Contents

Distribution Loss Reduction and Efficiency Improvement 5

Unit 10 Concepts and Principles of Distribution Losses

7
10.1 Introduction 8
10.2 Transmission and Distribution Losses 8
Technical Losses 9
Commercial Losses 11
Revenue Loss Due to Loss of Opportunity to Serve 13
10.3 Aggregate Technical and Commercial Loss 14
10.4 Factors Contributing to High
Technical Losses 15
10.5 Factors Contributing to High
Commercial Losses 17
10.6 Summary 22
10.7 Terminal Questions 22

Unit 11 Technical Loss Reduction

27
11.1 Introduction 28
11.2 Short-Term Measures for Technical
Loss Reduction 28
Network Reconfiguration 29
Network Reconductoring 29
Preventing Leakages at Insulators 31
Automatic Voltage Booster 31
Better Management of Distribution Transformers 31
Load Balancing and Load Management 33
Capacitor Installation 34
Improving Joints and Connections 36
Increase in HT/LT Ratio 38
Adoption of High Voltage Distribution System (HVDS) 38
Preventive and Regular Maintenance 39
11.3 Long-Term Plans for Technical Losses 41
11.4 Acceptable Technical Loss Levels 43
11.5 Summary 44
11.6 Terminal Questions 45

Unit 12 Commercial Loss Reduction

47
12.1 Introduction 48
12.2 Reasons for Commercial Losses 48
12.3 Measures for Commercial Loss Reduction 51
Measures for Controlling Direct Tapping by
Non-Customers and Customers 51
Measures for Controlling Pilferage of Energy
by Existing Customers 52
Measures for Reducing Defective Metering 53
Meter Installation 55
 Measures for Improvement in Billing and Collection 57
Additional Measures 59
User’s Associations, Panchayats and Franchisees in
Billing and Collection 61
12.4 Legal Measures 63
12.5 Summary 66
12.6 Terminal Questions 67

Unit 13 Metering and Billing System

69
13.1 Introduction 70
13.2 Metering Technologies 70
13.3 Metering Techniques 75
LT Metering 75
HT Metering 77
13.4 Metering Standards 79
13.5 Calibration and Testing of Energy Meters
and Meter Laboratory 80
Methods of Testing 82
13.6 Meter Field Testing and Installation Practices 84
Energy Meters − Installation and Commissioning 84
Sealing Points 86
13.7 Revenue Protection and Technology
Interventions in Metering, Billing and Collection 88
13.8 Summary 89
13.9 Terminal Questions 90