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  • Aiding in A Satellite Positioning System (US Patent 7236883)

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    U.S. patent 7236883: Aiding in a satellite positioning system. Granted to Garin et. al. (4 total) on 2007-06-26 (filed 2003-12-04) and assigned to Sirf Technology, Inc.. Currently involved in at least 1 patent litigation: CSR plc v. Broadcom Corporation (California). See http://news.priorsmart.com for more info.

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    Aiding in a satellite positioning system (US patent 7236883)

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    U.S. patent 7236883: Aiding in a satellite positioning system. Granted to Garin et. al. (4 total) on 2007-06-26 (filed 2003-12-04) and assigned to Sirf Technology, Inc.. Currently involved in at least 1 patent litigation: CSR plc v. Broadcom Corporation (California). See http://news.priorsmart.com for more info.

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    Public Domain
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    171 Ansichten25 Seiten

    Aiding in A Satellite Positioning System (US Patent 7236883)

    Hochgeladen von

    PriorSmart
    U.S. patent 7236883: Aiding in a satellite positioning system. Granted to Garin et. al. (4 total) on 2007-06-26 (filed 2003-12-04) and assigned to Sirf Technology, Inc.. Currently involved in at least 1 patent litigation: CSR plc v. Broadcom Corporation (California). See http://news.priorsmart.com for more info.

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    Public Domain
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    «2 United States Patent wo as), wo ° ay 2 (86) @ «) @ @ op (32) Garin et al. AIDING IN A SATELLITE POSITIONING SYSTEM Inventors: Lionel Jucques Garin, Palo Allo, CA (US); Leon Kuo-Liang Pen View, CA (US); Gengsheng, Cupertino, CA (US Vantalon, Nice (FR) Mountain ne ‘Nicolas Patrick Assignee: Sirf Technology; Ine. San Jose, CA (us) Notice: Subject any dselsimes, the term of this patent is extended or adjusted under 35 USC 1540) by 0 days Appl. No PCT Filed: Dee. 4, 2003 PCT Nos PCT/USOS/I6308 $371 x1), (2), 4) Date PCT Pub, No: Woos/to04s4 PCT Pub, Date: May 22, 2008, Prior Publication Data, May 4, 2006 $ 200610095206 AL Related U.S. Application Data Continuation of application No. 10/185 614 filed on May 22, 2002, now Pat. No. 6,684,158, which is continzation-in-part of application No, 091795871, filed on Feb. 28, 2001, now Pat. No. 6,427,120. Provisional application No. 60 14, 2000, 225,076, filed on Aug Int. cl. GOIC 2100 (2006.01) us. CL ‘TOL/213; 701/215; 4257.05 ‘342/387.06; 342/357. 1; 342357 12: 455/301 US007236883B2 US 7,236,883 B2 Jun. 26, 2007 (10) Patent No.: (45) Date of Paten (58) Field of Classification Search 3421357 01, 397.08, 701/207-215; 7.06, 357.1, 357.1 455/456.1, 456.6, 3.01 ‘See application file for complete seach history. 66) References Cited US. PATENT DOCUMENTS 446712 A 1984 Gor Popel (Continued) FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS osm ww (Continued) OTHER PUBLICATIONS Soliman eta, gps One: hybei postion locaton system, 2000, TEBE, pp. 34335. (Continued) Primary Examiner Gertrude 8. Jeanglavde (74) Attornes, Agent, or Firm—The Eclipse Group LLP on Ml The invention relates oan aed Global Positioning System (GPS) subsystem within a wireless device. The wireless device includes a wireless processing section capable of receiving signals from a wireless network and a GPS sub- system having a mado frequency (RF) foaled capable of receiving a GPS satlite signal. The wireless processing section ofthe wireless deviee receives an extemal clock and determines the offst between the clock in the wireless processing section and that ofthe extemal clock, The GPS. subsystem then receives the offset information from the Wireless processing sectog, infomation related tothe nomi ral frequency ofthe wireless processing section clock and the wireless processing section clock, Using this information and the GPS clock in the GPS subsystem, the GPS sub- system determines an acquiring signal, which is related toa frequency offset between the GPS clock and the network clock. The GPS subsystem then acquires GPS satelite signals in an aoguiriag unit though the se ofthe acquiting inal STRACT 30 Claims, 13 Drawing Sheets US 7,236,883 B2 Page 2 44s. 4468357 4578678 467.203 474465 4785.463 44509.008 4321204 4500233 4394602 p08 S014.066 5030329 50083736 5108334 S790 5202309 pent S288 S257195 5293170 S311 195 Sa 168 536.20 peer S372 S347 36 53651450 S324 san3a7 S0244t Sal6712 540.593 S422313 Sa4.313 sas034 Sons 5506587 5535278 5597715 Ss2173 525,558 5.637 51663735 566330 5701328 5726393 5730786 5825327 Sx28,604 S851574 584.396 5845203 Sxs4ans 5878914 Sa7174 5877725 S889 Sassid ssid Soaxass 5907578 5907809 soinatt 5920283 5925003 US, PATENT DOCUMENTS ‘ a 4 ‘ a a ‘ a ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ a ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ a ‘ a ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ a ‘ a ‘ ‘ a ‘ a ‘ a ‘ ‘ a ‘ a ‘ a a ‘ a ‘ a ‘ a a ‘ a ‘ a a a a ‘ a ‘ a a a a ‘ a a a a a 41981 i984 1986 S1987 Lo19s7 1988 98s 21989 41989 a989 “Tylor eta MasDoran Hurd Counselman, It Jan ea. Counsel, It ‘Thoms, Je Ando et al Counslnan Mactal CCousselnan, It Ando Darnall tal Eschenbach ca. Ando et al Geir Mansell tal Brown et al Hinata Loren ea Matis @ al Endo ‘Scant tl Gildea tl Not tal Moshan ‘Schuchiman Browne a MeBumey ea Washi et Geir ea Niles ‘Schuchman a Oserdock ea Woo ota Law eal Lins aha ota Lewis Lan et Loomis tal. Krasner Eshenbach Zampet ‘Schuchian ta ‘Schuchian ea. (Grenspan et soo Krasner Janky Krasner Kraract Schipper Krasner Krasner Labie Gilden Krasner Davie Kalas Pon eta Molar et Loomis tl. ‘Shaheen etal Pon eal 6o169 600.798 01.222 sow7017 605208 Gost ois 6.068.336 681.229 6.085.090 6097974 6.108338 6108340 631.067 6133871 6133373 613374 6150980 e1zo40 GUTS95 ess.27 Gss35t 6211819 BI 222484 6228944 6230.354 6236365 62.245 6252543 6263280 6313786 6327473 e378 6353412 639.291 6034 6405132 BI 6411811 B2 6aL987 BI 427.120 Bi 6420815 BI 6433739 BI 6456264 BI 662.708 BI 66612 B2 6473030 BI a.4S BI 6505161 BI 6519.46 52 6526392 BI 6529829 B2 654283 B 65837 B 533258 B2 6650594 BI i) ft) x19 x19 x19 a1 L019 i199 1999 La19%9 iai9%9 L199 L999 12000 32000 32000 442000 442000 2000 2000 52000 72000 $2000 82000 $2000 #2000 2000 $2000 $2000 92000 102000 102000 02000 102000 12000 12001 12001 22001 22001 4201 4201 2001 52001 52001 6201 6201 72001 112001 122001 22002 32002 2002 62002 62002 62002 72002 72002 2002 2002 92002 102002 02002 02002 2002 12003 22003 22003 2003 “42003 52003 02003 2003 Sabumoto ea Loomis a. Forth al Hansa & a Krasner 4357.06, Stansell J Pon Hamison otal Waters eal. He ‘Sheynbla Gist Krasier Shesnbla Krasner Kina tl Hota ea aha eta Krasner ‘Sheynblat Krataer san3s7.05 Soliman et Yeetal. Camp, i. eal Karner Krasner Robert Krasner Kater saat Kanna Law eta 455007 ined et Krasner Kraser Kratact Kratner Durst Darton It Kasra Bloc King etl Seiple ea. Hayes Krasner [eblane ‘Waters ea Camp 357.06 Singons, ‘Sheynblat eta. Soliman et Landen Soliman Pande ea Krasner Bred ta Kingdon eta Pon arin ea Soliman Soliman ohnson “oajneto oa Kohli et a Mebumey al Haseeava Brome Pande ea Bred ta. “Trezky et al ain ea. Bates etl Krasner Bion al US 7,236,883 B2 Page 3 6677894 B2 12008. Sheysblt eta on. 2USI9s 9/988 12004. Gat eal cB. 2355844 91999 32004 Tretzky eta ” se10ssi2 61983 ean eee ° 7360351986 Hel el z istry {62004 Hunvnger etl es ae fieaeirearaal Wo WosalIss2 191990 2008 Heppe Wo WosuTMs 9/1999 1908 8222006 Vann eal Wo Wooo! 22000 20020061209 AL $2002 ‘Turk et a WO Wooo4sI1 2000 200200080063 AL 62002 Blob eta. wo WOoLeE A 82001 2002014278) AI* 102002 Youd et a, ass4ss | WO WOUDOWTS” 12002 20S0LOISIS AL 62003 Koviu WO WOOS0ESS 11/2008 aons012so44 AL 72003 Deloach ea wo Woosolsi70 22006 doorsiors AL* £2003 Foehs a al ro donxr7s204 AL 92003. Abraham OTHER PUBLICATIONS 2oovoLsotst AL 72004 Krasner ' Soosotenies AL 8001 Wang ‘Van Noo etal, New Fast GPS Code-Acquisition Technique oosossTi9 AL 22008 Yaung eal Using FFT, Flectronie Letters, vol. 27, No.2, pp. 158-160, 20060036365 AL* 22006 Chiayeoo yov1s (1991). Coenen etal Novel Fast GPS/Glonast Code Acquisition FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS ‘Techingue Using Low Update Rate FFT, Flecronie Letters, topos? 42001 vol. 28, No. 9, pp. 863-885 (1992) iP 27236 862004 iP 452885 A 92008 * cited by examiner U.S. Patent Jun. 26,2007 Sheet 1 of 13 US 7,236,883 B2 110 108 106 Wireless Network 104, | FIG.1 U.S. Patent Jun. 26,2007 Sheet 2 of 13 US 7,236,883 B2 & \ > FIG. 2 Processing Section 200 wes. 210. U.S. Patent Jun, 26,2007 Sheet 3 of 13 US 7,236,883 B2 y 214 310 Wireless sub- f processor 308 308 —+_ Y Offset a4 combiner 304 Offset Counter 302 N 312 T 210 212 Offset Circuit 300 FIG. 3 U.S. Patent Jun. 26,2007 Sheet 4 of 13 US 7,236,883 B2 Wireless Processing Section 402 200 ( GPS Processor Section 400 WPS-CLK 210 GPS-CLK 212 GPS Subsystem 202 FIG. 4 U.S. Patent Jun, 26,2007 Sheet § of 13 US 7,236,883 B2 402 GPS Subsystem 202 Wireless Processing Section GPS processor sectio n 400. 200, GPS clock processor 2 /WPS-CLK Acquiring 210, cc Unit GSP carer 508 and code T generator su RF FrontEnd ADC Ei 506, t T GPS Frequency Source 510 212 FIG. 5 U.S. Patent Jun. 26,2007 Sheet 6 of 13 US 7,236,883 B2 GSP carrier and code oe RF Front-End processor ADC generator 500 504 502 506. T T Phase Lock Loop 212 GPS Frequency Sour ce 510 FIG. 6 U.S. Patent Jun, 26,2007 Sheet 7 of 13 US 7,236,883 B2 RF Front-End 500 702 ADC ) \ 708 ao \— 700 704 706 Phase Lock Loop 600 FIG.7 U.S. Patent Jun. 26,2007 Sheet 8 of 13 US 7,236,883 B2 GSP carrier and code generator 504 Acquiring Unit 508 800 /) XK 808 804 806 ADC FIG. 8 US. Patent Sun, 26, 2007 Sheet 9 of 13 US 7,236,883 B2 906 ema ‘Acquisiton Unit 902 910 914 916 anc to . ~ X 908 | 912 J = 928 \- | 830 FIG. 9 U.S. Patent Jun, 26,2007 Sheet 10 of 13 US 7,236,883 B2 joos _-RFFrentend 1000 ‘Aoauston Unit 1002 1008 4016 ave af cmon | U ‘a 1014 4018 7 | 024 010 fee | = “i sodeade near t az Phase Losk Loep as 212 FIG. 10 USS. Patent Jun, 26, 2007 Sheet 11 of 13 US 7,236,883 B2 epee Preston Mel feet combiner -———>| j¢——- ‘100 02 Noo NCO register — 1108 1104 GSP carrier and code genera tor 504 v FIG. 11 USS. Patent Jun, 26,2007 Sheet 12 of 13 US 7,236,883 B2 1210 A Offset Comb iner 1208 1202 | - 1208 1214 Offset Counter 1200 1212 > GPS clock processor 502 1204 FIG. 12 USS. Patent Jun. 26,2007 Sheet 13 of 13 sat 1900 YV Receiving GPS-OLK, WPS-CLK and STOONPS-OFFS ET 12 I Determining he GPS.WPSOFF SET saat ———_______ ‘Combining GPS-WPS-OFFSET vith STO.WPS-OFF SET to gorarate STD-GPS-OFFSET 108 Y ‘Combing STO-GPS-OFFSET with Dopoerpedcten t ‘seal conection si rab saa } ‘Adjusting 8NCO wih te corecton sgn a sia a ns Feeding fe corecton signal ino end acqusion unt 132 ‘Reming a ecaved stale signal by ulin 9 coctn signal Ferry FIG. 13 US 7,236,883 B2 US 7,236,883 B2 1 AIDING IN A SATELLITE POSITIONING SYSTEM ‘CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS. ‘This application is continuation of U.S, patent applica: tion Ser. No, 10155,614, fled May 22,2002, now US. Pat No, 6,684,158 titled Search Domain Reducing Froqueney “Transfer in a Multimode Global Positioning System Used With Wireless Neovorks, which isa continuation in-pat of US. patent application Ser. No. 09/795,871, fled Feb. 28, 200, ted Information Transfer in a Multimode Global Positioning System Used with Wireless Networks, ow U.S, Pat, No. 6427,120, which claims priority under Section 119{9) to US. Provisional Application Ser. No, 601225,076, filed Aug. 14, 2000 all of which are inoogporated into this, application by reference BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION |. Field of Invention ‘The invention rwlates to Satelite Pesitioning System (SPS) receivers, and in particular to increasing the aeuraey 2 (of SPS receivers by providing the reovivers with information to corect forthe frequency ofset between the oscillators of te receivers and those ofthe satellites. 2. Related Aa Satelite Positioning System (SPS) receivers, such as Giokal Positioning “System (GPS), also. known as [NAVSTAR, receivers, receive radio transmissions from sat- ellte-based radio navigation systems and use those received transmission to determine the location ofthe SPS receiver. ‘The location ofthe SPS receiver may be determined by applying the well-known concept of intersetion if the distances fiom the SPS receiver 1 the SPS saellites having known satelite locations, Generally, each stellt ina satelite-based radio navien- tion system broadcasts radio transmission, tat contains its location information, and orbit information. More specii- cally, each of the orbiting satellites in the GPS system contains four highly accurate atomic clocks: two Cesium and two Rubidium, These clocks provide precision timing pulses used to generate two unique binary codes (as known asa pseudo random noise “PRN,” oF pseudo noise “PN” crx) that are transmited to earth, The PN codes ‘entity the specific satelite in te constellation. ‘The satel- Iitealso transmits ase of digitally coded ephemeris data that completely defines the precise obit of the satelite. The ephemeris dat indicates where the satelite is at any given time, and is location may be specified in tems of the satellite grousd tack in precise latitude and longitude mea surement, The information in the ephemeris data is coded and transmitted from the satelite providing. an accurate indication of the exact positon of the satellite above the cath at aay given ime, Although atomic clocks are very precise witha stabi of about Ito 2 parts in 10" over a period of one days a slight mor (generally known as elook drift) may occur in the clocks overtime resulting in satellite clock erors of about 8.64 to 17.28 ns per day with coresponding range errs of 2.5910 5.18 meter. In order to compensate forthe err, the accuracy of the satellite atomic clocks are continously ‘monitored from ground stations in the GPS control system and any detected rors and drift inthe clock ofthe satelite s 2 ‘may be caleulated and transmitted bythe satelite as part of a navigation message inthe form of tree coefcients of a second-degree polynomial In the case of GPS, there is nominally constellation of 24 operational satellites above the Earth. Fach satellite has individual PN codes, a nearly eireular orbit with an inl ration of 55° to the equator with a height of 10,898 nautical niles (20,200 kilometers) above Barth and an orbital period cof approximately 12 hours. Bach GPS satellite transmits 3 microwave radio signal composed of two carrer frequencies ‘modulated by to digital codes and a navigation messages. The two carrer frequencies are referred to asthe “LI” and 2" carvers and are transmitted at 1,572.42 megahertz (MHz) and 1,227.60 MHz, respectively. Tre two GPS codes are called the coarse acquisition (C/A-cod) and precision (P-code). Fach code consists of a stream of binary digits, _zat0s and ones, known. as bits or “chs.” Both the C/A-code and P-code are generally referred to as a PN cade because they look Tike random noise-ike signals. Presently, the CiAccode is modulated only on the L1 cartier while the code is modulated on both L1 and L2 carriers ‘The C/A-code has a chipping rate of 1.023 MHz beeause is a steam of 1,023 binary digits tht repeats itself every nillisecond. Each satellite is assigned a unique C/A-code, ‘hich enables a GPS receiver to identify which stellt is transmiting a panicular code. The C/A-code range mea- surement is relatively less precise when compared to the ode but it is also less complex and available to all users. ‘The Pecode is mostly limited in use to the United States ‘goverment and military. ach saelite also transmits « GPS navigation message that isa data stream axded to both the 1 and L2 caries as binary bisphase modulation at $0 kilo-its per second (Kbps). The navigation message contains, long with other information, the coordinates of the GPS satlites as a function of time, the satelite heath stats, te satellite clock corrections, the satellite almanac, and atmospheric data och satelite transmits its own navigation message with {information on the other satellites, such as the appeoximate location and health status. By receiving these radio signals emited from the stel- lites, GPS receiver may caleulate its distance from the satelite by detemnising how long it tok the GPS receiver to receive the signal transmitted from the satelite. For ‘example, a GPS roveiver could caleulae its two-dimensional position (longitude and latitude or X and Y) by detemnining, its distance from three satellites. Similarly, the GPS receiver could calulate its threeimensional position (longitude, latitude and akitude oF X ¥ and Z) by measuring its distance from four satellites. Unfortunately, tis approach assumes thatthe distances measured from the GPS receiver tothe satellites are very accurate and there is no bias err. In practice, however, the distance measured between the GPS receiver and each satelite typically has constant unknowa bias, beeause the GPS receiver clock (GPS-CLK) is usualy diferent from the GPS satelite clocks. In order to resolv this bias eroe one ‘more satelite transmission is typically needed to calculate the locaton ofthe GPS receive. Generally, to receive the signals transmitted by the satel- ties, the GPS-CLK of the GPS receiver should be synchro nized with that of the GPS satellites. Any errors in the synchronization between the clocks will ease inaccuracies the measurement ofthe location of the GPS receiver. Atomic clocks, like those found in the GPS satellites, are very expensive typically costing a few thousand dollars for a Rubidium clock and a few tens of thousands of dollars for US 7,236,883 B2 3 Cesium clock They are therefore not practical for use in {ypical consumer GPS receivers. Inexpensive, less accurate clocks, such as etal clocks, are generally ized in GPS receivers as GPS-CLKS. However, unless the inaccuracy of the GPS.CLK is determined and comected for, synchroni- zation with that ofthe atomic elock of the satlts willbe petal off and the resulting distance measurement calen- Jad by the GPS receiver will be partly insecure. Thus, tbe enor ofthe GPS-CLK is yet another unknown variable that must be detenmined to accurately determine te oetion ofthe GPS reciver Besides accuracy another problem associated with the nr of the GPS.CLK relative to the GPS satelite clocks is tne resuing acquisition time forthe GPS receiver com- monly known a8 the time to fist fix (CTF). For many applications, such as E91, a GPS rcever must beable to provide a position solution ia a short period f time ater the GPS receiver i powered on. Unfortunately, the GPS-CLK cam nave le frequency dif uring the fist couple minutes afer being powered on. The large Insgueney dit can case significant degradation on TTFF perfomance and may’even resin lack of navigation ix in weak signal environmen In addition to te frequency deft in the GPS-CLK, there area numberof other factors that can aleet TTFF perfor ‘mance. Although there are lange number of GPS satelites poston above the eanh's atmosphere, itis not always posible ora GPS rceiverto receive acum rasnisions from the required number of GPS stelites necessary to calculate the position of the GPS reveiver Aay number of robles may prevent GPS receiver fom receiving the secesary number of signal, or fom reviving accurate signals oesuse of transmission or rcsiver ers. These problem can result in high TTEF times, For example, a GPS receiver may not be able to recive tn necessary numberof GPS transmissions due to physical oration inthe amesphere or on he earth Alternatively ven though a GPS receiver may he able to eeceive the necessary signals, the signal coud be inaceurate de to any ofthe following: (i) emo inthe satelite cock: i) err in tne reciver clock: i) err in computed satelite postin; (iv atmosphere errs caused by the ionosphere oF the troposphere; (¥) multipath errs caused by the receipt of reflective signal: (i) receiver measuring emors ade (i) selective eons, or man mae enor. These inaccuracies could ead to TIFF ties tat may be over hy seconds because the GPS receiver nds o obiain the ephemeris data from the GPS system itself, andthe GPS receiver typically ood stong signal o acquire the ephemeris data reliably Since the inepion of GPS, methods have bee, and are sill being, developed to reduce errs and to enhance the accurey of the GPS systems. Further, many diferent meth- cds are being implemented to provide alletive means for providing the GPS receiver with information coneering "unknown variables or inaccuracies inthe system soc that it 4s not always required for tho sytem to receive satelite transmission signals from all the satellites or to reve accurate transmission dat. One technique that has been introduced to assist with overcoming errs inthe GPS system is dierent GPS, ‘Wit cillerenal GPS, a receiver having @ own location receives the GPS signals an ealeuats its position from the received signals, The calculated position then compared to the actual known position of the receiver. The diferent between the known poston and the calculated poston can then be wed to caetlte eros inthe transmission signals “These rors a then Be rast to receivers uaknowa w 8 s 4 locations (‘mobile receivers") and used by the mobile receivers to compute their own location with better accuracy. Dillerential GPS is typically used to comect for errs ‘other than receiver or multipath errs. However, ina similar ‘manner as differential GPS, correction data may be sent to the GPS receiver to cores for receiver errors. For example, fone method that has been wsed to correct for errors in the GPS-CLK has boea to send a precision caer frequency signal to the GPS receiver from a second source, such a8 8 ‘ase station. In this application, the GPS receiver i designed. to reoeive the precision carior frequency’ signal and then calibrate andior lock the GPS-CLK to that of the precision carrie frequency. This method, however, typically involves, the use of additional complicated cireuitry that fist locks andor calibrates the GPS-CLK 10 the precision cater frequency and thea maintains dynamic synchronization between the GPS-CLK and precision carrier frequency. A.nced therefore exists fora method of compensating for cemors ereated by the drift of the GPS-CLK to increase positional aecuracy and improve TTFF ina dynamie manner ‘without utilizing additional complex cireuitry and without significantly modifying te existing hardware SUMMARY ‘The inveation relates to aiding a Global Positioning System (GPS) subsystem within a wireless device. The Wireless device includes wireless processing section capable of receiving signals from a wireless network and 2 GPS subsystem having a radio frequency (RF) frontend capable of rocsiving a GPS satellite signal. The wireless processing section ofthe wireless device receives aa exter- ‘al clock and detemnines the effet between the clock ia the wireless processing section and that ofthe extemal clock. ‘The GPS subsystem then receives the ollst information from the wireless processing setio, information related to the nominal frequency of the wireless processing section clock and the wireless processing section clock Using this information and the GPS clock in the GPS subsystem, the GGPS subsystem determines an acquiring signal, which js related to frequency offet between the GPS clock and the network clock, The GPS subsystem then acquires GPS. satelite signals in an acquiring unit though the use of the acquiting signal Other systems, methods, festures and advantages ofthe invention will be or will become apparent to one with skill, in the an upon examination of the following figures and etaled description. It is intended thot all such additonal systems, methods, features and advantages be included ‘within this description, be within the seope ofthe invention, and he protected by the accompanying claims. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS ‘The invention ean be better understood with reference 10 the following figures. The components inthe figures are not necessarily 10 scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illuseating the principles ofthe iaventon. ln the fgues, like reference numerals designate corresponding parts thugh= cout the different views. FIG. Lis an example implementation of a GPS system using wireless device having a GPS receiver located within, the wireless device. FIG. 2 isan example implementation of a block diagram, of the wireless device shown in FIG, 1 FIG, 3s peneral block diagram ofan offset circuit within the GPS subsystem shown in FIG. 2 for generating GPS- STD-OFFSET. US 7,236,883 B2 5 FIG. 4 illustrates a basic block diagram of the GPS. subsystem of FIG. 2 FIG. 3 isa block diagram of aa example implementation of the GPS processor section of FIG. 4 FIG. 6a block diagram ofan example implementation 5 of the GPS frequency source. FIG. 7 is @ simplitied block diagram of an example implementation of the GPS RF front-end utilizing direct FIG. 8 lustrates a simple block diagram of an example 10 {implementation ofthe aequiing unit FIG. 9 shows a block diagram for another example Jmplementaton ofthe RF front-end andthe acquisition unit, ‘which isin signal communication with the RF front-end via the ADC, IG, 10 shows a block diagram for yet another example {implementation of the RF front-end and the acquisition unit, Which i in signal comaunication the RP frontend via the ADC. FIG. 11 shows a block diagram for an example imple mentation of the GPS carer and code generator FIG. 12 shows a block diagram of an example implemen- tation of the GPS clock processor. FIG. 13 sa aw chae illustrating the process preformed by the GPS subsystem. DETAILED DESCRIPTION FIG. 1 is an example implementation of a GPS system. 100 using wircless device 102 having & GPS rocsiver (not shown) located within the wireless devie 102. show in IG. 1, dui operation, the wireless device 102 isi signal communication with a wireless network 104 via a basosta- ‘ion 106 and wireless transmission path 108 and is i signal ‘comanication with at least one satelite of the GPS satelite constellation 110 via signal communication path 112 ‘The wireless device 102 includes both a GPS receiver aot shown) anda wireless processing section (aot shown). The GPS receiver within the wireless device 102 may receive GPS signals from the GPS saelite constellation 110 via signal communication path 112 and the wireless processing section of the wireless devise 102 may receive wireless communication signals from the wireless network 104 via signal communication path 108 and base station 106. In some implementations, the wireless device 102 may also send wireless communication signals to the wireless net- ‘work 104 via signal communication path 108 and base station 106. The wireless device 102 may be a wireless Fhandset such as a cellular telephone (also known as a cellphone, mobile telephone ae mobile phone) oF aay other type of mobile device, including but not limited to personal igital assistants (PDAS), pagers, computer, two-way radio, ‘runked radio, specialized mobile radio (SMR) or any other {device for which iis desirable to determine location iafor- ‘mation. In the case of a colular telephone, the wireless evive 102 may utilize acellular transceiver that operates at any radio Trequeney (RF) band utilizing any transenssion schemes including but not limited to CDMA, CDMA-2000,, W-CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, GSM, UMTS, AMPS, Blue- tooth, Wi-Fi andor any combination or extension ofthese transmission schemes or similar schemes. FIG. 2 isan example implementation of «block diagram ofthe wireless device 102 shovsn in FIG. 1, As seen in FIG 2, the wireless device 102 includes both a wireless process- ing section 200 and a GPS subsystem 202, The wireless processing section 200 performs te processing functions for the Wireless applications and may include w Wireless tran x“ 6 csiver For example, inthe ease ofa celular telephone, the wireless device 102 would include a call processing setion ‘with a cellular wanseeiver: The GPS subsystem includes a GPS receiver (not shown) for receiving sselite transmis sions 204 from satelites 208 anda GPS engine (oot shovsn) that performs the position computation functions for the wireless device 102. By integrating the technology of the wireless device 102 with that of the GPS subsystem 202, the wireless device 102 provides two major service systems that ofa wireless device, such as cellular telephone service, ‘and tat of the GPS receive o provide loation information ofthe wireless device 102 tis appreciated by those skilled inthe art tht this integration provides for numerous advan- tages including meotng the E911 requirements ofthe Fel- ral Commuaication Commission (FCC), ‘Within the wireless device 102, or, altematively, between the wireless device 102 and an extemal accessory device (aot shown) to the wireless device 102, communications ‘between the wireless processing setion 200 and GPS sub- system 202 take place. These communications allow signals tobe wansfered fom the witeess processing section 2000 GPS section 202, and may take place on a serial or parallel ‘communications Tink 206 (such as RS-232 serial communi- cation link) and handware lines 208, but other connections may be also utilized if desire. For example, in another example implementation, the wireless processing section 200 and the GPS subsystem 202 ‘may share the same digital procesor (act shown) andlor ‘other circuitry. In such case, the communication between the wireless processing section 200 and the GPS subsystem, 202 may be made by inter-tsk communication, ad certain data transfers, such as any time or fequency transfers ‘erwoen the witeless processing setion 200 and the GPS. subsystem 202, would not use hardware lines 208, but would be intemal tothe cireuitry or, potentially, no transfer would ‘he required depending on the circuit desig, As illustrated by FIG. 2, the GPS satellites 208 transmit spread spectrum signals 204 that are rcsived atte wireless device 102. For purposes of ilustration, satelite 205 rep- resets a constellation ofsatetes 208 in the GPS system, Ii the wireless device 102 is capable of receiving strong ‘enough signals 204, the GPS subsystem 202 in the wireless device 102 can compute the postion ofthe wireless deviee 102 as is typically done in a standalone GPS system. (Oftentimes, however, the GPS subsystem 202 isnot able to receive strong enough signals 204, or isnot able to receive signals 204 from enough available GPS satellites 208 to auionomously compute the postion ofthe wireless handset 102, This ests ia high time to fst Hix (TUFF) values. The wireless devices 102 may sill, however, be able to commu sicat tothe base station 106, Thus, the base station 106 can ‘communicate information va signals 108 to wireless device 102 that allow the wiroless device 102 to improve its TTF ‘ans compute its location, or in certain applications (although ‘ot required for the implementation of the invention) to communicate information. fom the wireless device 102 10 the base station 106, 1o allow a server (aot shown) atthe Wireless network 104, in signal communication with the base station 106, to compute the positon of the wireless device 192, When the base station 106 transmits information to the wireless device 192 allow the wieeless device 102, to compute is positon, itis typically known as “aided Ges” As furer illustrated by FG, 2, the base station 106 and both the wireless processing section 200 and the GPS. subsystem 202 of the wireless device 102 have internal clocks that are produced by internal clock circuits. For US 7,236,883 B2 1 illustative purposes, the clock of the wireless processing section 200 shall be refered to asthe “WPS-CLK” 210 and the clock ofthe GPS subsystem 202 shall be refered to as the “GPS-CLK" 212. Typically, the WPS-CLK 210 and GPS-CLK 212 are inexpensive clocks produced by crystal ‘oscillators that re not highly accurate when compared othe ‘atomic clocks of the GPS satelites 208, Thus, to reduce the ‘TIFF and accurately calculate the position ofthe wireless device 102, the error in the GPS-CLK 212 should be accounted for. in contrast o the WPS-CLK 210 and GPS- (CLK 212, the base station 106 clock isa highly aecurate. In the cise of a CDMA wireless network, the base station 106 clock would be synchronized with the atomic clocks ofthe GPS satellites 205. For purposes of illustration, this base station 106 clock shall be relered as the “BS-CLK" 214 or the “Standant Clock" (STD-CLK) 214 In operatioa, the STD-CLK 214 is transmitted, via signal communication path 108, tothe wireless processing section 200 of handset 102. As explained in more detail below, the processing section 200 of the wireless handset 102 caleu- lates a first offet value (referred to as “STD-WPS-OFF- SET") that comesponds 10 the diference in frequency brwoen the STD-CLK 244 and that WPS-CLK 210. The ‘SID-WPS-OFFSET is then communicated tothe GPS sub- system 202, which uses the STD-WPS-OFFSET, slong with 2 WPS.CLK 210 and GLS-CLK 212 to estimate a second ollset value (referred to as “GPS-STD-OFFSET’) between the GPS-CLK 212 and that of the STD-CLK 214. The GPS-STD-OFFSET is then utilized by the GPS subsystem, 202 to acquire the roveived GPS signals from the GPS. ‘atelites 204 FIG. 3 is general block diagram of an offset circuit 300, ‘within the GPS subsystem 202 shown in FIG. 2 for gener- ating GPS-STD-OFFSET. ‘The offset circuit 300° may include an offset counter 302 and an offset combiner 304 in signal communication with the offset counter 302. The ost. circuit 300 is in signal communication with a wireless sub-processr 306 Jocatdin the wireless processing section 200. The wireless sub-processoe 306 receives the STD-CLK, 214 and WPS-CLK 210, and in response produces a WPS. initialization message that includes information about the ‘nominal frequency (refered to as “N-WPS-CLK") of the WPS-CLK 210 and w WPS periodic message that includes information about the STD-WPS-OFFSET, The N-WPS- CCLK information is passed tothe offset counter 302 via firs. offset hus 308 and the STD-WPS-OFFSET is passed tothe ‘offset combiner 304 via the second offset bus 310. The offset ‘counter 302 receives the N-WPS-CLK information via first. ‘bus 308, GPS.CLK 212 and WPS-CLK 210, la response the offset counter 302 generates an offset signal (or message) ‘that includes information about dhe difference in frequency ‘berween WPS-CLK 210 and GPS-CLK 212 (refered to a8 “GPS-WPS-OFFSEI”) and passes that offset signal t0 the ollse combiner 304 via thi ofset bus 312. The offset combiner 304 thea combines the information forthe STD- \WPS-OFFSET and GPS-WPS-OFFSET and produces the STD-GPS-OFFSET which is passed tothe ost ofthe GPS. subsystem 202 via message bus (or signal path) 314 FIG. 4 illustrates a basic block diagram of the GPS. subsystem 202 of FIG, 2. In FIG. 4, the GPS subsystem 202 includes the GPS-CLK 212 anda GPS processor section 400, that receives at lest one signal from the wireless processing section 200 via signal bus 402, The wireless processing section 200 receives communication data from the wireless network 104 (FG. 1 inching STD-CLK 244 (FIG. 2). The wireless processing section 200 then generates the STD- WPS-OFFSET message that represents the fquency dif- 8 s 8 ference hetween the WPS-LO 210 and the STD-CLK 214 ‘The STD-WPS-OFFSET message stransfomed to the GPS processor section 400 via signal hus 402, The GPS processor section 400, in response to receiving the STD-WPS-OFF- SET andthe GPS-CLK 212, generates aSTD-GPS-OFFSET that assists in the acquiring ofthe received GPS satelite signals when inp ino sn sequiring unit tt shown) within the GPS processor section 400, IG. Siva block digram of an example implementation ofthe GPS procesiorsetion 400 of FIG. 4. AS shown in IG. 8, the GPS processo ston 400 may inludea radio frequency (RF) front-end 500, GPS clock processor 502, GPS code and carer generator $04, analog-‘o~igitl con- verter(ADC) $06 and acquiring wit SOR. A GPS frequency Source $10 sends frequency reference tothe RF foatead 500, GPS code an care generator 80 acl ADC 506. The RE front-end 500 may be a standard GPS RP front-end in penton, the RF frontend S00 receives the GPS satelite Sips and demodulates (so known as downeonvering) them to remove the carrer fequeney fom the data tans nitted on the GPS siete signals. The demodulation is accomplished by mixing the received GPS satellite signals ‘with the GPS fequeney source $10. The reine demo fated GPS satelite signals are then passed from the RF front-end 00 to the ADC 506. At the ADC $06, the demodulated GPS satlite signals are typically died {ato bitsteam of samples by a number of well-known sampling techniques. The resulantbitsieam of samples is then tansfened fo the cairn unit $08. Ii apreciated by one skilled in the act that the GPS frequency source $10 ay be a lea osilato (LO) (ot shown) that inches a volage-contoledosilator (VCO) (not shown) or votage- onolled crystal oscillator (VCXO (ot shown) ina phase- locke! oop (PLL) (ot shown) that is locked 1» GPS-CLK 242 by many wellknown techies. The acquiring mit 808 receives the bit-steam of samples from the ADC 806 finishes demodulating the bit-stream of samples (i the RF frontend 500 only downeoaverted the received satelite signals into an intemeiate fequency “UP) and decodes st by typically uslzing a bank of com lator (oot shown) oF a matched fier (ont sown). fhe acquiring unit 808 downconvers the bitsteam of samples from the IP frequency the segiring uit S08 may have a mixing stage that mixes a Doppler corected.fequeney signal rom the GPS cae and cater generator S04 withthe bitstream of simples The result fom the mixer would be anew bit-steam of samples corrected foe carer Doppler shit “The comers oe matched filter corelate the bitstream of samples from the ADC $06 wi the diferent satelite codes PN codes. The acquiring unit 808 produces a detection Signal when the comesponding PN cade of a sstlite is conolated agains the bitstream samples ofthe received satelite sgl “The PN codes are produced by the GPS code and eaeriee ssneatr 5. The GPS cde generator S04 may include a ‘numerically controlled oscillator (NCO) (act shown) that produces « PN code and oer cuit (not shown) that comets for Doppler shift both forthe earier and code. The GPS clack processor 802 is capable of determining the SSTD.GPS-OFFSET. Once the STD-GPS-OFSET has bea oneraed bythe GPS clock processor S02, itis passed to the GPS code and carer generator S04. The GPS coe and aor generator S04 then combines the STD-GPS-OFFSET vith the comsctions for Doppler shift and wilzes the combina result remove the IF carer and proce the PN codes for the segiring uit $08 US 7,236,883 B2 9 ‘The GPS code and carrier generator S04 attempts to cormet the eects of Doppler shit in bok the carrier an the code of the received satelite signal. In general, satelite ‘motion hasan impact onthe processing of the signals atthe GPS receiver because the input frequeney shifts asa result. of the Dopplr effet. The satellite motion causes a Doppler frequency shift on the carier frequency and on the coarse! ‘acquisition (C/A) code. The angular velocity and speed of the satellite can be calculated fom the approximate radius of the satelite orbit and is approximately 145810" medians! second and 3.874 meters/second. The Doppler frequency shit is causeby the satelite velocity component toward the GPS receiver. Typically, the maximum Doppler velocity ‘occurs when the satellite is at the horizon postion and fr the orbit speed the maximum Doppler velocity slong the horizontal direction is approximately 2,078 miles per hour “This speed is equivalent to high-speed military sirceat ‘Therefore, the Doppler frequency shift caused by a land vehicle is often very small, even ifthe motion is directly towant the satelite to produce the highest Doppler elfect. Forte L1 frequency, which is modulated by the C/A signal, the maximum Doppler frequency shift is approximately 4.9. KHz Therefore, fora stationary observe, the maximum Doppler fequeney shift is around +5 KHz. To create a Doppler feeguency shift of =$ KH hy the vehicle alone, the vehicle must move toward the suelite at shout 2,078 mileshour. AS such, if the GPS receiver is used in a low-speed veel, the Doppler shift eaa be approximated as 25K. FIG. 6a block diagram ofan example implementation of the GPS frequency source S10 of FIG. 5, The GPS. frequency souree $10 may include the GPS-CLK 212 and PLL 600. I is apreciated that typically the GPS-CLK 212 ‘may be produced by a timing cireit (not shown) with 3 crystal osillatr 602. The PLE 600 may be implemented by 4 number of approaches that are well known to one of ordinary skill in the act. AS an example, the base eompo- ‘nents ofthe PLL 600 include a phase detector (not shown), a loop filter (n0t shown) and a VCO (aot shown) whose frequency is controlled by an extemal voltage and that is locked on to frequency of the GPS-CLK 212. ln this ‘example implementation, the GPS eaeier and code genera {or S04 and the GPS elack processor $02 use the GPS-CLK 212 asthe base reference ad generate their own respective frequencies. The RP front-end 500 and! ADC $06 use the frequency from the PLL 600 because they are typically related in a synchronous manner or use frequency’ values ‘that are multiples of one another. FIG. 7 is a simplified block diagram of an example ‘mplemeataton ofthe GPS RF front-end $00 utilizing direct conversion. The RE front-end 00 may include an antenna 700 and a mixer 702, The mixer 702 isin signal coma ication withthe PLL. 600 and ADC 506. The mixer 702 is basically multiplier that demodblates (or downconvers, ie. removes the carr frequency signal) 2 roceived satelite signal, on signal path 704, by taking a product of the received satelite signal wth the frequency signal provided by the PLL 600. Ifthe frequency of the received satelite nal carrier 704 and the Teyuency of the PLL. 600 are synchronous, Lear of the same frequency, the output of the mixer isa direct current (DC) component signal with a sevond onder harmonic that may be filtered out witha low pass iter (not shown). Asan example, ithe signal on signal path 704 is “x(Qeos(ot),” where “wo” js the angular lie» ‘quency and “1” is the time, and the PLL 600 produces a 10 demodulation signal 606 of “cas(ot)” that is fed ino the mixer 702, the resulting output 708 of the mixer would be (ot)os"(ot) which equals he frequency ofthe receive satelite signal carrer T04 athe frequency ofthe PLL 600 are no synchronous, hen there is no DC component. As nother example, ithe signal on the signal pth 704 is “x(Qeos(o)” and the PLL 600 proces a demedultion signal 606 “cos(o, 0)" the eeu {ng output 608 ofthe mixer woud be x(}0s(t est, Ifo," i close too but off bya small amount “Bo,” the relationship may he represented as ow. In this case, -()os(ot cost) would equal x(eos(at)cos(ateAt This problem may be overeome by adjusting the frequency ofthe PLL 600 to be synchronous withthe satelite signal caver frequency. Adjusting for lequency a the PLL. 600 does not, however, sccount for Doppler shi, which also alfets the perceived frequency of the received satelite aioe signa in a dynani¢ fasion, Rather tan coveeting for frequency a the demodulating tage atthe RF-font end, te comeetion could be made a the scquiig stags, ie. at te aoquiring unit 808, which would inchde the coection for Doppler sit FIG. 8 illustrates a simple block diagram of an example inplementation ofthe aeqirng wit S08. At the acquiring ‘uit 08 the Doppler sift enor and PLL. 600 are corrected by an ajusineat in the GPS code and carrier generator S04 and in achangein frequency generated bythe PLL 600, The acguring unit S08 may include a plurality of corelators or tmatched filles. Foe simplicity. the segiring unit S08 is illusated with one creator 80, however itis appreciated ty one skilled inthe art that numerous banks of corlsors ‘ll most iklybe present. In operation, the searing unit 508 receives from the ADC 506 2 bitstream of samples possibly coresponding to a received satellite signal. The acauring unit 808 places the Bitstream of samples ito a bank of eorelators or matched filters and receives a PNeode from the GPS code and cater generator S04, The PN code isthen shifted through the hank of eoreatrs ad aa output js produced that signies when astlit signal ha been received bythe witeles device 102. Typically, the PN code received fom the GPS eade and cacrcr generator 804 fas teen adjusted to compensate for any Doppler shift for the respoctive satelites. However, inthis situation the GPS code and carer generator S04 and the PLL 600 has also com- pensated fr any fogueney enors inthe GPS-CLK 212 FG. 9 shows a block digram of another example imple- sentation ofthe RF frontend $00 andthe acquisition Unit 902, which sinsinal communication withthe RF frntend 900 vi the ADC 04. In tis example the RF rot 900 ‘sa multistage roever that fist davsnconvers a eseved satellite signal tthe antenna 906 to an interme fe- «quency (1 signal 908, such as 96 KH, via mixer 910 and then toa baseband (i, demos ozo) signal 912 via sixer 914 The baseband signal 912 may then be psd through the ADC 904 to the aquisition unit 902. Inthe acquisition unit 992, the ADC sample baseband signal is comece for Doppler carter shih via nee 916 and passed to.abank of eonelator 918 ora matched filter oot shown. The frequency sources 918 and 920 may be produced by froqueacy generator 922 tat either multiplies o divides Ga any one of many well known techniques) the fegueney US 7,236,883 B2 aT signal produced by the PLL 924 which is locked to the GPS-CLK 212, Similarly, the GSP carrer and code genera. tor 926, which utlzes the GPS-CLK 212, may peoduce signals 928 and 930 that compensate fr the carrier Doppler shift and dive the correlators 918 or matched filer (not shown), FIG. 10 shows a block diagram for yet another example implementation ofthe RE front-end 1000 and the acquisition ‘unit 1002, which isin signal communication the RF front. ced 1000 via the ADC 1004. In this example the RF froat-end 1000 only has mixer stage, The recvived satellite signal is received at antenna 1006 and mixed with an IF frequency 1008 at mixer 1010. The IF frequency 1008 is produced by frequency generator 1012 and it mixes with the received satellite signal ia mixee 1010 to dawaconvest the received satellite signal to aa intermediate downconverted signal 1014 soch as 96 KHz The intermediate downcon- verted signal 1014 is passed through the ADC 1004 t0 the ‘acquisition unit 1002, The ADC 1004 digitzes the interme site downconverted signal ina bitstream of samples and passes it to the acquisition unit 1002. tthe aquisition unit 1002, the bit-stream of samples are fed ito a second mixer 1016 which mixes the samples with a carrier Doppler corrected signal 1018 which produces a downconverted bit-stream oF samples that have been comected for cartier 2 Doppler sift. The output of mixer 1016 is fod into a hank ‘of correlators 1020 or matched filters and produces a detec- tion signal ifa satellite has been acquired. As before, the frequency generator 1012 is related to the PLL frequency 1026 and both the PLL and GPS earier and code generator 102 are related to the GPS-CLK 212. FIG. 11 shows a block diagram for an example imple~ mentation of the GPS carrer and code generator $04, The GGPS earier and code generator S04 may include a Doppler prediction model 1100, an offset combiner 1102, a NCO register 1104 and a NCO 1106, In operation, the Doppler prediction mod} 1100 produces a number of Doppler cor- rection values that are combined with the STD-GPS-OFF- ‘SET. These correction values ae input into the NCO register 1104 tat controls dhe NCO 1106, The NCO 1106 then sends the Doppler comected cartier signal and PN code to the acquisition nit $08, IG. 12 shows a block diagram of aa example implemen- tation of the GPS clock processor 502 The GPS clock processor 502 may include an offset counter 1200 and an offset combiner 1202. As an example, the offset counter 1200 may receivea signal 1204 from the GPS-CLK 242 and at least one signa 1212 from the wireless processing section 200, The offset counter 1200 then produces aa ose signal that represents GPS-WPS-OFFSET. The offct signal may’ ‘be transmitted as-a message via signal path 1206 to te ose. combiner 1202. The offset combiner 1202 thea combines the information fom the offset signal received, via signal path 1206, witha message received fr the wireless processing section 200, va signal path 1208, that represents STD-WPS- OFFSET. The ouput ofthe offset combiner 1202 isan offset signal 1210 that represents STD-GPS-OFFSET. This ose signal 1210 is input into the combiner 1102 of FIG. 11 "As an example of operation, the offset counter 1200 is utilized to measure the relative frequency offset between the WPSCLK 210 and GPS-CLK 212. 4 gate signal to the ‘offset counter 1200 may be generated by the GPS-CLK 212 via signal path 1204, The pulse width, which may also be referred to as gate time, is determined by counting a fixed ‘number of GPS-CLK 212 clock pulses, The offset counter 1200 also receives, via signal pat 1212, the WPS-CLK 210, “The offiet counter 1200 thea counts the pulses from the x“ 2 [WPS-CLK 210 clock during the gate time. In general, the fst counter 1200 should count number WPS-CLK 210 lock pulses the “predict count o "count pected”) 10 be equa to the fequency of the WPS-CLK 210 mulipli by the gale time or in other won couat_predictad-frequeeysgate sme For example, the offset counter 1200 should accumulate 25 milion pulses fom 2 frequency source, such as an Osillator, with a hypothetical WPS-CLK 210 fequency of 25 MHz during a one-scond interval. Therefore, a fre quency offic (Hrq_ofset) may be determined a the quan In of the actual count reading (count-eading) mins the count predicted, the quantity divided by product of the WPS.CLK 210 froqueney by the gate time. Written 36 @ mathematical relationship the frequency offset is: feof Sef-(count_reaing-count_ predicted) Urequeneyate te time) tis appreciated by those of skill in the rt, that i onder to compute the predicted coun, one needs the nominal GPS-CLK 212 and WPS-CLK 210 clock feguencies, The GGPS.CLK 212 clock frequency is imposed vi signal path 1204. To avoid a compilation time parameter in the GPS subsystem 202 source cod, the wireless procesing Section 200 specifies the WPS-CLK 210 nominal frequency. yp callythisis dane by sending period frequency calibration ‘message that inl the WPS-CLK 210 nomial feguency parameter, N-WPS-CLK, from the witeless processing sec= tion 200 tote ollst counter 1200 via signal path 1214, The GPS clock processor 502 may then compute the relative frequency tor without prior knowledge ofthe WPS-CLK 210 cock chances. ‘To reduce the complexity of the offiet counter 1200 hardware, the overall counting range of th oft counter 1200 may be much smaller tan the total eounting number, proved thatthe offset counier 1200 counts modulo its ‘ange, and is value range is smalls than the total range at te offset counter 1200. For example if the ttl range is $ pars per millon (ppm), the WPS-CLK 210 frequency is 20, ‘Miz, and the gating time is 1 second, the offset counter 1200"range may beat smal as Se tines 20e"=100, The ciference between the predicted count andthe acta count reading is utilized to compute the GPS-CLK 212 frequency offset as follows. Firs, the difference between the predicted count andthe actual count i aot only det the WPS.CLK 210 frequency err (fut also othe gate time err and offset counter 1200 resolution. Supposing the oft counter 1200 gate time st seconds that is cone by the GPS-CLK 212 clock, the err of gate time (6) cause by the GPS-CLK 212 clock frequency (iy) 38 & A-Sfpuot Then, the freq of Bhye Blt count exo.) “The value that de offet counter 1200 measures is (feezctDfapo) Theoretically, the GPS:CLK 212 clock cant be crated better than WPS-CLK 210 clock and evtendag the gate time may improve the measurement accuracy of lgaiotBlapese However, using 100 Jong ate time is typically impractical, Therefor, the minimum fle time is generally predetermined suc thatthe relative frequency offset estimate eror is within the desired design limits FIG. 18 sa ow char ilusating the process performed bythe GPS subsystem 200 The proces begins 1300 by GPS clock processor $02, FIG, 5, receiving 1302, FIG. 13, GPS.CLK, WPS-CLK and STD:WPS-OFFSET. Then the GPS clock processor $02 determines the GPS-WPS-OFF- ‘SETand combines 1306 the GPS-WPS-OFFSET with STD- WPS.OFFSET to generate STD-GPS.OFFSET. The STD- US 7,236,883 B2 13 GPS-OFFSET is then passed to the GPS carrier and code stenerator S04 where the STD-GPS-OFFSET is combined 1308 with Doppler prediction to create a corection signal ‘The conection signal is used to adjust 1310 the NCO in the GPS cartier and code generator, The NCO output is then feed 1312 into the acquisition unit 308 and in response the ‘acquisition unit acquires 1314 a received satelite signal using the correction signal, The process then ends 1316. ‘The proces in FIG. 14 may be perlormed by hardware o software. If in hardware, the process may be performed by 4 controller (aot showa) in either the wireless processing section 200 or GPS processor section 400, The controller may selectively be any general-purpose processor such a an Intel XXX86, Motorola 6&XXX or PowerPC, or other cequvaleat or GPS and/or cellular specialized’ processor capable of running sofware insiactions (not shown) re ent on the controller. Alternatively, a GPS-specitic circuit or oricated device may selectively also be utilized. 1 is ‘appreciated thatthe controller may'also be selectively inte- arated into a signal semiconductor chip sue as an App cation Specific lategrated Chip (ASIC) oF Reduce Ins tion Set Computer (RISC), ot may be implemented Digital Signal Processor (DSP) chp. Ii te proces is performed by software, the software may reside in software memory (aot shown) in the wireless 2 vice 102 (either in the witeless processing section 200 and/or GPS subsystem 202) or a a server on wireless 104 “The toftware in software memory may include an ordered listing of executable instructions for implementing logical functions (ie, “logic” that may be implement either in ligt form such as digital circuitry or source code or in analog form such as analog circuitry or an analog source such an analog electrical, sound of video signal), may selectively be embodied in any computer-readable (or si nal-bearing) medium for wse by of in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device, such s 4 computer-based system, processr-contaning system, or other systm tht may selctvely fetch the instructions from the instrction execution system, apparatus, or device and ‘execute the instructions. In the coalext of this document, “computer-readable medium” andlor “signal-bearing medium” is any means that may contain, store, communi cate, propagate, oF traasport the program for use by or in connection withthe instruction execution system, apparat, or device, The computer readable medium may’ selectively be, for example but not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, ‘optical, electromagnetic, iffared, or semivonductor system, apparatus, device, oF propagation medium, More specific ‘examples “a non-exhaustive is” of the computer-eadable ‘medium would include the following: an electical connec tion “electronic” having one of more wires, a portable computer diskette (magnetic), a RAM (electronic), a read only memory “ROM” (electronic), an erasable program mabe rea-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory) (elec> tronic), an optical fiber (optical), and a portale compact aise ead-only memory “CDROM™ (optical). Note that the computer readable medium may even be paper or another suitable medium upon which the program is printed, asthe program can be electronically captured, via for instance ‘optical seanaing of the paper or other medium, thea com- 6 piled, interpreted or otherwise processed in a suitable man per if necessary, and then stored in a compoter memory As previously discussed, the GPS system of the invention may be incorporated into any aumber of wireless mobile applications. Similarly, the GPS system can be used in connection with any aumber of geo-location services that have the capability to recive frequency information. Such x“ s 4 {GPS system ean he used in connection with mobile devices that operate in network aided mode or network. based services modes, of that operate ia muli:mode, thereby having the ability to simultaneously switch between stan- dlone mode, network aided mode, network based services, for other modes that allow the dove ta receive fegueney information from the a secondary source, such a8 a base station ‘While various embodiments of the invention have been

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