µ˜u\Æ) BQØ⁄ A¯©UP®£h {h¡iU¯PP“
˜©ÿˆPı“Õ®£mh⁄. Cµshı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ
(1956&1961) P⁄µPz ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªP–US ¨UQØzx¡Æ
AŒzux. §ªı¥, ˆ£ıUPı˜µı, x∫Pıß∫, π∫˜Pªı BQØ
{ıflS Ch[PŒ¿ GLSz ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªP“ Hÿ£kzu®
£mh⁄. TkuªıP ˜\ªÆ, ¬\ıP®£mi⁄Æ, £zµı¡v
˜£ıfl” Ch[PŒæÆ GLSz ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªP“ A¯©UP®
£mk“Õ⁄. ˜Pı∞fl, ˜Pı∫£ı BQØ Ch[PŒ¿ A晤Øz
ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªP“ x¡[P®£mh⁄. ˜Pzv∂, AU¤Sshı,
µıPı, ©ªfl‰Pflm ˜£ıfl” Ch[PŒ¿ uı™µa _µ[P[P“
˜uıfl‘⁄. xzu {ıPzv¯⁄ E∏UQ E˜ªıPz¯u® §∂z
ˆukUSÆ B¯ªP“ Eu¥ß∂¿, ufl£ızvÿS (Dhanbad)
A∏QæÆ A¯©UP®£mh⁄. ≠fl”ı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ
(1961 & 1966) ˜¡Õıs¯©, ˆuı»¿x¯” BQØ CµsiÿS˜©
¨UQØzx¡Æ AŒzux. ≠fl”ı¡x I¢uısk vmh
Pıªzv¿uıfl C¢vØı¬¿ £_¯©® ¶µm] (˜¡Õıs¯©
¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ) ˆPısk ¡µ®£mhx. £_¯©®¶µm]∞⁄ı¿
C¢vØı Enƒz ufl¤¯”¬¯⁄® ˆ£ÿ”x.
150
 1949&50&BÆ Bsi¿ ˆ©ızu Enƒ uıflØ
Eÿ£zv∞fl AÕƒ 54,921,000 hflPÕıSÆ. 1970 & 71 BÆ
Bsi¿ Ax 108,422,000 hflPÕıP EØ∫¢ux. A˜u ˜£ı¿
AUPıª Pmhzv˜ª˜Ø 6,759,000 hflPÕıP C∏¢u
˜Pıx¯© Eÿ£zv 26,477,000 hflPÕıP EØ∫¢ux.
1967&BÆ Bsk ¨u¿ 1969&BÆ Bsk¡¯µ Kµıskz
vmh[P“ (Annual Plans) ˆ\Ø¿£kzu®£mh⁄. {ıflPı¡x
I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1969 & 1974) ˜¡Õıs¯© ¡Õ∫a]¯Ø
BsiÿS 5 ¬ UPıhıPƒÆ, ˆuı»¿ ¡Õ∫a]¯Ø
BsiÿS 9 ¬ UPıhıPƒÆ C∏UP CªUS |∫n∞zux.
1951&BÆ Bsk ¨u¿ GkzxU ˆPı“Õ®£mh 600 ˆ£∂Ø,
{kzuµ }∫®£ı\⁄z vmh[PŒ¿ 360 vmh[P“ 1973&BÆ
BsiÿS“ |¯”˜¡ÿ”®£mh⁄. I¢uı¡x I¢uıskz
vmhÆ (1974 & 1979) J∏ }shPıª Ps˜nımhz vmh
©ıSÆ. AzvmhÆ 1985&BÆ Bsk ¡¯µ ˆ\Ø¿£hUTiØ
10 Bsk vmh©ıSÆ. AzvmhU Pıªzv¿ P∂§ Ìm˜hı
(¡÷¯© APÿ”¿) G›Æ ¶vØ ¨«UPÆ £Øfl£kzu®
£mhx. AUPıªPmhzv¿uıfl vmh™hºfl ˜{ıUP©ıP
\≠P }v∞fl ¡Õ∫a]≤Æ ˜uıfl‘Øx. 1973, 1978 ©ÿ÷Æ
1980&BÆ BskPŒ¿ C¢vØ Aµ_ ˆuı»¿ ˆPı“¯P
w∫©ı⁄[P¯Õ |¯”˜¡ÿ‘Øx. 1970&BÆ BskPŒ¿
ˆuıh[P®£mh £ı¿ Eÿ£zv® ˆ£∏UPz vmhzv⁄ı¿
(Operation Flood) 1997&BÆ Bsk C¢vØı £ı¿ Eÿ£zv∞¿
EªQfl ¨u¿ Chz¯u® ˆ£”¨i¢ux. ˜Pı» ¡Õ∫®¶z
vmhzv⁄ı¿ C¢vØı ¨m¯h Eÿ£zv∞¿ I¢uı¡x
Chzv¯⁄® §izux. Aufl ¬¯Õ¡ıP {ımifl ≠¯ª,
¨kUSPŒˆª¿ªıÆ ¨m¯h uıµıÕ©ıPU Q¯hUQfl”x.
vmh™mh® ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zv⁄ı¿ C¢vØı¬¿
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(1980 & 1985), H«ı¡x vmhÆ (1985 & 1990), Gmhı¡x vmhÆ
(1992 & 1997) ©ÿ÷Æ Jfl£uı¡x vmhÆ (1997 & 2002) BQØ
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Azvmh[PŒfl Rà Hÿ£mh \ıu¯⁄P¯Õ®£ÿ‘≤Æ
G u ¨i≤Æ.
4. ©ın¡∫ u¤Øı∫ ©Ø©ıu¿, uıµıÕ ©Ø©ıu¿ ©ÿ÷Æ
EªP ©Ø©ıu¿ £ÿ‘ ¬¡∂UP ¨i≤Æ.
5. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØı¬¿ Hÿ£mk“Õ A‘¬Ø¿, ˆuı»¿
~m£ ¡Õ∫a]P¯Õ® £ÿ‘ ¬¡∂UP ¨i≤Æ.

158
 _Ø©v®•k

I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Øz ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ

1. vmhUS  A¯©UP®£mh Bsk

A. 1956 B. 1950
C. 1952 D 1954
2. I¢uıskz vmhzv¯⁄ ¡S®£x
A. vmhUS  B. ˜u]Ø ¡Õ∫a]US 
C. Aq\UvUS  D §µu© A¯©a\∂fl
A桪PÆ
3. ˜{∏ Aµ_ §fl£ÿ‘Ø ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµU ˆPı“¯P
A. u¤Øı∫ ©ØÆ B. uıµıÕ ©ØÆ
C. Pª®¶® ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµÆ D. EªP ©ØÆ
4. C¢vØı¬¿ Aq\UvU S  A¯©UP®£mh Bsk
A. 1945 B. 1948
C. 1954 D. 1955
5. C¢vØ ¬sˆ¡Œ Bµı¥a] |÷¡⁄Æ A¯©¢x“Õ ChÆ
A. ˆ£[P—∫ B. ¶xˆh¿º
C. Iuµı£ız D ˆ\fl¯⁄
II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ® ß∫zv ˆ\¥P

1. ¨u¿ I¢uıskz vmhÆ ________ US ¨UQØzx¡Æ

AŒzux.
2. EªP ¡∫zuP |÷¡⁄Æ A¯©UP®£mh Bsk ________
3. C¢vØ Aq\Uv vmhzvÿS AizuÕ™mh¡∫ ________
B¡ı∫.
4. u™Ã{ımi¿ ________ Gfl” Chzv¿ Aq™fl |¯ªØÆ
A¯©¢x“Õx.
159
III. §fl¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ¯”® ˆ£ı∏zxP

1. Ga.˜·. £ı£ı && Ezvµ®§µ˜u\Æ

2. GÏ.GÏ. £m{ıP∫ && i.GÏ.K. (D.S.O.)
3. i.GÏ. ˜Pızuı∂ && Cµı·Ïuı⁄Æ
4. ˜Pıhı && ].GÏ.I.B∫ (CSIR)
5. {˜µıµı && i.H.D.(D.A.E.)
IV. _∏UP©ıP ¬¯h،،UPƒÆ

1. vmhUS ¬fl £oP¯ÕU T÷P.

2. vmh™hºfl ˜{ıUP[P¯ÕU S‘®§kP.
3. Pª®¶® ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµÆ Gfl”ı¿ Gfl⁄?
4. u¤Øı∫ ©Ø©ıu¿ Gfl”ı¿ Gfl⁄?
5. C¢vØı¬¿ Aq™fl |¯ªØ[P“ A¯©¢x“Õ
Ch[P¯ÕU S‘®§kP.
6. {Æ {ımi¿ ¬sˆ¡Œ Bµı¥a] ¯©Ø[P“ A¯©¢x“Õ
Ch[PŒfl ˆ£Ø∫P¯Õ G xP.
V. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P
1. _u¢vµzvÿS® §”S C¢vØı¬¿ Hÿ£mh vmh™mh
ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ £ÿ‘ G xP.
2. _u¢vµÆ ˆ£ÿ”x ¨u¿ C¢vØı¬¿ Hÿ£mk“Õ
A‘¬Ø¿, ˆuı»¿~m£ ¡Õ∫a]∞¯⁄ ©v®§kP.
VI. ˆ\¥¨¯”® £∞ÿ]P“
1. ©ın¡¯µz u[P“ £Sv∞æ“Õ ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªP“ £ÿ‘Ø
uP¡¯ªa ˜\P∂UPU T”ƒÆ.
2. ©ın¡∫ u[P“ £Sv∞¿ Hÿ£mk ¡∏Æ ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ
©ıÿ”[P¯Õ® £ÿ‘ A‘u¿.

160
 £ıhÆ & 9
C¢vØı¬fl ˆ¡Œ≤”ƒU ˆPı“¯P
Pÿ”¿ ˜{ıUP[P“
1. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØı¬fl ˆ¡Œ≤”ƒU ˆPı“¯P∞fl
¨UQØU T÷P¯Õ® ¶∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
2. ©ın¡∫ £g\ ^ªU ˆPı“¯P £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄® ˆ£”¿.
3. ©ın¡∫ Ao˜\µıU ˆPı“¯P∞¯⁄U Pÿ”¿.
4. ©ın¡∫ ©shªU Tmk”¬fl ¨UQØzx¡zv¯⁄®
¶∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
5. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØı As¯h {ıkP–hfl ©ÿ”
{ıkP–h›Æ ˆPısk“Õ E”¬¯⁄ A‘u¿.

J∏ {ık EªQæ“Õ ©ÿ” {ıkP–hfl ˆPısk“Õ

E”ƒ ˆ¡Œ≤”ƒ G⁄ A‘Ø®£kQfl”x. J∏ {ımifl
ˆ¡Œ≤”¡ı⁄x J∏ ]ª ˆPı“¯PP“, ˜Pım£ıkP“
Ai®£¯h∞¿ A¯©¢uuıSÆ. A¯¡P¯Õ ˆ©ızu©ıP
ˆ¡Œ≤”ƒU ˆPı“¯P A¿ªx AØ¿{ımkU ˆPı“¯P G⁄
A¯«UQfl˜”ıÆ. EªP ¬¡Pıµ[PŒ¿ J∏ {ık
AUˆPı“¯P∞fl Ai®£¯h∞¿ ufl¯⁄ Dk£kzvU
ˆPı“¡¯u EªP ¬¡Pıµ[PŒ¿ A¢{ımifl £[S G⁄U
P∏xQfl˜”ıÆ.
C¢vØı¬fl ˆ¡Œ≤”ƒU ˆPı“¯P Pıª¤ A¿ªx
Si˜Øÿ” BvUPzv⁄ı¿ Hÿ£mh £ıv®¶PŒfl
§fl⁄o∞¿ E∏¡ıUP®£mhuıSÆ. C¢vØı¬fl ¨u¿
§µu© A¯©a\µı⁄ ·¡Ì∫ªı¿ ˜{∏ C¢vØ ˆ¡Œ≤”ƒU
ˆPı“¯P∞fl ¨ufl¯© ]ÿ§ B¡ı∫. 1947&BÆ Bsk ¨u¿
(1) EªPa \©ıuı⁄z¯u® ˜£qu¿, (2) Si˜Øÿ”U ˆPı“¯P
Gv∫®¶, (3) ˜£µµ_U ˆPı“¯P Gv∫®¶, (4) |”ˆ¡‘U
161
ˆPı“¯P Gv∫®¶, (5) £g\^ªÆ, (6) Ao ˜\µı¯©, (7)
As¯h {ımkhfl {m¶, (8) ©shªU Tmk”ƒ, (9)
Pı©flˆ¡¿z A¯©®§¿ £[S, (10) £Ø[Pµ¡ıu Gv∫®¶
BQØ⁄ C¢vØ ˆ¡Œ≤”ƒU ˆPı“¯P∞fl ¨UQØ
AÆ\[PÕıP ¬Õ[Q ¡¢x“Õ⁄.

1. EªPa \©ıuı⁄Æ ˜£qu¿ : C¢vØı IUQØ {ıkP“

\¯£∞fl A¯©v≤Æ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”¨Æ Gfl›Æ ˆPı“¯P∞¿
{ƧU¯PU ˆPısk“Õx. A¯©v∞fl‘ ©¤u Sª
¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ C¿¯ª. 1945&BÆ Bsk ¨u¿ C¢vØı I.{ı.
\¯£∞fl E÷®§⁄µıP C∏¢x ¡∏Qfl”x. ˜{∏ A¡∫PŒfl
\˜Pıu∂ v∏©v. ¬·Øªm_™ £sim IUQØ {ıkP“
ˆ£ıxa \¯£∞fl ¨u¿ ˆ£s u¯ª¡µıP 1953 & 54&BÆ
BskPŒ¿ £oØıÿ‘⁄∫. IUQØ{ıkP“ \¯£∞fl
E÷®§⁄∫ Gfl” ¨¯”∞¿ 1950&BÆ Bsk Hÿ£mh ¡h,
ˆufl ˆPı∂Ø® ˜£ı∂fl ˜£ıxÆ, 1956&BÆ Bsk `ØÏ
]UPºfl ˜£ıxÆ, Pı[˜Pı (1960 & 64) §µa]¯⁄∞fl ˜£ıxÆ,
A[˜Pıªı ]UPºfl ˜£ıxÆ C¢vØı EªP® £umh
|¯ª∞¯⁄ S¯”zvh A∏Æ£ık £mhx. Pı[˜Pı,
A[˜Pıªı, Pı\ı, ¯\®µÏ £SvPŒ¿ A¯©v¯Ø
|¯ª{ımih I.{ı¬ÿS EuƒÆ ¡¯P∞¿ C¢vØı u⁄x
Cµıq¡zv¯⁄ A›®§¯¡zux. 1991&BÆ Bsk Hÿ£mh
¡¯ÕShı® ˜£ı∫ ˆ{∏UPi¯Ø I.{ı. w∫zx ¯¡zvh
C¢vØı u⁄x ¨  Buµ¬¯⁄ AŒzux.

2. Si˜Øÿ”U ˆPı“¯P Gv∫®¶ : C¢vØı B[Q˜ªØ∂fl

Si˜Øÿ”U ˆPı“¯P∞⁄ı¿ (Colonialism) ™PƒÆ
£ıv®§ÿS“Õı⁄x. Si˜Øÿ”U ˆPı“¯P∞fl Rà Hÿ£kÆ
ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµa _µshºfl w¯©P¯Õ®£ÿ‘ C¢vØı {flS
A‘¢v∏¢ux. G⁄˜¡ EªQfl G¢u® £Sv∞æÆ Si˜Øÿ”U
ˆPı“¯P G¢u J∏ ¡i¬æÆ |ª¡U Thıx G⁄ C¢vØı
P∏vØx. S‘®£ıP B]Øı, B®§∂UPı, Cªzwfl Aˆ©∂UP
{ıkPŒ¿ A¢|Ø∫ Si˜Øÿ”[P“ }UP®£k¡v¿ C¢vØı
AUP¯µ PımiØx. G⁄˜¡uıfl C¢vØı¬fl ˆ¡Œ≤”ƒU
162
ˆPı“¯P∞¿ Si˜Øÿ”U ˆPı“¯P Gv∫®¶ J∏ ¨UQØ
AÆ\©ı⁄x.
3. ˜£µµ_U ˆPı“¯P Gv∫®¶ : ˜©ÿS {ıkPŒfl ˜£µµ_U
ˆPı“¯P∞⁄ı¿ Hÿ£mh £Ø[Pµ ¬¯ÕƒP“ S‘zx
C¢vØı ¬»®¶n∫ƒ ˆPıshx. ¡º¯© ™UP {ık GŒØ
{ımi¯⁄ ˆ¡fl÷, Au¯⁄z ufl {ımkhfl C¯nzxU
ˆPısk BvUP |∫¡ıPÆ ˆ\¥¡¯u® ˜£µµ_U ˆPı“¯P
G⁄ A¯«UQfl˜”ıÆ. Azu¯PØ ˜£µµ_U ˆPı“¯P ¨u¿,
CµshıÆ EªP® ˜£ı∫P–US (1914 & 18 ©ÿ÷Æ 1939 & 45) J∏
ˆ£∏Æ Pıµn©ıP ¬Õ[QØx. C∆ƒªP® ˜£ı∫PŒ⁄ı¿
C¢vØı ™PƒÆ £ıvUP®£mhuıæÆ, CµshıÆ EªP®
˜£ı∫ ¨i¢u Eh˜⁄ _u¢vµÆ ˆ£ÿ”uıæÆ ˜£µµ_U
ˆPı“¯P G∆¡i¬¿ G[S |ª¬⁄ıæÆ Au¯⁄
Gv∫®£¯u C¢vØı S‘U˜PıÕıPU ˆPısi∏¢ux. ¨fl¶
|ª¬Ø ˜£µµ_U ˆPı“¯P∞fl ¡i¯¡¬h uÿ˜£ıx |ªƒÆ
¡Õ∫¢u {ıkPŒfl ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ® ˜£µµ_U ˆPı“¯P
™PƒÆ w¯©≤¯hØuıSÆ. G⁄˜¡ Gzu¯PØ ¡i¬ªı⁄
˜£µµ_U ˆPı“¯PˆØfl”ıæÆ Au¯⁄ C¢vØı Gv∫USÆ
J∏ {ıhıSÆ.
4. |”ˆ¡‘U ˆPı“¯P Gv∫®¶ : ˜©¯ª {ıkP“ |”ˆ¡‘
A¿ªx C⁄U ˆPı“¯P∞¯⁄® §fl£ÿ‘⁄. A¯¡ B]Ø,
B®§∂UP ©UP¯Õ uıï©≤hfl {hzv⁄. 1919&BÆ Bsk
{¯hˆ£ÿ” £ı∂_ A¯©v ©ı{ımi¿ ·®£ıfl {ık C⁄a
\©zx¡zvÿSU ˜Pı∂U¯P ¬kzu˜£ıx ˜©ÿS {ıkP“
Au¯⁄ |µıP∂zu⁄. G¤›Æ ^⁄, ·®£ıfl {ıkPŒfl
G a]Øı⁄x ˜©¯ª {ıkPŒfl EØ∫¡ı⁄ Gsn®
˜£ıUQÿS J∏ ¨ÿ÷®¶“Œ Cmhx. Pı¢v ufl¯⁄ C¢vØ
¬ku¯ª® ˜£ı∂¿ Dk£kzvU ˆPı“–Æ ¨fl⁄∫ ˆufl
B®§∂UP Aµ]fl C⁄˜¡÷£ımi¯⁄ Gv∫zx® ˜£ıµıi
⁄ı∫. G¤›Æ P÷®£∫P–US Gvµı⁄ ˆufl B®§∂UP
ˆ¡“¯ÕØ∫ Aµ]fl "A£ı∫wm' Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£mh |”
˜¡ÿ÷¯©U ˆPı“¯P ˆuıh∫¢x }izux. A®§µa]¯⁄¯Ø
C¢vØı ¨ufl¨uº¿ 1946&BÆ Bsk I.{ı. \¯£∞¿
163
G ®§Øx. ˆ{¿\fl ©s˜hªı¬fl C¯h¬hı
˜£ıµımhzv⁄ıæÆ C¢vØı AŒzx¡¢u uı∫´P
Buµ¬⁄ıæÆ As¯©U Pıªzv¿uıfl |” ˜¡ÿ÷¯©U
ˆPı“¯P APÿ”®£mhx.
5. £g\ ^ªÆ : C¢vØıƒÆ ^⁄ıƒÆ
As¯h {ıkP“. C∏ {ıkP–US
™¯h∞¿ £ª °ÿ”ıskPÕıP
¡µªıÿ÷ £ıµÆ£∂Ø™UP E”ƒ
}izx ¡¢ux. 1949&BÆ Bsk
^⁄ı ˆ£ıxƒ¯h¯© {ıhıP
E∏¡ı⁄˜£ıx C¢vØı A¢
{ımkhfl ˆ{∏UP©ıP® £«QØx.
^⁄ıƒUS ˜{∏ƒÆ, C¢vØıƒUS
`&ˆØfl&ªı≤Æ £ØnÆ ˜©ÿ
ˆPısh⁄∫. C∏{ıkP–Æ
1954&BÆ Bsk I¢x AÆ\[ ˜{∏ƒÆ `&ˆØfl&ªı≤Æ
P¯ÕU ˆPısh £g\ ^ªU
ˆPı“¯P∞fl Ai®£¯h∞¿ J∏
J®£¢uzv¿ ¯PˆØ zvmh⁄.
A∆¯¡¢x AÆ\[P“ :
1. J∆ˆ¡ı∏¡∏Æ ©ÿ” {ımifl Jÿ÷¯©¯Ø≤Æ,
C¯”Øıs¯©¯Ø≤Æ ©vzu¿,
2. J∏¡∏UˆPı∏¡∫ Azx´”ı¯©,
3. J∏¡∫ ©ÿ” {ımifl E“ ¬¡Pıµ[PŒ¿ u¯ª
∞hı¯©,
4. \©zx¡Æ, £µÏ£µ {fl¯©P“ ©ÿ÷Æ
5. \©ıuı⁄a \P¡ıà BQØ⁄¡ıSÆ.
CUˆPı“¯P¯Ø 1955&BÆ Bsk C¢˜uı˜⁄]Øı¬¿
{¯hˆ£ÿ” £ıflk[ ©ı{ımi¿ Pª¢x ˆPısh 29&vÿSÆ
˜©ÿ£mh B®§∂UP & B]Ø {ıkP–Æ Hÿ÷U ˆPısh⁄.
As¯h {ıkP–hfl {m¶”¯¡ ¡Õ∫zxU ˆPı“¡v¿
CUˆPı“¯P Cfl÷Æ ©v®¶¯hØuıP ¬Õ[SQfl”x.
164
6. Ao˜\µı¯© : "Ao˜\µı¯©' A¿ªx "Tmka ˜\µı¯©'
G›Æ ¡ı∫z¯u¯Ø ¬.˜P. Q∏Ën˜©⁄fl E∏¡ıUQ⁄ı∫.
A¯u ·¡Ì∫ªı¿ ˜{∏ C¢vØ ˆ¡Œ≤”ƒU ˆPı“¯P∞fl
Ai®£¯hØıUQ⁄ı∫. CµshıÆ EªP® ˜£ı∏US® §fl⁄∫
Aˆ©∂UP IUQØ {ıkÆ, ¨fl⁄ı“ ˜\ı¬Øz ≥¤Ø›Æ
(CµËØı) £¤®˜£ı∫, Cµıq¡® ˜£ımi, AqB≤uU
S¬®¶, Cµıq¡ AoP¯Õ A¯©zu¿ ˜£ıfl” ˆ\Ø¿
PŒ¿ Dk£mk ¡¢u⁄. ¨uªıŒzx¡ Aˆ©∂UP IUQØ {ık
˜{m˜hı (NATO) Gfl›Æ ¡h AmªısiU J®£¢u A¯©®
§¯⁄≤Æ (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation) "^m˜hı' (SEATO)
ˆuflQ«US B]Ø {ıkP“ J®£¢u A¯©®§¯⁄≤Æ (South
East Asia Treaty Organisation) FUS¬zux. ˆ£ıxƒh¯©
CµËØı ˜©ÿQ¿ ¡ı∫\ı J®£¢u {ıkP¯Õ≤Æ (Warsaw Pact
Countries), Q«UQ¿ ˆ£ıxƒh¯©a ^⁄ı¬¯⁄≤Æ FU
S¬zux. Au⁄ı¿ EªP® £ıxPı®§ÿSÆ A¯©vUSÆ
ˆ£∏Æ Aa_÷zu¿ E∏¡ı⁄x. C¢vØı Czu¯PØ AoP“
Gu›h›Æ ˜\µ ¬∏Æ£¬¿¯ª. A˜u ˜£ı¿ C¢vØı G¢u
ˆ¡ı∏ {ımkhfl Ehfl£ık ˆPı“ÕƒÆ ¬∏Æ£¬¿¯ª.
C¢u |¯ª˜Ø Ao˜\µı¯© G⁄ A¯«UP®£kQ”x.
C¢|¯ª {k|¯ª G⁄®ˆ£ı∏“ £hıx. C¢|¯ª \∫¡˜u\®
§µa\¯⁄P¯Õ® ˆ£ı÷zu¡¯µ _u¢vµa ˆ\Ø¿£ık G⁄®
ˆ£ı∏“£kÆ. ¶vuıP A®ˆ£ı x _u¢vµÆ ˆ£ÿ”
B®§∂UP, B]Ø {ıkP–Æ CUˆPı“¯P¯Ø® §fl£ÿ”
˜¡skˆ©⁄ C¢vØı ¬∏ƧØx. CUˆPı“¯PUS £ıflk[
©ı{ımi¿ {¿ªıuµƒ QmiØx. CUˆPı“¯P¯Ø Hÿ÷U
ˆPısh {ıkP“ A¯⁄zxÆ ˆ{∏[Q {m¶ ˆPısh⁄.
Cx˜¡ Ao˜\µı CØUP©ıP (Non-Aligned Movement) E∏
ˆ¡kzux. C¢vØı¬fl ˜{∏, ≥˜PıϘª¬Øı¬fl
im˜hı, C¢˜uı˜⁄]Øı¬fl _P∫˜⁄ı, GQ®vfl {ı\∫ CU
ˆPı“¯P¯Ø ¨uº¿ Hÿ÷U ˆPısh u¯ª¡∫PÕı¡∫.
1961&BÆ Bsk ≥˜PıϘª¬Øz u¯ª{Pµı⁄ ˆ£¿Q
˜µmi¿ Ao˜\µı CØUP {ıkPŒfl ¨u¿ ©ı{ık {¯h
ˆ£ÿ”x. 1964&BÆ Bsk C∆¬ØUPzvfl CµshıÆ
©ı{ık GQ®væ“Õ ˆP¥˜µı¬¿ (Cairo) {¯hˆ£ÿ”x.
CUˆPı“¯P∞fl {ÿvmh[P¯Õ AÆ©ı{ımi¿ ªı¿ £Py∫
165
\ıÏv∂ ˆ¡Œ∞mhı∫. A¯¡P“ : (1) Aq B≤uU S¯”®¶,
(2) G¿¯ªz uPµı÷P¯Õ A¯©v≤hfl w∫zu¿, (3) A¢|Ø
BvUPÆ, Azx´”¿, v¯\ v∏®£¿, |”˜¡ÿ÷¯© &
BQØ⁄¯¡∞º∏¢x ¬ku¯ª, (4) \∫¡˜u\ Tmk”ƒ ≠ªÆ
x∂u® ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¡Õ∫a]¯ØU ˆPısk¡∏u¿, (5) IUQØ
{ıkP“ \¯£USÆ, Aufl A¯©v ©ÿ÷Æ ¡Õ∫a]z
vmhzvÿSÆ ¨  Buµƒ AŒzu¿ BQØ⁄ BSÆ.
Ao˜\µı {ıkP“, IUQØ {ıkP“ \¯£∞¿ ≠fl”ıÆ
AoØıPa ˆ\Ø¿£mh⁄. Ao˜\µı {ıkPŒfl |ØıØ©ı⁄
¡ıu[P¯Õ Bu∂zu B]Ø, B®§∂UPı, Cªzwfl, Aˆ©∂UP
{ıkP“ ≠fl”ıÆ EªP {ıkP“ (Third World Countries) G⁄
A¯«UP®£mh⁄. C∏£uıÆ °ÿ”ısi¿ Ao˜\µı
CØUPÆ _©ı∫ 12 Ea] ©ı{ıkP¯ÕU Psk“Õx. C∆
¬ØUPzv¿ 112&USÆ ˜©ÿ£mh {ıkP“ £[S ˆPısk
E“Õ⁄. EªP {ıkP“ £¿˜¡÷ x∏¡[PÕıPa ˆ\Ø¿£mk
¡∏Æ CUPıªPmhzvæÆ EªP A¯©v¯Ø≤Æ, £ıx
Pı®§¯⁄≤Æ ˜{ıUP©ıPU ˆPısh C∆¬ØUPÆ Cfl÷Æ
˜u¯¡≤¯hØ Jfl”ıP˜¡ E“Õx.
7. As¯h {ıkP–hfl {m¶U ˆPı“¯P : C¢vØı
G®ˆ£ı xÆ ^⁄ı, £ıQÏuıfl, ¡[PıÕ˜u\Æ, ˜{£ıÕÆ,
ßhıfl, ™Øıfl©ı∫ (£∫©ı), Cª[¯P, ©ıªzwƒP“ ˜£ıfl”
u⁄x As¯h{ıkP–hfl {¿æ”¬¯⁄˜Ø ¯¡zxU
ˆPı“Õ ¬∏ƶQfl”x. C¢vØı u⁄x As¯h {ıkP–hfl
©shªU Tmk”ƒ (Regional Co-operation) Ai®£¯h∞¿
{m¶hfl ˆ\Ø¿£mk ¡∏Qfl”x. C¢vØı¬fl ¨fl⁄ı“
§µu©µı⁄ I.˜P. S‰µı¿ (I.K. Gujral) 1996&BÆ Bsk I¢x
AÆ\[PŒfl Ai®£¯h∞ªı⁄ C¢vØı¬fl "As¯h
{ımkU ˜Pım£ımi¯⁄' ˆ¡Œ∞mhı∫. A¯¡ (1) Gv∫£ı∫®
§¿ªı {m¶ £ıµımku¿, (2) ©ÿ” {ımk Jÿ÷¯©¯Ø
©vzu¿, (3) §” {ımk E“ ¬¡Pıµ[PŒ¿ u¯ª∞hı¯©,
(4) u⁄x {ımk® £Sv¯Ø ©ÿ” {ımiÿˆPvµıP®
£Øfl£kzu A›©vØı¯©, (5) §µa\¯⁄¯Øz w∫zxU
ˆPı“¡v¿ ˜{µi® ˜£a_ BQØ⁄¡ıSÆ. C¯¡ S‰µı¿
˜Pım£ık G⁄ A¯«UP®£kQfl”⁄.
166
167
8. \ı∫U ≠ªÆ ©shªU Tmk”ƒ : C¢vØı, ©shªU
Tmk”¬¿ {ƧU¯PU ˆPısk“Õx. Cu⁄i®£¯h∞¿
£Ø›” ¡[PıÕ˜u\Æ C¢vØıƒhfl Jzx¯«zvh ¨fl
¡¢ux. Aufl ¬¯Õ¡ıP ˆuÿS B]Ø {ıkP“ \ı∫U
A¿ªx ©shªU Tmk”¬ÿPı⁄ ˆuÿPı]Øa \[PÆ
(South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation (SAARC) Gݮ
A¯©®¶ E∏¡ıUP®£mhx. C∆¡¯©®§fl ¨u¿ ©ı{ık
1985&BÆ Bsk i\Æ£∫ v[P“ ¡[PıÕ ˜u\z u¯ª{Pµı⁄
hıUPı¬¿ {¯hˆ£ÿ”x. 1986&BÆ Bsk ˜{£ıÕzvfl
u¯ª{Pµı⁄ Pız©sk (Kathmandu) C∆¡¯©®§fl u¯ª¯©
ØP©ı⁄x, C∆¡¯©®§¿, (1) C¢vØı, (2) ¡[PıÕ ˜u\Æ,
(3) £ıQÏuıfl, (4) ˜{£ıÕÆ, (5) ßhıfl, (6) Cª[¯P,
(7) ©ıªzwƒP“ ˜£ıfl” 7 {ıkP“ uÿ˜£ıx A[PÆ ˆ£ÿ÷
E“Õ⁄. C∆¡¯©®¶ J∏¡∏UˆPı∏¡∫ \≠P, ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ,
£s£ımkz x¯”PŒ¿ Eu¬ ˆ\¥x ˆPı“¡¯u ˜{ıUP
©ıPU ˆPısk“Õx. C∆¡¯©®¶ Gzu¯PØ Aµ]Ø¿ P∏x
ˆ£ı∏¯Õ≤Æ ˆPısiØ[P¬¿¯ª. E÷®¶ {ıkP“ Si}∫,
G∂\Uv, uP¡¿ˆuıh∫¶, ˜£ıUS¡µzx, _ÿ÷a`«¿, Ch®
ˆ£Ø∫ƒ, _ÿ÷ªı, ¡oPÆ, ¨uΩk ˜£ıfl” x¯”PŒ¿
u[P–US“ Jÿ÷¯©≤hfl ˆ\Ø¿£h J®¶U ˆPısk“Õ⁄.
C¢{ıkP“ 1993&BÆ Bsk \ı®hı A¿ªx ˆuÿPı]Ø
¨fl›∂¯© ¡∫zuP J®£¢uÆ (South Asian Preferential Trade
Agreement (SAPTA) Jfl‘¯⁄a ˆ\¥x ˆPısh⁄. C∆
¡¯©®¶ uÿ˜£ıx¡¯µ 12 Ea] ©ı{ıkP¯ÕU Psk“Õx.
C¢vØı ˆuÿPı]Ø® £Sv∞¿ A¯©v¯Ø≤Æ E÷v¯Ø≤Æ
|¯ª|÷zu u⁄x As¯h {ıkP–hfl Jzx¯«®£v¿
™PƒÆ B∫¡©ıP C∏¢x ¡∏Qfl”x.
9. Pı©flˆ¡¿zv¿ £[S : C[Qªı¢vfl ¨fl⁄ı“ Si˜Øÿ”
{ıkP“ u[P–US“ ¡oP, £s£ımkz ˆuıh∫¶P¯ÕU
ˆPısi∏¢u⁄. A¯¡P“ Pı©flˆ¡¿z Gfl” A¯©®§¯⁄
Hÿ£kzv⁄. C¢vØıƒÆ A∆¡¯©®§¿ E÷®§⁄µı¥a
˜\∫¢ux. Pı©flˆ¡¿z {ıkP“ u[P–US“ P¿¬,
A‘¬Ø¿, ˆuı»¿ ~m£Æ, £s£ık ˜£ıfl” x¯”PŒ¿
Jzx¯«®¶hfl ˆ\Ø¿£mk ¡∏Qfl”⁄. A¢{ıkP–hfl
168
C¢vØı u⁄x E”¬¯⁄z xsizxU ˆPı“Õ ¬∏Æ£
¬¿¯ª.
10. £Ø[Pµ¡ıu Gv∫®¶ : £Ø[Pµ¡ıu A¯©®¶P–Æ
£Ø[Pµ¡ıu¨Æ uÿ˜£ıx A¯©vUS Aa_÷zuªı¥ ¬Õ[Q
¡∏Qfl”⁄. C¢vØı £Ø[Pµ¡ıuzv¯⁄ Gv∫UQfl”x.
C¢vØı u⁄x As¯h {ıkP–h›Æ, ©ÿ” EªP
{ıkP–h›Æ ˜\∫¢x \∫¡˜u\ AÕ¬¿ £Ø[Pµ ¡ıuzv¯⁄
Gv∫®£v¿ Jzx¯«zvh Gfl÷Æ uØıµıP E“Õx.

As¯h {ıkP–h›Æ ©ÿ” {ıkP–h›Æ

C¢vØı¬fl E”ƒP“
^⁄ & C¢vØ E”ƒP“ : 1957&BÆ Bsk ¨u¿, ^⁄&C¢vØ
E”ƒPŒ¿ £ıv®¶P“ Hÿ£mh⁄. 1959&BÆ Bsk ^⁄ı
C¢vØıƒhfl G¿¯ªz uPµıÿ‘¯⁄ ¡Õ∫zux. A∆¡ısk
vˆ£zv¿ ^⁄ıƒUˆPvµıP G ¢u ¶µm]¯Ø JkUP ^⁄ı
x∏®¶P¯Õ A›®§Øx. vˆ£zvfl uªı¥ ªı©ı C¢vØı
ƒUS Ki ¡¢uı∫. ^⁄ı C¢vØıƒhfl ˜£ı∂hz uØıµı⁄x.
1962&BÆ Bsk ^⁄ı C¢vØı¯¡z uıUQØx. A®˜£ı∂⁄ı¿
C¢vØı £ª Cfl⁄¿P–US“Õı⁄x. A®˜£ı∂¯⁄z
ˆuıh∫¢x 1976&BÆ Bsk¡¯µ C¢vØa&^⁄ E”¬¿ _¨P
|¯ª Aÿ÷®˜£ı⁄x. 1988&BÆ Bsk ¨fl⁄ı“ C¢vØ®
§µu©∫ Cµı„∆ Pı¢v ^⁄ı¬ÿS® £ØnÆ ˆ\¥u˜£ıxuıfl
´skÆ C¢vØa&^⁄ E”¬¿ _¨P |¯ª Hÿ£mhx.
A∆¡ısk C¢vØıƒÆ ^⁄ıƒÆ A‘¬Ø¿ ©ÿ÷Æ ˆuı»¿
~m£Æ, ¡ıfl˜£ıUS¡µzx, £s£ımk £∂¡∫zu¯⁄
˜£ıfl” ≠fl÷ J®£¢u[PŒ¿ ¯PˆØ zvmh⁄. 1993&BÆ
Bsk C∏{ıkP–Æ A¯©v ©ÿ÷Æ A¯©v Pızu¿
G›Æ ©ÿˆ”ı∏ J®£¢uzvæÆ ¯PˆØ zvmh⁄. 1996&BÆ
Bsk ^⁄z u¯ª¡∫ ‚Øı[ˆ·™fl (Jiang Zemin)
C¢vØı¬ÿS ¡∏¯P ¶∂¢uı∫. A®˜£ıx C¢vØıƒÆ
^⁄ıƒÆ {ƧU¯P ¡Õ∫USÆ {h¡iU¯P J®£¢u[P“
{ıflQ¿ ¯PˆØ z vmh⁄. Ax ¨uÿˆPısk ^⁄&C¢vØ
E”¬¿ |¯ªØı⁄ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ Hÿ£mk ¡∏Qfl”x.
169
£ıQÏuı›hfl E”ƒP“ : C¢vØı¬ÿSÆ £ıQÏuı›USÆ
C¯h∞¿ §∂¬¯⁄Øı¿ Hÿ£mh PıØ[P“ B÷¡uÿS
}sh{ımP“ B∞⁄. Cfl⁄¨Æ PıË´µ® §µa]¯⁄ w∫UP®
£hıu Jfl”ıPƒÆ C∏ {ıkP–US™¯h∞¿ ¡ıuzvÿS∂Ø
uıPƒ¨“Õx. _u¢vµzvÿS® §fl PıË´µzvfl ©fl⁄∫
PıË´¯µ C¢vØıƒhfl C¯nzuı∫. B⁄ı¿ £ıQÏuı¤¿
E“Õ PıË´µ ¬∏ƧP“ Cfl”ÕƒÆ C¯n®¯£
Gv∫®£xhfl A¯©v ¨Øÿ]P¯Õ ¨‘Øi®£væÆ
Dk£mk ¡∏Qfl”⁄∫. Azu¯PØ ¨Øÿ]P–US A¢|Ø
\UvP“ G∂ w∞¿ Gsˆn¥ Fÿ÷¡x˜£ıª Eu¬
¡∏Qfl”⁄. Au⁄ı¿ C¢vØı&£ıQÏuıfl C¯h∞¿ 1948,
1965, 1971 ©ÿ÷Æ 1999&C¿ (Pı∫Q¿ ˜£ı∫) ˜£ı∫P“
{¯hˆ£ÿ”⁄. 1966&BÆ Bsk uıËPsm J®£¢u¨Æ,
1972&BÆ Bsk ]ƪı J®£¢u¨Æ ˜{µi® ˜£a_ ¡ı∫z¯u,
Ehfl£ımifl ≠ªÆ §µa]¯⁄P¯Õz w∫zxU ˆPı“Õ ¡»
¡SUQfl”⁄. C¢vØ Aµ_ PıË´∂¿ ©UPÕım]¯Ø
A¯©zx“Õx. £ıQÏuı¤fl }shPıª Cµıq¡ Bm],
Cµıq¡zvfl ≠ª¨Æ, w¬µ¡ıuzv⁄ıæÆ PıË´¯µ
C¢vØı¬h™∏¢x §∂UP ¨Øÿ]UQ”x. B⁄ı¿ C∏{ımk
©UP“ ©zv∞¿ G∆¬u P\®¶n∫a]≤Æ C¿¯ª.
C¢vØıƒÆ Cª[¯P≤Æ : C¢vØıƒÆ Cª[¯P≤Æ {¿ª
As¯h {ıkP“. Cª[¯P G®ˆ£ı xÆ C¢vØı¬fl
|ØıØ©ı⁄ |¯ª∞¯⁄ Bu∂zx ¡∏Æ {ıhıSÆ. 1990&BÆ
Bsk u™«∫ C⁄®§µa]¯⁄z ˆuıh∫£ıP C¢vØı u⁄x
A¯©v PıUSÆ £¯h∞¯⁄ Cª[¯P Aµ]fl ˜¡sk
˜Pı–UQn[P Cª[¯PUS A›®§Øx. ©ÿ” ¡¯P∞¿
C∏{ıkPŒfl E”ƒÆ _¨P |¯ª∞˜ª˜Ø C∏¢x
¡∏Qfl”x.
EªP {ıkP–h⁄ı⁄ E”ƒP“ : 1973&BÆ Bsk ¡¯µ
C¢vØ&Aˆ©∂UP E”ƒP“ £ıµımkÆ ¡¯P∞¿ A¯©Ø
¬¿¯ª. 1974&BÆ Bsk Aˆ©∂UP ˆ¡Œ≤”ƒa ˆ\ت∫
ˆÌfl‘ QÏ][P∫ C¢vØı ¡¢uı∫. Ax ¨uÿˆPısk C∏
{ıkP–USÆ C¯h∞¿ ¡oPÆ, A‘¬Ø¿, ˆuı»¿~m£Æ
BQØ x¯”PŒ¿ Jÿ÷¯© |ª¬ ¡∏Qfl”x. C¢vØı
1953&BÆ Bsk ¨u¿ CµËØıƒhfl {¿ª E”¬¯⁄ ¯¡zx
170
¡¢x“Õx. C¢vØı u⁄x GLSz ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªP¯Õ
A¯©zvh CµËØı, §µıfl_, ˆ·∫©¤, C[Qªı¢x ˜£ıfl”
{ıkPŒfl Eu¬∞¯⁄® ˆ£ÿ÷“Õx. C¢vØı B]Øı¬fl
©ÿ” {ıkPÕı⁄ ·®£ıfl, ˆufl ˆPı∂Øı, ©˜ª]Øı,
][P®ß∫ ˜£ıfl” {ıkP–hfl ˆuıh∫¢x Jÿ÷¯©≤hfl
ˆ\تıÿ‘ ¡∏Qfl”x. A˜u ˜£ıfl÷ B®§∂UP {ıkP“,
©zvØ Q«US, P⁄hı, BÏv˜µºØı, Cªzwfl Aˆ©∂UP
{ıkP–h›Æ C¢vØı {¿æ”¬¯⁄® ˜£o ¡∏Qfl”x.
Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“
1. ©ın¡∫ C¢v؈¡Œ≤”ƒU ˆPı“¯P∞fl ¨UQØ
AÆ\[P¯Õ ¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.
2. ©ın¡∫ £g\ ^ªÆ, Ao˜\µıU ˆPı“¯PP¯Õ ¬¡∂UP
¨i≤Æ.
3. ©ın¡∫ ^⁄&C¢vØ E”ƒP¯Õ ¬¡ıvUP ¨i≤Æ.
4. ©ın¡∫ S‰µı¿ ˆPı“¯P¯Ø ¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.
5. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØı EªP {ıkP–hfl ˆPısk“Õ
E”ƒP¯ÕU ˜PıimkU Pımh ¨i≤Æ.

_Ø©v®•k
I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Øz ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ
1. C¢vØı I.{ı. \¯£∞fl E÷®§⁄∫ B⁄ Bsk
A. 1944 B. 1945
C. 1947 D. 1946
2. "A£ı∫ wm' ˆPı“¯P¯Ø® §fl£ÿ‘Ø {ık
A. ˆufl B®§∂UPı B. B]Øı
C. ^⁄ı D. B®§∂UPı
3. ¨u¿ Ao˜\µı CØUP ©ı{ık {¯hˆ£ÿ” ChÆ
A. ˆP¥˜µı B. hıUPı
C. ˆ£¿Q˜µm D. ·Pı∫zuı
4. \ı∫U A¯©®§fl u¯ª¯©∞hÆ
A. hıUPı B. Pız©sm
C. ©ı˜ª D. ¶x v¿º
171
II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ |µ®¶P
1. £ıflk[ ©ı{ık {¯hˆ£ÿ” Bsk __________ BSÆ.
2. £g\ ^ªÆ __________ ˜Pım£ıkP¯ÕU ˆPısk“Õx.
3. \ı∫U A¯©®§fl ¬∂¡ıUPÆ ________ _______ ________.
4. ^⁄&C¢vØ® ˜£ı∫ {¯hˆ£ÿ” Bsk __________.
5. Pı∫Q¿ ˜£ı∫ {¯hˆ£ÿ” Bsk __________.
II. §fl¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ¯”® ˆ£ı∏zxP
1. v∏©v. ¬·Øªm_™ £sim && 1985
2. \ı∫U && 1996
3. \ı®hı && ≥˜PıϘª¬Øı
4. im˜hı && 1993
5. S‰µı¿ ˜Pım£ık && I.{ı. \¯£∞fl ¨u¿
ˆ£s u¯ª¡∫.
IV. _∏UP©ıP ¬¯hØŒUPƒÆ
1. ˜£µµ_U ˆPı“¯P Gfl”ı¿ Gfl⁄?
2. Ao˜\µı CØUPzvfl ¨UQØz u¯ª¡∫P“ Øı∫?
3. \ı®hı¯¡ ¬∂¡ıUSP.
4. \ı∫U {ıkP“ ˆ£Ø∫P¯Õ G xP.
5. Cµı„∆ Pı¢v G®ˆ£ı x ^⁄ıƒUS® £ØnÆ ˆ\fl”ı∫?
V. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P

1. C¢vØı¬fl ˆ¡Œ≤”ƒU ˆPı“¯P¯Ø ¬ÕUSP.

2. C¢vØı As¯h {ıkP–h›Æ ©ÿ” EªP {ıkP–h›Æ
ˆPısk“Õ E”ƒP¯Õ ¬¡∂.
VI. ˆ\¥¨¯”® £∞ÿ]P“

1. ¡¯µ £hzv¿ C¢vØı¬fl As¯h {ıkP¯ÕU

S‘®§kP.
2. ©ın¡¯µ ˜{∏, `&ˆØfl&ªı¥, im˜hı, {ı\∫, C¢vØı
¡¢u ©ÿ” EªPz u¯ª¡∫PŒfl £h[P¯Õa ˜\P∂UPa
ˆ\ı¿ªƒÆ.
172
 Si¯©∞Ø¿
AªS & I

£ıhÆ & 1

Tmhım] Aµ_ A¯©®¶

Pÿ”¿ ˜{ıUP[P“
1. ©ın¡∫ Tmhım] Aµ_ £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄® ˆ£”¿.
2. ©ın¡∫ Tmhım] Aµ]fl AÆ\[P“ Gfl⁄ Gfl£¯uz
ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
3. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØU Tmhım] A¯©®§fl ufl¯©¯Øz
ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
4. ©ın¡∫ ©zvØ, ©ı|ª Aµ_P“ ©zvØ®£SvP“,
(≥¤Øfl §µ˜u\[P“) C¯h∞ªı⁄ E”¬¯⁄® ¶∂¢x
ˆPı“–u¿.

Tmhım] G›Æ ˆ£ı∏“£kÆ ˆ£h˜µ\fl (Federation)

Gfl” B[Qªa ˆ\ı¿ Cªzwfl ˆ©ı» ¡ı∫z¯uØı⁄ "§ˆhÏ'
(Foedus) Gfl£vº∏¢x ˆ£”®£mhuıSÆ. J∏ Tmhım]
Aµ_ Gfl£x ©ı|ª[P“ Jfl‘¯n¡vfl ¬¯Õ¡ı¿
˜uıfl÷¡uıSÆ. G⁄˜¡ J∏ Tmhım] Aµ]¿ ©zv∞¿ K∫
Aµ_Æ, ©ı|ª Aµ_P–Æ G⁄ C∏ Aµ_ A¯©®¶P“ E“Õ⁄.
C∆¬∏ Aµ_ A¯©®¶P–Æ G u®£mh (Written), ˆ{Q«ız
ufl¯© ˆPısh (Rigid) J∏ Aµ]ت¯©®¶a \mhzv⁄ı¿
£Q∫¢uŒUP®£mh _u¢vµ AvPıµ[P¯ÕU ˆPısk“Õ⁄.
©ÿˆ”ı∏ ¡¯P∞¿ T‘⁄ı¿ J∏ Tmhım] {ımi¿ ©zvØ
Aµ_Æ, ©ı|ª Aµ_P–Æ E“Õ⁄. Aˆ©∂UP IUQØ {ık,
173
 BÏv˜µºØı, _¬m\∫ªı¢x, C¢vØı, P⁄hı ˜£ıfl”
{ıkP“ Tmhım] Aµ_P–US Euıµn[P“ BSÆ. J∏
{ımi¿ J˜µ J∏ Aµ_ A¯©®¶ ©mkÆ C∏US˜©Øı⁄ı¿
A¢{ımi¯⁄ Jÿ¯”ص_ (Unitary State) {ık G⁄ A¯«U
Q˜”ıÆ. C[Qªı¢x ©ÿ÷Æ ˇª[Pı ˜£ıfl” {ıkP“
Jÿ¯”ص_P–US Euıµn[PÕıSÆ.
Tmhım] Aµ_PŒfl Ai®£¯h AÆ\[P“ : J∏ Tmhım]
Aµ_ {ıflS Ai®£¯h AÆ\[P¯ÕU ˆPısk“Õx. A¯¡
§fl¡∏©ı÷ : 1. Aµ]ت¯©®¶a \mhzvfl u¤ ¨u¿
BvUPÆ, 2. ©zvØ, ©ı|ª[P–UQ¯h∞ªı⁄ AvPıµ®
£Q∫ƒ, 3. Aµ]ت¯©®¶a \mhzvfl ˆ{Q«ız ufl¯©
©ÿ÷Æ, 4. _u¢vµ©ı⁄ }vzx¯” A¯©®¶ E“Õ¯© BSÆ.
1. Aµ]ت¯©®¶a \mhzvfl u¤ ¨u¿ BvUPÆ :
J∆ˆ¡ı∏ Tmhım] Aµ_Æ A¡]ØÆ G u®£mh J∏
Aµ]ت¯©®¶a \mhzv¯⁄® ˆ£ÿ‘∏zu¿ ˜¡skÆ.
A∆¡µ]ت¯©®¶a \mhÆ ˆ{Q«ız ufl¯©≤¯hØ Jfl”ıP
C∏zu¿ ˜¡skÆ. ©zvØ |∫¡ıPÆ, \mh©fl”Æ ©ÿ÷Æ
©ı|ª |∫¡ıPÆ, \mh©fl”Æ BQد¡PŒfl AvPıµ[P“,
£oP¯Õ Aµ]ت¯©®¶a \mhÆ G¿¯ª ¡¯µØ¯”a
ˆ\¥x T÷Qfl”x. Aµ]ت¯©®¶a \mhzvÿS ¨µnıP
|∫¡ıP˜©ı A¿ªx \mh©fl”˜©ı ˆ\تıÿ÷u¿ Cتıx.
2. ©zvØ, ©ı|ª[P–UQ¯h∞ªı⁄ AvPıµ® £Q∫ƒ : J∏
Tmhım] Aµ]ت¯©®¶a \mhzv¿ ©zvØ Aµ_, ©ı|ª
Aµ_P–UQ¯h∞ªı⁄ AvPıµ[P“ £Q∫ƒ ˆ\¥Ø®£m
i∏zu¿ ˜¡skÆ. ˆ£ıx¡ıP, ˜u]Ø ¨UQØzx¡Æ ¡ı¥¢u
AvPıµ[P“ ©zvØ Aµ]ÿS JxUP®£kQfl”⁄. ©ı|ª
¨UQØzx¡Æ ¡ı¥¢u x¯”P“ ©ı|ª Aµ_P–US ¡«[P®
£kQfl”⁄. Aµ]ت¯©®¶a \mhzv¿ S‘®§h®£hıu
A¿ªx Gg]Ø AvPıµ[P“ (Residuary Powers) ©zvØ A¿ªx
©ı|ª[P“ ¡\Æ J®£¯hUP®£kQfl”⁄. C¢vØ Aµ]Ø
ª¯©®¶a \mhÆ ©zvØ Aµ]fl AvPıµ[P¯Õ ©zvØ®
174
£miغ¿ (Union List) S‘®§kQfl”x. A®£miغ¿ 97
x¯”P“ ChÆ ˆ£ÿ÷“Õ⁄. ©ı|ª® £miغ¿ 66
x¯”P“ ChÆ ˆ£ÿ÷“Õ⁄. ˆ£ıx A¿ªx J∏[Q¯n¢u
£miغ¿ 47 x¯”P“ ChÆ ˆ£ÿ÷“Õ⁄. S‘®§h®£hıu
A¿ªx Gg]Ø AvPıµ[P“ ©zvØ Aµ]fl ¡\Æ
J®£¯hUP® £mk“Õ⁄. C¢u® £miØ¿PŒ¿ H˜u›Æ
©ıÿ”Æ ˆ\¥Ø ˜¡skˆ©¤¿ Au¯⁄ Aµ]ت¯©®¶a
\mhzv∏zuÆ ≠ªÆ ©mk˜© ˆ\¥u¿ ¨i≤Æ.
3. Aµ]ت¯©®¶a \mhzvfl ˆ{Q«ızufl¯© : J∏
Tmhım] Aµ_ G u®£mh J∏ Aµ]ت¯©®¶a \mhz
v¯⁄® (Written Constitution) ˆ£ÿ‘∏USÆ. Au¯⁄ GŒv¿
v∏zu ¨iØıx. G⁄˜¡ Ax J∏ ˆ{Q«ı Aµ]ت¯©®¶a
\mhÆ G⁄®£kÆ. Azu¯PØ Aµ]ت¯©®¶a \mhzv¯⁄z
v∏zuÆ ˆ\¥Ø Pi⁄©ı⁄ ¨¯”∞¯⁄® §fl£ÿ” ˜¡si
∞∏USÆ. BÏv˜µºØı, _¬m\∫ªı¢x ˜£ıfl” {ıkPŒ¿
J∆ˆ¡ı∏ Aµ]ت¯©®¶a \mh v∏zu¨Æ ©UPŒfl J®¶
u¯ª® ˆ£ÿ˜” |¯”˜¡ÿ”®£h ˜¡skÆ. Aˆ©∂UPı¬¿
£ıµı–©fl”zvfl A÷v® ˆ£∏Æ£ıfl¯© Buµƒh›Æ,
{ıflQ¿ ≠fl÷ £[S ©ı|ªa \mh©fl”[PŒfl Buµƒh›Æ
uıfl Aµ]ت¯©®¶z v∏zu[P¯Õa ˆ\¥Ø ¨i≤Æ.
C¢vØı¬¿ Aµ]ت¯©®¶z v∏zu[P“ ≠fl÷ ˆ¡∆˜¡÷
¡¯PPŒ¿ ˆ\¥Ø®£kQfl”⁄. C¢vØ Aµ]ت¯©®¶a
\mhzvfl ]ª £SvP¯Õz v∏zuÆ ˆ\¥Ø {ıhı–©fl” C∏
A¯¡PŒfl ≠fl‘¿ C∏ £[S ˆ£∏Æ£ıfl¯© Buµƒ
˜u¯¡®£kQfl”x. J∏ ©ı|ªzvfl ˆ£Ø∂¯⁄ ©ıÿ÷u¿,
©ı|ª G¿¯ªP¯Õ ©ıÿ‘د©zu¿, ¶vØ ©ı|ª[P¯Õ
E∏¡ıUSu¿ ˜£ıfl” v∏zu[P¯Õa ˆ\¥Ø {ıhı–©fl”zvfl
ˆ£∏Æ£ıfl¯© Buµƒ C∏¢uı¿ ©mkÆ ˜£ıx©ı⁄uıSÆ.
Aµ]ت¯©®¶a \mhzvfl J∏ ]ª ©ÿ” £SvP¯Õz
v∏zuÆ ˆ\¥Ø ˜¡skˆ©¤¿ {ıhı–©fl” C∏ A¯¡
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æ“Õ £ıv ©ı|ª \mh©fl”[PŒfl BuµƒÆ A¡]Ø©ıSÆ.
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AvPıµ¨Æ : _u¢vµ©ı⁄ }vzx¯” ˆ\Ø¿£k¡x Tmhım]
Aµ]fl ufl¯©¯ØU S‘UQfl”x. Tmhım] ¨¯”∞¿
©zvØ, ©ı|ª Aµ_P“ Aµ]ت¯©®¶a \mh ¡¯µØ¯”U
S“ u[PÕx Aµ]ت¯©®¶U Ph¯©P¯Õ |¯”˜¡ÿ÷
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w∫ƒ Pın }v A‘ƒ¯µz ˜u¯¡®£kQ”x. G⁄˜¡ Tmhım]
Aµ]¿ w∫ƒUPı⁄ P∏zv¯⁄ ¡«[P˜¡ı A¿ªx Aµ]Ø
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A¡]ØÆ ˜u¯¡®£kQfl”x. Ea\ }v©fl”Æ GkUSÆ
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Tmhım] Aµ]fl |¯”P“ : Tmhım] Aµ_ A¯©®§¯⁄®

£ª Aµ]Ø¿ A‘b∫P“ Hÿ÷® £µ¡ªıP® £ıµımi≤“Õ⁄∫.
Tmhım] Aµ]fl |¯”P¯Õ® §fl¡∏Æ ¡∂P“ ¬ÕUS
Qfl”⁄ : 1. Tmhım] Aµ]¿ ]÷ ©ı|ª[P“ Jfl‘¯n¢x
E÷vØı⁄ Tmhµ_ A¯©zx Au⁄ı¿ ¡º¯© ˆ£÷Qfl”⁄,
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8. C∆¡µ]¿ ˜¡¯ª®£– AvP™¿¯ª, 9. AvPıµÆ ¯©Ø®
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Tmhım] Aµ]fl S¯”P“ : 1. Cƨ¯”∞ªı⁄ Aµ_

ˆ\ªƒ¯hØuıSÆ, 2. ]ª \©Ø[PŒ¿ E“{ımk, ˆ¡Œ
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J∏¯©®£ık £ıv®§ÿS“ÕıPªıÆ, 5. Pıª uı©u¨Æ,
FUPÆ √niUP®£kuæÆ |P«ªıÆ, 6. Aµ]ت¯©®¶a
\mhzvfl ˆ{Q«ız ufl¯©∞⁄ı¿ A∆¡®˜£ıx Hÿ£kÆ
\≠P, ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ \¡ı¿P¯Õ® ˜£ıUQh Eh⁄ia \mhz
w∫ƒP¯Õ ¡«[Qh ¨iØıx.
©zvØ&©ı|ª E”ƒP“ : C¢vØı¬¿ uÿ˜£ıx 28 ©ı|ª[
P–Æ, 6 ©zvØ Bm]® £SvP–Æ (≥¤Øfl §µ˜u\[P“) 1
˜u]Ø u¯ª{P∫® £Sv≤Æ (ˆh¿º) E“Õ⁄. {©x Aµ]Ø
ª¯©®¶a \mhÆ E∏¡ıUQ≤“Õ Tmhım] Aµ_ A¯©®
§¯⁄® ˆ£ı÷zu¡¯µ∞¿ EªQfl ˜¡÷ G¢uU Tmhım]
Aµ_h›Æ Cu¯⁄ J®§h ¨iØıx. {©x {ımi¿ ©zvØ,
©ı|ª Aµ_P–UQ¯h∞ªı⁄ E”ƒP“ ˆ£∏Æ ¨UQØzx¡Æ
ˆ£÷Qfl”⁄. ˜u]Ø Jÿ÷¯©, J∏¯©®£ık, _u¢vµÆ
{ımifl C¯”Øıs¯©¯Ø® £ıxPızx ¡Õ∫zvh˜¡sk
ˆ©fl” ˜{ıUShfl ©zvØ, ©ı|ª Aµ_P–UQ¯h∞¿
AvPıµ[P¯Õ® £Q∫¢uŒUSÆ {©x Aµ]ت¯©®¶a
\mhzvfl 235 ¨u¿ 263 ¡¯µ∞ªı⁄ ¬vP“ ©zvØ Aµ]ÿSU
Tku¿ AvPıµ[P¯Õ ¡«[SQfl”⁄. C¢vØU Tmhım]
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©zvØ, ©ı|ª C∏ Aµ_P–Æ Jfl¯”ˆØıfl÷ \ı∫¢vØ[SÆ
ˆPı“¯P∞fl Ai®£¯h∞¿ CØ[S¡uıSÆ.
©zvØ, ©ı|ª Aµ_P–UQ¯h∞ªı⁄ E”ƒP¯Õ® §fl
¡∏Æ u¯ª®¶PŒfl Rà ¬ÕUPªıÆ : 1. \mh¨¯”∞ªı⁄
E”ƒP“, 2. |∫¡ıP ¨¯”∞ªı⁄ E”ƒP“ ©ÿ÷Æ, 3. |v
¡¯P∞ªı⁄ E”ƒP“ BQØ⁄¡ıSÆ.
1. \mh ¨¯”∞ªı⁄ E”ƒP“ : ˜u]Ø ¨UQØzx¡Æ ¡ı¥¢u
x¯”P“ ©zvØ® £miغ¿ ChÆ ˆ£ÿ÷“Õ⁄. £ıxPı®¶,
177
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©ÿ÷Æ u¢v, PıQu® £nÆ ©ÿ÷Æ {ınØ[P“ ˜£ıfl” ]ª
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©ı|ªa \mh ©fl”[P“ \mh™Øÿ÷Æ AvPıµÆ ˆ£ÿ÷“Õ
x¯”P“ ©ı|ª® £miغ¿ ChÆ ˆ£ÿ÷“Õ⁄. \mhÆ
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E“Õım] A¯©®¶P“, ˜¡Õıs¯© ˜£ıfl” ]ª
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ˆ£ıx®£miغ¿ (Concurrent List) ˜\∫UP®£mk“Õ x¯”
PŒfl ´x ©zvØ, ©ı|ª C∏ Aµ_P–Æ \mh[P¯Õ CØÿ”
E∂¯© Esk. C∏¢u˜£ıvæÆ ¨µs£ık Hÿ£kÆ
ˆ£ı x ©zvØ Aµ_ CØÿ÷Æ \mh˜© ©ı|ª Aµ_a
\mhzv¯⁄¬h ˆ\¿¡ıUS ™UPuı¥ ¬Õ[SÆ. v∏©nÆ,
©n¬ªUS (Divorce), P¿¬, ˆuı»ªıÕ∫ {ªÆ ˜£ıfl”¯¡
ˆ£ıx®£miغ¿ ˜\∫UP®£mk“Õ x¯”PÕıSÆ.
2. |∫¡ıP ¨¯”∞ªı⁄ E”ƒP“ : ©ı|ª Aµ_P“ \ıuıµn
|¯ª∞¿ u[PÕx ¡¯µØ¯”USm£mh |∫¡ıP ¬¡Pıµ[
PŒ¿ ¨  AvPıµzv¯⁄≤Æ ˆPısk“Õ⁄. G¤›Æ
S‘®§mh ]ª |¯ª¯©PŒfl Rà ©zvØ Aµ_ ©ı|ª |∫¡ıP
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Qfl”x. Jmkˆ©ızu©ıP ©zvØ, ©ı|ª Aµ_P–UQ¯h∞
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(1) {ıhı–©fl”Æ \mh™Øÿ”UTiØ A¯⁄zx ¬¡µ[
PŒfl ´xÆ ©zvØ Aµ]fl |∫¡ıP AvPıµ[P“ ˆ\¿æ£i
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©ı|ª Aµ_P–US ©zvØ Aµ_ ˜u¯¡Øı⁄ ˆ{‘¨¯”P¯Õ
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B–{∫P¯Õ |Ø™UQ”ı∫. ©ı|ª[PŒ¿ ˆ\تıÿ÷Æ
B–{∫P“ ©zvØ Aµ]fl ˜{∂¯h §µv|vPÕı¥ CØ[S
Qfl”⁄∫. ©ı|ª |¯ª¯©P“ S‘zx A¡∫P“ ©zvØ
Aµ]ÿS £∏¡ A‘U¯PP¯Õ A›®¶Qfl”⁄∫, (4) ©zvØ®
178
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ˆ\¥Qfl”x. C®£SvPŒfl x¯n B–{∫P“ A¿ªx
u¯ª¯© B¯nØ∫P¯Õ C¢vØU Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ |Ø™U
Qfl”ı∫, (5) C∏ ©ı|ª[P–UQ¯h∞¿ usp¯µ® £Øfl
£kzxu¿ ©ÿ÷Æ G¿¯ªP“ S‘zu uPµı÷P¯Õz w∫®£x
ˆuıh∫£ıP {ıhı–©fl”Æ ¬vP¯Õ ¡SUPªıÆ.
3. |v ¡¯P∞ªı⁄ E”ƒP“ : ©zvØ, ©ı|ª Aµ_P–U
Q¯h∞ªı⁄ |v AvPıµ[P¯Õ≤Æ C¢vØ Aµ]ت¯©®¶a
\mhÆ £Q∫¢uŒUQ”x. C∆ƒ”ƒP“ ]ª¡ÿ¯”® §fl¡∏Æ
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A¡ÿ‘¯⁄ ¡`ºUQfl”x. C∆¡∂P“ ≠ªÆ ˆ£”®£kÆ
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P–US PhflP¯Õ ¡«[PªıÆ. ©ı|ª Aµ_P“ ˆ£÷Æ Phfl
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(3) C¢vØz u¯ª¯©U PnUS uoU¯P ØıÕ¯µU Siص_z
u¯ª¡∫ |Ø©⁄Æ ˆ\¥Q”ı∫. ©ı|ªU PnUSP“ ˆuıh∫£ı⁄
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A¯©a\∫ C¢vµı Pı¢v \∫UPı∂Øı S ¬¯⁄ |Ø™zuı∫.
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179
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Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“

1. ©ın¡∫ Tmhım] Aµ_ Gfl”ı¿ Gfl⁄ Gfl£¯u ¬ÕUP

¨i≤Æ.
2. ©ın¡∫ Tmhım] Aµ]fl Ai®£¯h AÆ\[P¯Õ
¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.
3. ©ın¡∫ Tmhım] Aµ]fl |¯”P“, S¯”P¯Õ
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4. ©ın¡∫ ©zvØ, ©ı|ª[P–UQ¯h∞ªı⁄ E”ƒP¯ÕU
S‘®§h ¨i≤Æ.

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I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Øz ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ

1. "§ˆhÏ' Gfl£x J∏
A. Q˜µUP ¡ı∫z¯u B. Cªzwfl ¡ı∫z¯u
C. B[Qª ¡ı∫z¯u D. ˜©æ“Õ GxƒÆ
C¿¯ª.

2. Tmhım] Aµ]fl Ai®£¯h AÆ\©ıP E“Õ¯¡

A. C∏ ©ı|ª[P“ B. Jÿ¯” Aµ_ ©mkÆ
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3. ©zvØ® £miغ¿ E“Õ x¯”PŒfl GsoU¯P

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2. C¢vØı¬¿ Gg]Ø AvPıµ[P“ _______ Aµ]hÆ E“Õ⁄.

3. ©ı|ª® £miغ¿ ________, ________, ________ ˜£ıfl”

x¯”P“ E“Õ⁄.

4. Tmhım] Aµ_P“ ___________ }vzx¯”¯ØU ˆPısk

E“Õ⁄.

III. §fl¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ¯”® ˆ£ı∏zxP

1. ˆ£ıx®£miØ¿ &-& Tmhım] Aµ]fl J∏ AÆ\Æ

2. C∏®¶® £ı¯uP“ && Jÿ¯”ص_

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4. x¯n B–{∫ && ©zvØ® £miØ¿

5. C[Qªı¢x && ©zvØ Bm]® £SvP“

IV. _∏UP©ıP ¬¯hØŒ

1. Tmhım] Gfl”ı¿ Gfl⁄?
2. Tmhım] Aµ]fl AÆ\[P“ Øı¯¡?
3. Tmhım] Aµ]fl |¯”P¯Õa _∏UP©ıP ¬¡ıv.
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u¯ª®¶P¯Õ® £miغhƒÆ.

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1. Tmhım] Aµ]fl |¯”P“, S¯”P¯ÕU S‘®§kP.
2. C¢vØı¬¿ ©zvØ, ©ı|ª Aµ_P–UQ¯h∞ªı⁄
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2. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØ ©ı|ª[P“, ©zvØ® £SvPŒfl
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¶∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.

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ˆPıshuıSÆ. ©zvØ }vzx¯” C¢vØ Ea\ }v©fl”z
v¯⁄U ˆPısk“Õx. C∆¡[P[PŒfl A¯©®¶, AvPıµ[
P“, £oP¯ÕU RÃUPsh¡ı÷ ¬ÕUPªıÆ :
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|∫¡ ıPÆ
|∫¡ıPÆ \mh ©fl”Æ }v ©fl”Æ

C ¢vØU Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ {ıhı– ©fl”Æ C¢vØ Ea\ }v©fl”Æ

x¯nU Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ ˜ªıU \£ı Cµı‰Ø \£ı C¢vØz u¯ª¯© }v£v
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§µu© A¯©a\∫ 25 ©ÿ” }v£vP“

A¯©a\µ¯¡U S 

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˜u∫¢ˆukUP® u¯ª¡µı¥ u¯ª¡µı¿
˜u∫¢ˆukUP®
£kQfl”⁄∫. |Ø™UP® |Ø™UP®
£kQfl”⁄∫. £kQfl”⁄∫. £kQfl”⁄∫.
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Siص_z u¯ª¡µıPz ˜u∫¢ˆukUP®£k¡uÿPı⁄ uSvP“ :

C¢vØU Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ £u¬USz ˜u∫uº¿ ˜£ımi∞h
J∏¡∫ §fl¡∏Æ uSvP¯Õ® ˆ£ÿ‘∏zu¿ ˜¡skÆ :
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Aµ]˜ªı, ©ı|ª Aµ]˜ªı A¿ªx E“Õım] A¯©®§˜ªı
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C¢vØU Siص_z u¯ª¡¯µ ˜ªıU \£ı, Cµı‰Ø
\£ı¬fl ˜u∫¢ˆukUP®£mh E÷®§⁄∫P–Æ, A¯⁄zx
©ı|ª[PŒfl ˜u∫¢ˆukUP®£mh ©ı|ª \mh®
˜£µ¯¡PŒfl E÷®§⁄∫P–Æ ˜u∫¢ˆukUQfl”⁄∫. Siص_z
u¯ª¡µıPz ˜u∫¢ˆukUP®£kÆ J∏¡∫ C¢vØz u¯ª¯©
}v£v∞fl ¨fl¤¯ª∞¿ £u¬ E÷v ˆ©ı»∞¯⁄ A¿ªx
£u¬® §µ©ınzv¯⁄ Hÿ÷U ˆPı“Õ¿ ˜¡skÆ.
Siص_z u¯ª¡∂fl AvPıµ[P–Æ £oP–Æ & 1. |∫¡ıP
AvPıµ[P“ : C¢vØ Aµ]ت¯©®¶a \mhzvfl£i ©zvØ
Aµ]fl |∫¡ıP AvPıµ[P“ A¯⁄zxÆ Siص_z
u¯ª¡∂h˜© E“Õ⁄. A∆¡vPıµ[P¯Õ A¡∫ ˜{∂¯h
185
ØıP˜¡ı A¿ªx A¡∫ Rà £o¶∂≤Æ A桪∫P“
≠ª©ıP˜¡ı ˆ\Ø¿£kzuªıÆ. Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ u⁄x
£oP¯Õa ˆ\Ø¿£kzu Eu¬hƒÆ, A‘ƒ¯µ ¡«[QhƒÆ
§µu© A¯©a\∂fl u¯ª¯©∞ªı⁄ A¯©a\µ¯¡U S 
E“Õx. ©zvØ Aµ]fl A¯⁄zx |∫¡ıP {h¡iU¯PP–Æ
Siص_z u¯ª¡∂fl ˆ£Ø∂˜ª˜Ø ˆ\Ø¿£kzu®
£kQfl”⁄.
Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ §µu© A¯©a\¯µ≤Æ, ©ÿ” ©zvØ
A¯©a\∫P¯Õ≤Æ, ©ı|ª B–{∫P¯Õ≤Æ, Ea\ }v©fl”zvfl
u¯ª¯© }v£v, ©ÿ” }v£vP¯Õ≤Æ, EØ∫}v©fl”
}v£vP¯Õ≤Æ ©ÿ÷Æ A¯⁄zx ¨UQØ A桪∫P¯Õ≤Æ
|Ø™UQfl”ı∫.
2. \mh AvPıµ[P“ : Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ J∏ Bsi¿
{ıhı–©fl”z¯uU S¯”¢u £m\Æ C∏ ¨¯”U TmkQ”ı∫.
Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ {ıhı–©fl”zvfl C∏ A¯¡PŒfl
Tmhz¯u˜Øı A¿ªx J∏ A¯¡∞fl Tmhz¯u˜Øı Jzv
¯¡UPƒÆ A¿ªx ¨iƒUSU ˆPısk ¡µƒÆ AvPıµÆ
ˆPısh¡∫. ˜ªıU \£ı G⁄®£kÆ ©UPÕ¯¡¯ØU P¯ªUP
Siص_z u¯ª¡∏US AvPıµÆ Esk. Siص_z u¯ª¡∫
Cµı‰Ø \£ı G⁄®£kÆ ©ı|ª[PÕ¯¡US 12 E÷®§⁄∫
P¯Õ |Ø™UQfl”ı∫. P¯ª, A‘¬Ø¿, CªUQØÆ ©ÿ÷Æ
\≠Pa ˜\¯¡ ˜£ıfl” x¯”PŒ¿ ]”®¶® ˆ£ÿ”¡∫PŒ¿
]ª∫ A¢|Ø©⁄zvÿSz uSv≤¯hØ¡∫P“. ˜©æÆ
B[Q˜ªı & C¢vØa \≠Pzv⁄∫ ˜ªıU \£ı¬¿ ˜£ıx©ı⁄®
§µv |vzx¡Æ ˆ£”¬¿¯ª G⁄ A¡∫ P∏v⁄ı¿
Aa\≠Pzv º∏¢x C∏ E÷®§⁄∫P–US ™Pı©¿ ˜ªıU
\£ı¬ÿS |Ø™UPªıÆ.
Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ {ıhı–©fl”zv¿ E¯µ |PÃzx
Q”ı∫. A¡∫ C∏ A¯¡PŒfl TmkU TmhzvæÆ A¿ªx
Huı¡x J∏ A¯¡∞¿ u¤ØıPƒÆ E¯µ |PÃzuªıÆ. C∏
A¯¡P–USÆ H˜u›Æ P∏zx ˜¡÷£ıkP“ Hÿ£k©ı∞fl
A¯¡P¯Õz w∫UP Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ ˜ªıU \£ı ©ÿ÷Æ
186
Cµı‰Ø \£ı¬fl TmkU Tmhz¯uU TmhªıÆ. {ıhı–
©fl”zv⁄ı¿ |¯”˜¡ÿ”®£kÆ G¢u J∏ ©˜\ıuıƒÆ
Siص_z u¯ª¡∂fl C¯\ƒ A¿ªx J®¶u¿ Cfl‘a
\mh©ıPıx. {ıhı–©fl”zvfl TmhÆ {¯hˆ£”ıu
\©Ø[PŒ¿ A¡\µa \mhzv¯⁄® §”®§UP Siص_z
u¯ª¡∏US AvPıµ¨sk.

3. |v AvPıµ[P“ : Siص_z u¯ª¡∂fl £∂¢x¯µ

∞¿ªı©¿ G¢uˆ¡ı∏ |v ©˜\ıuı¯¡≤Æ {ıhı–©fl”zv¿
A‘¨P®£kzu ¨iØıx. C¢vØ Aµ]ت¯©®¶a \mhÆ
C¢vØ Gv∫£ıµıa ˆ\ªƒ |v∞º∏¢x (Contingency Fund of In-
dia) ˆ\ª¡»USÆ E∂¯©¯ØU Siص_z u¯ª¡∏US
¡«[Q≤“Õx. A¡∫ A¢|v∞º∏¢x {ıhı–©fl”zvfl
C÷v A[RPıµÆ ˆ£÷Æ ¨fl⁄∫ Aµ]fl Gv∫£ıµıa ˆ\ªƒ
P¯Õa \©ıŒUP Aµ_US ¨fl£nÆ ¡«[P AvPıµÆ ˆ£ÿ÷
E“Õı∫. I¢x BskP–US J∏ uh¯¡ A¿ªx ©ı|ª[
PŒfl ˜Pı∂U¯P∞fl ˜£∂¿ Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ J∏ |vU
S ¯¡ |Ø™UQ”ı∫.

4. }v AvPıµ[P“ : Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ ¯PvP–US

©fl¤®¶ ¡«[PƒÆ, ush¯⁄¯Ø Jzv¯¡UPƒÆ A¿ªx
S¯”UPƒÆ AvPıµÆ ˆ£ÿ÷“Õı∫. Siص_z u¯ª¡∫
Aµ]Ø¿ \mhÆ ˆuıh∫£ı⁄ ¬¡Pıµ[P“ ´x Ea\}v
©fl”zvfl B˜ªı\¯⁄¯Ø® ˆ£” E∂¯© ˆ£ÿ÷“Õı∫.

5. ˆ{∏UPi Pıª AvPıµ[P“ : C¢vØU Siص_z u¯ª

¡∂hÆ ˆ{∏UPi Pıª AvPıµ[P“ E“Õ⁄. A¯¡ : (A) ˜£ı∫
A¿ªx ˆ¡Œ{ımk® £¯hˆØk®¶ A¿ªx B≤u® ¶µm]∞fl
˜£ıx ˆ{∏UPi |¯ª¯Ø A‘¬zu¿, (B) ©ı|ª[PŒ¿
Aµ]ت¯©®¶ |∫¡ıPÆ ˆ\غ«USƘ£ıx ˆ{∏UPi
|¯ª¯Ø A‘¬zu¿, ©ÿ÷Æ, (C) |v ˆ{∏UPi |¯ª∞¯⁄
A‘¬zu¿ BSÆ.

x¯nU Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ : {©x Aµ]ت¯©®¶a \mhÆ

J∏ x¯nU Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ ˜u∫¢ˆukUP®£h ¡¯P
187
 1950 ¨ u¿ {©x Siص_z u¯ª¡∫P“
¨u¿

hıUh∫ hıUh∫ hıUh∫

Cµı˜\¢vµ §µ\ız CµıuıQ∏Ënfl ·ıR∫ E˜\fl
1950&1962 1962&1967 1967&1969

¬.¬. Q∂ £U∏wfl Aº AP©x Gfl. \g^¡ ˆµmi

1969&1974 1947&1977 1977&1982

188
QØı¤ ˆ·∞¿][ B∫. ˆ¡[Pmµı©fl
1982&1987 1987&1992

hıUh∫ GÏ.i \∫©ı ˜P.B∫. {ıµıØnfl

1992&1997 1997&2002

hıUh∫ H.§.˜·. A®x¿ PªıÆ

2002&
189
ˆ\¥Q”x. A¡¯µ {ıhı–©fl”zvfl C∏ A¯¡P¯Õa
˜\∫¢u E÷®§⁄∫P–Æ ˜u∫¢ˆukUQfl”⁄∫. C®£u¬US®
˜£ımi∞kÆ J∏¡∫ C¢vØU Si©P⁄ı≤Æ, A¿ªx
Si©PÕı≤Æ, 35 ¡Øx |µÆ§Ø¡µıPƒÆ, Cµı‰Ø \£ı¬¿
J∏ E÷®§⁄µı¡uÿS∂Ø uSvP¯Õ≤Æ ˆ£ÿ‘∏zu¿
˜¡skÆ. x¯nU Siص_z u¯ª¡∂fl £u¬UPıªÆ I¢x
BskP“. x¯nU Siص_z u¯ª¡∫, £u¬ ¡»˜Ø
(Ex-Officio) Cµı‰Ø \£ı¬fl u¯ª¡µıPa ˆ\تıÿ÷Q”ı∫.
Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ Eh¿{ªU S¯”¡ı¿ u⁄x Ph¯©P¯Õ
Bÿ” Cتıu˜£ıxÆ A¿ªx {ımi¿ C¿ªıu ˜£ıxÆ
x¯nU Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ Siص_z u¯ª¡∂fl £oP¯ÕU
P¡¤®£ı∫. Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ £u¬, A¡µx £u¬
¬ªPªı¿, C”®¶ A¿ªx Sÿ”zuıUP¿ (Impeachment) ≠ªÆ
PıºØıSƘ£ıx x¯nU Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ AvP£m\Æ
B÷ ©ıu PıªzvÿSz Siص_z u¯ª¡µıP® ˆ£ı÷®¶
¡QUPªıÆ.

§µu© A¯©a\∏Æ A¯©a\µ¯¡U S ƒÆ :

Aµ]ت¯©®¶ \mhzvfl£i Siص_z u¯ª¡∏US
Eu¬hƒÆ A‘ƒ¯µ ¡«[QhƒÆ §µu© A¯©a\¯µz
u¯ª¡µıPU ˆPısh J∏ ©zvØ A¯©a\µ¯¡U S 
ˆ\Ø¿£kQfl”x. Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ A¯©a\µ¯¡ ¡«[SÆ
A‘ƒ¯µ¯Ø ©÷ £∂^ª¯⁄a ˆ\¥Øa ˆ\ı¿ªªıÆ. B⁄ı¿
©÷ £∂^ª¯⁄U S® §fl⁄∫ A¢u A‘ƒ¯µ∞fl£i A¡∫
{h¢x ˆPı“–u¿ ˜¡skÆ.

§µu© A¯©a\∂fl |Ø©⁄Æ : ˜ªıU \£ı¬fl (©UPÕ¯¡)

ˆ£∏Æ£ıfl¯©U Pm]z u¯ª¡¯µU Siص_z u¯ª¡∫
§µu© A¯©a\µıP |Ø™UQfl”ı∫. ©ÿ” A¯©a\∫P¯Õ≤Æ,
Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ §µu© A¯©a\∂fl B˜ªı\¯⁄∞fl˜£∂¿
|Ø™UQfl”ı∫. ˜ªıU \£ı¬¿ G¢u J∏ Pm]USÆ u¤®
ˆ£∏Æ£ıfl¯© £ªÆ C¿¯ªˆØ¤¿ Siص_z u¯ª¡∂fl
P∏zx®£i G¢uUPm] A¯©a\µ¯¡¯Ø A¯©UP ¨i≤˜©ı
Aufl u¯ª¡¯µ A¡∫ A¯«zx Aµ_ A¯©UPU T”ªıÆ.
190
1947 & ¨ u¿ C¢vØı¬fl §µu© A¯©a\∫P“
¨u¿

Gs ˆ£Ø∫ Bsk

1. v∏ ·¡Ì∫ªı¿ ˜{∏ 1947-1964

2. v∏ ªı¿ £Py∫ \ıÏv∂ 1964-1966

3. v∏©v C¢vµı Pı¢v 1966-1977

4. v∏ ˆ©ıµı∫‚˜u\ı¥ 1977-1979

5. v∏ \µs][ 1979-1980

6. v∏©v C¢vµı Pı¢v 1980-1984

7. v∏ Cµı‚∆ Pı¢v 1984-1989

8. v∏ ¬.§. ][ 1989-1990

191
1947 & ¨u¿ C¢vØı¬fl §µu© A¯©a\∫P“
¨u¿

Gs ˆ£Ø∫ Bsk
9. v∏ \¢vµ ˜\P∫ 1990-1991

10. v∏ §.¬. {µ]Æ© µı∆ 1991-1996

11. v∏ H.§. ¡ı‰˜£∞ ˜© 1996

12. v∏ Ga.i. ˜u¡ˆPÕhı 1996-1997

13. v∏ I.˜P. S‰µı¿ 1997-1998

14. v∏ H.§. ¡ı‰˜£∞ H®µ¿ 1998

15. v∏ H.§. ¡ı‰˜£∞ 1999-2004

16. hıUh∫ ©fl˜©ıPfl ][ 2004-2009

192
Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ A¯©a\∫P–US® £u¬® §µ©ın¨Æ
CµP]ØUPı®¶® §µ©ın¨Æ ˆ\¥x ¯¡UQfl”ı∫. §µu©
A¯©a\∫, ©ÿ” A¯©a\∫PŒfl FvØ[P¯Õ≤Æ, £iP¯Õ
≤Æ {ıhı–©fl”Æ |∫n∞UQfl”x. {ıhı–©fl”zv¿
E÷®§⁄µı¥ C¿ªıu¡∫ Th A¯©a\µı¥ |Ø™UP®
£hªıÆ. B⁄ı¿ A¡∫ 6 ©ıu[P–US“ {ıhı–
©fl”zvÿSz ˜u∫¢ˆukUP®£h¿ ˜¡skÆ.
A¯©a\∫P“ u¤®£mh ¨¯”∞æÆ, Jmk ˆ©ızu
©ıPƒÆ ©UPÕ¯¡US (˜ªıU \£ı) ˆ£ı÷®¶¯hØ¡∫PÕı¡∫.
©zvØ A¯©a\∫P“ ≠fl÷ ¡¯PØıP E“Õ⁄∫. §µu©
A¯©a\¯µz u¬µ ˜P§ˆ⁄m A¿ªx Bm]US 
A¯©a\∫P“, Cµı\ı[P A¯©a\∫P“ (Ministers of State) x¯n
A¯©a\∫P“ G⁄ A¡∫P“ ≠¡¯PØıP A¯«UP®£kQfl”⁄∫.
˜P§ˆ⁄m A¯©a\∫P“ Aµ]fl ¨UQØz x¯”P¯Õ
|∫¡Qzx ˆ£∏Æ£ıªı⁄ ˆPı“¯PP¯Õz w∫©ı¤UQfl”⁄∫.
Cµshı¡x, ≠fl”ı¡x ¡¯P A¯©a\∫P“ ˜P§ˆ⁄m
E÷®§⁄∫P“ A¿ª. A¡∫P¯Õa ]”®¶ ¬∏¢v⁄∫PÕıP
A¯«zuıˆªı»Ø A¡∫P“ ˜P§ˆ⁄m Tmh[PŒ¿ Pª¢x
ˆPı“Õ ¨iØıx. Cµı\ı[P A¯©a\∫ x¯n A¯©a\¯µ
¬hz uSv∞¿ EØ∫¢u¡µı¡ı∫. A¡∫ u¤zxÆ A¿ªx J∏
˜P§ˆ⁄m A¯©a\∂fl R Æ £oØıÿ”ªıÆ. x¯n A¯©a\∫
˜P§ˆ⁄m A¯©a\∏US Eu¬ØıÕµıP® £oØıÿ÷¡ı∫.
§µu© A¯©a\∂fl £u¬≤Æ AvPıµ[P–Æ : C¢vØı¬¿
Es¯©Øı⁄ |∫¡ıP AvPıµ[P“ §µu© A¯©a\∂hzv
˜ª˜Ø E“Õ⁄. §µu© A¯©a\∫ uıfl Aµ]fl x¯”P¯Õ
A¯©a\∫P–US JxURk ˆ\¥Q”ı∫. §µu© A¯©a\∫ G¢u
ˆ¡ı∏ A¯©a\¯µ≤Æ £u¬ ¬ªPU ˜PıµªıÆ.
§µu© A¯©a\∫, uıfl u¯ª¯© ¡QUSÆ, ˜P§ˆ⁄m
A¿ªx A¯©a\µ¯¡U Tmhzvfl ˜uv∞¯⁄≤Æ P∏x
ˆ£ı∏¯Õ≤Æ (Agenda) S‘zx ¨iƒ ˆ\¥¡ı∫. §µu©
A¯©a\˜µ ˜P§ˆ⁄mifl u¯ª¡∫. ©ÿ” A¯©a\∫P“
193
A¡∏¯hØ \PıUP“ B¡∫. ˜P§ˆ⁄m TmhÆ {¯hˆ£”ıu
ˆ£ı x §µu© A¯©a\∫ u⁄x ≠zu \PıUP“ C∏¡∫
A¿ªx ≠¡¯µ CØ¿£ıPU Pª¢uı˜ªı]UPªıÆ. §µu©
A¯©a\∫ £¿˜¡÷ x¯”PŒfl £oP¯Õ≤Æ ˜©ÿ£ı∫¯¡
∞kQ”ı∫.
˜P§ˆ⁄m A¿ªx A¯©a\µ¯¡ : |∫¡ıPzvfl ¯©Ø©ıP
¬Õ[SÆ ˜P§ˆ⁄m Gfl£x ≠zu A¯©a\∫P¯ÕU ˆPısh
J∏ u¤®£mh A¯©®¶ BSÆ. Aµ]fl ¨UQØ ¨iƒP¯ÕU
˜P§ˆ⁄m GkUQfl”x. ©ÿ” A¯©a\∫P“ Aƨi¬fl£i
ˆ\Ø¿£ku¿ ˜¡skÆ.
{ıhı–©fl” Tmhz ˆuıh∫ {¯hˆ£÷Æ ˜uv, Jzv
¯¡UP®£kÆ ˜uvP¯ÕU S‘zx ¨iˆ¡k®£x ˜P§ˆ⁄m
ifl ¨UQØa \mh©fl”® £oØıSÆ. A¡\µa \mh[P¯Õ®
§”®§UP Siص_z u¯ª¡∏US ˜P§ˆ⁄m £∂¢x¯µP¯Õa
ˆ\¥Q”x. Aµ]Ø¿ \mhz v∏zu ©˜\ıuıUP¯ÕU ˆPısk
¡∏¡væÆ ˜P§ˆ⁄m ¨UQØ®£[S ¡QUQfl”x.
A¯⁄zx A¯©a\∫PŒfl P∏zxUP¯Õ≤Æ J∏[
Q¯nzx ˜u]ØU ˆPı“¯PP¯Õ ¡S®£x ˜P§ˆ⁄mifl
|∫¡ıP® £oØıSÆ. ˜P§ˆ⁄mifl ¬¡ıu Ai®£¯h∞¿
|v A¯©a\∫ Bsk ¡µƒ&ˆ\ªƒ vmhz¯u (Annual Budget)
uØı∫ ˆ\¥Q”ı∫. G⁄˜¡ |v ©˜\ıuıUPŒfl §”®§hÆ
˜P§ˆ⁄m˜hØıSÆ. Aufl §fl A¯¡ Siص_z u¯ª¡∂fl
£∂¢x¯µP–hfl ©UPÕ¯¡∞¿ A‘¨P®£kzu®£kQfl”⁄.
˜P§ˆ⁄m, Aµ]fl ˆ¡Œ{ımkU ˆPı“¯P¯Ø ¨iƒ
ˆ\¥Q”x. \∫¡˜u\ Ehfl£iU¯PP¯Õ A[RP∂UQfl”x.
˜©æÆ £¿˜¡÷ {ıkP–US C¢vØz yx¡∫P¯Õ
|Ø™®£væÆ ¨UQØ®£[Q¯⁄ ¡QUQfl”x.

C¢vØ {ıhı–©fl”Æ : C¢vØ {ıhı–©fl”Æ {©x

{ımifl Siص_z u¯ª¡∫, ©ı|ª[PÕ¯¡ (Cµı‰Ø \£ı)
©ÿ÷Æ ©UPÕ¯¡ (˜ªıU \£ı) ¯ØU ˆPıshuıSÆ.
194
Cµı‰Ø \£ı E÷®§⁄µı¡uÿS∂Ø uSvP“ : Cµı‰Ø \£ı
E÷®§⁄µı¡uÿS J∏ ˜¡m£ıÕ∫ §fl¡∏Æ uSvP¯Õ®
ˆ£ÿ‘∏zu¿ ˜¡skÆ :
(1) A¡∫ J∏ C¢vØU Si©P⁄ı¥ / Si©PÕı¥
C∏zu¿ ˜¡skÆ, (2) 30 ¡Øx |µÆ§Ø¡µı∞∏zu¿
˜¡skÆ, (3) \mh®£iØı⁄ ©ÿ” uSvP¯Õ® ˆ£ÿ‘∏zu¿
˜¡skÆ, (4) A¡∫ ©ı|ª A¿ªx ©zvØ Aµ]¿ \Æ£ÕÆ
ˆ£÷Æ G¢u® £u¬¯Ø≤Æ ¡Qzu¿ Thıx, (5) A¡∫
©⁄|¯ª \∂∞¿ªıu¡µıP˜¡ı A¿ªx ˆ£ÿ” Ph¯⁄
v∏Æ£z uµ ¡UPÿ”¡µı¥ C∏zu¿ Thıx.
Cµı‰Ø \£ı J∏ |µ¢uµ A[P©ıSÆ. Au¯⁄U P¯ªUP
¨iØıx. Cµı‰Ø \£ı E÷®§⁄∫PŒfl £u¬UPıªÆ 6
BskPÕıSÆ. Aufl E÷®§⁄∫PŒ¿ ≠fl‘¿ J∏ £Sv
∞⁄∫ J∆ˆ¡ı∏ CµshıskÆ K¥ƒ ˆ£÷Qfl”⁄∫. Au⁄ı¿
Hÿ£kÆ Pıº∞h[P“ ¶vØ E÷®§⁄∫PÕı¿ |µ®£®£k
Qfl”⁄.
˜ªıU \£ı E÷®§⁄µı¡uÿS∂Ø uSvP“ : ˜ªıU \£ı¬fl
E÷®§⁄µı¡uÿS J∏¡∫ RÃUPsh uSvP¯Õ® ˆ£ÿ‘∏zu¿
˜¡skÆ :
(1) A¡∫ C¢vØU Si©P⁄ı¥ / Si©PÕı¥ C∏zu¿
˜¡skÆ, (2) A¡∫ 25 ¡ØvÿSU S¯”ƒ¯hØ¡µı¥
C∏zu¿ Thıx, (3) {ımifl Huı¡x J∏ £Sv∞¿ A¡µx
ˆ£Ø∫ ¡ıUPıÕ∫ £miغ¿ Chƈ£ÿ‘∏zu¿ ˜¡skÆ,
(4) A¡∫ Aµ_ A桪Pzv¿ \Æ£ÕÆ ˆ£÷Æ £o∞¿
C∏zu¿ Thıx.
˜ªıU \£ı E÷®§⁄∫P“ I¢x BskP–USz
˜u∫¢ˆukUP®£kQfl”⁄∫. G¤›Æ §µu© A¯©a\∂fl
B˜ªı\¯⁄∞fl ˜£∂¿ £u¬U PıªÆ ¨i≤Æ ¨fl˜£ ˜ªıU
\£ı¯¡U Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ P¯ªUPªıÆ.
{ıhı–©fl”zvfl AvPıµ[P–Æ, £oP–Æ : C¢vØ
{ıhı–©fl”Æ \mh™Øÿ÷u¿, |∫¡ıPzv¯⁄ ˜©ÿ£ı∫¯¡
195
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S¯”P¯Õ® ˜£ıUSu¿, ¡Õ∫a]z vmh[P“, \∫¡˜u\
E”ƒP“, E“{ımkU ˆPı“¯PP“ G⁄ £¿˜¡÷ u¯ª®¶
P¯Õ ¬¡ıvzu¿ ˜£ıfl” £ª £oP¯Õa ˆ\¥Qfl”x.
{ıhı–©fl”Æ Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ ´uı⁄ Sÿ”z uıUSu¿
P¯Õ ¬\ı∂UPƒÆ, Ea\ }v©fl”, EØ∫ }v©fl” }v£vP“,
u¯ª¯©z ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØ∫, C¢vØz u¯ª¯©U
PnUPı¥¡ıÕ∫ & uoU¯PØıÕ∫ BQ˜Øı¯µ Aµ]ت¯©®¶a
\mh ¬v¨¯”PŒfl£i £u¬ }UPÆ ˆ\¥ØƒÆ AvPıµÆ
ˆ£ÿ÷“Õx.
{ıhı–©fl”Æ |∫¡ıPzv¯⁄ ˜P“¬P“, x¯nU
˜P“¬P“ ˜Pm£ufl ≠ª©ıPƒÆ, Jzv¯¡®¶z w∫©ı⁄[
P“, ¬¡ıu[P“, w∫©ı⁄[P“ CØÿ÷u¿, Psh⁄z
w∫©ı⁄Æ A¿ªx {ƧU¯P∞¿ªız w∫©ı⁄z¯u ¬¡ıvzx
A¯¡∞¿ ˆPısk ¡∏u¿ ˜£ıfl”¯¡PŒfl ≠ª©ıPƒÆ
u⁄x Pmk®£ımi¯⁄a ˆ\æzv ¡∏Qfl”x. ©ı|ª[PŒfl
G¿¯ªP¯Õ ©ıÿ‘د©zvh {ıhı–©fl”zvÿ˜P AvPıµÆ
Esk.
}vzx¯” : }vzx¯” Aµ]fl ≠fl”ı¡x A[P©ıSÆ.
Czx¯” Si©UPŒfl E∂¯©P¯Õ≤Æ, _u¢vµzv¯⁄≤Æ
£ıxPı®£v¿ J∏ ¨UQØ®£[Q¯⁄ ¡QUQfl”x. {ımifl
\mh[P“, Aµ]ت¯©®§fl AÆ\[P¯Õ Aª], A¡ÿ‘ÿS®
ˆ£ı∏–¯µUSÆ J∏ ]”®£ı⁄ £o∞¯⁄≤Æ Czx¯”
ˆ\¥x ¡∏Qfl”x.
Ea\ }v©fl”Æ : C¢vØ Ea\ }v©fl”Æ J∏ u¯ª¯©
}v£v¯Ø≤Æ, 25 }v£vP¯Õ≤Æ ˆPısk“Õx. Ea\ }v
©fl”zvfl u¯ª¯© }v£v¯ØU Siص_z u¯ª¡∫
|Ø™UQfl”ı∫. ©ÿ” }v£vP¯Õ Ea\ }v ©fl”z u¯ª¯©
}v£v∞fl B˜ªı\¯⁄≤hfl |Ø™UQfl”ı∫.

Aµ]ت¯©®¶a \mhzvfl£i J∏¡∫ §fl¡∏Æ

uSvP¯Õ® ˆ£ÿ‘∏¢uı¿ ©mk˜© Ea\ }v©fl” }v£vØıP
196
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Si©PÕı¥ C∏zu¿ ˜¡skÆ, (2) J∏¡∫ S¯”¢u £m\Æ
I¢x BskP“ J∏ EØ∫ }v©fl”Æ A¿ªx C∏ EØ∫}v
©fl”[P“ A¿ªx AuÿS ˜©ÿ£mh EØ∫}v ©fl”[PŒ¿
ˆuıh∫¢x }v£vØıP® £o ¶∂¢v∏zu¿ ˜¡skÆ A¿ªx
(3) J∏¡∫ S¯”¢u£m\Æ £zx BskP“ J∏ EØ∫}v
©fl”zv¿ A¿ªx C∏ A¿ªx AuÿS ˜©ÿ£mh EØ∫}v
©fl”[PŒ¿ ˆuıh∫¢x ¡«UP‘bµıPa ˆ\تıÿ‘∞∏zu¿
˜¡skÆ A¿ªx (4) Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ P∏zvfl£i ]”®¶
™UP \mh ¡¿æ{µı¥ C∏zu¿ ˜¡skÆ.

Ea\ }v©fl” }v£vP“ 65 ¡Øv¯⁄ A¯h≤Æ¡¯µ

£u¬∞¿ }i®£∫. Ea\ }v©fl”zvfl |µ¢uµ u¯ª¯©∞hÆ
¶x v¿º∞æ“Õx. G¤›Æ C¢vØU Siص_z u¯ª¡∂fl
C¯\ƒ ˆ£ÿ÷ C¢vØz u¯ª¯© }v£v∞fl ¨i¬fl£i
˜¡÷ G¢u ©ı|ªzvæÆ A¿ªx ChzvæÆ C¢}v©fl”
A©∫ƒ A¯©ØªıÆ.

Ea\ }v©fl”zvfl AvPıµ[P–Æ £oP–Æ

Ea\ }v©fl”zvfl }v¡¯µØ¯”

˜©¿
u⁄U˜P B˜ªı\¯⁄ £¿˜¡÷
≤∂Ø }v ¨¯”±k }v
}v ¬u }v
¡¯µØ¯”
¡¯µØ¯” ¡¯µØ¯” ¡¯µØ¯”

1. u⁄U˜P≤∂Ø }v ¡¯µØ¯” : C¢vØ Aµ]ت¯©®¶a

\mhÆ Ea\ }v©fl”zvÿ˜P≤∂Ø ]”®¶ }v¡¯µØ¯”USm
£mh¯¡ØıP §fl¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ¯”U S‘®§kQ”x : (A)
C¢vØ Aµ]ÿSÆ J∏ ©ı|ªÆ A¿ªx AuÿS ˜©ÿ£mh
©ı|ª[P–US™¯h∞ªı⁄ ]UP¿P“, A¿ªx (B) C¢vØ
197
Aµ_, Huı¡ˆuı∏ ©ı|ªÆ A¿ªx ©ı|ª[P“ Cflˆ⁄ı∏
¶”¨Æ ˆPısh ]UP¿P“, A¿ªx (C) Cµsk A¿ªx
AuÿS ˜©ÿ£mh ©ı|ª[P–UQ¯h∞ªı⁄ ]UP¿P“.
Ai®£¯h E∂¯©P¯Õ {¯h¨¯”®£kzx¡x ˆuıh∫£ıP
G Æ ]UP¿P–Æ Ea\ }v©fl”zvfl u⁄U˜P≤∂Ø }v ¡¯µ
د”USm£mhuıSÆ. C∆ƒ∂¯©P¯Õ {¯h¨¯”®£kzu
ˆ{‘¨¯”P¯Õ ¡«[PƒÆ, B¯nP“, }v©fl” Ezvµƒ
P¯Õ ¡«[PƒÆ Ea\ }v©fl”zvÿS AvPıµ¨sk. C¢
˜{ıUP[P–UPıP Ea\ }v©fl”Æ (1) BmˆPın∫
}v®˜£µı¯n, (2) Rà ©fl”zvÿS ¬kUSÆ Pmh¯Õ }v®
˜£µı¯n, (3) ¡«US ¬\ıµ¯nz u¯h B¯n, (4) E∂¯©
¬⁄ı }v®˜£µı¯n, (5) £zvµz¯uU ˆPısk ¡¢x
¨fl¤¯ª®£kzuU Rà ©fl”[P–US Ch®£kÆ Pmh¯Õ
˜£ıfl” }v©fl” EzvµƒP¯Õ® §”®§UPªıÆ.
2. ˜©¿¨¯”±k }v ¡¯µØ¯” : Ea\ }v©fl”˜© {ımifl
C÷v ˜©¿¨¯”±mk }v©fl”©ıSÆ. ©ı|ª EØ∫}v
©fl”[P“ ¡«[SÆ E∂¯©∞Ø¿ ©ÿ÷Æ Sÿ”¬Ø¿ (Civil and
Criminal) ¡«USP“ ´uı⁄ w∫®¶P–US Gvµı⁄ ˜©¿¨¯”
±mk ¡«USP¯Õ Ea\ }v©fl”Æ ¬\ı∂UQfl”x. A®£i®
£mh ¡«USP¯Õz w∫UP Aµ]ت¯©®¶a \mh®£i
˜©æÆ \mh ¬ÕUPÆ ˜u¯¡ˆØ⁄ EØ∫}v©fl”Æ \ıfl‘uÃ
AŒzuı¿ ©mk˜© A∆¡«USP¯Õ Ea\ }v©fl”zvfl ¨fl
ˆPısk ˆ\¿ª ¨i≤Æ.
3. B˜ªı\¯⁄ }v ¡¯µØ¯” : ˆ£ıx ¨UQØzx¡Æ ¡ı¥¢u
G¢uˆ¡ı∏ \mhÆ A¿ªx Es¯© ´uı⁄ Ea\ }v
©fl”zvfl P∏zv¯⁄®ˆ£” Aµ]ت¯©®¶a \mhÆ Siص_z
u¯ª¡∏US AvPıµzv¯⁄ ¡«[SQfl”x.
4. £¿˜¡÷ ¬u }v ¡¯µØ¯” : Ea\ }v©fl”Æ J∏ B¡n
}v©fl”©ıPa ˆ\Ø¿£kQfl”x. }v©fl” A¡©v®§¯⁄z
usiUSÆ E∂¯© E“£h J∏ }v©fl”zvÿS∂Ø §fl¡∏Æ
A¯⁄zx AvPıµ[P¯Õ≤Æ Ea\ }v©fl”Æ ˆ£ÿ÷“Õx :
198
A. Ea\ }v©fl”Æ §”®§USÆ \mhÆ C¢vØı¬fl
A¯⁄zx® £Sv∞æ“Õ }v©fl”[P¯Õ≤Æ Pmk®
£kzxÆ.
B. Siص_z u¯ª¡∂fl J®¶u¿ ˆ£ÿ÷ }v©fl”zvfl
ˆ£ıx¡ı⁄ ˆ\Ø¿¨¯”P“, ¡»¨¯”P¯Õ J [S
£kzxÆ ¬vP¯Õ E∏¡ıUP Ea\}v ©fl”zvÿS
AvPıµÆ ¡«[P®£mk“Õx.
C. Ea\ }v©fl”Æ u⁄x A¯©®§fl ´uı⁄ ¨ UPmk®
£ımi¯⁄≤Æ ˆPısk“Õx.

}v©fl” ©÷ B¥ƒ AvPıµÆ : Ea\ }v©fl”Æ Aµ]Ø

ª¯©®¶a \mhzvfl £ıxPı¡ª⁄ı¥a ˆ\Ø¿£kQfl”x.
\∫a¯\US∂Ø J∏ \mhzv¯⁄ Aµ]ت¯©®¶a \mhzvÿS
¨µnı⁄x G⁄ A‘¬USÆ }v©fl” ©÷ B¥ƒ AvPıµÆ
Ea\}v©fl”zvÿS E“Õx. Ea\ }v©fl”Æ C∆¡vPıµz¯ua
ˆ\Ø¿£kzxQfl”x. §fl¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ¯” u¤®£mh }v©fl”
©÷ B¥ƒ ˆ\¥≤Æ AvPıµ¨Æ C¢vØ Ea\ }v ©fl”zvhÆ
E“Õx. A¯¡ (A) ©zvØ ©ı|ª[P–UQ¯h∞ªı⁄ ]UP¿
P“, (B) IØ®£ıkP“, P∏zx ˜¡ÿ÷¯©P–US“ÕıSÆ
Aµ]ت¯©®¶a \mhzvfl AÆ\[P¯Õ ¬ÕUQ ˆuŒƒ
£kzxu¿, (C) Ai®£¯h E∂¯©P¯Õ® £ıxPızu¿,
(D) Aµ]ت¯©®¶a \mhzvÿS ¨µnıP \mh©fl”[P“
CØÿ÷Æ \mh[P“ BQØ⁄¡ıSÆ.

Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“
1. ©ın¡∫ ©zvØ Aµ]fl |∫¡ıP, \mh©fl”, }vz
x¯”PŒfl AvPıµ[P“, £oP¯Õ ¡∂¯\®£kzu
¨i≤Æ.
2. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØU Siص_z u¯ª¡∫, x¯nU Siص_z
u¯ª¡∫ BQ˜Øı∫ ˜u∫¢ˆukUP®£k¡uÿS∂Ø uSvP¯Õ
¬¡∂UP ¨i≤Æ.

199
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A¯©®¶ £ÿ‘ ¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.
4. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØ Ea\ }v©fl”zvfl AvPıµ[P“,
£oP¯ÕU S‘®§h ¨i≤Æ.

_Ø ©v®•k

I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Øz ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ

1. ©zvØ Aµ]fl A[P[P“

A. C∏ A[P[P“ B. ≠fl÷ A[P[P“
C. J∏ A[PÆ D. {ıflS A[P[P“

2. ©zvØ A¯©a\µ¯¡U S ¬fl u¯ª¡∫

A. §µu© A¯©a\∫ B. Siص_z u¯ª¡∫
C. x¯nU Siص_z D. x¯n® §µu© A¯©a\∫
u¯ª¡∫

3. Cµı‰Ø \£ı¬fl E÷®§⁄∫ GsoU¯P

A. 238 E÷®§⁄∫P“ B. 248 E÷®§⁄∫P“
C. 250 E÷®§⁄∫P“ D. 12 E÷®§⁄∫P“

4. Ea\ }v©fl”zvfl |µ¢uµ u¯ª¯©∞hÆ

A. ˆ\fl¯⁄ B. ¨Æ¯£
C. ˆPı¿Pzuı D. ¶x v¿º

II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ |µ®¶P

1. {ıhı–©fl”zv¿ ___________ A¯¡P“ E“Õ⁄.

200
 2. Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ ___________fl u¯ª¡µı¡ı∫.

3. §µu© A¯©a\∫ ___________∞fl u¯ª¡µı¡ı∫.

4. A¯©a\µ¯¡U S  ___________vÿS Jmk ˆ©ızu©ıP

ˆ£ı÷® ¶¯hØuıSÆ.

III. §fl ¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ¯”® ˆ£ı∏zxP

1. Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ &-& RÃa\¯£

2. §µu© A¯©a\∫ &-& ≠fl”ıÆ A[PÆ
3. x¯nU Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ &-& Es¯©Øı⁄ u¯ª¡∫
4. }vzx¯” &-& ˆ£ØµÕ¬¿ u¯ª¡∫
5. ˜ªıU \£ı &-& Aæ¡¿¡»∞¿ Cµı‰Ø
\£ı¬fl u¯ª¡∫
IV. _∏UP©ıP ¬¯hØŒ
1. Siص_z u¯ª¡µıPz ˜u∫¢ˆukUP®£k¡uÿPı⁄ uSvP“
Gfl⁄?
2. C¢vØı¬¿ x¯nU Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ G∆¡ı÷
˜u∫¢ˆukUP®£kQ”ı∫?
3. ©zvØ A¯©a\µ¯¡U S ¬æ“Õ A¯©a\∫PŒfl
¡¯PP¯Õ ¬ÕUSP.
4. }v©fl” ©÷ B¥¬¯⁄® £ÿ‘ J∏ ]÷ S‘®¶ G xP.

V. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P

1. ©zvØ Aµ]fl A¯©®¶ £ÿ‘ G xP.
2. §µu© A¯©a\∂fl AvPıµ[P¯Õ ¬ÕUSP.
3. Ea\ }v©fl”zvfl AvPıµ[P¯Õ≤Æ £oP¯Õ≤Æ
¬ÕUSP.
201
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1. ©zvØ Aµ]fl A[P[P¯ÕU Pıs§USÆ ¬ÕUP®£h
Am¯h uØı∫ ˆ\¥P.
2. ©zvØ |∫¡ıP, \mh©fl”, }vzx¯” u¯ª¡∫PŒfl
ˆ£Ø∫P¯Õ ¡∂¯\®£kzxP.

202
 £ıhÆ & 3
©ı|ª Aµ_
Pÿ”¿ ˜{ıUP[P“
1. ©ın¡∫ ©ı|ª Aµ_ A¯©®¶ £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄®
ˆ£”¿.
2. ©ın¡∫ B–{∫, ¨uª¯©a\∫, A¯©a\∫P“, \mh®
˜£µ¯¡z u¯ª¡∫ BQ˜Øı∂fl AvPıµ[P¯Õ≤Æ £o
P¯Õ≤Æ ¶∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
3. ©ın¡∫ ©ı|ª \mh©fl”Æ £ÿ‘ ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
4. ©ın¡∫ ©ı|ªzvæ“Õ }vzx¯” A¯©®¶ £ÿ‘
ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.

C¢vØı £ª ©ı|ª[P¯Õ E“ÕhUQØ K∫ Jfl‘ØÆ

BSÆ. C¢vØı¬¿ uÿ˜£ıx 28 ©ı|ª[P–Æ 6 ≥¤Øfl
§µ˜u\[P–Æ 1 ˜u]Ø u¯ª{P∫ £Sv≤Æ (ˆh¿º) E“Õ⁄.
C¢vØ Aµ]ت¯©®¶a \mhÆ ©ı|ª Aµ]fl (State Government)
AvPıµ[P¯Õ≤Æ £oP¯Õ≤Æ ˆuŒ¡ıP ¬ÕUSQfl”x.
C¢vØ {ıhı–©fl”zvÿS ©ı|ª[PŒfl G¿¯ªP¯Õ≤Æ,
˜u¯¡ Hÿ£ifl ©ı|ª[PŒfl ˆ£Ø∫P¯Õ≤Æ ©ıÿ÷Æ
AvPıµÆ E“Õx. Euıµn©ıP ©uµı_ ©ı|ªÆ Gfl‘∏¢u
ˆ£Ø∫ 1967&BÆ Bsk u™Ã{ık G⁄ {ıhı–©fl”zv⁄ı¿
©ıÿ”®£mhx. Aµ]ت¯©®¶a \mhÆ S‘®§kÆ ©ı|ª®
£miغ¿ ChÆ ˆ£ÿ÷“Õ x¯”P¯Õ |∫¡QUSÆ ˆ£ı÷®¶
©ı|ª[P¯Õ˜Øa \ı∏Æ. C[S {ıÆ ©ı|ª |∫¡ıPÆ,
\mh©fl”Æ ©ÿ÷Æ }vzx¯” £ÿ‘ ¬¡ıv®˜£ıÆ.

|∫¡ıPÆ : ©ı|ª Aµ\ı[Pzvfl Aµ_ A¯©®¶Æ ©zvØ

Aµ_ ˜£ıfl÷ ≠fl÷ A[P[P¯ÕU ˆPıshuıSÆ. A¯¡
|∫¡ıPÆ, \mh ©fl”Æ, ©ÿ÷Æ }vzu¯” BQØ⁄¡ıSÆ.
203
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u¯ª¡µıPU ˆPısh A¯©a\µ¯¡¯Ø≤Æ E“ÕhUQØ
uıSÆ. Aµ]ت¯©®¶a \mhzvfl£i ©ı|ª Aµ]fl u¯ª¡
µıP B–{∫ ˆ£ØµÕ¬¿ ˆ\Ø¿£kQ”ı∫. A¯©a\∫P˜Õ
Es¯©Øı⁄ |∫¡ıP AvPıµ[P¯Õa ˆ\Ø¿£kzxQfl”⁄∫.
G¤›Æ \mh®£i G¿ªı |∫¡ıP AvPıµ[P–Æ B–{∂h˜©
E“Õ⁄. |∫¡ıP AvPıµ[P“ B–{∂fl ˆ£Ø∂˜ª˜Ø ˆ\Ø¿
£kzu®£kQfl”⁄. Aµ]ت¯©®¶a \mh ¬vP“ 151 ¨u¿
160 ¡¯µ B–{∂fl |Ø©⁄Æ, uSvP“, AvPıµ[P“,
£oP¯ÕU S‘®§kQfl”⁄.
B–{¯µ C¢vØU Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ ©zvØ
A¯©a\µ¯¡∞fl £∂¢x¯µ∞fl ˜£∂¿ |Ø™UQ”ı∫. J∏¡∫
B–{µıP |Ø™UP®£kÆ ¨fl ˆ£ıx¡ıP ©ı|ª ¨uª¯©a\∫
Pª¢uı˜ªı]UP®£kQ”ı∫. ˜©æÆ B–{∫, \Æ£¢u®£mh
©ı|ªzvÿS ˆ¡Œ∞º∏¢˜u |Ø™UP®£kQ”ı∫. Siص_z
u¯ª¡∫ J∏ ©ı|ª B–{¯µ A∏Pı¯©∞æ“Õ ≥¤Øfl
§µ˜u\zvfl Tku¿ |∫¡ıP® ˆ£ı÷®§¯⁄≤Æ P¡¤UP
|Ø©⁄Æ ˆ\¥ØªıÆ. Euıµn©ıP u™Ã{ık B–{∫P“ £ª
¨¯” ¶xa˜\∂ (£ısia˜\∂) ≥¤Øfl §µ˜u\ |∫¡ıPz
v¯⁄≤Æ P¡¤zx ¡¢x“Õ⁄∫.
uSvP“, £u¬UPıªÆ, E∂¯©P“ : Aµ]ت¯©®¶a
\mhÆ B–{∂fl uSv, £u¬UPıªÆ, E∂¯©P“ ©ÿ÷Æ
§”¡ÿ¯”® £ÿ‘ ¬¡∂UQfl”x. Aufl£i (1) J∏¡∫ C¢vØU
Si©P⁄ı¥ / Si©PÕı¥ C∏zu¿ ˜¡skÆ, (2) A¡∫ 35
¡Øv¯⁄ |µÆ§Ø¡µı¥ C∏zu¿ ˜¡skÆ, (3) A¡∫
{ıhı–©fl”zv˜ªı A¿ªx ©ı|ª \mh©fl”zv˜ªı J∏
E÷®§⁄µı¥ C∏zu¿ Thıx. A∆¡ı÷ A¡∫ Huı¡ˆuı∏
\mh©fl” A¯¡∞¿ E÷®§⁄µı¥ C∏®£ı˜µØı⁄ı¿
B–{∫ £u¬˜ØÿSƘ£ıx A¡µx E÷®§⁄∫ £u¬ uı⁄ıP
PıºØı⁄uıP® ˆ£ı∏“£kÆ, (4) A¡∫ FvØÆ ˆ£÷Æ
G¢u® £u¬∞¯⁄≤Æ ¡Qzu¿ Thıx.
B–{∂fl £u¬UPıªÆ ˆ£ıx¡ıP I¢x BskPÕıSÆ.
B⁄ı¿ Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ ¬∏Æ¶Æ ¡¯µ∞¿ A¡∫ £u¬∞¿
}iUPªıÆ. Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ G¢u¬u Pıµnz¯u≤Æ
S‘®§hı©¿ B–{¯µ® £u¬∞º∏¢x }UPªıÆ.
204
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AvPıµ[P¯Õ® ˆ£ÿ÷ £oP¯Õ® ¶∂Q”ı∫ : (1) |∫¡ıP
AvPıµ[P“, (2) \mhzx¯” AvPıµ[P–Æ, £oP–Æ,
(3) |v AvPıµÆ, (4) }v AvPıµÆ ©ÿ÷Æ, (5) ©ÿ” §”
AvPıµ[P“.
1. |∫¡ıP AvPıµ[P“ : Aµ]ت¯©®¶a \mhzvfl£i
©ı|ª Aµ]fl |∫¡ıP AvPıµ[P“ A¯⁄zxÆ B–{∂h˜©
E“Õ⁄. A¡∫ ©ı|ª \mh ©fl”zv¿ ˆ£∏Æ£ıfl¯© £ªÆ
ˆPısh Pm]∞fl u¯ª¡¯µ ¨uª¯©a\µıPƒÆ A¡∂fl
B˜ªı\¯⁄∞fl ˜£∂¿ ©ÿ” A¯©a\∫P¯Õ≤Æ |Ø™UQfl”ı∫.
A¡∫ ©ı|ª Aµ]fl u¯ª¯© ¡«UP‘b¯µ≤Æ, Aµ_®
£oØıÕ∫ ˜u∫ƒ B¯nØzvfl u¯ª¡∫, ©ÿ” E÷®§⁄∫
P¯Õ≤Æ, £¿P¯ªU P«P[PŒfl x¯n ˜¡¢u∫P¯Õ≤Æ
|Ø©⁄Æ ˆ\¥Q”ı∫. B–{∏US, ©ı|ª Aµ]fl ˆ\Ø¿£ık
S‘zx Siص_z u¯ª¡∏US A‘U¯PP“ A›®¶Æ,
Aµ]ت¯©®¶a \mh®£iØı⁄ Ph¯© E“Õx. ©ı|ªzv¿
Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ Bm] voUP®£kÆ ˆ£ı x B–{∫
©ı|ªz¯u ˜{∂¯hØıP Bm] ˆ\¥Q”ı∫.
2. \mh©fl” AvPıµ[P–Æ £oP–Æ : J∏ A¯¡ A¿ªx
C∏ A¯¡P¯ÕU ˆPısh ©ı|ª \mh©fl”zv¿ B–{∏USÆ
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A¢}v ©fl”[P“ u[PÕx £oP¯Õ ¨¯”ØıP® ¶∂¢vh
¬vP¯Õ≤Æ J [S¨¯”P¯Õ≤Æ EØ∫}v ©fl”Æ
¡SUQfl”x. Rà }v ©fl” ˜Pı®¶P¯ÕU (Files) Th EØ∫}v
©fl”Æ B¥ƒ ˆ\¥ØªıÆ. ¡«USP¯Õ J∏ }v ©fl”zv
º∏¢x Cflˆ⁄ı∏ }v©fl”zvÿSÆ ©ıÿ”ªıÆ. EØ∫}v
©fl”Æ u⁄USU R “Õ }v©fl”[P¯Õ ¬ÕUP A‘U¯P
P¯Õ A›®¶©ı÷Æ ˜PıµªıÆ.
}v |∫¡ıP ˜{ıUPzvÿPıP J∆ˆ¡ı∏ ©ı|ª¨Æ £ª
©ı¡mh[PÕıPƒÆ A¯¡ J∆ˆ¡ıfl÷Æ J∏ ©ı¡mh
}v£v∞fl }v ¡¯µØ¯”∞æÆ ˆ\Ø¿£kQfl”⁄. ©ı¡mh
}v£v∞fl Rà £i®£iØıP £oØıÿ÷Æ }v A桪∫P“
ˆ¡∆˜¡÷ ¡¯P }v |∫¡ıPzv¯⁄a ˆ\æzv ¡∏Qfl”⁄∫.
RÃ|¯ª }v£vP¯Õ, EØ∫}v ©fl”Æ ©ÿ÷Æ ©ı|ª Aµ_®
213
£oØıÕ∫ ˜u∫ƒ B¯nØÆ BQØ A¯©®¶P–hfl Pª¢x
B˜ªı]zx ¡SUP®£mh ¬vPŒfl£i, B–{∫ |Ø™UQfl”ı∫.
˜©ÿS‘®§h®£mk“Õ AvPıµ[P¯Õa ˆ\Ø¿£kzx
¡v¿ EØ∫}v©fl”Æ ¨  AvPıµ[P¯Õ® ˆ£ÿ÷ u⁄x
}v¡¯µØ¯”US“ _u¢vµzxhfl ˆ\تıÿ÷Qfl”x.
Au›¯hØ _u¢vµ® £o∞¯⁄ Aµ]ت¯©®¶a \mh
£ıxPı®¶P“ E÷v®£kzxQfl”⁄.

Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“
1. ©ın¡∫ ©ı|ª |∫¡ıPÆ, \mh©fl”Æ ©ÿ÷Æ
}vzx¯”∞fl AvPıµ[P“, £oP¯Õ® £miغh
¨i≤Æ.
2. ©ın¡∫ B–{∏US∂Ø uSvP¯Õ ¬¡∂UP ¨i≤Æ.
3. ©ın¡∫ ¨uª¯©a\∫ ©ÿ÷Æ A¯©a\µ¯¡U S ¬fl
AvPıµ[P“, £oP¯Õ ¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.
4. ©ın¡∫ ©ı|ª EØ∫}v ©fl”zvfl AvPıµ[P¯Õ≤Æ,
£oP¯Õ≤Æ S‘®§h ¨i≤Æ.

_Ø ©v®•k

I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Øz ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ

1. ©ı|ª B–{¯µ |Ø™®£¡∫
A. C¢vØU Siص_z B. x¯nUSiص_z u¯ª¡∫
u¯ª¡∫
C. ˜ªıU \£ı u¯ª¡∫ D. C¢vØz u¯ª¯© }v£v
2. ©ı|ª A¯©a\µ¯¡U S ¬fl u¯ª¡∫
A. B–{∫ B. ¨uª¯©a\∫
C. \mh®˜£µ¯¡z D. E“x¯” A¯©a\∫
u¯ª¡∫
214
 3. ¨uª¯©a\¯µ |Ø™®£¡∫
A. §µu© A¯©a\∫ B. B–{∫
C. Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ D. \mh® ˜£µ¯¡z u¯ª¡∫

II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ |µ®¶P

1. C¢vØı¬¿ _________ ©ı|ª[P–Æ _________ ≥¤Øfl

§µ˜u\[P–Æ E“Õ⁄.
2. B–{∫ ©ı|ªzvfl _______ ©ÿ÷Æ _______ u¯ª¡µı¡ı∫.
3. ¨uª¯©a\∫ _________ u¯ª¡µı¡ı∫.
4. B–{∂fl £u¬UPıªÆ ˆ£ıx¡ıP _______ BskPÕıSÆ.
5. ©ı¡mh }v£vP¯Õ _________ |Ø™UQ”ı∫.

III. §fl¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ¯”® ˆ£ı∏zxP

1. B–{∫ && \mh® ˜£µ¯¡

2. ¨uª¯©a\∫ && ˆ£ØµÕƒz u¯ª¡∫
3. \mh® ˜£µ¯¡z u¯ª¡∫ && ©ı|ªa \mh©fl” ˜©ª¯¡
4. \mh©fl” ˜©ª¯¡ && Es¯©Øı⁄ u¯ª¡∫

IV. _∏UP©ıP ¬¯hØŒUPƒÆ

1. ©ı|ª \mh®˜£µ¯¡ £ÿ‘ ]÷ S‘®¶ G xP

2. A¯©a\µ¯¡U S .

3. EØ∫}v ©fl”zvfl A¯©®§¯⁄ _∏UP©ıP ¬¡ıv.

V. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P

1. ¨uª¯©a\∂fl AvPıµ[P“, £oP“ Øı¯¡?

2. B–{∂fl AvPıµ[P“, £oP“ Øı¯¡?

3. EØ∫}v ©fl”zvfl AvPıµ[P“, £oP“ Øı¯¡?

215
VI. Pÿ§zu¿ ©ÿ÷Æ Pÿ”¿ ˆ\Ø¿P“
1. ©ı|ª Aµ]fl |∫¡ıP A¯©®§¯⁄ ¬ÕUSÆ ¬ÕUP®
£h Am¯h uØı∫ ˆ\¥P.
2. ©ın¡∫ u™Ã{ık B–{∫, ¨uª¯©a\∫, A¯©a\∫P“
©ÿ÷Æ As¯h ©ı|ª[PŒfl B–{∫P“, ¨uª¯©a\∫
PŒfl ˆ£Ø∫P¯Õ® £miغh¿.

216
 AªS & II

£ıhÆ & 4
C¢vØz ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØÆ
Pÿ”¿ ˜{ıUP[P“

1. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØz ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØÆ J∏ _u¢vµ©ı⁄

Aµ]ت¯©®¶a \mh A¯©®¶ Gfl£¯u® ¶∂¢x
ˆPı“–u¿.
2. ©ın¡∫ ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØzvfl A¯©®§¯⁄z ˆu∂¢x
ˆPı“–u¿.
3. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØz ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØzvfl AvPıµ[P“,
£oP¯Õ® £ÿ‘U Pÿ”¿.
4. ©ın¡∫ u¯ª¯©z ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØ∫, ©ÿ” ˜u∫u¿
B¯nØ∫PŒfl |Ø©⁄Æ £ÿ‘ ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
5. ©ın¡∫ ©ı|ªz ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØÆ, Aufl £oP“
£ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄® ˆ£”¿.

C¢vØz ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØÆ J∏ _u¢vµ©ı⁄ Aµ]Ø

ª¯©®¶a \mh A¯©®¶ BSÆ. C∆¡ı¯nØÆ ¶x
v¿º∞¿ A¯©¢x“Õx. C∆¡ı¯nØÆ {ımifl A¯⁄zx
˜u∫u¿ £oP¯Õ≤Æ ˜©ÿ£ı∫¯¡∞kQ”x. Cu¯⁄
""|∫¡ı\fl \ufl'' Gfl÷Æ A¯«UQfl”⁄∫.

A¯©®¶ : C¢vØz ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØÆ ≠fl÷ E÷®§⁄∫

P¯ÕU ˆPısh K∫ A¯©®¶ BSÆ. Cv¿ J∏ u¯ª¯©z
˜u∫u¿ B¯nØ∏Æ, Cµsk ©ÿ” ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØ∫P–Æ
E“Õ⁄∫. A¡∫P“ A¯⁄¡¯µ≤Æ C¢vØU Siص_z
u¯ª¡∫ |Ø©⁄Æ ˆ\¥Q”ı∫. u¯ª¯©z ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØ∏Æ,
217
©ÿ” ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØ∫P–Æ uı[P“ £u¬˜Øÿ”
{ıŒº∏¢x B÷ BskP“ ¡¯µ £u¬∞º∏®£∫.
˜u∫u¿ B¯nØ∫PŒfl A¢uÏx Ea\ }v©fl”
}v£vP–US C¯nØı⁄uıSÆ. C¡∫PŒfl FvØ[P–Æ,
£iP–Æ C¢vØ Ea\}v ©fl” }v£vPŒfl FvØ[P–USÆ
£iP–USÆ \©©ıP E“Õ⁄. C¡∫PÕx FvØ[P–Æ
£iP–Æ C¢vØı¬fl ˆuıS®¶ |v∞º∏¢x (Consolidated
Fund of India) ¡«[P®£kQfl”⁄.

AvPıµ[P–Æ £oP–Æ : ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØÆ §fl¡∏Æ

¨UQØ® £oP¯Õ® ¶∂Qfl”x :
1. {ıhı–©fl”z ˜u∫u¿P¯Õ {hzxu¿,
2. ©ı|ª \mh©fl”[P–UPı⁄ (≥¤Øfl §µ˜u\[P“
E“£h) ˜u∫u¿P¯Õ {hzxu¿,
3. Siص_z u¯ª¡∫, x¯nU Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ £u¬
P–UPı⁄ ˜u∫u¿P¯Õ {hzxu¿ BQØ⁄¡ıSÆ.
˜©ÿS‘®§mh ˆ\Ø¿P–hfl ˆuıh∫¶¯hØ £o
PÕıP (A) ¡ıUPıÕ∫ £miدªz uØı∂zu¿, (B) ˜u∫u¿
˜uvP¯Õ |∫n∞zu¿, (C) ˜u∫u¿P¯Õ ˜©ÿ£ı∫¯¡
∞ku¿, (D) ¡ıUS GsoU¯P ©ÿ÷Æ ¨iƒP¯Õ A‘¬UP
Hÿ£ık ˆ\¥u¿, (E) J∏ {ıhı–©fl” A¿ªx ©ı|ªa
\mh©fl” E÷®§⁄∫ ˜u∫u¿ S‘zu \∫a¯\P“ G Æ˜£ıx
A¡∫ uSv¯Ø C«UQfl”ıµı A¿ªx C¿¯ªØı Gfl£x
£ÿ‘Ø A‘ƒ¯µ¯ØU Siص_z u¯ª¡∏US ¡«[Su¿
˜£ıfl”¡ÿ¯”≤Æ ¶∂Qfl”x.
B¯nØzvfl _u¢vµz ufl¯© : ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØzvfl
£[S Aa\ıo ˜£ıfl”uıSÆ. B¯nØzvfl £ıµ£m\™fl¯©
Aufl _u¢vµz ufl¯©≤hfl ¨UQØ©ıP® §¯nUP®£mk
E“Õx. u¯ª¯©z ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØ∫ ©ÿ÷Æ §” ˜u∫u¿
B¯nØıÕ∫PŒfl Cfl‘د©Øı® £oP“ \mhÆ §fl
¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ‘ÿS ¡¯P ˆ\¥Q”x :
218
A. ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØ∫ |Ø©⁄Æ ¬∏®£zvfl Ai®£¯h
∞¿ A¯©¢uufl÷. C¢u |Ø©⁄Æ 6 BskP“ £u¬U
PıªÆ A¿ªx J∏¡∫ 65 ¡Øv¯⁄ Gmku¿ C¡ÿ‘¿
Gx ¨fl⁄˜uı Aufl£i |Ø™UP®£kQfl”ı∫.

B. J∏ ˜u∫u¿ B¯nدµ Ea\}v ©fl” }v£v¯Ø }UP

§fl£ÿ”®£kÆ ¡»∞æÆ A˜u ¨¯”∞æÆ uıfl }UP
¨i≤Æ.

C. J∏ B¯nØ∂fl £o |£¢u¯⁄ A¡µx |Ø©⁄z

vÿS® §fl A¡∏US® £ıuP©ıP ©ıÿ”®£hU Thıx.

D. J∏ ˜u∫u¿ B¯nدµz u¯ª¯©z ˜u∫u¿ B¯n

Ø∂fl £∂¢x¯µ∞¿ªı©¿ £o∞º∏¢x }USu¿
¨iØıx.

E. B¯nØÆ u⁄x £oP¯Õ® ¶∂¢vh ©zvØ, ©ı|ª

Aµ_P“ ˜u¯¡Øı⁄ £oØıÕ∫P¯Õ B¯nØzvÿS
Q¯hzvha ˆ\¥Ø Ph¯©®£mk“Õ⁄.

u¯ª¯©z ˜u∫u¿ AvPı∂ : J∆ˆ¡ı∏ ©ı|ªzvæÆ J∏

u¯ª¯©z ˜u∫u¿ AvPı∂ E“Õı∫. C¢vØz ˜u∫u¿
B¯nØÆ ©ı|ª Aµ]fl / ≥¤Øfl §µ˜u\zvfl J∏
¯ª¯©z ˜u∫u¿ AvPı∂ØıP |Ø©⁄Æ
A桪¯µz u¯ª¯©z
ˆ\¥Q”x A¿ªx ˆ£Ø∂mk £o∞ª©∫zxQ”x. Azu¯PØ
|Ø©⁄Æ ©ı|ª Aµ_ / ≥¤Øfl §µ˜u\ |∫¡ıPzxhfl
Pª¢uı˜ªı]UP®£mk ˆ\¥Ø®£kQ”x.

©ı|ª ˜u∫u¿ £o∞¯⁄ ˜©ÿ£ı∫¯¡∞kÆ AvPıµÆ

u¯ª¯©z ˜u∫u¿ AvPı∂US ¡«[P®£kQ”x. ©ı|ªz
˜u∫u¿ £oP¯Õ Jmkˆ©ızu©ıP ˜©ÿ£ı∫¯¡∞ku¿,
ˆ{‘®£kzxu¿, PsPıozu¿ BQØ⁄ ©ı|ªzvæ“Õ
u¯ª¯©z ˜u∫u¿ AvPı∂∞fl Rà E“Õ⁄.

C¢vØz ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØÆ {ıhı–©fl” ©ÿ÷Æ ©ı|ª

\mh\¯£ ˆuıSvP–USz ˜u∫u¿ £ı∫¯¡ØıÕ∫PÕıP
219
 C¢vØz u¯ª¯©z ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØÆ
¯
u¯ª¯©z ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØ∫
¯
˜u∫u¿ B¯nØ∫P“
¯
u¯ª¯©z ˜u∫u¿ AvPı∂
¯
©ı¡mhz ˜u∫u¿ AvPı∂
¯
˜u∫u¿ AvPı∂
¯
¡ıUS® £vƒ A桪∫
¯
¡ıUSa \ı¡i AvPı∂
¯
¡ıUS A桪∫

(ˆ£ıx®£ı∫¯¡ØıÕ∫P“ ©ÿ÷Æ ˜u∫u¿ ˆ\ªƒP“ £ı∫¯¡

ØıÕ∫P“) Aµ_ A桪∫P¯Õ |Ø™UQfl”x. A¡∫P“
B¯nØÆ J®£¯hUSÆ £o∞¯⁄® ¶∂Qfl”⁄∫. £ı∫¯¡
ØıÕ∫ |Ø©⁄Æ Gfl£x \mhß∫¡©ı⁄ Jfl”ıSÆ. A¡∫P“
B¯nØzvÿS A‘U¯P¯Ø ˜{∂¯hØıP A›®¶Qfl”⁄∫.
©ı|ªz ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØÆ : Aµ]ت¯©®¶z v∏zua
\mh[P“ 73 ©ÿ÷Æ 74&fl £i ©ı|ªz ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØ[P“
A¯©UP®£mk“Õ⁄. J∆ˆ¡ı∏ ©ı|ª / ≥¤Øfl §µ˜u\
˜u∫u¿ B¯nØ¨Æ E“Õım] A[P[PÕı⁄ ©ı{Pµım]U
P«P[P“, {Pµım]P“, ©ı¡mh Fµım]P“, Fµım]
220
Jfl‘Ø[P“, Qµı© Fµım]P“ ©ÿ÷Æ §” E“Õım]
A¯©®¶P–UPı⁄ ˜u∫u¿P¯Õ {hzu AvPıµÆ ˆPısh¯¡
ØıSÆ. C¯¡ C¢vØz ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØzvfl Pmk®£ımi¿
C¿ªı©¿ u¤ØıP CØ[SQfl”⁄. u™Ã{ımi¿ ©ı|ªz
˜u∫u¿ B¯nØÆ ˆ\fl¯⁄∞¿ A¯©¢x“Õx.

Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“
1. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØz ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØzvfl A¯©®§¯⁄
¬¡∂UP ¨i≤Æ.
2. ©ın¡∫ ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØzvfl £oP¯Õ ¬ÕUP
¨i≤Æ.
3. ©ın¡∫ ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØ∫P“ |Ø©⁄Æ £ÿ‘U S‘®§h
¨i≤Æ.
4. ©ın¡∫ ©ı|ª[PŒ¿ G¢u A¯©®¶ E“Õım]z
˜u∫u¿P¯Õ {hzxQfl”x Gfl£¯u ¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.

_Ø ©v®•k
I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Øz ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ

1. C¢vØz ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØÆ J∏

A. _u¢vµ©ı⁄ A¯©®¶ B. \mhß∫¡ A¯©®¶
C. u¤Øı∫ A¯©®¶ D. ˆ£ıx |÷¡⁄Æ
2. C¢vØz ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØÆ A¯©¢x“Õ ChÆ
A. ¨Æ¯£ B. ˆ\fl¯⁄
C. ¶x v¿º D. ˆPı¿Pzuı
3. ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØ∫P“ C¡µı¿ |Ø™UP®£kQfl”⁄∫
A. §µu© A¯©a\∫ B. B–{∫
C. C¢vØU Siص_z D. A¯©a\µ¯¡U S 
u¯ª¡∫
4. E“Õım]z ˜u∫u¿P¯Õ C˜u A¯©®¶ {hzxQfl”x
A. ©ı|ªz ˜u∫u¿ B. ©zvØ ˜u∫u¿
B¯nØÆ B¯nØÆ
C. ©ı¡mhz ˜u∫u¿ ¡ı∂ØÆ D. £ı∫¯¡ØıÕ∫P“
221
II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ |µ®¶P
1. C¢vØz ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØÆ _________ G⁄ƒÆ A¯«UP®
£kQfl”x.
2. ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØ∫PŒfl £u¬UPıªÆ _____ BskPÕıSÆ.
3. ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØ∫PŒfl uSv _____ }v£vP–USa
\©©ıSÆ.
4. Aµ]ت¯©®¶z v∏zua \mhÆ _____ ©ÿ÷Æ _____
BQد¡PŒfl Rà ©ı|ªz ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØ[P“
A¯©UP®£mk“Õ⁄.
III. §fl¡∏¡ÿ¯”® ˆ£ı∏zxP
1. u¯ª¯©z ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØ∫&& Aµ]ت¯©®¶a \mh
A¯©®¶
2. u¯ª¯©z ˜u∫u¿ AvPı∂ && 73 ©ÿ÷Æ 74 v∏zu[P“
3. C¢vØz ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØÆ && ©ı|ªz ˜u∫u¿ AvPı∂
4. E“Õım] A¯©®¶PŒfl
˜u∫u¿ && ©ı¡mh AÕƒ
5. ˜u∫u¿ AvPı∂ && C¢vØz ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØÆ
IV. _∏UP©ıP ¬¯hØŒUPƒÆ
1. ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØ∫P¯Õ |Ø©⁄Æ ˆ\¥¡x Øı∫?
2. ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØ∫PŒfl £oUPıªÆ G∆¡Õƒ?
3. u¯ª¯©z ˜u∫u¿ AvPı∂¯Ø |Ø™®£x Øı∫?
4. E“Õım] A¯©®¶PŒfl ˜u∫u¿P¯Õ G¢u A¯©®¶
{hzxQ”x.
V. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P
1. C¢vØz ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØzvfl AvPıµ[P“, £oP“
Øı¯¡?
2. ©ı|ªz ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØzvfl A¯©®¶, £[Q¯⁄
¬ÕUSP.

222
 £ıhÆ & 5
˜u∫u¿P“

Pÿ”¿ ˜{ıUP[P“
1. ©ın¡∫ ˜u∫u¿P“ £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄® ˆ£”¿.
2. ©ın¡∫ ˜u∫u¿ ¨¯”PŒfl ¡¯PP¯Õ® ¶∂¢x
ˆPı“–u¿.
3. ©ın¡∫ {ıhı–©fl”Æ, ©ı|ªa \mh ©fl”[P“,
E“Õım] A¯©®¶PŒfl E÷®§⁄∫P“ G∆¡ı÷
˜u∫¢ˆukUP®£kQfl”⁄∫ Gfl£¯u® ¶∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
4. ©ın¡∫ ©UP“ §µv|vPŒfl £[Q¯⁄® £ÿ‘z ˆu∂¢x
ˆPı“–u¿.

{ıhı–©fl”Æ, ©ı|ªa \mh ©fl”[P“, E“Õım]

A¯©®¶P–US J∏ S‘®§mh PıªzvÿS ¡ıUPıÕ∫P“
u[P“ §µv|vP¯Õz ˜u∫¢ˆukUSÆ ˆ\غ¯⁄z ˜u∫u¿P“
G⁄ A¯«UQ˜”ıÆ. ˜u∫uºfl˜£ıx ¡ıUPıÕ∫P“ Av
¨UQØzx¡Æ ˆ£÷Qfl”⁄∫. ˜u∫u¿P“ Cfl‘ §µv|vzx¡
Aµ_ A¯©¡x CتıuuıSÆ. ˆ£ıx¡ıP C∏ ¡¯PØıPz
˜u∫u¿ ¨¯”P“ E“Õ⁄. A¯¡PŒ¿ Jfl÷ ˜{∫¨Pz
˜u∫uæÆ ©ÿˆ”ıfl÷ ©¯”¨Pz ˜u∫uæÆ BSÆ. C¢vØı¬¿
˜£ıxz ˜u∫u¿P“ I¢x BskP–US J∏ ¨¯” {hzu®
£kQfl”⁄. ˜u∫u¿P“ {ıhı–©fl”Æ, ©ı|ªa \mh©fl”[P“
©ÿ÷Æ E“Õım] A¯©®¶P–US {hzu®£kQfl”⁄.

˜{∫¨Pz ˜u∫u¿P“ : Cƨ¯”∞¿ ¡ıUPıÕ∫P“ u[P–US

¬∏®£©ı⁄ ˜¡m£ıÕ∫P–US ˜{∫¨P©ıP ¡ıUPŒzx
u[P“ §µv|vP¯Õz ˜u∫¢ˆukUQfl”⁄∫. C¢vØı¬¿
˜ªıU \£ı ©ÿ÷Æ ©ı|ªa \mh® ˜£µ¯¡ E÷®§⁄∫P“
223
Cƨ¯”∞¿ I¢x BskU PıªzvÿSz ˜u∫¢ˆukUP®£k
Qfl”⁄∫. Cƨ¯”∞¿ J∆ˆ¡ı∏ ¡ıUPıÕ∏Æ uı[P“
¬∏Æ¶Æ ˜¡m£ıÕ∫PŒfl ]fl⁄[P–US GvµıPz u[P“
¡ıUQ¯⁄® £vzx ¡ıUPŒUQfl”⁄∫. A∆¡ı÷ £v¡ı⁄
¡ıUSPŒ¿ ™P AvP GsoU¯P∞¿ ¡ıUSP¯Õ® ˆ£÷Æ
˜¡m£ıÕ∫ ˜u∫¢ˆukUP®£mhuıP A‘¬UP®£k¡ı∫.
|¯”P“ :
1. Cƨ¯” ™PƒÆ ©UPÕım]z ufl¯©≤¯hØuıSÆ.
Hˆ⁄¤¿ ¡ıUPıÕ∫P“ u[P“ §µv|vP¯Õ ˜{∫¨P
©ıP ˜u∫¢ˆukUSÆ J∏ ¡ı¥®§¯⁄ Cƨ¯”∞¿
ˆ£÷Qfl”⁄∫.
2. Cƨ¯”∞⁄ı¿ §µv|vP–USÆ ¡ıUPıÕ∫P–USÆ
C¯h∞¿ ˆ{∏UP©ı⁄ ˆuıh∫¶ Hÿ£h ¡ı¥®¶
E“Õx.
3. Aµ]غ¿ ©UP“ w¬µ £[Q¯⁄ Bÿ” Cƨ¯”
B∫¡≠mkQfl”x.
4. ˆ£ıx¡ıP, ˜{∫¨Pz ˜u∫uº¿ ˜¡m£ıÕ∫P“ u[P“
ˆPı“¯PP¯Õ≤Æ vmh[P¯Õ≤Æ ¡ıUPıÕ∫ ¨fl
A‘¬UQfl”⁄∫. Cu⁄ı¿ Aµ]fl ˆ\Ø¿£ıkP¯Õ
©UPÕı¿ ¶∂¢xˆPı“Õ ¨iQfl”x.
5. Cƨ¯”∞¿ {¿ª §µv|vP¯Õz ˜u∫¢ˆuk®£uÿS
¡ı¥®¶ E“Õx.
S¯”P“ :
1. C¢vØı¬¿ £ª ¡ıUPıÕ∫P“ £i®£‘ƒ Aÿ”¡∫
PÕıPƒÆ ˆuŒ¡ÿ”¡∫PÕıPƒÆ E“Õuı¿ u¯ª¡∫
PŒfl ˜£a_UPÕı¿ A¡∫P“ GŒv¿ D∫UP®£k
Qfl”⁄∫. Aufl ¬¯Õ¡ıP ]ª ˜{µ[PŒ¿ v”¯©Øÿ”
_Ø{ª¡ıvP–Æ ˜u∫¢ˆukUP®£mk ¬kQfl”⁄∫.

2. C∆¡¯Pz ˜u∫u¿ AvPa ˆ\ªƒ¯hØuıPƒÆ ™P®

ˆ£∂Ø AÕ¬¿ Hÿ£ıkP“ ˆ\¥Ø®£h ˜¡siØ
Jfl”ıPƒÆ E“Õx.
224
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\¨uıØzv¿ §ÕƒP“ ˜©æÆ ¡æUP Cƨ¯”∞¿
¡ı¥®¶sk.
4. Aa\ En∫¬fl Pıµn©ıP {¿ª‘ƒ¯h˜Øı∫ ˜u∫uº¿
£[˜PÿPı©¿ ¬mk¬kQfl”⁄∫.
5. ©UPÕım]∞¿ {ƧU¯PØÿ”¡∫P–US Cƨ¯”
EP¢uu¿ª.
©¯”¨Pz ˜u∫u¿ : Cƨ¯”∞¿ ©UP“ J∏ ¡ıUPıÕ∫
©fl”zv¯⁄z ˜u∫¢ˆukUQfl”⁄∫. AÆ©fl”Æ A¡∫PÕx
§µv|vP¯Õz ˜u∫¢ˆukUQfl”x. C∆¡¯Pz ˜u∫u¿
¨¯”¯Ø ©¯”¨Pz ˜u∫u¿ G⁄ A¯«UQ˜”ıÆ.
|¯”P“ :
1. ¡Øx ¡¢˜uı∫ ¡ıUS∂¯© ¨¯”∞⁄ı¿ Hÿ£kÆ S¯”
P¯Õ Cƨ¯”∞ªı⁄ ˜u∫u¿ }USQfl”x.
2. Cƨ¯”∞¯⁄ ©UPÕım] £ıµÆ£∂ØÆ C¿ªıu J∏
{ımiæÆ ˆ\Ø¿£kzuªıÆ.
3. Cƨ¯”∞¿ Aµ]Ø¿ Pm]PŒfl ¨UQØzx¡Æ
S¯”UP®£kQfl”x.
4. ˆ£∂Ø {ıkP–US Cƨ¯” EP¢uuıSÆ.
5. Cƨ¯”∞⁄ı¿ S¯”¢u ˆ\ª˜¡ Hÿ£kÆ.
S¯”P“ :
1. Cƨ¯” ©UPÕım]z ufl¯©Øÿ”x.
2. ¡ıUPıÕ∫P“ Aµ]غ¿ AvP Dk£ık ˆPı“¡
v¿¯ª.
3. Cƨ¯”∞¿ ¯P≥miÿSÆ ªg\zvÿSÆ ¡ı¥®¶sk.
4. Cƨ¯”∞¿ ¡ıUPıÕ∫PŒfl ¨UQØzx¡Æ ™PƒÆ
S¯”Qfl”x.
5. Cƨ¯”∞¿ ¡ıUPıÕ∫P–USÆ §µv|vP–US™¯h
∞ªı⁄ ˜{∂¯hz ˆuıh∫¶ Q¯hØıx.
225
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£u¬ ¬ªP¿ A¿ªx C”®§⁄ı¿ Hÿ£kÆ {ıhı–©fl”
A¿ªx ©ı|ªa \mh©fl”U Pıº Chzv¯⁄ |µ®£ {hzu®
£kÆ ˜u∫u¿ C¯hz ˜u∫u¿ G⁄ A¯«UP®£kQ”x.
E£ ˜u∫u¿ : {ıhı–©fl”z¯u˜Øı A¿ªx ©ı|ªa \mh
©fl”z¯u˜Øı Au›¯hØ £u¬U PıªÆ ¨i≤Æ ¨fl˜£
P¯ªzx¬mk {hzxÆ ˆ£ıxz ˜u∫u¿ E£ ˜u∫u¿ G⁄
A¯«UP®£kQ”x.
E“Õım] A¯©®¶P“ ˜u∫u¿ : E“Õım] A¯©®¶
A¿ªx E“Õım] Aµ_ Gfl£ufl ˆ£ı∏“ J∏ £Sv∞fl
©UP“ u[P“ £Sv ¬¡Pıµ[P¯Õz uı[P˜Õ |∫¡QzxU
ˆPı“–u¿ BSÆ. Aufl Ai®£¯hU ˆPı“¯P Gfl⁄
ˆ¡¤¿ ©zvØ, ©ı|ª Aµ_P¯Õ¬h J∏ £Sv∞fl ˜u¯¡
P¯Õ≤Æ §µa]¯⁄P¯Õ≤Æ A®£Sv∞fl ©UP˜Õ ]”®£ıP
P¡¤zxU ˆPı“Õ ¨i≤Æ Gfl£uıSÆ.
1992&BÆ Bsk Aµ]ت¯©®¶a \mh v∏zua
\mh[P“ 73 Æ 74 Æ CØÿ”®£mh⁄. Czv∏zua \mh[P“
1993&BÆ Bsk H®µ¿ 24 ¨u¿ {¯h¨¯”US ¡¢u⁄.
C¯¡ Fµım]P¯Õ≤Æ {Pµım] A¯©®¶P¯Õ≤Æ
Aµ]ت¯©®¶ \mh®£iØı⁄ A¯©®¶PÕıP ©ıÿ‘⁄.
E“Õım] Aµ_ : E“Õım] Aµ_ {P∫®¶” E“Õım]
Aµ\ıPƒÆ ©ÿ÷Æ Qµı©®¶” E“Õım] A¯©®¶P“ G⁄ƒÆ
§∂UP®£kQfl”⁄.

E“Õım] Aµ_

©ı{Pµım]U P«P[P“ ©ı¡mh Fµım]P“

{Pµım]U P«P[P“ £g\ıØzxa \™v

A¿ªx Fµım]
Jfl‘Ø[P“
{P∫®¶” Fµım]P“ Qµı© Fµım]P“

226
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Qµı©zvæÆ Qµı© \¯£∞¯⁄≤Æ Qµı©, C¯h|¯ª,
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ˆ\¥Q”x. "{P∫£ıºPıa \mhÆ' G⁄ƒÆ A¯«UP®£kÆ
74&¡x Aµ]Ø¿ \mhz v∏zua \mhÆ ≠fl÷ ¡¯P {Pµım]
A¯©®¶P¯Õ A¯©UP ¡¯P ˆ\¥Qfl”x. C¯¡P“
{P∫®¶” Fµım]P“, {Pµım]U P«P[P“, ©ı{Pµım]
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C∏¢x {Pµ® £SvØıP ©ı‘¡∏Æ £SvP–US
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A¯©UP®£kÆ A¯©®¶P“ {Pµım]P“ BSÆ.
ˆ£∏©Õ¬ªı⁄ {P∫®¶”®£SvP–US A¯©UP®£kÆ
A¯©®¶P“ ©ı{Pµım]P“ BSÆ.
Qµı© E“Õım] A¯©®¶P“ : u™Ã{ık \mh©fl”Æ
73&¡x Aµ]ت¯©®¶ v∏zua \mhzvfl£i 1994&BÆ
Bsk u™Ã{ık £g\ıØzxa \mhzv¯⁄ |¯”˜¡ÿ‘Øx.
u™Ã{ımi¿ §fl¡∏Æ ¡¯P∞ªı⁄ ≠fl÷ Pmh Qµı©
E“Õım] Aµ_ ˆ\Ø¿£kQfl”x : (1) 500 ˜£∫P¯Õ≤Æ
AuÿS ˜©æÆ ©UP“ ˆuı¯P¯ØU ˆPısh J∆ˆ¡ı∏
Qµı©zvæÆ J∏ Fµım], (2) ¡mhıµ AÕ¬¿ £ª Qµı©
Fµım]P¯ÕU ˆPısh Fµım] Jfl‘ØU S  ©ÿ÷Æ, (3)
©ı¡mh AÕ¬¿ ˜©¿ Pmhzv¿ ©ı¡mh Fµım]
BQØ⁄¡ıSÆ. uÿ˜£ıx u™Ã{ımi¿ 12,584 Qµı©®
£g\ıØzxUP–Æ, 384 Fµım] Jfl‘Ø[P–Æ, 28 ©ı¡mh
Fµım]P–Æ E“Õ⁄.
Qµı© Fµım]∞fl u¯ª¡∫, £Sv E÷®§⁄∫P“
Aµ]Ø¿ Ai®£¯h∞fl‘ ©UPÕı¿ ˜{∂¯hØıPz ˜u∫¢
ˆukUP®£kQfl”⁄∫. x¯nz u¯ª¡∫P“ £Sv E÷®§⁄∫
PÕı¿ ˜u∫¢ˆukUP®£kQfl”⁄∫. A¯⁄¡∏Æ I¢x Bsk
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≠fl‘¿ J∏ £Sv Ch[P“ ˆ£sP–UPıP JxUP®
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227
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P–Æ ©UPÕı¿ ˜{∂¯hØıPz ˜u∫¢ˆukUP®£kQfl”⁄∫.
Fµım] Jfl‘ØU S ¬fl u¯ª¡∫ AUS ¬ÿSz
u¯ª¯©® ˆ£ı÷®˜£ÿQ”ı∫. u¯ª¡¯µ≤Æ, x¯nz
u¯ª¡¯µ≤Æ £Sv E÷®§⁄∫P“ ˜u∫¢ˆukUQfl”⁄∫. ˜u∫¢
ˆukUP®£mh Fµım] Jfl‘ØU S UPŒfl £u¬U PıªÆ
I¢x BskPÕıSÆ.
Fµım] ¨¯”∞fl ≠fl”ı¡x Pmh A¯©®¶ ©ı¡mh
Fµım]P“ BSÆ. ©ı¡mh Fµım]PŒfl u¯ª¡˜µ Aufl
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ˆukUP®£mh £Sv E÷®§⁄∫P“ ˜u∫¢ˆukUQfl”⁄∫.
©UP“ £Sv E÷®§⁄∫P¯Õ ˜{∂¯hØıPz ˜u∫¢
ˆukUQfl”⁄∫.
18 ¡ØvÿS ˜©ÿ£mh ¡Øx ¡¢u Si©UP“ A¯⁄
¡∏Æ ¡ıUPŒUPz uSv≤¯hØ¡∫P“. 21 ¡Øx |µÆ§Ø
¡∫P“ ©mk˜© Fµım] E÷®§⁄∫PÕıPƒÆ, x¯nz
u¯ª¡∫PÕıPƒÆ, u¯ª¡µıPƒÆ ˜u∫¢ˆukUP®£k¡∫.
Fµım]∞fl £u¬UPıªÆ ¨i≤Æ ¨fl¶ Ax P¯ªUP®
£k©ı∞fl 6 ©ıu PıªzvÿS“ AuÿSz ˜u∫u¿ {hzu®
ˆ£”¿ ˜¡skÆ.
{Pµ E“Õım] A¯©®¶P“ : Aµ]ت¯©®¶a \mhÆ
©ı{Pµım]U P«PÆ, {Pµım]P“, {P∫®¶” Fµım]P¯Õ {Pµ
E“Õım] A¯©®¶PÕıP A[RP∂zx“Õx. C∏¢u
˜£ıvæÆ {Pµ A¯©®¶P“ (Townships), Cµıq¡U Si∞∏®¶
¡ı∂Ø[P“ (Contonment Boards), A‘¬UP®£mh £Sv
S UP“ (Notified Area Committee) BQØ⁄ƒÆ ©ÿ” ]ª {Pµ
E“Õım] A¯©®¶PÕıSÆ.
{Pµım] A¯©®§fl ˜©¿ Pmhzv¿ ©ı{Pµım]U
P«P[P“ E“Õ⁄. CÆ©ı{Pµım]U P«P[P“ ˆ£∂Ø
{Pµ[PŒ¿ |÷¡®£kQfl”⁄. ˆ£ıx¡ıP, 10 Cªm\Æ
©UP“ ˆuı¯P¯Ø≤Æ AuÿS ˜©æÆ ˆPısh ˆ£∏
{Pµ[P“ ©ı{Pµım]PÕıP A¯©UP®£kQfl”⁄. Euıµn©ıP
ˆ\fl¯⁄, ¨Æ¯£, ˆPı¿Pzuı, ˆh¿º BQØ⁄ C¢vØı¬¿
228
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ˆ\fl¯⁄, ©x¯µ, ˜Pıبzy∫, ˜\ªÆ, v∏a] ©ÿ÷Æ
v∏ˆ{¿˜¡º ˜£ıfl” 6 ©ı{Pµım]U P«P[P“ E“Õ⁄.
©ı{Pµım]U P«Pzvfl Aµ]Ø¿ u¯ª¡∫ ˜©Ø∫ B¡ı∫.
A¡∫ ©ı{Pµz u¢¯u G⁄ƒÆ ©ı{P∂fl ¨u¿ Si©Pfl /
Si©P“ G⁄ƒÆ A¯«UP®£kQ”ı∫. ˜©Ø¯µ≤Æ, £Sv
E÷®§⁄∫P¯Õ≤Æ ©UP“ ˜{∂¯hØıPz ˜u∫¢ˆukUQfl”⁄∫.
£Sv E÷®§⁄∫P“ x¯n ˜©Ø¯µz ˜u∫¢ˆukUQfl”⁄∫.
A¡∫PÕx £u¬UPıªÆ 5 BskPÕıSÆ. ©ı{Pµım]U P«P
E÷®§⁄∫PŒfl 2/3 £[S ˆ£÷Æ£ıfl¯© £ªzxhfl
w∫©ı⁄Æ CØÿ‘ ˜©Ø∫, x¯n ˜©Ø¯µ® £u¬∞º∏¢x
}UPªıÆ.

{Pµ E“Õım] Aµ]¿ {Pµım]P“ Cµshı¡x Chz¯u

¡QUQfl”⁄. {Pµım] G›Æ ˆ\ı¿ {P∫ A¿ªx ©ı{P∂fl
_Ø&Bm]¯ØU S‘UQfl”x. u™Ã {ımi¿ 100&USÆ
˜©ÿ£mh {Pµım]P“ E“Õ⁄. J∆ˆ¡ı∏ {Pµım]∞æÆ
u¯ª¡∫, x¯nz u¯ª¡∫, £Sv E÷®§⁄∫P“ E“Õ⁄∫.
u¯ª¡¯µ≤Æ, £Sv E÷®§⁄∫P¯Õ≤Æ ©UP“ ˜{∂¯h
ØıPz ˜u∫¢ˆukUQfl”⁄∫. x¯nz u¯ª¡¯µ® £Sv
E÷®§⁄∫P“ u[P–US“ ˜u∫¢ˆukzxU ˆPı“Qfl”⁄∫.
A¡∫P“ 5 BskP“ £u¬ ¡QUQfl”⁄∫.

J∆ˆ¡ı∏ ]÷{P∫® £Sv∞æÆ J∏ {P∫®¶” Fµım]

A¯©®¶ Hÿ£kzu®£mk“Õx. Av¿ ˜u∫¢ˆukUP®£mh
E÷®§⁄∫P“ E“Õ⁄∫. CuÿPıP {P∫®¶” Fµım] £ª
£SvPÕıP® §∂UP®£mk“Õx. J∆ˆ¡ı∏ £Sv≤Æ J∏
E÷®§⁄¯µ ©mk˜© ˜u∫¢ˆukUQfl”x. {P∫®¶” Fµım]
∞fl u¯ª¡¯µ≤Æ, E÷®§⁄∫P¯Õ≤Æ ©UP“ ˜{∂¯hØıPz
˜u∫¢ˆukUQfl”⁄∫. A¡∫P–Æ I¢x BskP“ £u¬
¡QUQfl”⁄∫. {Pµım]z u¯ª¡∫, E÷®§⁄∫P¯Õ® ˜£ıfl”
A˜u |¯ª∞¯⁄≤Æ, AvPıµ[P¯Õ≤Æ ©ÿ÷Æ E∂¯©
P¯Õ≤Æ C¡∫P–Æ ˆ£ÿ÷“Õ⁄∫.
229
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ˆukUP®£mh {ıhı–©fl”, ©ı|ªa \mh©fl”, E“Õım]
A¯©®¶PŒfl E÷®§⁄∫P“ ©UP“ §µv|vP“ G⁄
A¯«UP®£kQfl”⁄∫. ©UP–UPı⁄ A¡∫PÕx £[SÆ
ˆ£ı÷®¶P–Æ ™P ¨UQØ©ı⁄¯¡. {ıhı–©fl”, ©ı|ªa
\mh©fl” E÷®§⁄∫P“ ©UP–US u¤®£mh ¨¯”∞¿
ˆ£ı÷®¶¯hØ¡∫P“ B¡∫. {ıhı–©fl” E÷®§⁄∫P“
{ıhı–©fl”zvfl ≠ªÆ u[P“ £oP¯Õ® ¶∂Qfl”⁄∫.
©ı|ªa \mh©fl” E÷®§⁄∫P“ ©ı|ª AÕ¬¿ A¯©a\∫
PÕıPƒÆ ©UPŒfl §µv|vPÕıPƒÆ u[P“ £o∞¯⁄®
¶∂Qfl”⁄∫. ˜©Ø∫, {Pµz u¯ª¡∫, u¯ª¡∫ ˜£ıfl˜”ı∫
£¿˜¡÷ E“Õım] A¯©®¶UPŒfl Aµ]Ø¿ |∫¡ıQ
PÕı¡∫. E“Õım] A¯©®¶PŒfl Aµ]Ø¿ u¯ª¡∫P“
©ı{Pµım]U P«P[P“, {Pµım]P“ ©ÿ÷Æ Fµım]PŒfl
Tmh[P–USz u¯ª¯© uı[SQfl”⁄∫. A¡∫P“
E“Õım] A¯©®¶PŒfl B¡n[P¯Õ® £µı©∂zx A∆
¡¯©®¶PŒfl A桪∫P“ ´x |∫¡ıP AvPıµzv¯⁄≤Æ
ˆ\æzxQfl”⁄∫. ©UP“ §µv|vP–US J∏[Q¯n®¶,
˜©ÿ£ı∫¯¡∞ku¿ £o ¨UQØ©ı⁄uıSÆ.
Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“
1. ©ın¡∫ {©x {ımi¿ §fl£ÿ”®£kÆ ˜u∫u¿ ¨¯”
P¯Õ ¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.
2. ©ın¡∫ ˜{∫¨P, ©¯”¨Pz ˜u∫u¿PŒfl |¯”P“,
S¯”P¯ÕU S‘®§h ¨i≤Æ.
3. ©ın¡∫ E“Õım] A¯©®¶PŒfl ¡¯PP¯Õ ¬¡∂UP
¨i≤Æ.
4. ©ın¡∫ 73&¡x Aµ]ت¯©®¶a \mhv∏zua \mhz
v¯⁄ ¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.
5. ©ın¡∫ ©UP“ §µv|vPŒfl £[Q¯⁄≤Æ ˆ£ı÷®¶
P¯Õ≤Æ ¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.

230
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I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Øz ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ

1. ˜ªıU\£ı E÷®§⁄∫PŒfl £u¬U PıªÆ

A. {ıflS BskP“ B. ≠fl÷ BskP“
C. I¢x BskP“ D. Cµsk BskP“

2. E“Õım] A¯©®¶PŒfl £u¬U PıªÆ

A. ≠fl÷ BskP“ B. B÷ BskP“
C. {ıflS BskP“ D. I¢x BskP“

3. ˜©Ø¯µz ˜u∫¢ˆuk®£¡∫P“
A. ˜{∂¯hØıP ©UP“ B. E÷®§⁄∫P“
C. ¨uª¯©a\∫ D. B–{∫

II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ |µ®¶P

1. C¢vØı¬¿ ˆ£ıxz ˜u∫u¿P“ _____ BskP–UˆPı∏

¨¯” {hzu®£kQfl”⁄.

2. ˆ£ıx¡ıP _____ ¡¯PØı⁄ ˜u∫u¿ ¨¯”P“ E“Õ⁄.

3. Qµı©z u¯ª¡¯µ ©UP“ _____ BPz ˜u∫¢ˆukUQfl”⁄∫.

4. ˜©Ø¯µ ©UP“ _____ BPz ˜u∫¢ˆukUQfl”⁄∫.

III. §fl¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ¯”® ˆ£ı∏zxP

1. 73&¡x Aµ]ت¯©®¶a && 74¡x v∏zuÆ

\mhzv∏zuÆ
2. {P∫£ıºPı && ©ı{Pµım]U P«PÆ
3. ˜©Ø∫ && Fµım] |∫¡ıPÆ
4. {Pµz u¯ª¡∫ && {P∫®¶” Fµım]
5. u¯ª¡∫ && {Pµım]

231
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1. ˜u∫u¿ Gfl”ı¿ Gfl⁄?
2. ˜u∫u¿ ¡¯PP¯Õ ¬ÕUSP.
3. C¯hz ˜u∫u¿ Gfl”ı¿ Gfl⁄?
4. E“Õım] Aµ_ ¡¯PP¯Õ ¬ÕUSP.
V. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P
1. ˜{∫¨Pz ˜u∫uºfl |¯”P“, S¯”P“ Øı¯¡?
2. E“Õım] A¯©®¶PŒfl E÷®§⁄∫P“ G∆¡ı÷ ˜u∫¢
ˆukUP®£kQfl”⁄∫?
3. ©UP“ §µv|vPŒfl £[S, ˆ£ı÷®¶P“ Øı¯¡?
VI. ˆ\¥¨¯”® £∞ÿ]P“
1. E“Õım] Aµ]fl ¡¯PP“ ˆPısh ¬ÕUP Am¯h
Jfl÷ uØı∫ ˆ\¥P.
2. E“Õım] _Ø&Aµ]fl A¯©®§¯⁄U Pıs§USÆ
Am¯h® £hÆ Jfl÷ uØı∫ ˆ\¥x Au¯⁄ ¡S®
£¯”∞¿ £ı∫¯¡US ¯¡UPƒÆ.

232
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Si≤∂¯©
Pÿ”¿ ˜{ıUP[P“
1. ©ın¡∫ Si≤∂¯©, ¡ıUS∂¯© £ÿ‘ ¶∂¢x
ˆPı“–u¿.
2. ©ın¡∫ ¡ıUPıÕ∫ A¯hØıÕ Am¯h, ¡ıUPŒzu¿
¨¯”P“ £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄® ˆ£”¿.
3. ©ın¡∫ Si≤∂¯©US∂Ø uSvP¯Õ® £ÿ‘ ˆu∂¢x
ˆPı“–u¿.
4. ©ın¡∫ Aµ]Ø¿ Pm]PŒfl ]fl⁄[P“ £ÿ‘ ˆu∂¢x
ˆPı“–u¿.
5. ©ın¡∫ ¡ıUPıÕ∫PŒfl Ph¯©P¯Õ® ¶∂¢x
ˆPı“–u¿.
"Si©Pfl' G⁄® ˆ£ı∏“£kÆ "]mi\fl' G›Æ
B[Qªa ˆ\ı¿ Cªzwfl ˆ©ı» ¡ı∫z¯uØı⁄ "]¬Ï'
Gfl£vº∏¢x ˆ£”®£mhuıSÆ. Aaˆ\ı¿ {Pµ&{ımi¿
(City-State) ¡]®£¡∫ G›Æ ˆ£ı∏“ ˆPıshuıSÆ. {Pµ&
{ık Aµ_P“ ©¯”¢u §fl Aaˆ\ı¿ J∏ {ımi¿ ¡]UQfl”
¡∫P¯ÕU S‘UP® £Øfl£kzu®£mhx. J∏ {ımifl Si
©UP“, ¨  Si≤∂¯© ©ÿ÷Æ Aµ]Ø¿ E∂¯©P¯Õ
A›£¬UQfl”⁄∫.
Si©UPŒfl E∂¯©P“ : {©x Aµ]ت¯©®¶a \mhÆ {Æ
{ımifl Si©UP–US® §fl¡∏Æ E∂¯©P¯Õ ¡«[S
Qfl”x :
1. Ai®£¯h E∂¯©P“.
2. Si©UP“ ©mk˜© ˆ£ıx®£u¬P¯Õ ¡QUPz uSv
≤¯hØ¡∫P“. {©x {ımifl u¯ªØıØ ˆ£ıx®
233
 £u¬P“ Siص_z u¯ª¡∫, x¯nU Siص_z
u¯ª¡∫, §µu© A¯©a\∫, Ea\, EØ∫ }v©fl” }v£v
P“, B–{∫P“ ©ÿ÷Æ ¨uª¯©a\∫ BQØ⁄¡ıSÆ.
3. Si©UP“ ©mk˜© ˜ªıU \£ı ©ÿ÷Æ ©ı|ª \mh
©fl”[PŒfl E÷®§⁄∫P–US ¡ıUPŒUPz uSv≤¯h
Ø¡∫P“.
4. Si©UP“ ©mk˜© {ıhı–©fl”, ©ı|ªa \mh
©fl”[PŒfl E÷®§⁄∫PÕıPz uSv≤¯hØ¡∫P“.

Si©UPŒfl Ph¯©P“ : 1976&BÆ Bsk CØÿ”®£mh

42&¡x Aµ]ت¯©®¶z v∏zua \mhzvfl£i A¯⁄zxU
Si©UP–Æ §fl£ÿ” ˜¡siØ Ai®£¯hU Ph¯©P“
¡SUP®£mk“Õ⁄. A¯¡P“ : (1) Aµ]ت¯©®¶a \mhz
v¯⁄≤Æ Aufl S‘U˜Pı“ ©ÿ÷Æ |÷¡⁄[P¯Õ≤Æ
§fl£ÿ‘ {hzu¿, (2) ˜u]ØU ˆPıi, ˜u]Ø Ruzv¯⁄
©vzu¿, (3) AQƯ\, ©UPÕım] ©ÿ÷Æ \©Øa \ı∫§fl¯©
˜£ıfl” A¡]ØU ˆPı“¯PP¯Õ En∫¢x A¡ÿ¯”®
§fl£ÿ÷u¿, ©ÿ÷Æ (4) {©x £s£ımk ©µ¶ ¡ÕÆ,
C¯”Øıs¯©, Jÿ÷¯© ©ÿ÷Æ J∏¯©®£ımi¯⁄®
£ıxPızu¿ BQØ⁄¡ıSÆ. ˆ£ıxa ˆ\ızxUP“, CØÿ¯P
¡Õ[P¯Õ® £ıxPızu¿ ©ÿ÷Æ \≠P ¬˜µıua ˆ\Ø¿P¯Õz
u¬∫zu¿ ˜£ıfl” ˜©æÆ £ª Ph¯©P–Æ E“Õ⁄.

Si≤∂¯©∞fl ¡¯PP“ : Si≤∂¯© C∏ ¡¯P®£kÆ. A¯¡

§”®£ı¿ ˆ£÷Æ Si≤∂¯© ©ÿ÷Æ AØ¿ {ımh¡∫ ˆ£÷Æ
Si≤∂¯© BQØ⁄¡ıSÆ. J∏ {ımi¿ |µ¢uµ©ıP ¡ı Æ
(E¯”¬h©ıPU ˆPıs˜hı∫) Si©UP¯Õ® ˆ£ÿ˜”ıµıPU
ˆPısk §”USÆ S«¢¯uP“ §”®£ı¿ Si©UPÕıQfl”⁄∫.
Euıµn©ıP C¢vØU Si©UP–US® §”USÆ S«¢¯uP“
CØÿ¯PØıPƒÆ ufl¤a¯\ØıPƒÆ C¢vØU Si©UPÕı
Qfl”⁄∫. J∏ {ımi¿ }sh PıªÆ u[Q˜Øı A¿ªx
A¢{ımifl J∏ Si©P¯⁄ / Si©P¯Õ ©n¢˜uı ˆ£÷Æ
Si≤∂¯© AØ¿{ımh¡∫ ˆ£÷Æ Si≤∂¯© (Naturalisation)
234
G⁄ ¡«[P®£kQ”x. ˆ£ıx¡ıP ,¡Øx ¡¢u J∏¡∫ G¢u
{ımiæÆ Si≤∂¯©US ¬sn®§UPªıÆ. B⁄ı¿ A¡∂fl
¬sn®£zv¯⁄ HÿPƒÆ A¿ªx |PµıP∂UPƒÆ A¢{ımk
Aµ]ÿS E∂¯© Esk. C∆¡¯P∞¿ ¶vØ Si≤∂¯©
∞¯⁄® ˆ£÷Æ J∏¡∫ u⁄x £¯«Ø Si≤∂¯©¯Ø C«¢x
uıfl G¢u {ımi¿ ¡ıà Q”ı˜µı A¢{ımifl Si©Pfl /
Si©PÕıQfl”ı∫. Euıµn ©ıP C¢vØ∫P“ £ª∫ Aˆ©∂UP
IUQØ {ımi¿ Si≤∂¯© ¯Ø® ˆ£ÿ÷ A[˜P˜Ø
SiØ©∫¢x“Õ⁄∫. C∏¢u˜£ıvæÆ C¢vØ Aµ_ A¡∫PŒ¿
]ª∏US C∏®§h©ÿ” C¢vØU Si©UP“ (Non-Resident Indi-
ans (NRIs) G›Æ uSv∞¯⁄ ¡«[Q≤“Õx.

Si≤∂¯©∞fl ufl¯©: {©x C¢vØ Aµ]ت¯©®¶a

\mhÆ C¢vØU Si©Pfl / Si©P“ G⁄®£kÆ Jÿ¯”U
Si≤∂¯©¯Ø ©mkÆ ¡«[SQ”x. B⁄ı¿ Aˆ©∂UP
IUQØ {ık, _¬m\∫ªı¢x ˜£ıfl” ]ª Tmhµ_ {ıkPŒ¿
Tmhım] A¿ªx ˜u]ØU Si©UP“ ©ÿ÷Æ S‘®§mh
©ı|ªzvfl Si©UP“ G›Æ Cµm¯hU Si≤∂¯© ¨¯”
E“Õx.
¡ıUPŒUSÆ E∂¯©P“ : ¡ıUS∂¯©® ˆ£” ¡Øx Jfl˜”
uSvØıSÆ. S‘®§mh J∏ ¡Øv¯⁄ G¥vØ ©UP“
A¯⁄¡∏USÆ ¡ıUS∂¯© ¡«[P®£kQ”x. Cu¯⁄
¡Øx¡¢˜uı∫ A¯⁄¡∏USÆ ¡ıUS∂¯© A¿ªx ˜u∫u¿
¡ıUS∂¯© G⁄ A¯«UQfl”⁄∫. C¢vØı¬¿ 18 ¡Øv¯⁄
G¥vØ G¡∏Æ ¡ıUPŒUPz uSv≤¯hØ¡∫. A¡∫P–¯hØ
ˆ£Ø∫P“ ¡ıUPıÕ∫ £miغ¿ ˜\∫UP®£kQfl”⁄. ˜u∫u¿
B¯nØÆ A¡∫P–US ¡ıUPıÕ∫ A¯hØıÕ Am¯h∞¯⁄
¡«[SQfl”x.
¡ıUPıÕ∫ A¯hØıÕ Am¯h : C¢vØz ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØÆ
¡ıUPıÕ∫ A¯hØıÕ Am¯h∞¯⁄ A‘¨PÆ ˆ\¥x“Õx.
C∆¡m¯h∞¿ ¡ıUPıÕ∂fl ˆ£Ø∫, ¡Øx, £ı¿, ¨P¡∂,
ˆuıSv∞fl S‘±k Gs ©ÿ÷¨“Õ uP¡¿P“ Ah[Q
≤“Õ⁄. ¡ıUSa \ı¡iP–US“ ~¯«≤Ƙ£ıx ¡ıUPıÕ∫P“
235
C∆¡¯hØıÕ Am¯h¯Øz u[P–hfl ¯¡zxU ˆPı“–
u¿ ˜¡skÆ. ¡ıUPıÕ∫ A¯hØıÕ Am¯h ¡«[P®ˆ£”ıu
¡ıUPıÕ∫P“ ¡ıUPŒUPa ˆ\¿æƘ£ıx u[P–hfl
§fl¡∏Æ Huı¡ˆuı∏ Buıµzv¯⁄ ¯¡zxU ˆPı“–u¿
˜¡skÆ. A¯¡ (1) SkÆ£ Enƒ Am¯h, (2) Kmk{∫
E∂©Æ, (3) ~¯«ƒ E∂¯© \ıfl‘uà (Passport Certificate)
BQØ⁄¡ıSÆ. J∆ˆ¡ı∏ ¡ıUPıÕ∏Æ u[P“ £Sv∞¿
¡ıUPıÕ∫ A¯hØıÕ Am¯h∞¯⁄ Aµ_ A桪∫P“
¡«[SÆ ˆ£ı x Au¯⁄® ˆ£ÿ÷ ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØzxhfl
Jzx¯«zu¿ A¡]Ø©ıSÆ.

¡ıUPŒUSÆ ¨¯” : ¡ıUPŒUSÆ ¨¯”∞¯⁄ C∏¡¯P®

£kzuªıÆ. A¯¡ ˆ¡Œ®£¯hØı⁄ ¡ıUS®£vƒ, CµP]Ø

uÿ˜£ı¯uØ ¡ıUPıÕ∫ A¯hØıÕ Am¯h∞fl ©ıv∂

¨fl £UPÆ §fl £UPÆ

¡ıUS®£vƒ Gfl£⁄ BSÆ. uÿ˜£ıx C∆¬∏ ¡ıUPŒUSÆ

¨¯”PŒæÆ ¡ıUQ¯⁄® £vƒ ˆ\¥Ø ™fl⁄qa
236
\ıu⁄[P“ £Øfl£kzu®£kQfl”⁄. Cu¯⁄ ™fl⁄q
¨¯”∞¿ ¡ıUPŒzu¿ G⁄ A¯«UQ˜”ıÆ.
1. ˆ¡Œ®£¯hØı⁄ ¡ıUS®£vƒ : J∏ ¡ıUPıÕ∫ u⁄x
¡ıUQ¯⁄ ˆ¡Œ®£¯hØıPz ˆu∂¬zuı¿ Au¯⁄ ˆ¡Œ®
£¯hØı⁄ ¡ıUS®£vƒ G⁄ A¯«UQ˜”ıÆ. ˆ¡Œ®£¯h
Øı⁄ ¡ıUS®£vƒ ¨¯”USa ]”¢u EuıµnÆ ¯PP¯Õ
EØ∫zvU Pımi {£∫P¯Õz ˜u∫¢ˆukzuªıSÆ. Cƨ¯”
∞¿ CµP]ØÆ PıUP®£k¡v¿¯ª. Cƨ¯” ¡ıUPıÕ∫
GsoU¯P ˆ£∏©Õ¬æ“Õ ˆ£ıxz ˜u∫u¿P–US®
£Øfl£hıx. Cƨ¯”∞æ“Õ ˆ¡Œ®£¯hz ufl¯©∞⁄ı¿
¡ıUPıÕ∂fl ¬∏®£ E∂¯© ©÷UP®£kQ”x.
2. CµP]Ø ¡ıUS® £vƒ : Cƨ¯”∞¿ ¡ıUPıÕ∫P“
u[P“ ¡ıUS∂¯©¯Ø CµP]Ø©ıPa ˆ\تıUSQfl”⁄∫. u¤®
£mh ¡ıUPıÕ∂fl ¬∏®£zv¯⁄® ˜£ımi∞kÆ ˜¡m
£ıÕ˜µı A¿ªx Ehfl ¡ıUPŒUSÆ ¡ıUPıÕ˜µı A‘Ø
¨iØıx. Euıµn©ıP C¢vØı¬¿ {hzu®ˆ£÷Æ ˆ£ıxz
˜u∫u¿PŒ¿ Cƨ¯” §fl£ÿ”®£kQ”x. C[S ¡ıUPıÕ∫
P–US ˜¡m£ıÕ∫PŒfl ˆ£Ø∫P–Æ, ]fl⁄[P–Æ ˆPısk
Aa]h®£mh ¡ıUSzuı“P“ ¡«[P®£kQfl”⁄. ¡ıUPıÕ∫
uıfl ¬∏Æ¶Æ ˜¡m£ıÕ∂fl ˆ£Ø∏US Gv˜µ S‘®§mh
J∏ S‘∞¯⁄ Cmk ¡ıUSzuı¯Õ ¡ıUS® ˆ£mi∞¿
˜£ıh ˜¡skÆ. Cƨ¯”∞ªı⁄ CµP]Ø ¡ıUS® £vƒ
¨¯” C¢vØı, Aˆ©∂UPı ©ÿ÷Æ C[Qªı¢x ˜£ıfl”
{ıkPŒ¿ §fl£ÿ”®£kQ”x.
Aµ]Ø¿ Pm]PŒfl ]fl⁄[P“ : J∆ˆ¡ı∏ Aµ]Ø¿ Pm]≤Æ
u⁄UˆP⁄ J∏ ]fl⁄Æ ˆPısk“Õx. C¢vØz ˜u∫u¿
B¯nØÆ, {ıhı–©fl”Æ, ©ı|ªa \mh ©fl”[P–US®
˜£ımi∞kÆ ˜¡m£ıÕ∫P–USa ]fl⁄[P¯Õ JxUS
Qfl”x. Qµı© Fµım]P“ ©ÿ÷Æ {Pµım]U P«P[P“
˜£ıfl” E“Õım] A¯©®¶P–US {hzu®£kÆ ˜u∫uæUS
©ı|ªz ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØÆ ]fl⁄[P¯Õ JxUSQfl”x.
237
 Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“
1. ©ın¡∫ Si©UPŒfl E∂¯©P¯ÕU S‘®§h ¨i≤Æ.
2. ©ın¡∫ Si©UPŒfl Ai®£¯hU Ph¯©P¯Õ®
£miغh ¨i≤Æ.
3. ©ın¡∫ ¡ıUS∂¯©P¯Õ ¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.
4. ©ın¡∫ ¡ıUPıÕ∫ A¯hØıÕ Am¯h∞¯⁄® £ÿ‘
¬¡∂UP ¨i≤Æ.
5. ©ın¡∫ ¡ıUPŒUSÆ ¨¯” £ÿ‘ ¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.

_Ø ©v®•k

I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Øz ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ

1. ]mi\fl G›Æ ˆ\ı¿ Cƈ©ı»∞º∏¢x ˆ£”®£mhx

A. Q˜µUPÆ B. Cªzwfl
C. Ï£ı¤ØÆ D. E∏x

2. C¢vØı¬¿ ¡ıUPŒUSÆ E∂¯©UPı⁄ ¡Øx

A. 21 BskP“ B. 25 BskP“
C. 18 BskP“ D. 20 BskP“

3. Si©UP“ ˆ£ıx¡ıP C∆¡ı÷ ¡¯P®£kzu®£kQfl”⁄∫

A. C∏ ¡¯PØıP B. {ıflS ¡¯PØıP
C. I¢x ¡¯PØıP D. J∏ ¡¯PØıP

4. Aˆ©∂UP IUQØ {ımi¿ E“Õ Si≤∂¯© ¡¯P

A. Cµm¯hU Si≤∂¯© B. Jÿ¯”U Si≤∂¯©
C. ©ı|ªU Si≤∂¯© D. ˜©æ“Õ GxƒÆ C¿¯ª
238
II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ |µ®¶P
1. Si©UP“ ¨  ________ ©ÿ÷Æ ________ E∂¯©P¯Õ
A›£¬UQfl”⁄∫.
2. C¢vØı¬¿ ¡ıUPıÕ∫ A¯hØıÕ Am¯h∞¯⁄ _____
_____ _____ A‘¨PÆ ˆ\¥x“Õx.

3. ¡ıUPŒUSÆ ¨¯” _____. ©ÿ÷Æ _____ G⁄ C∏¡¯PØıP

¡¯P®£kzu®£mk“Õx.
4. Aµ]Ø¿ Pm]PŒfl ]fl⁄[P¯Õ _____ _____ _____
JxUSQfl”x.
5. C¢vØı¬¿ _____ Si≤∂¯© ©mk˜© E“Õx.

III. §fl¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ¯”® ˆ£ı∏zxP

1. ¡ıUPŒUSÆ ¡Øx && ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØÆ

2. Cµm¯hU Si≤∂¯© && 18 BskP“
3. ]fl⁄[P¯Õ JxUS¡x && ¯PP¯Õ EØ∫zxu¿
4. ˆ¡Œ®£¯hØı⁄
¡ıUS®£vƒ && 42&¡x v∏zua \mhÆ
5. Ai®£¯hU Ph¯©P“ && Aˆ©∂UP IUQØ {ık
IV. _∏UP©ıP ¬¯hØŒUPƒÆ
1. Si≤∂¯© Gfl”ı¿ Gfl⁄?
2. "¡Øx¡¢˜uı∫ A¯⁄¡∏USÆ ¡ıUS∂¯©' Gfl”
ˆ\ı¿º¯⁄ ¬ÕUSP.
3. ¡ıUPıÕ∫ A¯hØıÕ Am¯h∞¯⁄ ¡«[S¡x Øı∫?

V. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P

1. C¢vØU Si©UPŒfl E∂¯©P¯Õ≤Æ, Ph¯©P¯Õ≤Æ
¬ÕUSP.
2. ¡ıUS∂¯©, ¡ıUPıÕ∫ A¯hØıÕ Am¯h, ¡ıUPŒUSÆ
¨¯” BQØ⁄ £ÿ‘ ¬∂¡ıP G xP.
239
VI. Pÿ§zu¿ ©ÿ÷Æ Pÿ”¿ ˆ\Ø¿
Si©UP“ E∂¯©P“, Ph¯©P“ Ah[QØ ¬ÕUP
Am¯h Jfl÷ uØı∫ ˆ\¥x Au¯⁄ ¡S®£¯”∞¿
£ı∫¯¡US ¯¡UPƒÆ.

240
 ¶¬∞Ø¿
C¢vØı & K∫ A‘¨PÆ
{Æ{ık £fl¯©a ]”®¶¯hzx. C[S £ª
¡sn[P–Æ Esk. ˜{ÿ¯”Ø, Cfl¯”Ø
C¢vØı¬¿ J∏ PıªÆ u¬∫zuz ufl¯© (timelessness) ≤Æ
|ªƒQfl”x. {√⁄ Pıªzvfl ©ıÿ”[P“, ¨¢¯uØ
Pıªzxhfl J®§k ¯P∞¿, ™PƒÆ ˜¡P©ıP
|PÃQfl”⁄. ¨flˆ£¿ªıÆ, C¢vØı ˆ©¿ª˜¡ ©ıÿ”Æ
A¯h¢ux. ¡ıÃU¯P∞fl Jfl‘µsk T÷PŒ¿ ©mkÆ
©ıÿ”[P¯Õ A›©vzux. B⁄ı¿ Cfl¯”Ø ©ıÿ”[P“
G¿ªı ¡ıÃU¯PU T÷P¯Õ≤Æ £ıv®£x ©mk™fl‘,
Aµ]Ø¿, ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµÆ, \¨uıØÆ, ~m£Æ ©ÿ÷Æ
Pªıa\ıµÆ ˜£ıfl” G¿ªı¡ÿ÷“–Æ E∏©ıÿ”Æ
Jfl¯”˜Ø |PÃzv≤“Õx. Ph¢u 50 ¡∏h[P–US
˜©ªı⁄ PıªÆ, _u¢vµ C¢vØı¬¿ |Pâu
©ıÿ”[P¯Õz ˆuŒƒ ˆ\¥ØƒÆ ©v®§hƒÆ J∏
A¯©®§¯⁄ {©USz u∏Qfl”x.
G¿ªı ©ıÿ”[P–Æ {¿ª ©ıÿ”[PÕıP˜¡ C∏¢u⁄
Gfl£¯u® £¯”\ıÿ”z ˜u¯¡∞¿¯ª. Gfl”ıæÆ,
¨¢¯uØ Pıªzv¯⁄ ¬hƒÆ ˜©ªı⁄ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ
Hÿ£mhx Gfl£¯u Gkzxa ˆ\ı¿ª˜¡ ˜¡skÆ. J∏
]ª §nUSP“ / ¡«USP“ ©mk˜© ˆ¡Œ®£ıhı¥
˜uıfl‘⁄. Au⁄ı¿ ˜©Æ£ımi¿ ˆ\ı¿ªz uS¢u
¡¯P∞¿ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ C¿ªıv∏¢ux Gfl£x J∏
H©ıÿ”˜©. G¿ªı¡ÿ¯”≤Æ ¬h ™P ¨UQØ©ı⁄ \ıu¯⁄
J∏ £ªÆ ¡ı¥¢u ˜u^Øz¯u≤Æ, £ÿ¯”≤Æ E∏¡ıUP
¨i¢ux Gfl£˜u. Aµ]غ¿ \⁄{ıØP ¨¯”®£i
£[˜PÿP ¡ı¥®§∏¢uxÆ Ca\ıu¯⁄PŒ¿ Jflˆ”⁄ªıÆ.
S¯”£ıkP“ |¯”ؘ¡ ˆufl£i›Æ Th, _u¢vµÆ
©ÿ÷Æ u¤©¤u E∂¯©P“ ˜£ıfl”¯¡ C∏¢u⁄
Gfl£x Cflˆ⁄ı∏a ]”®¶. {ımk®£ÿ÷ Au⁄ı¿
ˆ¡Œ®£kÆ ˜{ØÆ {ıÆ {©x As¯h{ıkP¯Õ®
ˆ£ı∏zu {h¡iU¯PP¯Õ {hzvØ ¡¯P∞¿
ˆu∂Ø¡∏Qfl”⁄.
241
 ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ A∆¡Õƒ v∏®v
u∏¡uıP C¿¯ª; Gfl”ıæÆ ¨¢¯uØ ¡∏h[P¯Õ
¬hƒÆ uÿ\©ØÆ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ {fl”ıP˜¡ E“Õx.
{ımi¿ |âu ]ª |PÃa]P“ {Ư© ˆ©a_Æ
¡¯PØı⁄¯¡ØıP C¿¯ª Gfl£x J∏ Po®¶.
£fl⁄ımk ¬¯ÕØımk® ˜£ımiPŒ¿ C¢vØı¬fl AªS I : C¢vØı : ¡mhıµ® £fl¯©
\ıu¯⁄P“ ]”®£ıP˜¡ C¿¯ª. B]Ø {ıkP¯Õ ¬hƒÆ
§flu[QØ |¯ª∞¿ C¢vØı E“Õx Gfl£x ˆuŒƒ. £ıhÆ 1
P¿¬Ø‘ƒ, {ª¡ıà ©ÿ÷Æ ¡ıÃU¯Pz uµÆ
˜£ıfl”¡ÿ‘æÆ {Æ {ık Cfl›Æ Hï© |¯ª∞˜ª˜Ø C¢vØz x¯nUPshÆ
E“Õx Gfl£x ¡∏zuÆ uµUTiØ Jfl÷. Aµ_U
S÷URm¯h≤Æ Pmk®£ımi¯⁄≤Æ ©mkÆ {Ƨ⁄ı¿ Pÿ”¿ ˜{ıUP[P“
Ax ™¯PØı⁄uıP˜¡ ¨i≤Æ. ˜{ı§“ £∂_ ˆ£ÿ” {©x 1. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØz x¯nU Pshzvfl £ª
A©∫vØı ˆ\fl T÷Q”ı∫ : "˜u¯¡ C∏¢u˜£ıxÆ, {©x £∂©ın[P¯Õ A‘¢x ˆPı“¡xÆ, ¬ØzuæÆ
Aµ_ ˜£ıx©ı⁄ AÕ¬¿, P¿¬Ø‘ƒ ©ÿ÷Æ {ª¡ıÃ
ˆ£ı∏zu¡¯µ∞¿, Eÿ\ıPzxhfl ˆ\Ø¿£h¬¿¯ª.' 2. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØ |ªz˜uıÿ”[P“, Pªıa\ıµ[P“
Gfl”ıæÆ, C¢vØı J∏ ˆ¡ÿ‘ {¯h ˜£ıkÆ {ıhıPz ©ÿ÷Æ (©ua)\ı∫§fl¯©¯Ø ˆu∂¢x ¬Øzu¿.
u¯ªyUSÆ Gfl” {ƧU¯P |ªƒQfl”x. HÿP⁄˜¡,
¶¬∞¿ |ª{kU˜PımiÿS ¡hUQ¿ B]ØU
{Æ{ık J∏¨¯⁄®¶hfl ufl›“ C∏¢x, ufl¯⁄
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264 265
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(ii) ˜©ÿSz ˆuıh∫a] ©¯ªP“
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266
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C¯¡ Q«USU PhÿP¯µa \©ˆ¡Œ¯Ø Jmi
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267
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PhØPøµa \©öÁÎPÒ
w£Pÿ£ C¢vØı¬fl ˜©ÿQæÆ Q«UQæÆ
PhÿP¯µa \©ˆ¡ŒP“ Pın®£kQfl”⁄. A¯¡Øı¡⁄ :
1. ˜©ÿSU PhÿP¯µa \©ˆ¡Œ
2. Q«USU PhÿP¯µa \©ˆ¡Œ
÷©ØSU PhØPøµa \©öÁÎ
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PhÿP¯µ ˜{µıPƒÆ, S÷PªıPƒÆ Pın®£kQfl”x.
QÇUSU PhØPøµa \©öÁÎ
Q«USU PhÿP¯Õa \©ˆ¡Œ P[¯PU P»¨PÆ
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PhÿP¯µa \©ˆ¡Œ¯Ø¬hƒÆ APª©ı⁄x.
268
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269
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270 271
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2. Cªm\z wƒP“
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1. ˆ\®hÆ£∫ ¨u¿ ©ı∫a ¡¯µ C¢vØı¬¿ |ªƒÆ £∏¡Æ BSÆ.
A. ¡”sh £∏¡Æ B. ˜Pı¯h III. §fl¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ¯”® ˆ£ı∏zxP
C. ©¯« D. SŒ∫ 1. ˆufl˜©ÿS® £∏¡UPıÿ÷ && i\Æ£∫ ¨u¿ §®µ¡∂ ¡¯µ

2. PhP ˜µ¯P∞¿ `∂Ø JŒ ˆ\[SzuıP ¬ Æ ©ıuÆ 2. ¡hQ«US® £∏¡UPıÿ÷ && uı∫ £ı¯ª¡⁄Æ
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A. ˆufl ˜©ÿS® £Sv B. ˆufl Q«US® £Sv ¡¯µ
C. ¡hQ«US® £Sv D. ¡h˜©ÿS® £Sv IV._∏UP©ıP ¬¯hØŒUPƒÆ

4. w£Pÿ£ C¢vØı¬¿ SŒ∫PıªÆ 1. ¡ı¤¯ª Gfl”ı¿ Gfl⁄?

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C. ™u©ı⁄x D. ™PU SŒµı⁄x 3. ˆufl˜©ÿS® £∏¡UPıÿ‘fl C∏ Q¯ÕP“ Øı¯¡?
5. ¡hQ«US® £∏¡UPıÿ”ı¿ ©¯« ˆ£÷Æ £Sv 4. C¢vØı¬fl ˜Pı¯h ¡ı»h[P“ ]ª¡ÿ¯”U T÷P.
A. uUPın •hß™ B. ˜©ÿSU PhÿP¯µ 5. w£Pÿ£ C¢vØı¬¿ SŒ∫PıªÆ ™u©ıP C∏UPU
C. Q«USU PhÿP¯µ D. ˜PµÕı PıµnÆ Gfl⁄?

6. ©¯«}∫ A÷¡¯h Gfl”ı¿ Gfl⁄?

II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ |µ®¶P
V. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P
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2. Ph¿ ©mhzvº∏¢x Eؘµ ˆ\¿ªa ˆ\¿ª 2. ˆufl ˜©ÿS® £∏¡UPıÿ÷ & ¬¡∂.
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3. ¡hQ«US® £∏¡UPıÿ÷ & ¬¡∂.
3. ˜Pı¯hUPıªzv¿ AvP ˆ¡®£|¯ª £v¡ıSÆ £Sv
4. ©¯«}∫ A÷¡¯h∞fl ¨UQØzx¡Æ £ÿ‘ ¬¡∂.
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300 301
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£∏¡UPıÿ‘fl v¯\P¯ÕU S‘®§kP.
2. C¢vØ ¡¯µ£hzv¿ ˆufl˜©ÿS ©ÿ÷Æ ¡hQ«US®
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A‘¢x ˆPı“Õ¿.
2. ©ın¡∫ uı¡µ[P¯Õ® £ıxPıUSÆ ¨¯”P¯Õ®
£ÿ‘≤Æ A¡ÿ‘fl A¡]Øz¯u® £ÿ‘≤Æ ˆu∂¢x
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3. ©ın¡∫ ©s ˜uıfl÷Æ ¨¯”P“ S‘zxÆ,
©sofl ¡¯PP¯Õ® £ÿ‘≤Æ ¶∂¢x ˆPı“Õ¿.
4. ©ın¡∫ ©s A∂®¯£U Pmk®£kzxÆ ¨¯”£ÿ‘
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303
 uı¡µ ¡Õ∫a]US Buıµ©ıP A¯©£¯¡ :
Ck§Vô CVtûLj RôYWm
1. `∂Ø JŒ
2. ©¯«®ˆ£ı»ƒ
3. ©s
CÆ≠fl‘¿ H˜u›Æ Jfl÷ S¯”¢uıæÆ Ax uı¡µ
¡Õ∫a]¯Ø® £ıvUS©ı?
C¢vØı¬¿ Pın®£kÆ |ªz˜uıÿ”Æ ©ÿ÷Æ
um£ˆ¡®£ |¯ªU˜Pÿ£ CØÿ¯Pz uı¡µz¯u 3 ˆ£∏Æ
§∂ƒPÕıP® §∂UPªıÆ (£hÆ 4.1). A¯¡ :
(i) ©¯ªzuı¡µ[P“ (Hill Vegetation)
(ii) C¯ª≤v∫ uı¡µ[P“ (Deciduous Vegetation)
(iii) £ı¯ª¡⁄z uı¡µ[P“ (Desert Vegetation)

1. ©ø»zuõÁµ[PÒ
©¯ªPŒfl Ai¡ıµÆ ©ÿ÷Æ RÃa\∂ƒPŒ¿
ˆ¡®£¨Æ ©¯«≤Æ ™SvØıP C∏USÆ. G⁄˜¡, C[S
uı¡µ[P“ ˆ\»zx ¡Õ∏Æ. C©Ø©¯ª∞fl ¡hQ«US®
£SvP“, ˜©ÿSz ˆuıh∫a] ©¯ª∞fl ˜©ÿSa \∂ƒP“
BQØ¡ÿ‘fl Ai¡ıµzvº∏¢x H”zuı« 1,000 ´mh∫
¡¯µ Ah∫¢u PıkP“. £¿˜¡÷ ˆPıiP–Æ
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C¯¡ Bsk ¨ ¡xÆ £_¯©ØıPU Pın®£kÆ.
G⁄˜¡ C¯¡ "£_¢uı¡µ[P“' (Evergreen Vegetation)
Gfl”¯«UP®£kQfl”⁄. G§fl, ˜u¡ uı∏, ˆ\Æ©µÆ (Rose
wood), P∏[Pıº ˜£ıfl”¯¡ £_¢ uı¡µ[P“.

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Eصzv¿ ˆ¡®£¨Æ, ©¯«≤Æ S¯”¡ıP C∏USÆ.
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KµÕƒ ©¯« ˆ£¥xÆ, ©¯« }∫ u[Pıuuı¿ u¤zu TPm 4.1
©µ[P–Æ, ¶u∫a ˆ\iP–Æ, ˆPıiP–Æ Pª¢x
304 305
Pın®£kÆ. Cz uı¡µ[P¯ÕU ˆPısh £Sv Pª®¶U
PıkP“ (Mixed Forest) Gfl”¯«UP®£kÆ.
_©ı∫ 2,500 ´mh∏US ˜©ªı⁄ Eص[PŒ¿ ˆ¡®£Æ
™P ™PU S¯”¢x £¤ |¯”¢x Pın®£kÆ. C[S
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Hÿ”¡ı÷ F] ˜£ıfl” C¯ªP¯Õ® ˆ£ÿ÷“Õ⁄. G⁄˜¡,
CÆ©µ[P¯ÕU ˆPısh PıkP“ "F]∞¯ªU PıkP“'
(Coniferous Forest) G⁄®£kÆ.
_©ı∫ 4,000 ´mh∏USÆ ˜©æ“Õ Eصzv¿ Ah∫¢u
£¤ ≠i∞∏®£uı¿ C[S uı¡µ[P“ ¡Õ∏¡uÿPı⁄
`Ã|¯ª C¿¯ª.
2. Cø»²vº uõÁµ[PÒ
uı¡µ[P“ ¡Õµz ˜u¯¡Øı⁄ `Ã|¯ª C∏®§›Æ
J∏]ª ©ıu[P“ ©mk˜© ©¯« C∏¢uı¿ A[S ¡Õ∏Æ
uı¡µ[P“ ¡”m]¯Øz uıUS®§iUP C¯ªP¯Õ
Ev∫zx ¬kÆ. AUPıª[PŒ¿ ©µ[P“ C¯ªP¯Õ
Ev∫zx £mk® ˜£ı⁄x ˜£ıªz ˜uıfl÷Æ. Czu¯PØ
uı¡µ[P¯ÕU ˆPısh PıkP¯Õ "C¯ª≤v∫ PıkP“'
(Deciduous Forests) Gfl£∫. C¢vØı¬¿ CUPıkP“
"£∏¡©¯«U PıkP“' Gfl÷Æ A¯«UP®£kQfl”⁄.
C¢vØı¬fl uUPın •hß™, ˜©ÿSz ˆuıh∫a]
©¯ªPŒfl Q«USa \∂¬¿ A¯©¢x“Õuı¿
ˆufl˜©ÿS® £∏¡UPıÿ÷ ¡”sh Pıÿ”ıP˜¡
√_Qfl”x. G⁄˜¡ S¯”¢u AÕ¬¿ ©¯«¯Ø® ˆ£÷Æ
C®£Sv C¯ª≤v∫ uı¡µ[PÕı¿ |¯”¢x“Õ⁄.
C˜u˜£ı¿ C©Ø©¯ª Ai¡ıµzvfl ˜©ÿS®
£Sv∞æÆ C¯ª≤v∫ PıkP“ E“Õ⁄. ˆufl ˜©ÿS®
£∏¡UPıÿ÷U Pıªzv¿ ¡hQ«UQº∏¢x ¡h˜©ÿPıP
ˆ\¿ªa ˆ\¿ª ©¯« £i®£iØıPU S¯”Qfl”x. C[S
¡Õ©ı⁄ ©s C∏¢xÆ £∏¡Pıª ©¯«∞⁄ı¿ ˜uUS,
\ı¿, ˆ\Æ©µÆ, \¢u⁄©µÆ, ≠[Q¿ ˜£ıfl”¯¡ C¯ª≤v∫
uı¡µ[PÕıP E“Õ⁄.
306
3. £õø»ÁÚz uõÁµ[PÒ
Bsk ¨ ¡xÆ AvP ˆ¡®£z¯u≤Æ, J∏]ª
\©Ø[PŒ¿ ©mk˜© ©¯«®ˆ£ı»¯¡≤Æ ˆPısk“Õ
Ch[PŒ¿ ¡Õ∏Æ \®£ızvUP“Œ, Pÿ”ı¯« ˜£ıfl”
uı¡µ[P¯Õ £ı¯ª¡⁄z uı¡µ[P“ (Desert Vegetation)
Gfl£∫. ¶”w£Pÿ£ C¢vØı¬fl ¡h˜©ÿS® £Sv∞æ“Õ
uı∫ £ı¯ª¡⁄zv¿ C∆¡¯Pz uı¡µ[P“
Pın®£kQfl”⁄.
CÆ≠¡¯Pz uı¡µ[P¯Õz u¬µ C¢vØı¬¿
Pın®£kÆ Cflˆ⁄ı∏ ]”®¶ ¡¯Pz uı¡µÆ \x®¶ |ªz
uı¡µÆ BSÆ. Cx C¢vØı¬fl Q«USU PhÿP¯µ˜ØıµU
P»¨P® £SvPŒ¿ Pın®£kQfl”x. C∆¡¯Pz
uı¡µ[ P–USU Phºfl A¯ªP“ ≠ª¨Æ, Ku[P“
≠ª¨Æ G¢˜{µ¨Æ }∫ Q¯hUQfl”x. P[¯P{vU
P»¨Pzv¿ Pın®£kÆ \x®¶ |ªzuı¡µ[P“
_¢uµ¡⁄Æ Gfl÷ A¯«UP® £kQfl”⁄. \x®¶
|ªzuı¡µ[P“ ©Pı{v, ˜Pıuı¡∂, Q∏Ënı {v
P»¨P[PŒæÆ, A¢u©ıfl & |U˜Pı£ı∫ wƒPŒfl
P»¨P[PŒæÆ Pın®£kQfl”⁄.
C¢v¯U PõkPÒ öPõÒøP
INDIAN FORESTRY POLICY
™P }sh Pıª©ıP˜¡ PıkP“ ˆPı“¯P
ˆPısh {ıkP“ ]ª¡ÿ÷“ C¢vØıƒÆ Jfl÷. C[S
1894 ¨uªıP˜¡ PıkP“ ˆPı“¯P Esk. Cx
1952&¿ v∏zu®£mhx. 1988&Æ Bsk PıkP“
ˆPı“¯P∞fl ¨UQØ AÆ\[P“ £ıxPı®¶Æ PıkP“
¡Õ∫zuæÆ BSÆ. Cufl ˜{ıUP[P“ :
(1) _ÿ÷a`«¿ |¯ªz ufl¯©¯Ø® ˜£quæÆ
CØÿ`«¿ \©fl£ımi¯⁄z v∏Æ£U
ˆPın∫uæÆ.
(2) CØÿ¯P® £ıµÆ£∂Øz¯u® £ıxPızu¿.
307
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PŒfl §i®¶® £SvP“ ]u”¿P¯Õ≤Æ Pmk®
£kzxu¿.
(4) Cµı·Ïuı¤fl £ı¯ª® £SvP“ ©ÿ÷Æ ÷uÁøu ©µ®
PhÿP¯µ® £SvPŒ¿ ©n¿ ˜©kPŒfl ¨⁄SÆ ¡ı⁄Æ
Fk∏¡¯ªz ukzu¿.
ìCxuıfl ˜{µÆ' G⁄
(5) Pıh¯©zu¿ ©ÿ÷Æ \≠PU PıkP“ vmh[PŒfl w∫ƒ ˆ\¥x
≠ªÆ ©µUPıkPŒfl £µ®§¯⁄ AvP∂zu¿.
£Ø¨÷zu¯ª |÷zv
(6) ¬”S, ©ımkzw¡⁄Æ ©ÿ÷Æ Pımk® ©¯«Øı¥® ˆ£¥ux.
ˆ£ı∏mPŒfl ˜u¯¡¯Ø |¡∫zv ˆ\¥uæÆ, FµP
©ÿ÷Æ £«[Si ©UPŒfl ©s ©ÿ÷Æ ©µz ˆ©x¡ı⁄z y”¿
˜u¯¡P¯Õ® ß∫zv ˆ\¥uæÆ. J∏ ˆuıh∫
(7) {ımkz ˜u¯¡¯Øa \¢vUSÆ ¡¯P∞¿ PıkPŒfl ©¯«Øı¥
Eÿ£zvz v”¯⁄ AvP∂zu¿. ˜¡P©ı¥ ©ı‘ÿ÷.
(8) Pımk® ˆ£ı∏mP¯Õz v”¯©ØıP® ©¯«∞fl F˜h
£Øfl£kzu¯ª FUS¬zuæÆ, ©µzvÿS {ıfl AÆ©µz¯u® £ı∫z˜ufl.
Hÿ¶¯hØ ©ıÿ÷ PıquæÆ. G[P“ ©µz¯u }[P“
(9) PıkPŒfl ˜{ıUP[P¯Õ |¯”˜¡ÿ÷Æ ¡¯PØıP Gkzxa ˆ\¿ª ¨iØıx, ™Ïh∫!
ˆ¡S¡ı⁄ ©UP¯Õ≤Æ, ˆ£sP¯Õ≤Æ vµmku¿ A¡“ G[P“ Eh⁄ı⁄¡“!
©ÿ÷Æ Cfl¯”ØU PıkPŒfl ´uı⁄
A zu[P¯ÕU S¯”zu¿. }[P“ J∏ u¡÷
ˆ\¥uı¿, ˆ£∏¢u¡÷ ˆ\¥uı¿,
C¡ÿ‘º∏¢x 1988&Æ ¡∏h ˜u]ØU PıkPŒfl
ˆPı“¯P ¡»ØıP® £ª ]”®¶ ™UP PıkP“ E[P–“
\Æ£¢u©ı⁄ {h¡iU¯PP–US® ¶zxn∫a] J∏ ˆPıiØ ˜£µı¯\ C∏¢uı¿,
Fmh®£kQfl”x Gfl£x vsnÆ. {ıfl ˆ\ı¿¡¯uU ˆPıg\Æ
CØÿ¯Pz uı¡µ® £ıxPı®¶ (Conservation of Forest) ˜P–[P“ :
: ©UP“ ˆuı¯P ˆ£∏Q¬mh CUPıªzv¿ PıkP¯ÕU Cx Gfl ©µÆ C¿¯ª, ¬ÿ£uÿS;
Si∞∏®¶PÕıP ©ıÿ÷¡x A»ƒUS ¡»¡SUSÆ.
Cx G[P“ A¯⁄¡∂fl Bz©ı¬æÆ
©UP“ ˆuı¯P ˆ£∏Q ©µ[P“ S¯”¢x ¡∏¡uı¿ ©s
A∂®¶ AvP∂zx¬mhx. P[¯Pa \©ˆ¡Œ, S·µız, E¯”¢x“Õx.
£g\ı®, µı·Ïuıfl ©ÿ÷Æ ˆufl¤¢vØ® £SvPŒ¿ A¡“ G[P“ ˜u¡¯u.
¨fl§∏¢u PıkPŒfl _¡˜h C®˜£ıv¿¯ª.
308 309
 ©µ[P“ ˆ¡mh®£mhı¿ ©sqUS“ C∏USÆ PımiªıPı |ª[P¯ÕU Szu¯PUS GkUSÆ
C¯ª©US, u¯«a\zx ˜£ıfl”¯¡ ©¯«Øı¿ }UP® £mk |ª™¿ªı H¯«P¯Õ S©∂uı∫P“ Gfl£∫. A¢ua
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Cfl ˆ⁄ı∏ ™¿ºØfl ˆÌU˜h∫ |ª[P–Æ √nıUP®
Cƨ¯” S©∂uıµ∫PŒhÆ ©µÆ ¡Õ∫USÆ ©⁄®
£kQfl”⁄. ©¯ªa\∂ƒPŒ¿ PıkP“ C¿¯ªˆØ¤¿
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£i¢x £∞∫P–USa ˜\uÆ ¬¯Õ¬USÆ. Cu⁄ı¿ ¬¯Õ
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GsoU¯PUS S¯”Øı©¿ ©µ[P¯Õ {h˜¡skÆ ˆ©ızu |ª®£µ®§¿ 17 ¬ UPımk® £SvP“
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Aµ\ı[P©ı⁄x, ˜¡Õıs ˆuıh∫£ı⁄ ¡\v
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2. w£Pÿ£ C¢vØı¬¿ ˆ{¿ AvP©ıP Eÿ£zv ˆ\¥≤Æ
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E“Õ Ch[PŒ¿ Cuµ Enƒ® £∞∫P¯Õ® £∞∂hƒÆ
FUS¬zx ¡∏Qfl”x. ˜©æÆ ˜¡Õıs¯©US A. B¢vµ® §µ˜u\Æ B. P∫{ıhPÆ
Cfl‘د©Øıu ˜u¯¡P–US, S‘®£ıP, }∫£ı\⁄Æ C. u™Ã{ık D. ˜PµÕı
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£kQfl”x. ™S¢u AÕƒ Enƒ Eÿ£zv ˆ\¥Qfl”
¬uzvæÆ, uı¤Ø[PŒfl u¯h∞¿ªı ¡ıoP ¨¯” A. SÆ£˜PınÆ B. ug\ı≈∫
∞⁄ıæÆ ˜¡¯ª¡ı¥®¶ Q¯h®£uı¿, Qµı©[PŒ¿ C. Bkx¯” D. £ı£{ı\Æ
uÿˆ£ı x ¡÷¯© |¯ª¯© S¯”¢x ¡∏Qfl”x 4. P∫{ıhPzv¿ P∏ƶ AvPÆ Eÿ£zv ˆ\¥≤Æ ©ı|ªÆ
G⁄ªıÆ. ˜©ÿS‘®§mh¡ÿ‘¯⁄ ˆ\Ø¿£kzx¡uÿS
A. ˆ£¿ªı∂ B. ©ısiØı
I¢x BskP“ A¡Pı\ PıªÆTh ˆPıkUP®£kQ”x.
BP˜¡ C¢vØı¡ı⁄x J∏ S‘®§mh PıªˆPk¬ÿS“ C. ¯©`∫ D. uı∫¡ı∫
Enƒ £ıxPı®¶z vmhzvfl ≠ªÆ J∏ Efl⁄u©ı⁄ 5. \n¿ £∞∫ AvP©ıP ¬¯Õ≤Æ ©ı|ªÆ
|¯ª¯©¯Ø |a\Ø©ıP A¯h≤Æ Gfl£v¿ ]‘xÆ
A. •Pı∫ B. ©zvØ®§µ˜u\Æ
IØ™¿¯ª.
C. J∂Ï\ı D. ˜©ÿS ¡[PıÕÆ
Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“
II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ |µ®¶P
1. ©ın¡∫P“ £ª £∞∫P–USa \ıuP©ı⁄
_ÿ÷a`«¿, \≠P ©ÿ÷Æ ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ |¯ªP¯Õ® 1. ˆ{¿ J∏ _________ £∞µıSÆ.
¶∂¢x ˆPı“–Æ v”¯⁄® ˆ£÷Q”ı∫P“.
2. Enƒ® £∞∫P¯Õ ©ÿ” £∞∫PŒº∏¢x 2. P∏Ƨ¿ _________ Gfl” C¤®¶a \zx C∏UQfl”x.
˜¡÷£kzvz ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“Qfl”⁄∫. 3. u™Ã{ımi¿ Lôl© ®û[Ùm UûX _________
3. ˜¡Õıs¯©∞¿ ©ın¡∫P“ £s¯©∞¯⁄®
˜£ıÿ”z ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“Qfl”⁄∫. 4. úUtÏ YeLô[j§p úR«ûX A§Lm NôÏT¥f ùNnÙm
Tϧ þþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþ BÏm.
4. \≠P ©ÿ÷Æ Enƒ® £ıxPı®§ÿS Hÿ¶¯hØ
{h¡iU¯PP¯Õ ©ın¡∫P“ A‘Qfl”⁄∫. 5. Ck§Vô®u úLôÕûU L[g£Vm _________ .
338 339
III. §fl¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ¯”® ˆ£ı∏zxP
1. Pı®§ && Ezvµ® §µ˜u\Æ
2. P∏ƶ && P∫{ıhPÆ
3. ˜Pıx¯© && ©zvØ® §µ˜u\Æ
4. B®§“ && B¢vµ® §µ˜u\Æ
5. £∏®¶ ¡¯PP“ && C©ı\ª® §µ˜u\Æ
&& ˜PµÕı
IV. _∏UP©ıP ¬¯hØŒUPƒÆ
1. w£Pÿ£ C¢vØı¬¿ ¬¯Õ≤Æ ¨U¡Vl £∞∫P“
Øı¯¡?
2. ˆ{¿ £∞∫ ¡Õµz ˜u¯¡Øı⁄ `Ã|¯ªP“ Øı¯¡?
3. ˜u∞¯ª C¢vØı¬¿ G¢ˆu¢u ©ı|ª[PŒ¿
£∞∂h®£kQfl”x?
4. v¯n®£∞∫P“ £ÿ‘ S‘®¶ ¡¯µP.
5. P∏ƶ G∆¡ı÷ £∞∂h®£kQfl”x?
V. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P
1. u™Ã{ımi¿ ˆ{¿ \ıS£i ˆ\¥≤Æ ¨¯”¯Ø ¬¡∂.
2. úLôÕûUf NôÏT¥ Øû\«û]Ùm T«¬PlTÓm
TÚYeLû[Ùm, TϧLû[Ùm Tt± ®Y¬.
3. C¢vØı¬¿ ¬¯Õ≤Æ ˆ¡∆˜¡÷ £∞∫P“ ©UP–US
£Ø›“Õ¯¡ØıP E“Õ⁄ Gfl£¯u ¬¡∂.

VI. ˆ\¥¨¯”® £∞ÿ]P“

1. C¢vØ |ª¡¯µ® £hzv¿ J∆ˆ¡ı∏ ˜¡Õıs £∞∫

£µ¡¯ª≤Æ S‘UPƒÆ (u¤zu¤ |ª ¡¯µ £hzv¿
ˆ\¥¡x {¿ªx).

340
 AªS VI : ˆuı»ªP[P“
£ıhÆ 6
C¢vØz ˆuı»ªP[P“

Pÿ”¿ ˜{ıUP[P“
1. ©ın¡∫ {Æ {ımifl ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zv¿
ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªPŒfl £[Q¯⁄ A‘u¿.
2. ©ın¡∫ {Æ{ımifl £¿˜¡÷ ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªP¯Õ®
£ÿ‘ ¶∂¢x ˆPı“Õ¿.
3. ©ın¡∫ \Uv u∏Æ (energy resources) ¡Õ[P¯Õ®
£ÿ‘ ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“Õ¿.
4. ©ın¡∫ £¿˜¡÷ ¡¯PØı⁄z ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªPŒfl
£ØflP¯Õ® £ÿ‘ A‘¢x ˆPı“Õ¿.
5. ©ın¡∫ P⁄µPz ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªP“ G∆¡ı÷ Cuµz
ˆuı»¿PŒfl (˜£ıUS¡µzx, ¬Øı£ıµÆ)
¡Õ∫a]US EuƒQfl”⁄ Gfl£¯uz ˆu∂¢x
ˆPı“Õ¿.

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©¤u∫P“ EØ∫¡ı⁄, ¡Õ∫a]دh¢u \¨uıØ {£∫P“
B¡∫. ©¤u¤fl Cfl‘د©Øıu Ai®£¯hz ˜u¯¡P“
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£ª ˜u¯¡P–Æ ¡\vP–Æ ˜u¯¡®£kQfl”⁄. A∆¬u˜©,

341
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Eÿ£zvz ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªP“ Gfl” ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ
{h¡iU¯P Pa\ı® ˆ£ı∏mP¯Õ (raw materials) ¨ ¯©®
ˆ£ı∏ÕıP (finished product) ©ıÿ÷Æ ˆ\تıSÆ. {√⁄Pıª®
ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ˜©Æ£ımiÿS, ˆuı»¿x¯”∞fl
¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ uÿˆ£ı x ¨fl ˜u¯¡ØıP E“Õx.
Au⁄ı¿uıfl EªQ¿ ]‘Ø ©ÿ÷Æ ˆ£∂Ø, ¡Õ∫a]
A¯h¢u ©ÿ÷Æ ¡Õ∫a] A¯h¢x ˆPısi∏USÆ
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£kzvz ˆuı»¿ ¡Õ∫a]¯Øz x∂u®£kzx Qfl”⁄.
J∏ ¡mhıµzvfl ˆuı»¿x¯” {h¡iU¯PP–US
Buıµ©ıP C∏®£x A[S“Õ CØÿ¯P ¡Õ[P˜ÕØıSÆ.
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£µ¡¯ª® ˆ£ı∏zx A¯©Qfl”x. C¢vØı £¿˜¡÷
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ˆuı»¿x¯” ¨ ¡x©ıP ¡Õµ Cت¬¿¯ª. AuÿSU
PıµnÆ ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªP–USz ˜u¯¡ Øı⁄
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£µ¡¿ C¢vØı¬¿ S‘®§mh £SvPŒ¿ ˆ\‘¢x
Pın®£k¡x S‘®§hzuUP Jfl”ıSÆ.
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J∏ {ımi›¯hØ ˆuı»¿ {h¡iU¯PP–US
Buıµ©ıP C∏®£x A¢{ımi¿ Q¯hUP®ˆ£÷Æ
¡Õ[P˜Õ. K∂hzvfl ˆuı»¿ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zvÿS A[S
Q¯hUSÆ Pa\ı®ˆ£ı∏mPŒfl Eÿ£zv˜Ø ˆ£∂xÆ
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©ÿ÷Æ ˜¡Õıs £∞∫PŒfl Eÿ£zv BQØ¡ÿ‘fl
£µ¡¿ ^µÿ÷ J∏ ]ª S‘®§mh £Sv∞¿ ©mk˜©
ˆ\‘¢x Pın®£kQfl”x. G⁄˜¡, ˆuı»¿ {h¡iU¯P
P–Æ A¡ÿ‘fl £µ¡æU˜Pÿ£ ˜¡÷£kQfl”⁄.
342
C¢vØı¬¿ Q¯hUSÆ ≠ª® ˆ£ı∏mPŒfl Ai®
£¯h∞¿ ˆuı»¿P¯Õ ≠fl÷ ¡¯PPÕıP® §∂UPªıÆ.
1. uıx® ˆ£ı∏mP“ \ı∫¢u ˆuı»ªP[P“
2. Pımk® ˆ£ı∏mP“ \ı∫¢u ˆuı»ªP[P“
3. ¬¡\ıØ® ˆ£ı∏mP“ \ı∫¢u ˆuı»ªP[P“
uõx¨ö£õ¸mPÒ \õº¢u öuõÈÀPÒ
C¢vØı¬¿ Pın®£kÆ P¤©® ˆ£ı∏mP¯Õ
≠fl÷ ¡¯PPÕıP® §∂UPªıÆ (£hÆ 6.1). A¯¡Øı¡⁄ :
1. E˜ªıPU P¤©[P“ (Metalic minerals)
2. E˜ªıP©¿ªıuU P¤©[P“ (Non-metalic minerals)
3. G∂ˆ£ı∏“ ¡Õ[P“ (Fuel resources)
E÷»õPU PÛ©[PÒ
C¢vØı¬¿ £ª¡¯PØı⁄ E˜ªıPU P¤©[P“
Pın®£kQfl”⁄. A¡ÿ÷“ C∏ƶzuıx, ©[P‹_,
u[PÆ, uı™µÆ, ˆ¡“Œ, A晤ØÆ BQد¡ {©x
ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµzv¿ ˆ£∂xÆ ¨UQØzx¡Æ ˆ£÷Qfl”⁄.
C∏ƶz uıxƒÆ ©[P‹_Æ {ımifl ˆuı»¿ ¡Õ∫a]US
™PƒÆ Cfl‘د©Øıu¯¡. C¢vØı¬¿ •Pı∫, J∂\ı,
˜©ÿS ¡[PıÕÆ BQØ ©ı|ª[PŒ¿ E˜ªıPuıxUP“
™SvØıPU Pın®£kQfl”⁄. S‘®£ıP, C¢u
©ı|ª[PŒ¿ C∏ƶz uıxƒÆ, ©ı[P‹_Æ AvP
AÕ¬¿ Q¯hUQfl”⁄ P∫{ıhP ©ı|ªzvæ“Õ
˜Pıªı∂¿ u[PÆ ˆ¡mi GkUP® £mhx. uÿ˜£ıx
˜£ıx©ı⁄¯¡ Q¯hUPıuuı¿ u[Pa _µ[P[P“
≠h®£mk ¡∏Qfl”⁄. ˜©æÆ A晤Øz uıx¡ı⁄
£ıU¯Èmk u™Ã{ımi¿ AvP AÕ¬¿ Q¯hUQfl”x.
C∏ƶ, ©[P‹_ BQØ uıxUP“ •Pı∫, J∂\ı
©ÿ÷Æ ˜©ÿS ¡[PıÕzvæÆ, u[PÆ P∫{ıhPzvæÆ
A晤ØÆ u™Ã{ımiæÆ Q¯hUQfl”⁄.
343
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E˜ªıP ©¿ªıu uıxUPÕıSÆ. ¯©Pı, _snıƶUP¿
BQد¡ ˆuı»¿ ¡Õ∫a]US® ˆ£∂xÆ EuƒQfl”⁄.
CÆ≠fl÷ E˜ªıP©¿ªıu uıxUP–Æ B¢vµı,
Cµı·Ïuıfl, u™Ã{ık ©ÿ÷Æ ©zvاµ˜u\Æ ˜£ıfl”
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ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zv¿ G∂ˆ£ı∏“ ¡Õ[P“ ¨UQØ
£[S ¡QU Qfl”⁄. ˆuı»¿ x¯”∞fl x∂u ¡Õ∫a]US®
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C®ˆ£m˜µıºØÆ A\ıÆ, ©PıµıËiµÆ BQØ
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u™Ã {ımi¿ Pı¬∂ ˆh¿hı® £Sv PŒ¿ ˆ£m˜µıºØÆ
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˜u¯¡∞¿ 67 ¬ UPık (A⁄¿™fl\Uv uØı∂®¶
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™PƒÆ ¨UQØ©ı⁄uıSÆ. •Pı∫, J∂\ı, ˜©ÿS ¡[PıÕÆ
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Eÿ£zv∞¿ S‘®§hzuUP ©ı|ª[PÕıSÆ. |ªUP∂
∞fl J∏ ¡¯PØı⁄ £ ®¶ |ªUP∂ u™Ã {ımiæ“Õ
ˆ{¥˜¡º∞¿ ˆ¡mi ˆØkUP®£kQfl”x.
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BQØ ©ı|ª[PŒæÆ, ˆ£m˜µıºØÆ A\ıÆ, ©PıµıËiµı,
u™Ã{ık ¨uªı⁄ ©ı|ª[PŒæÆ ™SvØıPU
TPm 6.1
Q¯hUQfl”⁄.
344 345
 ˆ£ıx¡ıP, E˜ªıPz uıxUP–Æ, G∂ˆ£ı∏“
¡Õ[P–Æ J∏[˜P Q¯hUSÆ £SvPŒ¿ ˆuı»¿
{h¡iU¯PP“ ™PƒÆ ]”¢x ¬Õ[SQfl”⁄.
GkzxUPımhıP •Pı∫, J∂\ı ©ÿ÷Æ ˜©ÿS ¡[PıÕÆ
E“Õh[QØ uıx¡ÕÆ ™UP ¡mhıµzv¿ P⁄µPz
ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªP“ A¯©Ø® ˆ£ÿ÷“Õ⁄.
PÚµPz öuõÈ»P[PÒ
P⁄µPz ˆuı»ªP[P–“ Jfl”ı⁄ C∏ƶ GLSz
ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ª, {ımifl ˆuı»¿ ¡Õ∫a]∞¿ ™PƒÆ
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J∂\ı ©ÿ÷Æ ˜©ÿS ¡[PıÕ ©ı|ª[PŒ¿
|÷¡®£mk“Õ⁄. C∏ƶ&GLS B¯ªP“ u¤Øı∫
x¯”∞⁄µıæÆ ©ÿ÷Æ ˆ£ıxzx¯”∞⁄µıæÆ
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ˆ£ıPı˜µı, x∫Pıß∫, §ªı¥, π∫˜Pªı, ·ıƈÂmß∫,
£zvµı¡v, ˜\ªÆ, ¬\ıP®£mi⁄Æ, Ìıψ£m BQØ
Ch[PŒ¿ C∏ƶ&GLS ˆuı»ªP[P“ E“Õ⁄.
hõmhõ C¸®¦&GLS |ÖÁÚ® (TISCO)

C¢vØı¬¿ 1907&¿ ·ıƈÂm‚ ˜{ı¡ı‚ hımhı

Gfl£¡µı¿ C∏ƶ&GLSz ˆuı»ªPÆ •Pı∂¿ E“Õ
·ıƈÂmß∂¿ |÷¡®£mhx. Cx˜¡ ¨ufl¨uº¿
u¤Øı∫ x¯”∞⁄µı¿ |÷¡®£mh ˆ£∂Ø AÕ¬ªı⁄
C∏ƶ&GLSz ˆuı»ªP©ıSÆ. Cx˜¡ C¢vØı¬¿
C∏ƶ&GLSz ˆuı»ªPzvÿS ¬zyfl‘Øx G⁄ªıÆ
(£hÆ 6.3). C∏ƶ&GLSz ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªUS ˜u¯¡®£kÆ
¨UQØ ≠ª®ˆ£ı∏mP“ C∏ƶÆ, |ªUP∂≤Æ BSÆ.
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ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªP“ C∏USÆ £SvP–USU ˆPısk ˆ\¿ª
˜£ıUS¡µzxa ˆ\ªƒP“ AvP©ıSÆ. G⁄˜¡ Cu¯⁄z
u¬∫®£uÿPıP C∏ƶ&GLSz ˆuı»ªP[P“ ˆ£ıx¡ıP TPm 6.2
C∏ƶzuıx ˆ¡miˆØkUP®£kÆ £SvUS A∏Q˜ªı
346 347
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A∏Q˜ªı A¯©UP®£kQfl”⁄.
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C∏ƶ&GLS Eÿ£zvUSz ˜u¯¡®£kQfl”⁄. hımhı
C∏ƶ&GLSz ˆuı»ªPÆ ·ıƈÂmß∂¿
x¡UP®£mhuÿS ¨UQØ Pıµn©ıP C∏¢u¯¡ :
1. C∏ƶzuıx •Pı∫ ©ÿ÷Æ J∂\ı ©ı|ª[PŒ¿
\

C∏¢x Q¯hUQfl”x.
2. |ªUP∂ uı˜©ıu∫ £“ÕzuıUS® £Sv∞¿ Q¯hU
Qfl”x.
3. ©[P‹_, •Pı∂æÆ, hıª¯©m J∂\ı¬æÆ
Q¯hU Qfl”⁄.
4. {ımifl £ª £SvP–hfl ·ıƈÂmß∫ Cµ∞¿
¡si® £ı¯uØı¿ C¯nUP®£mk“Õx.
5. C[S _ÿ÷®¶”® £Sv∞¿ S¯”¢u
FvØzvÿS ˆuı»ªıÕ∫P“ HµıÕ©ıPU
Q¯hUQfl”⁄∫.
6. ˆuı»ªP[P“ ©ÿ÷Æ ˆuı»ªıÕ∫P–USz
˜u¯¡Øı⁄ √kP“ BQØ⁄ Pmk¡uÿS Hÿ”
\©|ª®£SvP–Æ C[S E“Õ⁄.
7. ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªUSz ˜u¯¡Øı⁄ uspµı⁄x
_¡∫n˜µPı (Subarnarekha) Bÿ‘º∏¢x ˆ£”®
£kQfl”x.
Czu¯PØ \ıuP©ı⁄ `Ã|¯ªØı¿ ·ıƈÂmß∂¿
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©ıSÆ.
¨u¿ I¢uıskz vmhÆ 1951&56&¿ wmh®ˆ£ÿ”x.
Cx¡¯µ Jfl£x I¢uısk vmh[P“ |¯”˜¡ÿ”®
£mk“Õ⁄. C¢uz vmh[PŒfl ¨UQØ ˜{ıUPÆ
ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµa ^∫v∏zuÆ, ©¤u¡Õ ˜©Æ£ık, u¤Øı∫
©Ø©ıUSu¿, ˆ£ıxzx¯” |÷¡⁄[P¯Õa ^µ¯©®£x
©ÿ÷Æ u¯hØÿ” ¡ıo£Æ ˆ£∏US¡x BQد¡
PÕıSÆ.
C¢vØ Aµ\ı[PÆ S‘®§hzuUP AÕ¬¿ {ımifl
ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¡Õ∫a]∞¿ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ Psk“Õx.
S‘®£ıP 1991&º∏¢x Hÿ£mh ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµz uıµıÕ
©Ø©ıu¿ C¢vØ® ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµÆ |v |¯ª¯©∞¿
¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ Pın Eu¬ÿ÷. ˜©æÆ ˆuı»¿P“,
˜¡Õıs¯©, Enƒ Eÿ£zv BQد¡ S‘®§hzuUP
¡¯P∞¿ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ A¯h¢x“Õ⁄. {ƨ¯hØ
Eÿ£zv® ˆ£ı∏mP¯Õ ˆ¡Œ{ıkPŒ¿ ¬ÿPƒÆ, AvP
˜¡¯ª ¡ı¥®§ÿSÆ, ¡∫zuP ¡Õ∫a]USÆ ¡»
Pıs§zx“Õx. I¢uıskz vmh[P“ ≠ªÆ {ık £ª
x¯”PŒ¿ ¨fl˜⁄‘≤“Õx Gfl£v¿ G∆¬u
Iب™¿¯ª.
388
_©ı∫ 40 & 50 ¡∏h[P–US ¨fl¶ {©x
¨fl˜⁄ı∫P“ £«¯©Øı⁄ ¨¯”∞¿ ˜¡Õıs¯©∞¿
Dk£mi∏¢u⁄∫. ¶vØ A‘¬Ø¿ ~m£® £ıxPı®¶
¨¯”P“ ¡«UQ¿ C¿ªı©¿ C∏¢u Pıµnzuı¿
uı¤Ø[P“ ¨v∫a] ˆ£” AvP PıªÆ GkzxU
ˆPısh⁄. ˜©æÆ \ıS£i∞fl AÕƒÆ S¯”¡ıP
C∏¢ux. £∞∫zˆuı»º¿ ¶vØ ¨¯”P“, £∞∫
£ıxPı®¶, ˆ\Øÿ¯P Eµ[P“ £Øfl £kzx¡x
˜£ıfl”¯¡ C¿ªıu Pıµnzuı¿ Enƒ® £ÿ”ıU
S¯”≤Æ |ª¬Øx. E £¡∫ Th Enƒ® £ÿ”ıU
S¯”Øı¿ Hï©∞¿ C∏¢u⁄∫.
1960&BÆ BsiÿS® §”S ˜¡Õıs ˆuı»º¿
˜¡P©ı⁄ ©ıÿ”Æ Hÿ£mhx. {√⁄¨¯”∞¿ w¬µa
\ıS£i ˆ\¥Ø®£mhx. £_¯©®¶µm] £µ¡ªıP A‘¨P®
£kzu®£mk uµ©ı⁄ ¬¯uP“, Eµ[P“, ßa]UˆPı¿º
©∏¢xP“, iµıUh∫P“ £Øfl£kzu®£mk Eÿ£zv
AvP∂UPz ˆuıh[QØx. Cfl÷ C¢vØı 200 ™¿ºØfl
hflP“ Enƒ uı¤Ø[P¯Õ Eÿ£zv ˆ\¥Qfl”x.
˜Pıx¯© Eÿ£zv∞¿ EªQ¿ ^⁄ı, IUQØ Aˆ©∂UPı
¬ÿS Akzu£iØıP ≠fl”ı¡x Chzv¿ C¢vØı
E“Õx. £fl⁄ımk ˜¡Õıs Bµı¥a] |÷¡⁄Æ
Cfl›Æ J∏ ]ª BskPŒ¿ C¢vØı Aˆ©∂UPı¯¡
¬h ˜Pıx¯© Eÿ£zv∞¿ ¨fl˜⁄‘ Cµshı¡x
Chz¯u® ˆ£ÿ÷¬kÆ Gfl÷ T÷Qfl” AÕ¬ÿS
¨fl˜⁄‘≤“Õx.
C¢v¯õÂß I¢uõskz vmh[PÒ £ØÔ Kº £õºøÁ
1. ¨u¿ I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1951 & 1956) : CzvmhÆ
˜¡Õıs¯©US ¨fl›∂¯© AŒzx {ımifl
˜¡Õıs, }∫£ı\⁄, ™fl Eÿ£zvz x¯”PŒ¿
¨fl˜⁄ÿ”z¯u Hÿ£kzv≤“Õx.
2. CµshıÆ I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1956 & 1961) : Cz
vmhÆ ˆuı»¿ ¡Õ∫a]US ¨fl›∂¯© AŒzux.
Cufl ≠ªÆ £ª P⁄µPz ˆuı»ªP[P“ |÷¡®£mh⁄.
389
ˆuı»¿ ˆPı“¯P∞¿ £ª©ı÷u¿P¯Õ≤Æ Hÿ£kzv⁄.
Afl¤Ø Eu¬ AvP AÕ¬¿ ˜Pıµ®£mhx.
3. ≠fl”ı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1961 & 1966) : Cufl
˜{ıUPÆ {ık ufl¤¯”ƒ ˆ£÷¡xuıfl. B⁄ı¿ ˜u]Ø
¡Õz¯u® £Øfl£kzx¡v¿ Hÿ£mh ]UPªıæÆ
ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµa ˆ\Ø¿ ¨¯”P“ Afl¤Ø ¨uΩm¯ha
\ı∫¢x C∏¢uuıæÆ Gv∫£ı∫zu ˆ¡ÿ‘¯Ø®
ˆ£”¬¿¯ª.
4. Bskz vmh[P“ (1966 & 67 & 68, 68 & 69) :
≠fl”ı¡x I¢uıskz vmh ˜uı¿¬∞⁄ı¿ ™S¢u
ˆ{∏UPi¯Ø \©ıŒUP Bskz vmh[P“
˜£ıh®£mh⁄. ˆuıh∫a] ØıP ≠fl÷ BskP“,
Bskz vmh[P“ ©mk˜© vmh™mk
ˆ\Ø¿£kzu®£mh⁄.
5. {ıflPı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1969 & 1974) : Cufl
˜{ıUPÆ ˜¡P©ı⁄® ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¡Õ∫a], ˜©æÆ
\≠Pzvæ“Õ Hÿ”z uıÃP¯ÕU P¯Õ¡x, ¡ıÃU¯Pz
uµz¯u EØ∫zx¡x BSÆ. Czvmhzv¿ §flu[QØ
£SvP–US ¨fl›∂¯© AŒUP®£mhx. |¯ªØı⁄,
ufl¤¯”ƒ A¯h¢u ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµz¯u® ˆ£”, Au¯⁄
˜©Æ£kzx¡xuıfl Cufl S‘U˜Pı“. B⁄ı¿ £n
√UP¨Æ, £ª ˜£ıµımh[P–Æ, \≠Pzv¿ Hÿ£mh
S«®£[P–Æ, u¯hP–Æ Gv∫£ı∫zu ˆ¡ÿ‘¯Øz
uµ¬¿¯ª.
6. I¢uı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1974 & 1979) :
Hï©¯Ø }US¡x, }shPıª Ai®£¯h∞¿ 1974 &
75&º∏¢x 1985 & 86 ¡¯µ ˜£ıh®£mhx. §fl⁄∫
Bskz vmh[PÕıP ©ıÿ”®£mhx. _«¿ vmh[P“
E∏¡ıUQ §fl⁄∫ Au¯⁄≤Æ u“–£i
ˆ\¥x¬mh⁄∫.
7. B”ı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1980 & 1985) :
ˆ£ıx¡ı⁄ ¡Õ∫a]˜Ø Cufl S‘U˜PıÕıSÆ. I¢uısk
vmh[PŒ ⁄ı¿ ©ıÿ”Æ Hÿ£mhx Gfl£x C¢u
I¢uıskz vmhzv¿ C∏¢xuıfl ˆu∂Ø¡¢ux.
390
8. H«ı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1985 & 1990) : Enƒ
uı¤Ø[PŒfl Eÿ£zv¯Ø® ˆ£∏US¡x ˜¡¯ª
¡ı¥® §¯⁄ AvP∂®£x ¨UQØU S‘U˜PıÕıSÆ.
B⁄ı¿ ˆ£ıxzx¯” |÷¡⁄[P“ Gv∫£ı∫zu AÕ¬¿
ˆ\Ø¿£hıu Pıµnzuı¿ CzvmhÆ ˆ¡ÿ‘
ˆ£”¬¿¯ª.
9. Gmhı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1992 & 1997): 1990&91,
1991&92, BQØ ≠fl÷ BskP–US Bskz
vmh[P“ wmh®£mh⁄. 1992 ¿ I¢uıskz vmhÆ
wmh®£mhx. Cufl ¨UQØ ˜{ıUPÆ ©¤u¡Õ
˜©Æ£ık, u¤Øı∫ ©Ø©ıu¿, ˆ£ıxzx¯” |÷¡⁄[
P¯ÕU S¯”zu¿, ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµa ^µ¯©®¶ ˆ\¥u¿
BQد¡ØıSÆ. Cx KµÕƒ ˆ¡ÿ‘ ˆ£ÿ” vmhÆ
BSÆ. ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ _u¢vµÆ ˆ©x¡ıP E∏¡ı⁄x.
10. Jfl£uı¡x I¢uıskzvmhÆ (1997 & 2002) :
©¤u¡Õ ˜©Æ£ık, u¤Øı∫©Ø©ıu¿, u¤Øı∫
x¯”US ¡ı¥®¶U ˆPıkzu¿ BQØ¡ÿ‘ÿS AvP
¨UQØzx¡Æ AŒUP® £mhx. ^µ¯©®¶
ˆuıhµ®£mhx. EªP©Ø©ıuºfl Pıµn©ıP
ˆ¡Œ{ımk ¨uΩkP“ C¢vØı¬¿ ¨uΩk
ˆ\¥Ø®£mk ˆuı»ªP[P“ BµÆ§UP®£mh⁄. C¢vØ
©UPmˆuı¯P Eÿ£zv® ˆ£ı∏mP¯Õ ¬ÿP {¿ª
\¢¯u Gfl£¯u |π§zux.
2001 ˆ\®hÆ£∫ 9/11 ¿ Hÿ£mh ]‘x uÕ∫a]US® §”S
C¢vØı uP¡¿ ˆuı»¿ ~m£zv¿ (IT) ¨fl˜⁄‘
¡∏Qfl”x.
11. £zuı¡x I¢uıskz vmh[P“ (2002 & 2007) :
Enƒ uı¤Ø[P“, £∏®¶ ¡¯PP“, Gsˆn¥
¬zxUP“ BQد¡P“ Eÿ£zv AvP∂USÆ Gfl÷
Gv∫£ı∫UP®£kQ”x. AvP ©UP“ ˆuı¯P
ˆ£∏UPzvæÆ S‘®§hzuUP AÕ¬¿ ¡÷¯©U ˜Pım
iÿSURà E“Õ¡∫PŒfl GsoU¯P S¯”≤Æ Gfl”
Gv∫£ı∫®¶ E“Õx.
391
 I¢uıskz vmh[PŒfl ≠ªÆ ˆuı»¿ ˜¡P©ıP
¡Õ∫¢ux. £sim ·¡Ì∫ªı¿ ˜{∏ C¢vØz
ˆuı»¿PŒfl ¡Õ∫a]¯Ø I¢uıskz vmh[P“ ≠ªÆ
ˆuıh[Q ¯¡zuı∫. ©ımk ¡siP“, C∏ \UPµ
¡ıP⁄[P“, ™v ¡siP“, ˜£∏¢xP“, Cµ∞¿
ˆ£miP“, ˆ£∂Ø ¬©ı⁄[ PŒfl Eÿ£zv ˆ£∏QØx.
ˆ£ıxzx¯”, u¤Øı∫ x¯”∞¿ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ Hÿ£mk
£ª P⁄µPz ˆuı»ªP[P–Æ, ˆ©flˆuı»ªP[P–Æ
|÷¡®£mh⁄. ˆ£∂Ø, ]‘Ø ˆuı»ªP[PŒfl ¡Õ∫a]
˜¡P©ıUP®£mhx. ˆuı»ÿ ˜£m¯hP“ E∏¡ıUP®
£mh⁄.
C¢vØı¬fl ˜¡P©ı⁄ ¡Õ∫a]∞fl ¬¯Õ¡ıP
£ªx¯”PŒ¿ Cfl÷ C¢vØı ¨fl⁄o∞¿ E“Õx.
Aq\Uv, ¬sˆ¡Œ Bµı¥a], ˆ\Øÿ¯PU˜Pı“
Eÿ£zv, Au¯⁄ ¬sˆ¡Œ∞¿ A›®¶u¿,
Po®ˆ£ı‘, ˆ©fl ˆ£ı∏“ Eÿ£zv ˜£ıfl”¡ÿ‘¿ ™S¢u
¡Õ∫a]دh¢x“Õx. ©¤uz v”¯©∞¿ C¢vØı
EªQ¿ ≠fl”ı¡x Chz¯u® ˆ£÷Qfl”x.
Ph¢u ≠fl”ıskPÕıP C¢vØı¬fl Hÿ÷©v
AvP∂zx“Õx. £fl⁄ımk ≠ªu⁄[P“ C¢vØU P⁄µPz
ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªP¯Õ≤Æ, ©ÿ” ˆuı»¯ª≤Æ FUS¬zu⁄.
C¢vØ Aµ_Æ, u¤Øı∫, Aµ]fl ¨uΩmkU ˆPı“¯P∞¿
^µ¯©®¶P¯Õ Hÿ£kzvØx. C¢vØı¬fl ˜{ıUPÆ
C¢vØ ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªPŒfl Eÿ£zv® ˆ£ı∏mP¯Õ
£fl⁄ımka \¢¯u¯Ø® §izx ˜u¯¡Øı⁄ Afl¤Ø
ˆ\ª¡ıo¯Ø Dmk¡˜u BSÆ. ˜©æÆ ˜uı¿
ˆ£ı∏mP“, B¯hP“, uØı∂UP®£mh B¯hP“
Eÿ£zv∞æÆ P¡⁄Æ ˆ\æzx Qfl”x. ˜¡¯ª
¡ı¥®§¯⁄ Hÿ£kzv Hï©¯Ø ¬µmk¡˜u C¢vØz
vmh[PŒfl ¨UQØU S‘U˜PıÕıSÆ.
EªQfl ¨fl⁄o∞¿ E“Õ ¡ıP⁄[P“, ¡ıP⁄
Ev∂® £ıP[PŒfl Eÿ£zv |÷¡⁄[P“ C¢vØ
392
ˆuı»ªP[PŒ¿ ¨uΩk ˆ\¥x TmhıP Eÿ£zv¯Ø
˜©ÿˆPı“Qfl”⁄∫. C¢vØı¯¡z uÕ©ıPU ˆPısk Pı∫
ˆuı»ªP[P“ |¯”Ø BµÆ§UP®£mk“Õ⁄. ¡ıP⁄
F∫vz ˆuı»¿PŒ¿ AvP ©ıÿ”Æ Hÿ£mk“Õx.
C¢vØı¬fl hımhı Pı∫ |÷¡⁄Æ, ˆ·∫©¤∞fl ˆ£flÏ
|÷¡⁄zxhfl C¯n¢x Pı∫ uØı∂U Qfl”⁄∫. ˆuı»¿
~m£® £Sv∞¿ C¢vØı ™P®ˆ£∂Ø ¡Õ∫a]¯Ø
Gmi≤“Õx. ¬sˆ¡Œ Bµı¥a]∞¿ C¢vØı uÿ˜£ıx
Aˆ©∂UP IUQØ {ımkhfl ˜£ımi∞kQfl”x.
C¢vØı¬fl {√⁄ ¬sPªÆ IRS IC ¨ ¡xÆ C¢vØz
ˆuı»¿~m£zuı¿, C¢vØı¬¿ uØı∂UP®£mhuıSÆ.
Cx uıx¡Õ[P¯Õ ©v®§h ™P Eu¬ØıP E“Õx.
˜©æÆ, Cv¿ |÷¡®£mk“Õ \Uv ¡ı¥¢u ~m£©ıP
£∂˜\ıvUSÆ P∏¬ (Sensor), ˆuı¯ª≤n∫ƒ® ˆ£ı∏mP“
¡∫zuP ∑v∞æÆ ¡Õ∫a] ˆ£” EuƒQfl”x. ¬sPªÆ
Bµı¥a] ©mkÆ A¿ªı©¿ ¬©ı⁄ |¯ªØÆ, x¯”¨PÆ,
P®£¿ PmkÆ uÕÆ ˜£ıfl” ¨UQØ©ı⁄ Ch
A¯©®¶PŒfl §Æ£[P¯Õ≤Æ ˆ£” ¡ı¥®¶“Õx.
¬sˆ¡Œ∞¿ S‘®§hzuUP ¡Õ∫a]¯Ø C¢vØı
ˆ£ÿ÷“Õx (£hÆ 9.1).
C¢vØ ¬sˆ¡Œ Bµı¥a] |÷¡⁄zvfl |ª
{kU˜Pımk ¬sPª HƒuÕÆ (Equatorial Rocket Launching
Station) v∏¡⁄¢u¶µÆ A∏Qæ“Õ xÆ£ı¬¿
|÷¡®£mk E“Õx. C¢|÷¡⁄Æ 1968&¿ IUQØ
{ıkP“ \¯£UPıP HƒuÕz¯u A∫®£ozux.
C¢vØ ¬sˆ¡Œ Bµı¥a] (ISRO) C¢vØ
¬sˆ¡Œ Bµı¥a]US ¯©Ø©ıP ¡Õ∫¢x“Õx.
Áͺa]°ß uõUP®
£ª x¯”PŒ¿ C¢vØı ¡Õ∫a] ˆ£ÿ÷“Õx.
S‘®£ıP P¿¬, ©∏zx¡Æ BQØ¡ÿ‘¿ ™S¢u
¡Õ∫a]∞¯⁄® ˆ£ÿ÷“Õx. 1947&¿ C¢vØı _u¢vµÆ
A¯h¢u˜£ıx C¢vØ∂fl \µı\∂ ¡ıÃU¯P 27
¡∏h[PÕıSÆ. uÿ˜£ıx Ax 67 BP EØ∫¢x“Õx.
393
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A¯h¢u˜£ıx 10 ¬ UPıhıP C∏¢ux. Cfl÷ 61
¬ UPıhıP EØ∫¢x“Õx. ˆ£s P¿¬∞¿ ™P®ˆ£∂Ø
©ıÿ”Æ |Pâx“Õx. B∞µU PnUPı⁄ }∫z˜uUP[P“
Pmh®£mk“Õ⁄. {¿¡ıìæÆ P¿¬∞æÆ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ
Psk“Õx. C∏¢xÆ {Æ {ık Cfl›Æ ¡Õ∫a]
ˆ£”˜¡skÆ.
¡Õ∫a]∞fl {k˜¡ \≠P® ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµa ]UP¿P“
E“Õ⁄. B⁄ı¿ Hï©∞æÆ ·⁄{ıØPÆ u¯«zx“Õx.
£«¯©Øı⁄® ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµU ˆPı“¯PP¯Õz u¬∫zx,
¶vØ ˆPı“¯PP¯Õ C¢vØı §fl£ÿ”z ˆuıh[Q≤“Õx.
E»P©¯©õu¼À C¢v¯õ
EªP©Ø©ıu¿ C¢vØı¬¿ Cµsk ¡»
|PÃPŒ¿ ˆ\Ø¿£kQfl”x. C¢vØı¬¿ ¡ıÃU¯P∞fl
G¿ªı |¯ª PŒæÆ Cufl uıUPÆ ˆu∂Ø¡¢x“Õx.
C¯¡ ˆ£ı∏Õı uıµzvfl ¡»˜Ø Fk∏¬ ©÷
¡i¡z¯u≤Æ, CØUSÆ ¬uz¯u≤Æ ©ıÿ‘
A¯©zx“Õ⁄. Cu⁄ı¿ C¢vØı EªQ¿ u⁄x
Chzv¯⁄z vh®£kzv, ©ıÿ”©¯h¢x As¯h
{ıkP–hfl {¿ª ˆuıh∫¶ ¯¡zxU ˆPı“Õ ¨i≤Æ.
C¢vØı¬fl P¿¬ ©ÿ÷Æ Pªıa\ıµ ¡ıÃU¯P, ˆuı¯ªU
Pım], ˆ\¥vzuı“P“ ©ÿ÷Æ ¶ªfl Pım] ˜£ıfl”
A¯⁄zvæÆ ©ıÿ”[P“ Hÿ£mkU ˆPıs˜h C∏®£v¿
C∏¢x ˆu∂Ø¡∏Qfl”x. £zx BskP–US ¨fl¶
C∏¢u¯u¬h C¢vØı Cfl÷ ¨ÿ‘æÆ ©ıÿ”Æ ˆ£ÿ÷
E“Õx.
A]p ªu ¨ûXVm C¢vØı EªP©Ø©ıuºfl uıUPzv¯⁄
¿u ªu ¨ûXVm
CØUP™¿ªı ¡¯P∞¿ HÿP¬¿¯ª. C¢vØı¬¿
AÔ ªu ¨ûXVm ˜{∂¯hØıPƒÆ ˆ¡Œ{ıkPŒ¿ ¡ı Æ C¢vØ ©UPŒfl
AûQ/¿oTôN] §hPeLs ¡»ØıPƒÆ EªP©Ø©ıu¿ AvP∂zxU
ˆPısi∏UQfl”x. C¢vØı¬fl CªUQØÆ, P¯ªP“,
v¯µ®£h[P“, ©u[P“, EnƒP“, E¯hP“,
TPm 9.1
{√⁄[P“ ©ÿ÷Æ C¯\ BQد¡P“ ˜©ÿPzvØ
394 395
{ıkPŒfl J∏[Q¯n¢u £SvPÕıP Cfl÷ E“Õ⁄. Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“
C¢vØı¬fl ©∏zx¡∫P“, uP¡¿ ˆuı»¿~m£ ¡¿æ⁄∫ 1. C¢vØı¬fl ¡Õ∫a]¯Ø A‘¢x ©ın¡∫P“
P“, ˜©ªıÕ∫P“ ©ÿ÷Æ ˆ£ı‘ØıÕ∫P“ AvP AÕ¬¿ ˆ£∏™uÆ ˆPıshx.
˜©ÿPzvØ {ıkPŒ¿ S‘®§hzuUP AÕ¬¿ uıUPz¯u 2. ©ın¡∫P“ C¢vØı¬fl vmh™mh ˆ\Ø¿¨¯”
Hÿ£kzv≤“Õ⁄∫. C¡∫P“ u[P–¯hØ Pi⁄ E¯«® P¯Õ≤Æ, I¢uıskz vmh[P¯Õ
£ıæÆ v”¯©PÕıæÆ ¨fl¤¯ª∞¿ C∏UQfl”⁄∫. A‘¢xˆPıshx.
C¯¡P¯Õ ¯¡z˜u C¢vØ∫PŒfl ˜u¯¡≤Æ 3. Cµsk I¢uıskz vmh[P¯Õz u¬µ ©ÿ”
AvP∂zx“Õx. vmh[P“ Gv∫£ı∫zu ˆ¡ÿ‘¯Ø® ˆ£”¬¿¯ª.
AuÿS∂Ø Pıµn[P¯Õ ©ın¡∫P“A‘¢x
ÁõÌÂøÚa \®£õv ˆPıshx.
4. Cfl¯”Ø C¢vØı¬fl ¬sˆ¡Œ, Aq\Uv
Gfl ¡ıì¿ ¡Õ∫a]¯ØU Psk §µ™zu¿.
£ıv{ımP¯Õ
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˜¡¯ª ˜uk¡v¿ ˆ\ª¬m˜hfl.
Hˆ⁄¤¿ I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Øz ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ
¡ıÃU¯P∞fl A∫zu˜©, 1. ˜£ıUS¡µzx, P¿¬, {ª¡ıÃ, √mk¡\v BQد¡
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Cu¯⁄ {ıÆ
C. Pªıa\ıµÆ D. ˆuı»¿P“
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£µ¡¿ £h[PŒfl & E£˜ØıP[P“ {ı–US{ı“
G¿ªı x¯”∞⁄µıæÆ AvP AÕ¬¿ £Øfl£kzu®£mk
¡∏¡uı¿ & ¨UQØzx¡Æ AvP∂zx ¡∏Qfl”x.
¶¬∞Ø¿ ˆuıh∫¶ E¯hØ |ª¡¯µ® £h[PŒ¿ £µ¡¿
£h[P“ ™PƒÆ ¨UQØ £[Q¯⁄ ¡QUQfl”⁄.
C®£h[P“ ¶¬∞Ø¿ ∑v∞æÆ ©ÿ÷Æ P¿¬ Pÿ§zu¿
¡¯P∞æÆ ˆ£∂xÆ Cfl‘د©Øıu¯¡PÕıP E“Õ⁄.
]ª S‘®§mh ¡¯P® ¶“Œ¬¡µ[P¯Õ® £hzv¿
£ı∫UQfl” ˆ£ı x ¶∂≤Æ ¡¯P∞¿ £µ¡¿ BµoP“
(pattern of distribution) Pımh® £mi∏USÆ. Cx ¨UQØ©ıP
£∞∫P“, Pı¿{¯hP“ (Livestock), ©UP“ BQØ¡ÿ‘fl
£µ¡¿P“ S‘±k A¿ªx ¡snÆ ˆPısk Pımh®
£kQfl”⁄.
ˆ£ıx¡ıP, £¿˜¡÷ AÆ\[PŒfl £µ¡¿ £h[P“
TPm 10.1. ¡¯µØ ˜¡÷£mh ¨¯”P“ ¯PØıÕ®£kQfl”⁄.
A¯¡Øı¡⁄ :
406 407
 1. ¶“Œ¨¯” (Dot Method): C¢u ¨¯”Øı⁄x ˆ£ıx¡ıP
©UP“ ˆuı¯P, Pı¿{¯hP“, £∞∫P“, uıx®ˆ£ı∏mP“,
©ÿ÷Æ ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªPŒfl Eÿ£zv® ˆ£ı∏mP“ BQØ
¡ÿ‘fl £µ¡¯ªU Pıs§UP £Øfl£kzu®£kQfl”x.
©UPm ˆuı¯P® £µ¡¿ ©ÿ÷Æ £ª¡ÿ‘fl £µ¡¯ªU
Pıs§UP Cƨ¯”∞¿ J˜µ AÕ¬ªı⁄ ¶“ŒP“
Pıs§UP® £kQfl”⁄. ©UPm £µ¡¯ªU PımkÆ £µ¡¿
|ª¡¯µ® £h[PŒ¿ J∆ˆ¡ı∏ ¶“Œ≤Æ J∏ S‘®§mh
AÕ¬ªı⁄ ©UPŒfl GsoU¯P¯ØU ˆPısi∏USÆ.
2. ¡snÆ wmkÆ ¨¯” (Shading Method) :
Cƨ¯”∞¿ £µ¡¯ªU Pıs§®£uÿS ˜¡÷£mh
¡sn[P–Æ, A¿ªx P∏®¶ ©ÿ÷Æ ˆ¡“¯Õ
Cµsi›¯hØ (Black and White) Pª®¶hfl TiØ
¡sn˜©ı E£˜ØıQUP®£kQfl”x.
3. ¡mh® £S®¶®£hÆ (Pie graph) : Cƨ¯” £S®¶®
£hÆ ¡¯µ¡uÿS ¡mh©ı⁄x AÕ¯¡US Hÿ£ £ª
§∂ƒPÕıP® §∂UP®£kQfl”x. §fl¶ §∂ƒP“ ˆ¡∆˜¡÷
¡sn[PÕı¿ ˜¡÷£kzv Pıs§UP®£kQfl”⁄.
4. £m¯h ¬ÕUP® £hÆ (Bar Graph) : C¢u
¡¯P®£h©ı⁄x S‘®£ıP ¡∫zuP® ˆ£ı∏mPŒfl ¶“Œ
¬¡µ[P¯ÕU Pıs§UP® ˆ£∂xÆ £Øfl£kzu®
£kQfl”x. Cx AÕ¬¯⁄ J®§mk® £ı∫®£uÿS ™PƒÆ
£Øfl£kzu® £kQfl”x. GkzxUPımhıP, ©UPmˆuı¯P
BsiÿS Bsk G∆¡ı÷ ˜¡÷£kQ”x Gfl£¯u≤Æ,
J∆ˆ¡ı∏ ©UPmˆuı¯P PnU ˆPk®¶ BsiæÆ
(Census year) ©UPmˆuı¯P∞fl GsoU¯P G∆¡ı÷
˜¡÷£kQ”x Gfl£¯u≤Æ Pıs§UP® £Øfl£kQfl”⁄.
GkzxUPımk : u™Ã{ımifl 2001 Bsifl
©UPmˆuı¯P ¶“Œ¬¡µzvÿS ¶“Œ ¨¯”¯Ø®
TPm 10.2.
£Øfl£kzv |ª¡¯µ® £hÆ ¡¯µP (£hÆ 10.3).
408 409
 ¦ÒÎ ¬øÓ (DOT METHOD)
uªÌ{õmiß ©UPÒöuõøP 2001 (÷uõµõ¯©õÚx)
¡.Gs ©ı¡mh[P“ ©UPm ˆuı¯P
1. v∏¡“—∫ 2,738,866
2. ˆ\fl¯⁄ 4,216,268
3. Pıg]¶µÆ 2,869,920
4. ˜¡ø∫ 3,482,970
5. u∫©¶∂ 2,833,252
6. v∏¡snı©¯ª 2,181,853
7. ¬ ®¶µÆ 2,943,917
8. ˜\ªÆ 2,992,754
9. {ı©UP¿ 1,495,661
10. D˜µık 2,574,067
11. }ªQ∂ 764,826
12. ˜PıØƶzy∫ 4,224,107
13. vskUP¿ 1,918,960
14. Pπ∫ 933,791
15. v∏a]µı®£“Œ 2,388,831
16. ˆ£µÆ£ø∫ RtúTôÕ JÚ 486,971
17. }
A∂Øø∫ UôYhPm 694,058
18. Phø∫ 2,280,530
19. {ıP®£mi⁄Æ 1,487,055
20. v∏¡ıπ∫ 1,165,213
21. ug\ı≈∫ 2,205,375
22. ¶xU˜Pım¯h 1,452,269
23. ]¡P[¯P 1,150,753
24. ©x¯µ 2.562,279
25. ˜u¤ 1.094,724
26. ¬∏x{P∫ 1,751,548
27. Cµı©{ıu¶µÆ 1,183,321
28. yzxUSi 1,565,743
29. v∏ˆ{¿˜¡º 2,801,194
30. Pfl¤ØıS©∂ 1,669,763 TPm 10.3.
410 411
 Ámh¨ £S¨¦¨ £h® (PIE DIAGRAM)
¡mh ¡i¡®£h[P“ \UPµ® £hˆ©fl÷Æ, ¡mh®
£S®¶® £hˆ©fl÷Æ A¯«UP® £kQfl”⁄. Cu¯⁄
¡¯µ¡uÿS ¶“Œ¬¡µ[PŒfl ˆ©ızu AÕ¯¡
¡mh©ıPU ˆPısk (360 iQ∂), §fl¶ ¶“Œ ¬¡µzvfl
J∆ˆ¡ı∏ §∂¬ÿSÆ ˜Pın AÕƒP“ Psk §izx,
¡mhz¯uU ˜Pın AÕ¬ÿ˜Pÿ£® §∂zx ˜¡÷£kzvU
Pıs§zu¿ ˜¡skÆ. C®£h©ı⁄x |ª® £Øfl£ık,
ˆuı»ÿ§∂ƒP“ ˜£ıfl”¡ÿ‘¯⁄ Pıs§UP ™PƒÆ
ˆ£ı∏zu©ı⁄uıSÆ.
GkzxUPımk: R˜« ˆPıkUP®£mk“Õ |ª®
£Øfl£ımk® ¶“Œ ¬¡µzvÿS J∏ ¡mh® £S®¶®
£hÆ (Pie Diagram) ¡¯µP (£hÆ 10.4).
¡mh® £S®¶®£hÆ ¡¯µ¡uÿS ¨uº¿
C¢vØı¬fl ˆ©ızu® £µ®§¯⁄U Pımh J∏ ¡mhÆ
¡¯µ¢x ˆPı“Õ ˜¡skÆ. §fl¶ J∆ˆ¡ı∏ ¡¯P |ª
E£˜ØıPzvÿSÆ £ı¯P AÕƒP“ RÃUPsh¡ı÷
Psh‘¢x Au¯⁄ ¡mhzv¿ §∂zxU Pımh ˜¡skÆ.
§fl¶ J∆ˆ¡ı∏ ¡¯P |ª® £Øfl£ımk® §∂¬¯⁄≤Æ
£¿˜¡÷ ¡sn[P¯ÕU ˆPısk ˜¡÷£kzvU
Pıs§UP ˜¡skÆ.
Ámh £S¨¦¨ £h® (PIE DIAGRAM)
C¢v¯ |»¨ £¯ß£õmk¨ £h® (1995 & 1996)
¡.Gs |ª E£˜ØıPÆ £µ®£Õƒ
B∞µÆ ˆÌU˜h∂¿
1 PıkP“ 40.48
2 ˜¡Õıs¯© A¿ªıu ˜¡÷
£Øfl£ımi¿ E“Õ |ªÆ 48.52
3 ˜¡Õıs¯©
ˆ\¥Ø®£hıu |ªÆ 49.45
4 u∂_ |ªÆ 28.12
5 |Pµ ˜¡Õıs |ªÆ 132.89
TPm 10.4.
ˆ©ızuÆ 397.46
412 413
 ¡mh £S®¶® £hzvÿPı⁄ ˜Pın AÕƒP¯ÕU _Ø©v®•k
Psk§izu¿
I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Øz ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ
1. PıkPŒfl ˆ©ızu £µ®¶ 40.48
£ı¯P AÕƒ = 40.48 x 360/397.46 1. u¤®£mh¡∫P“, SkÆ£zv⁄∫P“, Qµı© ©ÿ÷Æ {Pµ
2. ˜¡Õıs¯© A¿ªıu ˜¡÷ ©UP“ ˆuıh∫¶¯hØ ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“
£Øfl£ımi¿ |ªÆ 48.52 A. uªÆ \ı∫¢u ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“
£ı¯P AÕƒ = 48.52 x 360/397.46 B. ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ® ¶“Œ¬¡µ[P“
3. ˜¡Õıs¯© ˆ\¥Ø®£hıu |ªÆ 49.45
C. Pªıa\ıµ® ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“
£ı¯P AÕƒ = 49.45 x 360/397.46
D. \≠P® ¶“Œ¬¡µ[P“
4. £ı¯P AÕƒ = 28.12 x 360/397.46
u∂_ |ªÆ 28.12 2. J∏ £SvUSa ˆ\fl÷ ˜u¯¡®£kÆ ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P¯Õ
5. |Pµ £∞∂h®£mk“Õ |ªÆ 132.89 ˜\P∂®£uÿS
£ı¯P AÕƒ = 132.89 x 360 / 397.46 A. PÕ®£o B. ¬⁄ı® £miØ¿
C∆¡ı÷ Psk§iUP®£mh ˜Pın C. ¡¯µ˜Pımk® £hÆ D. CµshıÆ |¯ª
AÕƒP–U˜Pÿ£, ¡mhzv¯⁄ §∂zxU ˆPı“Õ
3. J∏¡¯µ ˜{∫UPın¿ ˆ\¥¡uÿS E£˜ØıP®£k¡x
˜¡skÆ. §fl¶ J∆ˆ¡ı∏ |ª E£˜ØıPzv¯⁄≤Æ
¡sn[PÕı¿ ˜¡÷£kzvU Pıs§UP ˜¡skÆ. A. ¨xˆ©ı» B. ¬⁄ı®£miØ¿
Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“ C. £h[P“ D. PÕ®£o
1. ¶¬∞غ¿ ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[PŒfl 4. ¶“Œ¬¡µ[P¯Õ ˜{µiØıP˜¡ı, A¿ªx ˜{∫Pın¿
¨UQØzx¡zv¯⁄ ©ın¡∫P“ A‘¢x ≠ª©ıP˜¡ı ˜\P∂®£uÿS
ˆPı“Qfl”⁄∫.
A. ©ıv∂ B. ¬⁄ı®£miØ¿
2. ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[PŒfl Buıµ[P¯Õ® £ÿ‘
©ın¡∫P“ A‘¢x ˆPı“Qfl”⁄∫. C. {P∫ƒ®£hÆ D. ¨u¿|¯ª®
¶“Œ¬¡µ[P“
3. £¿˜¡÷ ¡¯P ¶“Œ¬¡µ[P¯Õ ¬ÕUP®
£h[PÕıPU PımkÆ ¨¯”P¯Õ® £ÿ‘≤Æ A‘¢x 5. J∏ ChzvÿSÆ, ©ÿˆ”ı∏ ChzvÿSÆ C¯h˜Ø
ˆPı“Qfl”⁄∫. E“Õ {P∫¬¯⁄ (Flow) Pıs§USÆ
4. G zx¡i¬¿ E“Õ ¬¡µz¯uU PımiæÆ |ª¡¯µ®£hzvÿS
£h[P“ ≠ªÆ Pıs§UP®£kÆ ˆ£ı x A. ˜P“¬®£miØ¿ B. ¡¯µ˜Pımk®£hÆ
P∏zxUP¯Õ {flS ˆ¡Œ®£kzu ¨i≤Æ Gfl”
Es¯©¯Ø ©ın¡∫P“ {flS A‘¢x C. {P∫ƒ®£hÆ D. ©ıv∂
ˆPı“Qfl”⁄∫. II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ |µ®¶P
5. £µ¡¿ £hÆ ¡¯µ≤Æ ¨¯”P¯Õ ©ın¡∫P“ 1. £µ®¶ \ı∫¢u ¶“Œ¬¡µzv¯⁄a ˜\P∂UP Buıµ©ıP
A‘¢x ˆPı“Qfl”⁄∫. E“Õx _________.
414 415
 2. PnUˆPk®¶ ¨¯”∞¿ ˜\P∂UP®£kÆ
¶“Œ¬¡µzvÿS _________Gfl÷ ˆ£Ø∫.
3. £µ¡¿ Bµo¯Ø® £ÿ‘Ø uP¡¿P¯Õ
ˆ¡Œ®£kzxÆ |ª¡¯µ® £hzvÿS _________ Gfl÷
ˆ£Ø∫.
4. J˜µ AÕƒ¯hØ £ª Ch[P¯Õ C¯nUSÆ
˜PımiÿS _________ Gfl÷ ˆ£Ø∫.
5. ¡mh®£S®¶ A¿ªx \UPµ®£hzv¿, ¡mh©ı⁄x
_________ BP §∂UP®£kQfl”x.
III. §fl¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ¯”® ˆ£ı∏zxP
1. £µ®¶ \ı∫¢u && {P∫ƒ®£hÆ
2. \≠P®¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“ && ¬ÕUP® £h[P“ ≠ªÆ
Pıs§zu¿
3. ¬⁄ı®®£miØ¿ && C¢vØı¬fl CØÿ¯P
A¯©®¶
4. £m¯h®£hÆ && ˜{∫UPın¿
5. ©UP“ Ch®ˆ£Ø∫ƒ && PnUˆPk®¶
IV. _∏UP©ıP ¬¯hØŒUPƒÆ
1. £µ®¶\ı∫¢u (Spatial data) ¶“Œ¬¡µÆ Gfl”ı¿ Gfl⁄?
2. ¶“Œ (Dot Map) |ª¡¯µ® £hzv¯⁄ ¬ÕUSP?
3. J∏ £∂©ın® £h[P“ Øı¯¡?
4. ¡¯µ˜Pımk® £hz¯u® (Line Graph) £ÿ‘ _∏UP©ıP
G xP.
5. H˜u›Æ J∏ £µ¡¿ |ª¡¯µ® £hzv¯⁄® £ÿ‘ (distri-
bution Map) _∏UP©ıP G xP.
V. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P
1. ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“ ˜\P∂zu¿ £ÿ‘ ¬ÕUP©ıP G xP.
2. ˜\P∂UP®£mh® ¶“Œ¬¡µ[P¯Õ® £h[PÕıPU
Pıs§USÆ ¨¯”P“ £ÿ‘ G xP.
3. ¶¬∞Ø¿ \ı∫¢u ¶“Œ¬¡µ[P¯Õa ˜\P∂®£uÿPı⁄
Buıµ[P“ £ÿ‘ ¬ÕUPÆ u∏P.
4. uS¢u GkzxUPımkhfl ¡mh®£S®¶® £hÆ (Pie dia-
gram) £ÿ‘ ¬¡∂.
416
 AªS XI : PÕ®£o
£ıhÆ 11
PÕ®£o : P∏zxÆ, ¡«USÆ
(FIELD WORK : CONCEPT AND PRACTICE)

Pÿ”¿ ˜{ıUP[P“
1. ©ın¡∫ PÕ®£oz ˆuıh∫£ı⁄U P∏zv¯⁄≤Æ,
¡«UQ¯⁄≤Æ A‘¢x ˆPı“Õ¿.
2. ©ın¡∫ ˜{∫UPınæUPı⁄ ¬⁄ızˆuıS®§¯⁄
uØı∂zu¿ £ÿ‘ A‘¢x ˆPı“Õ¿.
3. ©ın¡∫ ©¤u ©ıv∂P¯Õ (human samples) G∆¡ı÷
˜u∫¢ ˆuk®£x Gfl£¯uz ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“Õ¿.
4. ©ın¡∫ £µ®¶ ©ıv∂¯Ø (area sample) ˜u∫¢ˆukzx,
PÕ®£o ˆ\¥¡uÿS ¨fl£ıPa ˆ\¥Ø˜¡siØ
¨uÿPmh £o¯Ø® (pilot survey) £ÿ‘z ˆu∂¢x
ˆPı“Õ¿.
5. ©ın¡∫ ¶“Œ ¬¡µ ˜\P∂®¶ ˆuıh∫£ı⁄ ]”®¶
©¤u ©ıv∂P“ (Key informants) ˜u∫ƒ ˆ\¥u¯ª®
£ÿ‘ A‘¢x ˆPı“Õ¿.
¶¬∞Ø¿ ¡¿æ⁄∫P–US, ¶¬∞دª® £ÿ‘
A‘¢x ˆPı“¡uÿS, £µ®¶\ı∫ ˜¡÷£ıkP“ (areal
differences) Ai®¯hU P∏zuıSÆ. Cufl Ai®£¯h∞¿
uıfl CØÿ¶¬∞Ø¿ ©ÿ÷Æ ©¤u® ¶¬∞Ø¿ BQØ
Cµsi¯⁄® £ÿ‘ {flS A‘¢x ˆPı“Õ ¨iQfl”x.
¶¬∞fl ˜©ÿ£µ®§¿ E“Õ ¡Õ[P¯Õ® £ÿ‘ A‘¢x
ˆPı“¡uÿSÆ, ©ÿ÷Æ ¶¬∞Ø¿ B¥¬ÿSÆ PÕ®£o
™PƒÆ Cfl‘د©Øıu Jfl”ıSÆ. PÕ®£o∞fl Cfl‘
د©Øı¯©¯Ø® £ÿ‘ C¢u® £ıhzv¿ ˆu∂¢x
ˆPı“ÕªıÆ.
417
 ¶¬∞دª® £ÿ‘ A‘¢x ˆPı“¡uÿSÆ, PÕ®£o ˆ\¥≤Æ Chzv¯⁄, |ª¡¯µ®£hzxhfl
¶¬∞Ø¿ Bµı¥a]USÆ ¨u¿|¯ª® ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“ ˆuıh∫¶£kzvU PÕ®£o ˆ\¥≤Æ ˆ£ı x PÕ®
(Primary data) ¨UQØ©ı⁄ Jfl”ıSÆ. ¶¬∞Ø¿ B¥¬ÿS £o¯Ø ™PƒÆ x¿ºØ©ıPa ˆ\¥Ø ¨i≤Æ.
B¡n[P“, A‘U¯PP“ BQد¡P˜Õık, ©ÿ”
CµshıÆ |¯ª ¶“Œ¬¡µ[P–Æ Cfl‘د©Øıu¯¡ A¯©¬hzv¯⁄ |∫n∞UP EªPÕı¬Ø
BSÆ. ¶¬∞Ø¿ ¡¿æ⁄∫P–US |ª®£Sv˜Ø ¨UQØ A¯©¬hÆ Psh‘≤Æ P∏¬ (Global Positioning Systems -
B¥¬fl Buıµ©ıP ¬Õ[SQfl”x. |ª®£Sv GPS) ∞¯⁄® £Øfl£kzuªıÆ.
Qµı©©ıP˜¡ı A¿ªx {Pµ©ıP˜¡ı C∏¢uıæÆ, EªPÕı¬Ø A¯©¬hÆ Psh‘u¿ (GPS)
AuÿˆP⁄ E∂zuı⁄ ¬¡µ[P“ ˜\P∂UP®£kÆ. CUPÕ® P∏¬Øı⁄x ™PƒÆ ˜ª\ı⁄uıP E“Õuı¿, Gkzxa
£oØı⁄x ¶¬∞ØæUS ™PƒÆ ˆuıh∫¶¯hØ, ˆ\¿¡x GŒx. B⁄ı¿ Ax AvP ¬¯ª©v®¶
Cfl‘د©Øıu Jfl”ıSÆ.
E¯hØx Gfl£¯u ©⁄v¿ |÷zu ˜¡skÆ.
ìPÕ®£o ˆ\¥u¿í Gfl£x J∏ ]µ©©ı⁄ ˆ\ت¿ª.
Cx x¿ºØ©ıP ˆ\Øÿ£hUTiØx (quite accurate).
PÕ®£o ˆ\¥¡uÿS RÃUPsh ]ª ¬¡µ[P¯Õz
ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿ A¡]Ø©ıSÆ. ©ıv∂ B¥¬hz¯uz ˆu∂ƒ ˆ\¥Ø (Sample location),
1. ™S¢u B∫¡¨Æ, Psh‘≤Æ v”¯©¯Ø≤Æ Po®ˆ£ı‘ ©ÿ÷Æ ¶¬∞Ø¿ uP¡¿ ˆuıSv ∞¯⁄≤Æ
ˆ£ÿ‘ ∏zu¿. (Geographical Information System) £Øfl £kzuªıÆ.

PÕ®£o ˆ\¥Ø ¬∏ƶ˜¡ı∫, £ı∫zu‘¡v¿ 4. ©ıÿ”Æ ˆ£”ıv∏zu¿ (Be consistent) : PÕ®£o

™S¢u B∫¡Æ (must keep their eyes open) ˆPısi Gfl£x ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P¯Õa ˜\P∂zuªıSÆ.
∏zu¿. ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“ Gx¡ıP C∏®§›Æ (GkzxU
2. ˜u¯¡Øı⁄, ˆuŒ¡ı⁄, ¨¯”Øı⁄ uP¡¿P¯ÕU PımhıP, ©s, uı¡µÆ, ©u[P“) AvP
S‘®ˆ£kzu¿ (notes). ©ıÿ”zv¯⁄U Pınıu¯u® ˆ£ı∏zxuıfl ¶“Œ
¬¡µ[P“ x¿ºØ©ı⁄uıP C∏USÆ.
PÕ®£o¯Ø, PÕzv¯⁄a _ÿ‘®£ı∫zx (Sight
seeing) §fl¶ uP¡¿P¯Õa ˜\P∂UPz x¡[Su¿. ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“ ˜\P∂®£xhfl ©mkÆ PÕ®£o
3. ]”¢u |ª¡¯µ®£h[PŒfl Eu¬≤hfl, ¨iƒ÷¡v¿¯ª. ˜\P∂UP®£mhz uP¡¿P“ ¨¯”®
PÕ®£oU Pı⁄ A¯©¬hzv¯⁄ |∫n∞®£v¿ £kzu® ˆ£ÿ÷, ¶“Œ¬¡µ ©ÿ÷Æ Pou ¨¯”P“
P¡⁄Æ ˆ\æzxu¿. ¯¡zx B¥ƒ ˆ\¥Ø®£h˜¡skÆ. §fl¶ ˆ£ı∏zu©ı⁄
¶¬∞غ¿ Eÿ÷˜{ıUSu¯ª (Observation) A¯© ¡¯µ £h[P“ ¬ÕUP®£h[P“ ¡¯µ¢x ¬ÕUP
¬hz˜uık ˆuıh∫¶ £kzxÆ ˆ£ı xuıfl Aufl £Ø›Æ ©Œzu¿ ˜¡skÆ.
©v®¶Æ TkuªıQfl”⁄. ¦Â°¯¼À Pͨ£o (FIELD WORK IN GEOGRAPHY)
PÕzvÿS |ª¡¯µ®£h[P¯Õ Gkzxa ˆ\¿æu¿
ˆ£ıx¡ıP PÕ®£o¯Ø ¨u¿|¯ª® ¶“Œ¬¡µ[
˜¡skÆ.
P¯Õa (Primary data) ˜\P∂UPUTiØ J∏ ˆ\Ø¿ Gfl˜”
418 419
T”ªıÆ. Caˆ\غ¿, |ª¡¯µ®£hÆ ©ÿ÷Æ ©ıv∂® 5. PÕ®£o ˆ\¥Ø ˜¡siØ £Sv∞æ“Õ
£h[P“ uØı∂zu¿, Eÿ÷˜{ıUSu¿ (Observations), ©UPŒhÆ, J∏ {¿ºnUPzv¯⁄ (rapport)
A∆¡ı˜” J∏ ]ª¡ÿ‘ÿS AÕƒhflTiØ ¬¡µ©‘u¿ Hÿ£kzvU ˆPı“–u¿.
(Measurement), ©ÿ÷Æ u¤®£mh¡∂hÆ {hzu®£kÆ PÕ®£o∞¿ Dk£k˜¡ı∏US, £¿˜¡÷ ¬u©ı⁄
˜{∫UPın¿ (Interview) Gfl£¯¡ Ah[SÆ. CµshıÆ A›£¡ A‘ƒ Q¯hUP ¡ı¥®¶ E“Õx. Au⁄ı¿uıfl
|¯ª® ¶“Œ¬¡µ[P“ (Secondary data) ˜£ıx©ı⁄uıP PÕ®£o¯Ø ì_¡∂¿ªı £“ŒUThÆ' (Classroom without
C∏USƈ£ı x PÕ®£o∞fl A¡]ØÆ S¯”تıÆ. walls) Gfl÷ ¡S®£¯”US J®§mkU T÷Qfl”⁄∫.
¶¬∞Ø¿ ¡¿æ⁄∫P“, PÕ®£o¯Ø® ¶¬∞غfl J∏
PÕ®£o ˆuıh∫£ı⁄a ˆ\Ø¿P¯Õ ≠fl÷ §∂ƒPÕıP®
]”®¶® §∂¡ıP˜¡ P∏xQfl”⁄∫ Gfl”ıæÆ, 1950&BÆ
§∂UPªıÆ.
Bsk ¨u¿ 1960&BÆ BsiÿS C¯h®£mh
Pıªzv¿ CµshıÆ |¯ª®¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P¯Õzuıfl 1. PÕ®£o¯Øz vmh™ku¿
ˆ£∏Æ£ı˜ªı∫ £Øfl£kzv ¡¢x“Õ⁄∫. ]ª∫ 2. PÕ®£o¯Ø {hzxu¿
A®ˆ£ı xÆTh ¨u¿ |¯ª® ¶“Œ¬¡µa ˜\P∂zu¯ª 3. PÕ®£o ≠ªÆ ˜\P∂zuz uP¡¿P¯Õ ¨¯”®
Bu∂zu˜uık Au¯⁄ £∞ÿ÷¬zuæUSÆ, B¥¬ÿSÆ £kzxu¿.
Cfl‘د©Øıu J∏ ¨¯”ØıPU P∏v⁄∫. Cu⁄ı¿
PÕ®£o∞fl ¨UQØzx¡Æ {ı–US {ı“ AvP∂zx PÕ®£o¯Øa \∂ØıPa ˆ\¥x¨iUP, RÃUPsh
¡¢ux. Cfl˜”ı, PÕ®£o ∞¿ªı©¿ ¶¬∞Ø¿ B¥ƒ £i® £iØı⁄ ¨¯”P¯ÕU ¯PØı–u¿ ˜¡skÆ.
Gfl£x C¿¯ª. \≠P ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµz ˆuıh∫¶¯hØ 1. PÕ®£o∞¯⁄ ˜{ıUPzvÿ˜Pÿ£ ˆ\¥Ø
B¥¬ÿSz ˜u¯¡Øı⁄ ©UPŒfl Afl”ıh ˜¡siØ £oP¯Õ® £miغku¿ ˜¡skÆ.
{h¡iU¯PP¯Õ A‘Ø PÕ®£o ¨UQØ©ı⁄ Jfl”ıP® 2. PÕ®£o ˆ\¥¡uÿS ¨fl vmh™ku¿
£Øfl£kzu® £kQfl”x. PÕ®£o, B¥¡ıÕ∫PŒfl ˜¡skÆ.
¬⁄ıUP¯Õ® ˆ£ı∏zxÆ, ˜{ıUPzv¯⁄® ˆ£ı∏zxÆ
A¯©Qfl”x. 3. PÕ®£o ˆ\¥Ø®˜£ıSÆ ChzvÿSa
ˆ\¿¡uÿSÆ A[S u[S¡uÿSÆ
G¢uˆ¡ı∏ PÕ®£oUSÆ RÃUPsh¡ÿ‘¯⁄®
ˆ£ı∏z˜u ¨fl˜⁄ÿ£ıkP“ ˆ\¥u¿ A¡]ØÆ. ¨fl˜⁄ÿ£ıkP“ ˆ\¥u¿ A¡]ØÆ.
PÕ®£oU Pı⁄ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ£ımk {h¡iU¯PP–USz 4. PÕ®£oUSz ˜u¯¡Øı⁄® ˆ£ı∏mP¯Õ≤Æ,
˜u¯¡Øı⁄¯¡P“ : P∏¬ P¯Õ≤Æ uØı∫ |¯ª∞¿ ¯¡zu¿
1. PÕ®£o∞fl ˜{ıUP¨Æ ufl¯©≤Æ. A¡]ØÆ.
2. PÕ®£o∞¿ £[˜Pÿ£¡∫PŒfl {ªÆ ©ÿ÷Æ 5. ˜\P∂UP® ˜£ıQfl” ¨u¿|¯ª® ¶“Œ
{ª¡ıà £ÿ‘د¡. ¬¡µ[P¯Õ B¥ƒ ˆ\¥¡uÿSÆ ˆ£ı∏zu©ı⁄
3. PÕ®£o £ÿ‘Ø ¬¡µz¯u A桪P[P“ ¨¯”P¯Õz ˜u∫ƒ ˆ\¥u¿ ˜¡skÆ.
©ÿ÷Æ \Æ£¢u®£mh¡∫P–US ¨fl Tmi˜Ø 6. PÕ®£o ˆ\¥Øƒ“Õ £Sv¯Ø A¯huæÆ,
ˆu∂Ø® £kzxu¿. PÕ®£o¯Øz ˆuıh[Q {hzxuæÆ.
4. PÕ®£o ˜©ÿˆPı“–Æ Chz¯u® £ıxPızu¿ ¶“Œ¬¡µÆ ˆuıh∫£ı⁄® £∞ÿ]PŒ¿ RÃUPsh
(Conservation) ¯¡P“ ¨UQØ©ı⁄¯¡PÕıSÆ :
420 421
 1. Eÿ÷˜{ıUSu¿ (Observation)
2. ˜{∫UPın¿ (Interview)
3. £[˜Pÿ”¿ (Participation)
4. ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P¯Õ® £Szuı¥u¿ (Data Processing)
5. £Szuı¥¢u¡ÿ¯” ¬¡∂zu¿ (Interpretation)
C¡ÿ÷“ PÕ®£o∞¿, ˜{µiØıPU ˜Pmh‘≤Æ
˜{∫UPın¿ J∏ Ai®£¯h ¨¯”ØıSÆ. Cufl ≠ªÆ
ˆ£”®£kÆ ¶“Œ¬¡µ[P“ C÷v∞¿ ˜u¯¡®£kÆ
A‘U¯P∞¯⁄ G x¡uÿS ™PƒÆ Eu¬ØıP C∏USÆ.
G¿ªı¬u©ı⁄ PÕ®£o∞æÆ ¬¡µÆ u∏Æ A‘U¯P
G xu¿ (Interpretation / Explanation) uıfl ¨i¡ı⁄a
ˆ\تıSÆ. PÕ®£o∞¿ Dk£mh G¢u
©ın¡⁄ıæÆ Psh‘≤Æ v”¯⁄≤Æ, A‘U¯P G xÆ
¨¯”¯Ø≤Æ A‘¢x ˆPı“Õ ¨iQfl”x. ˆ£ıx¡ıP,
PÕ®£oz ˆuıh∫£ı⁄a ˆ\Ø¿PŒ¿ Eÿ÷ ˜{ıUSuæÆ
(Observation), A‘U¯P G xuæÆ (Report Writing)
¨UQØ©ı⁄ ˆ\Ø¿PÕıSÆ.
£µ®¶ \ı∫£ı⁄ ©ıv∂PŒfl ¡¯PP“ (Types of
Spatial Sampling) : ¨fl¨¯⁄¢x ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿
( Exploratory Sampling) : J∏ £Sv¯Ø® £ÿ‘ Gxƒ˜©
ˆu∂Øı©¿ C∏¢uıæÆ, A¿ªx ˜£ıx©ı⁄ uP¡¿P“
ˆu∂Øı©¿ C∏¢uıæÆ, A¢u £Sv¯Ø® £ÿ‘ ˆu∂¢x
ˆPı“¡uÿS ¨uº¿ ¨fl¨¯⁄¢x ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿
¨¯”¯Ø (Exploratory Sampling) P¯h®§izu¿ ˜¡skÆ.
Cx J∏ ¨u¿ ¨Øÿ]ØıP A¯©¢x, ˆ£ıx¡ı⁄z
uP¡¿P“ {©USU Q¯hUP Eu¬ØıP C∏USÆ.
GkzxUPımhıP, FµP ¡Õ∫a] ¯©ØÆ Jfl‘¿
£o¶∂≤Æ J∏¡¯µ J∏ S‘®§mh Qµı©zv¿ Gzu¯⁄
√kPŒ¿ √miÿS E“˜Õ usp∫ S«ı¥ C¯n®¶
E“Õx Gfl÷ PnUˆPkUSÆ£i £ozx“ÕuıP
¯¡zxUˆPı“˜¡ıÆ. C¢u®£o¯Ø ˆ\¥Ø
¨¯⁄¢x ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ ¨¯”¯Ø
RÃUPsh¡ı÷ £Øfl£kzuªıÆ. A¯⁄zx® £SvUSÆ
ˆ\fl÷ ˆ¡Œ®¶” A¯”P“ E“Õ √kP¯Õ ©mkÆ
£ı∫zx A¡ÿ‘¿ Gzu¯⁄ √kPŒ¿ Em¶” S«ı¥
422
C¯n®¶ E“Õx Gfl÷ Psk A‘تıÆ. C¢u
PnUˆPk®§fl˜£ıx, A¢u® £Sv¯Ø® £ÿ‘Ø ©ÿ”
uP¡¿P–Æ ˆu∂Ø¡∏Æ. C¢u ¨¯”¯ØU ¯PØı–¡ufl
≠ªÆ Bµı¥a]ØıÕ∫P“ Cx¡¯µ ˜Pı∫¯¡®£kzu®
£hıu uP¡¿ (Undocumented) £ÿ‘Ø |ª¡¯µ® £h[P“
uØı∂UP ¡»¡SUSÆ.
C¢u |ª¡¯µ®£h[P“ ¨ ¡xÆ ¡¯µØ®£hıu
|¯ª∞¿ C∏¢uı¿ Th, C¤ ˜©ÿˆPı“Õ® ˜£ıSÆ
B¥¬ÿS Cx J∏ ¨uÿ£iØıP A¯©≤Æ.
£ØnÆ ˆ\fl÷ ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ (Reconnaissance
Sampling) : J∏ £Sv¯Ø® £ÿ‘ KµÕƒ uP¡¿P“
J∏ ˜\P∂UP® £mk, ˜©æÆ ˜¡÷£ª uP¡¿P“ ˜\P∂UP®£h
˜¡si ∞∏®§fl, £ØnÆ ˆ\fl÷ ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿
¨¯”¯Ø P¯h®§iUPªıÆ. C¢u ¨¯” S÷QØ
Pıªzv¿, S¯”¢u ˆ\ª¬¿ ¯PØıÕ®£mk, ¨fl
¨¯⁄¢x ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ ¨¯”¯ØU PımiæÆ ¨i¢u
AÕƒ Tkuªı⁄z uP¡¿P¯Õ ˜\P∂UP®
£Øfl£kQfl”x. 1920&BÆ Bsk ˆ©U͘Pı {ımifl
¡h˜©ÿS ¡mhıµzv¿ ¶¯uˆ£ı∏“ Bµı¥a]
¨UQØzx¡Æ ¡ı¥¢u Ch[P¯Õz ˆu∂ƒ ˆ\¥¡uÿPıP,
Czx¯”¯Ø E∏¡ıUQØ hı⁄ı¿m i. §µısm (Donald D.
Brand) A¡∫P–Æ A¡∏¯hØ ¡»PımiØı⁄ Pı∫¿ K.
\ıØ∫ (Carl O. Sauer) A¡∫P–Æ C¢u ¨¯”¯ØU
¯PØıshx J∏ ]”¢u GkzxUPımhıP ¬Õ[SQfl”x.
C¡∫P–US ¨fl Bµı¥a] ˆ\¥u¡∫P“ ¶¯uˆ£ı∏“
Bµı¥a] Ch[P“ ]ª C∏UQfl”⁄ Gfl£¯u ©mk˜©
¨fl¨¯⁄¢x ˆu∂¢ ˆukzu¿ ¨¯” ≠ªÆ A‘¢uı∫P“.
§µıskÆ, \ıØ∏Æ Pı∂¿ ˆ\¿æƈ£ı x ]ª
\©ØÆ Pı∫ £ u¯h¢x |fl÷¬kÆ. A®£i |ÿSÆ
¨fl
ˆ£ı ˆu¿ªıÆ, A∏Q¿ H˜u›Æ Sfl÷ C∏¢uı¿ \ıØ∫
A[S ˆ\fl÷ Bµı¥a] {hzx¡ı∫. Pı∫ £ x
£ı∫UP®£mk, Pı∂fl CØ¢vµÆ CØ[P BµÆ§zuƒhfl
Aufl \zuÆ ˜Pmk Pı∏USz v∏Ƨ ¡∏¡ı∫. Hˆ⁄¤¿,
423
Aa\©Ø[P“ A¡∏US ™PƒÆ £Ø›“Õ¯¡ØıP
C∏¢u⁄. A¡µx Bµı¥a]PŒfl ¡»˜Ø Q¯hzu
¬¡µ[PŒfl ufl¯©¯Ø≤Æ, Pı∫ £ u¯h¢u¯u≤Æ \ıØ∫
G®˜£ıxÆ J®§mk® £ı∫zx ©Qáı∫.
¬∂¡ı⁄ B¥ƒ ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿
Sampling) :
Cƨ¯”∞¿ ¨ ¬¡µ[P“, ˆ£∏Æ £µ®£Õ¬
º∏¢x ˜\P∂UP®£kQfl”⁄. GkzxUPımhıP, ¡mhıµ
AÕ¬¿ Pın®£kÆ ¶¿ˆ¡ŒP“ ©ÿ÷Æ C¯ª≤v∫U
PıkP“ BQØ¡ÿ‘¯⁄® £ÿ‘ A‘بi≤Æ.
wµ B´Ä ©õv¶ öu¶¢öukzuÀ
(INTENSIVE SAMPLING)
Cƨ¯”∞¿ S¯”¢u £µ®§¿ ™SvØı⁄
¬¡µ[P“ ˜\P∂UP®£kQfl”⁄. GkzxUPımhıP, uı¡µ®
£Sv¯Ø ©ıv∂ØıP GkzxU ˆPı“–Æ ˆ£ı x,
J∆ˆ¡ı∏ £Sv ∞æÆ E“Õ uı¡µ ˜¡÷£ımi¯⁄
Cƨ¯”∞fl ≠ªÆ A‘¢x ˆPı“Õ ¨iQfl”x
(GkzxUPımk : ¶¿ ˆ¡ŒP“ |¯”¢u PıkP“).
B´Ä ©õv¶ A»SPÒ (SAMPLING UNITS)
¦ÒÎ ©õv¶ öu¶¢öukzuÀ (POINT SAMPLING)
Cƨ¯” ≠ªÆ, S‘®§mh £SvPŒ¿ uP¡¿P“
˜\P∂UP®£kQfl”⁄. §fl¶ A¢u ¬¡µ[P¯Õ Ai®
£¯hØıPU ˆPısk A¢u Chzv¯⁄®£ÿ‘Ø
uP¡¿P¯Õ KµÕ¬ÿS FQzxU T”¨iQfl”x.
GkzxUPımhıP, J∏ £Sv∞¿ Pın®£kÆ ©s¯n®
£ÿ‘ A‘Ø ˜¡sk ©ı⁄ı¿, A¢u® £Sv∞fl £ª
Ch[PŒ¿ ¶“Œ¨¯” ©ıv∂P“ Gkzx §fl¶ J˜µ
©ıv∂ ©s E“Õ £Sv¯Ø≤Æ ©s ˜¡÷£ımi¯⁄®
£ÿ‘≤Æ GkzxU T”ªıÆ.
424
£µ¨¦ ©õv¶ öu¶¢öukzuÀ (AREA SAMPLING)
™PƒÆ £µ¢x£mh £Sv¯Ø® £ÿ‘Ø ¬¡µ[P¯Õ
A‘Ø, J∏ ]‘Ø |ª®£Sv¯Øz ˆu∂¢ˆukzx
¬¡µ[P“ ˜\P∂UP®£k¡uÿS £µ®¶ ©ıv∂
ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ (Area Sampling) Gfl÷ ˆ£Ø∫. Cx Cµsk
(Extensive
¡¯P®£kÆ. Jfl÷ |¯ªØı⁄x (Fixed), ©ÿˆ”ıfl÷ ©ı÷Æ
ufl¯©≤¯hØx (variable). ¨uªı¡v¿, ©ıv∂US GkzxU
ˆPısh £Sv∞fl AÕƒ ©ÿ÷Æ ¡i¡Æ
|¯ªØı⁄uıSÆ. C®£Sv H”U S¯”Ø, S‘®§mh
Bµzv¿ E∏¡ıUP®£mh ¡mh ¡i¡zv˜ªı A¿ªx
J∏ S‘®§mh AÕ¬¿ E∏¡ıUP® £mh J∏
\xµzv¯⁄® ˜£ıfl˜”ı C∏USÆ. ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿
|ª®£Sv∞fl AÕ¡ı⁄x (Sample Areas) B¥¬ÿˆP⁄
GkzxU ˆPı“Õ®£mk“Õvfl Ah∫zv ¯Ø≤Æ,
ufl¯©¯Ø≤Æ ˆ£ı∏z˜u A¯©Qfl”x. GkzxU PımhıP
Ah∫zvØı⁄ B⁄ı¿ uıáı⁄z uı¡µ[P“ £ÿ‘
B¥¬ÿSz (low and dense vegetation) ˆu∂¢ˆukzu |ª®
£Sv∞fl AÕƒ ]‘ØuıPƒÆ (_©ı∫ 1 \xµ´mh∫
£µ®£Õƒ), PıkP“ ˆuıh∫£ı⁄¡ÿ‘ÿS ™P® ˆ£∂Ø
AÕ¬ªı⁄ |ª®£SvØıPƒÆ GkzxU
ˆPı“Õ®£kQfl”x.
©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ |ª®£Sv∞fl AÕ¬¯⁄z
w∫©ı¤UP RÃUPsh T÷P“ & £µ®¶ ¡¯Õƒ
(Phenomena - Area curve) ¯PØıÕ®£kQfl”x. Auı¡x
|ª® £Sv¯Ø 'X' Aa]æÆ (X-axis) B¥¬ÿS GkzxU
ˆPı“Õ® £mh¯u "Y' Aa]æÆ, (Y-axis) ˆuıh∫¶£kzv
¡¯µ£hÆ ¡¯µØ®£k Qfl”x. Cv¿ ¡¯ÕU˜Pımi¿
G¢u J∏ ¶“ŒUS® §”S ¡¯ÕU˜Pık Q¯hØıP
E“Õ˜uı, A¢u S‘®§mh ¶“Œuıfl ©ıv∂
ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ £SvUS (Sampling Area) ˆ£ı∏zu©ı⁄
AÕ¡ıSÆ (Ideal size).
}Ò©õv¶ öu¶¢öukzuÀ (LINEAR SAMPLING)
Cv¿ |ª®£SvUS {k¬¿, S÷UPıP }Õ¡ıUQ¿
(Transect) ˜Pık ˜£ıh®£mk, Aufl Ai®£¯h∞¿,
425
AuÿS A∏Q¿ ©ıv∂P“ ˆu∂¢ˆukUP® £kQfl”⁄.
Cu¯⁄ PÕzvÿSa ˆ\¿ªı©˜ª˜Ø |ª¡¯µ®£hÆ
A¿ªx ¡ıfl ˆ¡Œ® ¶¯P®£hzv¯⁄U ˆPıs˜h
©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukUP ˜¡siØ £Sv¯Øz ˜u∫ƒ ˆ\¥x
§fl¶ PÕzvÿSa ˆ\fl÷ PÕ®£o ˆ\¥ØªıÆ. C¢u
©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu |ª®£Sv }Õ©ı⁄ ˜Pık ˜£ıfl˜”ı
}sh £m¯h ˜£ıfl˜”ı ¬¡µ[PŒfl ufl¯©U˜Pÿ£
˜u∫ƒ ˆ\¥Ø®£kQfl”x.
Aø©Âh©À»õu ©õv¶ öu¶¢öukzuÀ
(PLOTLESS SAMPLING)
Cx {ıflPı¡x ©ıv∂ØıSÆ (Sampling Unit). Cx
™PƒÆ ]UPªı⁄xÆ, AvP ˜{µÆ GkzxU
ˆPı“ÕUTiØx©ıSÆ. G⁄˜¡, Cx J∏ EP¢u ©ıv∂
A¿ª Gfl˜” T”ªıÆ. G¢u J∏ ¶¬∞Ø¿ \ı∫¶¯hØ
B¥¬ÿSÆ ¶“Œ¨¯”, £µ®¶ ¨¯” A¿ªx }“©ıv∂
ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ ¨¯” (Linear Method) BQØ¡ÿ‘¿
H˜u›Æ Jfl˜” £Øfl£kzu®£kQfl”x.
£µ®¶ \ı∫¶ ©ıv∂¯Ø ¡i¡¯©zu¿ (Spatial Sampling
Design): ˜©ÿPsh ©ıv∂P¯Õzu¬µ PÕ®£o ˆ\¥˜¡ı∫
RÃUPsh ©ıv∂ ¨¯”P¯Õ≤Æ §fl£ÿ‘ ¡∏Qfl”⁄∫.
£i|¯ª ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ (Hierarchical Sampling).
CÆ ¨¯”∞¿ ¡mh® §∂ƒ, {PµÆ, ©ı|ªÆ, {ık ˜£ıfl”
J∆ˆ¡ı∏ £µ®§¿ C∏¢xÆ ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“ ˜\P∂UP®
£kQfl”⁄.
S‘®§mh¯¡Ø¿ªıu ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ (Random
Sampling) : ¶“Œ¬¡µ[P“ ˜\P∂®§ÿS Cƨ¯” £Øfl
£kzu®£kQfl”x. Cvæ“Õ S¯”£ık Gfl⁄ˆ¡¤¿
¡mhıµ[P“ ¨ ¡uÿS©ı⁄ ¬¡µ[P¯Õ® £ÿ‘ A‘Ø
¨i¡v¿¯ª. Cƨ¯”∞¿ S‘®§mh¯¡Ø¿ªıu
©ıv∂ ©mkÆ ˜u∫ƒ ˆ\¥Ø®£kÆ.
{¿¨¯” ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ (Systematic Sampling) :
Cv¿ ©ıv∂P“ ˆu∂ƒ J∏ S‘®§mh C¯hˆ¡Œ∞¿
426
¨¯”ØıPa ˆ\¥Ø®£kQfl”x. GkzxUPımhıP, J∏
PÕ®£oØıÕ∫ {Pµ[P“ \¢vUSÆ Ch[PŒ˜ªı A¿ªx
\ı¯ªP“ \¢vUSÆ Ch[PŒ˜ªı PınUQ¯hUQfl”
A¿ªx C¿ªıu T÷P¯Õ Gkzx ©v®•k ˆ\¥ØªıÆ.
AkUP¯©zx S‘®§mh¯¡ A¿ªıu©ıv∂
ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ (Stratified Random Sampling) : _∏UP©ıPU
T‘⁄ı¿, Cx S‘®§mh¯¡Ø¿ªıu ©ıv∂ ©mkÆ
ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ (random samping), {¿¨¯” ©ıv∂
ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ (systematic Sampling) BQØ CµskÆ
˜\∫¢u J∏ \ıµıÆ\Æ Gfl˜” T”ªıÆ. Cƨ¯” KµÕ¬ÿS
\©a^µı⁄ ¨¯”Øıuªı¿ ˆ£∏Æ £Sv∞¿ ¶“Œ¬¡µ
˜\P∂®§ÿS Hx¡ı⁄uıSÆ.
¨i¡ıPU T‘⁄ı¿ ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzuæUˆP⁄
u¤®£mh Pi⁄©ı⁄ ¬v¨¯”P“ C¿¯ªˆØfl˜”
T”ªıÆ. ˆ£ıx¡ıP, EªPÆ £¿˜¡”ı⁄ ¬¡µ[P“
Ah[QØ Jfl”ıSÆ. A¡ÿ‘¯⁄ GŒ¯©ØıUQ
¬¡µ[P¯Õ ©UP–USU Q¯hUPa ˆ\¥¡x PÕ®£o
Gfl˜” T”ªıÆ. G⁄˜¡, uµ©ı⁄ ©ÿ÷Æ G¿˜ªıµıæÆ
Hÿ÷U ˆPı“ÕUTiØ ¡¯PØı⁄ ¨¯”P¯Õ®
£Øfl£kzv ¶“Õ¬¡µ[P¯Õ A‘u¿ A¡]Ø©ıSÆ.
G¢u ¨¯”∞æÆ, uª˜¡÷£ık, `Ã|¯ª ©ÿ÷Æ
A¯©¬hzvÿS Hÿ£zuıfl £ØflP“ A¯©≤Æ.
¬⁄ız ˆuıS®§¯⁄ uØı∂zuæUS §fl£ÿ”®£h
˜¡siØ ¡»¨¯”P“ (Designing Schedule of Questions or
Questionnaire)
¬⁄ıUP¯Õz ˆuıSzˆu xu¿ Gfl£x J∏
Pi⁄©ı⁄ ˆ\Ø¿ Gfl˜” T”ªıÆ. AuÿS £¿˜¡÷
¡»¨¯”P“ E“Õ⁄. A¡ÿ÷“ ™PƒÆ ¨UQØ©ı⁄xÆ
©ÿ÷Æ GŒ¯©Øı⁄ ¡»¨¯”PÕı¡⁄ :
~soØ S¯”P“ & ˆ£ı∏“ ¡i¡¯©zu¿
(Micro Issues - Item Design)
1. ˆ£ıx¡ı⁄ ¬v¨¯”P“ (General Rules)
2. Aa_÷zuıu ¬⁄ıUP“ (Non-threatening questions)
427
 3. Aa_÷zuUTiØ ¬⁄ıUP“ (Threatening questions) 3. u¯ª®¶ Pıªzvÿ˜Pÿ” ¡¯P∞¿ \∂Øı⁄uıP
4. A‘ƒa \ı∫¶ ¬⁄ıUP“ (Knowledge questions) C∏zu¿ ˜¡skÆ.

II. ¬⁄ıUP–US ¡ı∫z¯u A¯©zuº¿ §fl£ÿ” V. Aa_÷zxÆ ¬⁄ıUP¯ÕU ˜Pmh¿ G⁄®£k¡x

˜¡siØ ¬vP“ (General Rules for wording)
1. ˆ©ı» GŒØ {¯h∞¿ C∏zu¿ ˜¡skÆ.
2. ¬⁄ıUP“ ]‘uıP C∏zu¿ ˜¡skÆ.
3. uıUSÆ ¡¯PØı⁄ ¬⁄ıUP¯Õz u¬∫zu¿
˜¡skÆ (Avoid double - barrelled questions).
1. ˜©ˆª ¢u¡ı∂Øı⁄¯¡P“.
2. vmh™h®£hıu¯¡ØıP C∏zu¿.
3. ¬¯hT” AvP ˜{µÆ §iUPUTiØ ¬⁄ıUP“
4. ¬⁄ı ˜©¿ ¬⁄ı¡ıP (AkUPıP) C∏zu¿.

4. Gv∫£ı∫USÆ £v¿ u∏Æ ¬⁄ıUP¯Õ≤Æ VI. \≠Pzv⁄µı¿ ¬∏Æ£UTiØ ¡¯P∞¿ E“Õ

u¬∫zu¿ ˜¡skÆ (Avoid leading questions).
5. ©¯”¨P©ı⁄, ≥PÆ ˆ\¥ØUTiØ ¬⁄ıUP¯Õz
u¬∫zu¿ (Avoid implicit questions).
6. S«®£©ı⁄ ˆ\ıÿˆ”ıh¯µ® £Øfl£kzxÆ
ˆ£ı x P¡⁄©ıP C∏zu¿ ˜¡skÆ.
¬⁄ıUP“ (asking socially desirable questions).
1. {¯h¨¯” AqS¨¯”≤hfl TiØx.
2. Pıµnzxhfl TiØ ¬⁄ıUP“.
3. ¬¯hT” AvP ˜{µÆ §iUPıu ¬⁄ıUP“.

III. Aa_÷zuUTiØ Aa_÷zuıu ¬⁄ıUP“ (Threaten- 4. AÕƒUS AvP©ıP ™¯P®£kzvU T”ıu

ing vs Non-threatening Questions) ¬⁄ıUP“.

1. Aa_÷zuUTiØ ¬⁄ı Gfl”ı¿ Gfl⁄? VII. A‘ƒ ß∫¡©ı⁄ ¬⁄ıUP“ (asking knowledge
2. Aa_÷zu¿ Gfl£x Cµsk ¡¯P : questions)

(i) \¨uıØzv⁄µı¿ ¬∏Æ£®£kÆ ¬⁄ıUP“. A‘ƒß∫¡©ı⁄ ¬⁄ıUP¯ÕU ˜Pm£uÿPı⁄U

PıµnÆ Gfl⁄?
(ii) \¨uıØzv⁄µı¿ ¬∏Æ£zuPıu ¬⁄ıUP“.
1. GkzxUPımk & ˆ©m∂U ¨¯”∞¿ 1977&BÆ
3. Aa_÷zuıu ¬⁄ıUPŒ⁄ı¿ Hÿ£hUTiØ
Bsk {hzu®£mh \∫˜¡.
§µa\¯⁄P“ bı£P \Uv¯Ø® ˆ£ı÷zux.
IV. Aa_÷zuıu ¬⁄ıUP¯ÕU ˜Pmh¿ G⁄®£k¡x 2. ¬⁄ıUP“ A‘ƒß∫¡©ıP A¯©Ø
˜¡sk©ı⁄ı¿ :
1. |¯⁄¬¿ |ÿPUTiØ ¬⁄ıUP¯Õ® £Øfl£kzu
˜¡skÆ. (i) ¬»®¶n∫ƒhfl C∏zu¿
2. ¬⁄ıUP¯ÕU S‘®§mh Gv∫˜{ıUQ £v¿ u∏Æ (ii) £ª¬u ¬¯hPŒº∏¢x \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Ø
¡¯P∞¿, E∏¡ıUP ˜¡skÆ. ¬⁄ı¬ÿS Hÿ£ ˜u∫¢ˆukzu¿.

428 429
 (iii) ¬⁄ı ¬ÕUP©ıP C∏zu¿.
(iv) x¿ºØ©ı⁄ AÕƒÆ ¬⁄ıƒÆ ˜\∫¢v∏zu¿.
¦ÒÎ ÂÁµa ÷\P¶¨¦ (DATA COLLECTION)
¶¬∞دª® ˆ£ı∏zu¡¯µ ¶“Œ¬¡µa ˜\P∂®¶
Gfl£x ™PƒÆ ¨UQØ©ı⁄ Jfl”ıSÆ. PÕzvÿSa (field)
ˆ\fl÷ uUP ¬⁄ıUP“ ≠ª©ıP ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“
˜\P∂UP®£kÆ. A∆¡ı÷ ˜\P∂UP®£kÆ ˆ£ı x 3
GŒ¯©Øı⁄ ¨¯”P“ P¯h§iUP®£kQfl”⁄.
1. Eÿ÷ ˜{ıUSu¿ ¬¡µ[P“ (Observed data)
2. ˜{∫UPın¿ ≠ª©ıP ˆ£”®£kÆ ¬¡µ[P“
(Interview data)
3. ¬⁄ız ˆuıS®¶ ≠ª©ıP® ˆ£”®£kÆ ¬¡µ[P“
(schedule or questionnaire based data)
1. Eÿ÷ ˜{ıUSuº¿ Q¯hUSÆ ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“
(Observed data)
¶¬\ı∫¢u ¬¡µ[P¯Õ® £ı∫zu ©ızvµzv˜ª˜Ø
Psh‘¡x Gfl£x A∆¡Õƒ GŒu¿ª. B¥ƒ ˆ\¥Ø
˜¡siØ¡ÿ‘¯⁄≤Æ, A¡ÿ‘fl ufl¯©, £Øfl£ık
BQØ ¡ÿ¯”≤Æ ˆ£ı∏zxzuıfl C®¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“
˜\P∂UP® £ku¿ ˜¡skÆ. Cv¿ ¨UQØ©ı⁄,
ˆ£ıx¡ı⁄, A‘¡ı∫zu©ı⁄ ¬¡µ[P“
˜\P∂UP®£kQfl”⁄.
2. ˜{∫UPın¿ ≠ªÆ ˜\P∂UP®£kÆ
¬¡µ[P“ (Interview data)
Cƨ¯”∞¿ ˜u¯¡®£kÆ ¬¡µ[P“ ˜{∫UPın¿
≠ªÆ ˜\P∂UP®£kQfl”⁄. CuÿS ˜PmP®£kQfl”
˜P“¬ P¯Õz uØı∂zx ¯¡zxU ˆPısk §fl⁄∫
¬¡µ[P“ ˜\P∂UP®£kQfl”⁄. Cƨ¯”∞¿
¬⁄ıUP¯Õ Efl¤® £ıPU P¡¤zx Auÿ˜Pÿ£ \∂Øı⁄
£v¯ª AŒzu¿ ™PƒÆ A¡]ØÆ.
430
3. ¬⁄ız ˆuıS®¶ ˆPısk ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P¯Õa
˜\P∂zu¿ (schedule or questionnaire based data)
¬⁄ız ˆuıS®¶ uØı∂zu˜ª J∏ ¨UQØ©ı⁄
ˆ\تıSÆ. ¬⁄ız ˆuıS®¶ Cµsk ¡¯P®£kÆ.
1. ˜{∫UPın¿ {hzx£¡∫, ˜{∫UPın¯ª {hzx
¡uÿSU ¯PØıÕ®£kÆ ¬⁄ıUP“.
2. ˜{∫UPın¿ {hzx£¡µı¿ uØı∂UP®£mh ¬⁄ız
ˆuıS®£ı⁄x, ˜{∫UPınº¿ £[˜Pÿ£¡∫P–US
ˆPıkUP®£mk ¬⁄ıUP–UPı⁄ ¬¯h¯Ø
|µ®£®£mh §fl¶ v∏Æ£® ˆ£”®£kQfl”
¬⁄ız ˆuıS®¶.
©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ (Sampling)
¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P¯Õa ˜\P∂zu¿ Gfl£x ™PƒÆ Ai®
£¯hØı⁄ Jfl÷. \≠P, ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ B¥¬¿ ©UP“
A¯⁄¡¯µ≤Æ ˜{∫UPın¿ ≠ªÆ ¬¡µ[P“ ˜\P∂®£x
Gfl£x GŒu¿ª. G⁄˜¡, A¡∫P–“ ]ª¯µ ©mkÆ
˜u∫¢ˆukzx ¬⁄ıUP–US ¬¯hPıqÆ ¨¯”US
©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ (sample selection) Gfl÷ ˆ£Ø∫. {ıÆ
˜\P∂UQfl” ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P¯Õ, Cµsk ¡¯PPÕıP®
§∂UPªıÆ Gfl£¯u ¨fl˜£ £ı∫z˜uıÆ. A¯¡ :
1. ¨u¿ |¯ª® ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“
2. CµshıÆ |¯ª® ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“
1. ¨u¿|¯ª® ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“ (Primary data)
¶“Œ
C¢u ¡¯P∞¿ ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P¯Õ ©ıv∂P“
(samples) ˆu∂¢ˆukzu §fl⁄∫ ¬¡µ[P“ ˜\P∂UP®
£kQfl”⁄. Auı¡x, ¬⁄ıUP“ uØı∂UP®£mk
A¡ÿ÷“ ˜u∫¢ˆukUP® £mk“Õ ˜u¯¡Øı⁄ ¬⁄ıU
P–US ¬¯hP“ ˆ£”® £kQfl”⁄. C∆¬¡µ[P“ §fl¶
B¥ƒ ˆ\¥Ø®£mk (analysed) ¶∂≤Æ ¡¯P∞¿ A‘U¯P
(Interpretation) uØı∂UP®£kQfl”x.
431
 2. CµshıÆ |¯ª® ¶“Œ¬¡µ[P“ (Secondary data) 2. ˜u¯¡®£hUTiØ, J∏ S‘®§mh ¡¯PØı⁄ ¶“Œ
¬¡µ[P“
C∆¡¯P∞¿ ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[PÕı⁄x ¶zuP[P“,
A. √kPŒ¿ B. u¤®£mh¡∂hÆ
B¡n[P“, A‘U¯PP“ ˜£ıfl”¡ÿ‘º∏¢x ˜\P∂UP®
£kQfl”⁄. C∆¡¯P∞¿ ©UPmˆuı¯P PnUˆPk®¶ C. ©ıv∂∞fl ≠ªÆ D. {s£∫PŒhÆ
≠ªÆ (Census Tract) ˆ£”®£kQfl” ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P–Æ 3. {ıÆ B¥ƒ ˆ\¥Ø®£hƒ“Õ Chzv¯⁄® £ÿ‘Ø
Ah[SÆ. ¬⁄ıU P–UPı⁄ £v¿, ˜\P∂UP®£mk“Õ RÃUPsh
¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“ ≠ªÆ A‘تıÆ.
Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“
A. Psh‘u¿ B. ˜{∫UPın¿
1. J∏ S‘®§mh ˜{ıUPzvÿPıP, vmh™h®£mk (Observation) (Interview)
{hzu® £kÆ PÕ®£o¯Ø® £ÿ‘ ©ın¡∫P“ C. ¬⁄ız ˆuıS®¶ D. E¯µØıh¿ (Dialogue)
ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“Qfl”⁄∫. (Schedule)
2. ˜{∫UPınæUPı⁄ ¬⁄ız ˆuıS®§¯⁄ (Interview 4. J∏ S‘®§mh ©UP¯Õ ©mkÆ ˜u∫¢ˆukzx A¡∫P“
Schedule) uØı∫ ˆ\¥≤Æ ¬uzv¯⁄ ©ın¡∫P“ ≠ªÆ ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“ ˜\P∂®£uÿS
A‘¢x ˆPı“Qfl”⁄∫. A. ©ıv∂ {£∫P“ B. Psh‘£¡∫P“
3. B¥ƒ ˆ\¥¡uÿSz ˜u¯¡Øı⁄® ¶“Œ C. £ı∫¯¡ØıÕ∫P“ D. ˜Pm£¡∫P“
¬¡µ[P–UPıP ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ (Sample) II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ |µ®¶P
≠ª©ıP ˆ£”UTiØ ¬uzv¯⁄ ©ın¡∫P“ 1. ¬⁄ıUP“ Ah[QØ J∏ _______ ¯ª ¶“Œ ¬¡µÆ
A‘¢x ˆPı“Qfl”⁄∫. ˜\P∂®£uÿS PÕ®£o∞fl˜£ıx £Øfl£kzu®
4. B¥¬ÿPı⁄ Chzv¯⁄ G∆¡ı÷ ˜u∫ƒ ˆ\¥¡x £kQfl˜”ıÆ.
Gfl£¯u ©ın¡∫P“ A‘¢x ˆPı“Qfl”⁄∫. 2. ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P¯Õ ˜\P∂®£uÿS _______ Gfl£x J∏
5. ¨UQØ ¬¡µ[P¯Õ A‘Ø ¨uªı¡uıPa ¨UQØa ˆ\تıSÆ.
ˆ\¥Ø®£kÆ PnUˆPk®¶ (Pilot Survey) ©ÿ÷Æ 3. ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“ ˜\P∂®£v¿ PÕ®£o J∏ ________
¨i¡ıPa ˆ\¥Ø®£kÆ PnUˆPk®¶ (Survey), ¨¯”ØıSÆ.
©ÿ÷Æ ˜{∫UPın¿ ¨¯” BQØ¡ÿ‘¯⁄ 4. PÕ®£o ˆ\¥≤ƈ£ı x____________Gfl£x ¨UQØ
©ın¡∫P“ A‘¢x ˆPı“Qfl”⁄∫. ˆ\Ø¿PŒ¿ Jfl”ıSÆ.
III. §fl¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ¯”® ˆ£ı∏zxP
_Ø ©v®•k
1. ˜{∫UPın¿ && ˆ©ızu ©UPŒ¿ J∏ S‘®§mh
I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Øz ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ GsoU¯P≤¯hØ {£∫P¯Õ
1. Cfl¯”Ø |¯ª∞¿ ©UP“ \ı∫¢u PÕ®£o∞¿ ˆuıh∫ ©mkÆ ˜u∫¢ˆukzu¿
¶¯hØx 2. ¨u¿|¯ª® B¥¬ÿPı⁄U ˜P“¬P¯Õ
A. {h¡iU¯P B. |ª¡¯µ®£hÆ uØı∂zu¿ ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“ && uØı∫ ˆ\¥u¿
C. ©ıv∂®£hÆ D. P¯u T÷u¿ 3. ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ ¨¯”®£kzu®£mh ¶“Œ
(Sampling) && ¬¡µ[P“

432 433
 4. ¬⁄ızˆuıS®¶ && ¶¬∞غ¿, ©ıv∂ ≠ªÆ
¶“Œ¬¡µ[P“ ˜\P∂zu¿
5. uP¡¿ && u¤®£mh¡∫P¯Õa \¢vzx
uP¡¿ ˜\P∂zu¿
IV. _∏UP©ıP ¬¯hØŒUPƒÆ
1. PÕ®£o ˆ\¥Øz ˜u¯¡Øı⁄ ≠fl÷ ˆ\Ø¿P¯ÕU
T÷P.
2. PÕ®£o∞¿ Gflˆ⁄fl⁄ ¨¯”P“ §fl£ÿ”®
£kQfl”⁄?
3. PÕ®£oUSz ˜u¯¡Øı⁄ ≠fl÷ ¨UQØ ¨fl
ˆ⁄a\∂U¯P {h¡iU¯PP¯ÕU T÷P.
4. PÕ®£o ˆ\¥¡uÿS ˜¡siØ B÷ |¯ªPŒ¿
(Steps) H˜u›Æ Jfl‘¯⁄®£ÿ‘ G xP.
5. ¶“Œ ¬¡µa ˜\P∂®§¯⁄ ¬ÕUSP.
V. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P
1. PÕ®£o∞¿, ¶¬∞Ø¿ ˆuıh∫£ı⁄ ¬¡µ[P¯Õ
¬ÕUQ G xP.
2. PÕ®£oz ˆuıh∫£ı⁄ ¨flˆ⁄a\∂U¯PP“ Øı¯¡?
3. G¢u PıµnzvÿPıP, G∆¡ı÷ PÕ®£o
ˆ\¥Ø®£kQfl”x Gfl£¯u ¬ÕUSP.
4. PÕ®£o∞¿ G¢ˆu¢u £∞ÿ]P“ (practices) ¯PØıÕ®
£kQfl”⁄?
5. ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ (sampling) Gfl”ı¿ Gfl⁄?
©ıv∂P“ G∆¡ı÷ ˜u∫¢ˆukUP®£kQfl”⁄?
VI. ˆ\¥¨¯”® £∞ÿ] (Practical Exercise)
1. J∏ GŒ¯©Øı⁄ ¬⁄ız ˆuıS®§¯⁄z uØı∫ ˆ\¥x,
\≠PÆ, ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµÆ ˆuıh∫£ı⁄ ¬¡µ[P“
˜\P∂USÆ PÕ®£o¯Ø A∏Pı¯©∞¿ E“Õ
£Sv∞¿ ˆ\¥ØƒÆ.

434
 AªS XII : £[˜Pÿ¶ ©v®•k
£ıhÆ 12

Av˜¡P ©ÿ÷Æ £[˜Pÿ¶ ©v®•k

Pÿ”¿ ˜{ıUP[P“
1. ©ın¡∫ £[˜Pÿ¶ ¨¯”P“ Gfl”¯«UP®£kÆ
ˆ\Ø¿ ¨¯”P¯ÕU Pÿ”æÆ ˆ©a_uæÆ.
2. ©ın¡∫ Av˜¡P ©ÿ÷Æ £[˜Pÿ¶ ©v®•kPŒ¿
S‘®£ıP CØÿ¯P ¡Õ[P¯Õ ˜©ªıs¯© ˆ\¥¡x
£ÿ‘Ø ]ª ¨¯”P¯Õ Pÿ÷z ˆuŒu¿.
Cfl¯”Ø B¥ƒPŒ¿ FµP ˜©Æ£ımi¯⁄a
\ı∫¢x ¡«UQº∏USÆ ©v®•k ¨¯”PŒ¿ Cµsk
ˆ{∏[QØ AqS¨¯”P“ ˆ£∏Æ£ıæÆ £Øfl£kzu®
£kQfl”⁄. A¯¡P“ :
1. Av˜¡P FµP ©v®•k ¨¯” (Rapid Rural Appraisal -
RRA): Cx 1980&BÆ Bsk ˜uıfl‘ ¬¯µ¡ıP® £µ¬Øx.
Cv¿ FµP ˜©Æ£ımi¯⁄ ©v®§hz ˜u¯¡Øı⁄
uP¡¿P“ EØ∫©mhzv¿ ˆ¡Œ{£∫ PÕı¿ ˜\P∂UP®
£kQfl”⁄. ˜\P∂UP®£mhz uP¡¿PŒfl Ai®£¯h∞¿
FµP[PŒfl ˜u¯¡P“ ©v®§h® £kQfl”⁄.
2. £[˜Pÿ¶ FµP ©v®•k ¨¯” (Participatory Rural
Appraisal): CxƒÆ 1990&BÆ Bsk ˜uıfl‘
Av˜¡P©ıP® £µ¬Øx. Cv¿ E“—∫ ©UP˜Õ £[˜Pÿ÷
A¡∫uÆ P∏zxUP¯Õ® £∂©ıÿ”Æ ˆ\¥x ˆPısk
©v®•k ˆ\¥Qfl”⁄∫.
£[˜Pÿ¶ ¨¯”∞¿ u[PÕx Qµı©zvfl ¡Õ ©ÿ÷Æ
`«¿ ˜©Æ£ımk |¯ª∞¯⁄ B¥ƒ ˆ\¥x u[PŒfl
435
A›£¡Æ, A‘ƒ BQØ¡ÿ¯”® £Q∫¢x ˆPısk
Qµı©z¯u ˜©Æ£kzuz vmh[P“ wmhƒÆ, ˆ\Ø¿
£kzuƒÆ, PsPıoUPƒÆ, ©v®§hƒÆ AUQµı©
©UP˜Õ ¡»¡SUQfl”⁄∫. £[˜Pÿ¶ ¨¯”∞fl Ai®
£¯hØı⁄x Qµı© ©UPŒfl Afl”ıha ˆ\Ø¿PŒfl
¡«UQ¿ ˜uıfl‘Øx.
£[˜Pÿ¶ FµP ©v®•k ¨¯” ≠fl÷ ˜{ıUP[P¯Õ
Ai®£¯hØıPU ˆPısk ˆ\Ø¿£kQfl”x. A¯¡
Øı¡⁄ :
1. BvUPÆ ˆ\æzuı©¿ Eu¬ ˆ\¥≤Æ ˆ¡Œ{£∂fl
©⁄®£ıfl¯© ©ÿ÷Æ {hz¯u.
2. AqS ¨¯”P“ ©¯”¨Pzvº∏¢x ˆ¡Œ®
£¯hØıPƒÆ, u¤{£∂º∏¢x S ¡ıPƒÆ,
G zx ≠ª©ıP C∏®£vº∏¢x ˜{∂¯hØıPU
Pıs£x ≠ª©ıPƒÆ, AÕ¬k¡vº∏¢x
J®§ku¿ ¡¯µ∞æÆ ©ıÿ”Æ A¯h¢x“Õx.
3. Tmk”ƒhfl uP¡¿P¯Õ≤Æ, A›£¡[
P¯Õ≤Æ, Enƒ ©ÿ÷Æ £∞ÿ]P¯Õ≤Æ E“—∫
©UPŒh¨Æ ˆ¡Œ{£∂h¨Æ ©ÿ÷Æ A¯©®¶
P–US C¯h∞æÆ £Q∫¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
£[˜Pÿ¶ ©v®•k ¨¯”≤Æ ≠fl÷ ˜{ıUP[P¯ÕU
ˆPıshx. A¯¡P“:
1. J∏ u¯ª®§¯⁄ B¥¢x Bµı¥a]∞¯⁄ ˜©ÿ
ˆPı“¡x.
2. E“—∫¡ı]P–USÆ, ˆ¡Œ{£∫P–USÆ J∏[
Q¯n¢u £∞ÿ] AŒ®£x.
3. ©v®•mk ¨¯”∞¿ Bµı¥¢x, vmh™mk
ˆ\Ø¿£kzv, PsPıozx ©v®§ha ˆ\¥≤Æ
v”¯⁄≤Æ, \Uv¯Ø≤Æ ¡«[Su¿. £[˜Pÿ¶
¨¯”PŒ⁄ı¿ CØÿ¯P ¡Õ[P¯Õ ˜©ªıs¯©
ˆ\¥¡xhfl, ˆ£sP“, H¯«P“, ˜¡Õıs¯©,
{ª¡ıà ©ÿ÷Æ Enƒ®£ıxPı®¶ ˜£ıfl”
436
ˆ\Ø¿P¯Õ≤Æ ˜©Æ£kzu ¨i≤Æ. C¢u ¨¯”P“
™PƒÆ ©v®¶ ¡ı¥¢u uıPƒÆ {Æ£Pzufl¯©
ˆPıshuıPƒÆ C∏®£uıP ¬¯ÕƒPŒfl
\ıfl÷P“ E÷v®£kzxQfl”⁄.
C¢u® £ıhÆ ˜u¤ ©ı¡mhÆ, PÆ£Æ £“ÕzuıUQ¿
E“Õ ]ª©µzx®£mi Gfl” Qµı©zv¿ {hzu®ˆ£ÿ”
Av˜¡P ©ÿ÷Æ £[˜Pÿ¶ ¨¯” B¥¬fl Ai®£¯h∞¿
ˆuıSUP®£mk“Õx. C¢u B¥ƒ ˆ¡Œ{ımi⁄∫
J∏¡µı¿ usp∫ ¬|˜ØıPÆ, _PıuıµÆ ©ÿ÷Æ
{ª¡ıà £ÿ‘ {hzu® ˆ£ÿ”x. ©ÿ÷Æ C¢u® £ıhzv¿
ˆPıkUP®£mk E“Õ G¿ªı GkzxUPımkP–Æ C¢u
B¥¬fl Ai® £¯h∞¿ G u®£mh¯¡ØıSÆ.
£[÷PØ£Áº (P»¢xöPõÒ£Áº) £õºzx AÔÁx
£[˜Pÿ£¡∫ £ı∫zx A‘¡x Gfl£x PÕ®£o
B¥¬fl J∏ S‘®§mh ¡i¡©ıSÆ. Cv¿ B¥¡ıÕ∫
uıÆ {hzvØ B¥ƒ |PÃPŒfl K∫ {ıØP⁄ıP®
£[˜PÿQ”ı∫. ¡i¡¯©U P®£hıu (unstructured) Po®§¿
Q¯hUSÆ ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“ CØÿ¯P ©ÿ÷Æ \≠PU
PıµoPŒfl £s§¯⁄® ¶∂¢x ˆPı“ÕƒÆ
A¡ÿ‘ÿQ¯h∞¿ A¯©¢x“Õ ˆuıh∫§¯⁄ A‘¢x
ˆPı“ÕƒÆ Eu¬ØıP C∏UQfl”⁄. usp∏USÆ
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