AP BIOLOGY Mr.

Mapplebeck

Chapter 26
Pre-test
1. Earth probably formed _____ years ago, while the first life evolved as early as _____ years ago. 4.5 billion
years ago ... 3.9 billion years ago
2. The earliest organisms were most likely _____. prokaryotic
3. Which of the following was probably NOT present in large amounts in the atmosphere at the time life is thought
to have originated? oxygen (O2)
4. Eukaryotic cells probably arose through _____. associations between different prokaryotes
5. Until about 500 million years ago, all living things were _____. aquatic
6. Spontaneous generation __________.is the belief that living organisms arise from nonliving matter
7. Experiments in which electricity was discharged into a vessel containing hydrogen gas, water vapor, methane,
and ammonia were conducted by __________. Their results support Oparin's theory on the origin of life. Miller
8. The origin of life on Earth probably depended on __________. the reducing environment
9. The atmosphere of early Earth probably contained no O2 until the emergence of organisms that _____.used
water as a hydrogen source for photosynthesis
10. Clay particles may have played an important role in the origin of life because _____.
clay particles are a suitable template for the polymerization of simple organic molecules
Actvities Quiz
1. Which of these events occurred earliest in the history of Earth? formation of oxygen
2. Which of these events occurred most recently in the history of Earth? first humans
3. Which of these events occurred during the Paleozoic? colonization of land by plants
4. Nutritionally, the prokaryotes that serve as the basis of the hydrothermal vent community seen in the Tube
Worm Video are classified as _____. chemoautotrophs
5. A human is classified in domain _____ and kingdom _____. Eukarya ... Animalia
6. A mushroom is classified in domain _____ and kingdom _____. Eukarya ... Fungi
7. A rose bush is classified in domain _____ and kingdom _____. Eukarya ... Plantae
8. An amoeba is classified in domain _____. Eukarya
9. In the five-kingdom scheme, prokaryotes are classified in the kingdom _____. Monera
10. In the five-kingdom system, which kingdom consists primarily of unicellular eukaryotes? Protista
11. In the two-kingdom system, why were fungi classified in the kingdom Plantae? They are sedentary.
12. In the two-kingdom system, why were prokaryotes classified in the kingdom Plantae?
They have cell walls.
13. There is(are) _____ prokaryotic domain(s). two
14. There is(are) _____ eukaryotic domain(s). one
15. In the two-kingdom system, what was the basis of the recognition of the kingdom Animalia? lack of
photosynthesis
Chapter quiz
1. The oldest evidence of life on Earth is _____. 3.5-billion-year-old rocks with isotopes of carbon that seem to
represent the metabolic activity of organisms
2. Abiotic synthesis of life is unlikely to occur today because _____. free oxygen in the atmosphere breaks down
molecules as they form
3. Ancient cyanobacteria were very important in the history of life because they _____. produced the oxygen in the
atmosphere
4. The early atmosphere on Earth is thought to have LACKED which one of the following gases? Oxygen
5. Oxygen gas probably first appeared on this planet in fairly large quantities _____. after "green plant type"
photosynthetic reactions evolved
6. Today, new life forms do not arise spontaneously from abiotic materials. But spontaneous generation did occur
some 3.5 to 4.0 billion years ago. What accounts for this difference? Early Earth"s atmosphere contained little
or no free oxygen.
7. Spontaneous generation __________. probably did occur once as early as 3.9 billion years ago as a result of
the climatic conditions and was a theory disproven by Louis Pasteur
8. Which of the following is thought to have been the first step in the origin of life? formation of organic monomers
9. In their experiment on the abiotic synthesis of organic compounds, which of the following gases did Miller and
Urey use to simulate Earth's early atmosphere? H2O, CH4, H2, and NH3
10. The Miller abiotic synthesis experiment (and subsequent, similar experiments) showed that _____. simple
organic molecules can form spontaneously under conditions like those thought to prevail early in Earth"s history
11. The presence of which one of the following was absolutely essential for the development of the first life forms?
a reducing atmosphere
12. Biologists are interested in the role of clay in the origin of life. They think clay might have _____. catalyzed the
formation of organic polymers such as proteins and RNA
13. Cech has suggested that the first self-replicating molecules were _____. RNA
14. Biologists are interested in the role of liposomes in the origin of life. They think that liposomes might show how
_____. primitive cell membranes could form, grow, and divide
AP BIOLOGY Mr. Mapplebeck

15. Protobionts of one sort or another—aggregates of abiotically produced molecules—display all but one of the
following properties of living cells. The one property they LACK is a(n) ____________. genetic library
16. How might deep-sea vents have been important in the origin of life? They may have been the source of some of
the organic compounds that cells use in energy metabolism; sulfides of iron and nickel common in deep-sea
vents are excellent catalysts; and the high temperatures associated with deep-sea vents were a source of
energy for the reactions necessary for the formation of protobionts.
17. You set your time machine for 3 billion years ago and push the start button. When the dust clears, you look out
the window. Which of the following describes what you would probably see? green scum in the water
18. Bacteria were classified as plants for many years because _____. of their rigid cell walls
19. In the five-kingdom system of classification, eukaryotic organisms that absorb their nutrients (many are
decomposers of organic material) are members of kingdom _____.
Fungi
20. In the five-kingdom system of classification, unicellular prokaryotes are classified in kingdom _____. Monera
21. Multicellular organisms that ingest their nutrients are classified in kingdom _____. Animalia
22. A small piece of tissue collected from a deciduous forest is examined in the laboratory. It is obviously
multicellular and nucleated. Each of the cells contains several green, oval organelles. The tissue is most
probably from a member of which kingdom? Plantae
23. Most of the arguments about classification center on _____. prokaryotes and protists
24. Polymerization __________. is the generation of large molecules by small molecules
25. Protists are a diverse group of organisms that include _____. Algae, unicellular eukaryotes, b & c
Chapter 27
Pre-test
1. The prokaryotic organisms most likely to be found living in extreme environments such as salt ponds are
the __________. archaea
2. E. coli bacteria, which live in human intestines, are shaped like tiny, straight sausages. They are _____.
bacilli
3. Gram-negative bacteria, but not gram-positive bacteria, have _____.a membrane outside the cell wall
4. Genes for the resistance of antibiotics are usually located _____. on plasmids
5. The bacterium Bacillus thuringensis can withstand heat, dryness, and toxic chemicals that would kill most
other bacteria. This indicates that it is probably able to form _____. endospores
6. Bacteria that live around deep-sea hot-water vents obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic hydrogen sulfide
belched out by the vents. They use this energy to build organic molecules from carbon obtained from the
carbon dioxide in the seawater. These bacteria are ____. chemoautotrophs
7. Which of the following is true of cyanobacteria? They are photoautotrophs.
8. Prokaryotes called ____ are similar in many ways to eukaryotic organisms. archaea
9. Which of the following would most likely spoil salted fish? a halophile
10. Koch's postulates _____.are used to demonstrate that a certain microorganism causes a disease
Actvities Quiz

1. _____ are surface appendages that allow a bacterium to stick to a surface. PILLI
2. What is the function of a bacterium's capsule? PROTECTION
3. Where is a bacterial cell's DNA found? NUCLEOID REGION
4. In a bacterium, where are proteins synthesized? ribosomes
5. What name is given to the rigid structure, found outside the plasma membrane, that surrounds and supports the
bacterial cell? cell wall
6. The _____ is the bacterial structure that acts as a selective barrier, allowing nutrients to enter the cell and
wastes to leave the cell. plasma membrane
7. The prokaryotic cells that built stromatolites are classified as _____. cyanobacteria
8. Streptococcus aureus is classified with _____. gram-positive bacteria
9. Organisms that can cause nongonococcal urethritis are classified with _____. chlamydias
10. The structure that regulates the passage of material into and out of this bacterial cell is indicated by the letter _____. C
11. The chemoheterotroph Proteus vulgaris is a rod-shaped bacterium classified with _____.
proteobacteria
12. Spiral-shaped bacteria are likely to be placed with _____. spirochetes
13. Which of these pairs of prokaryotic subgroups share the most recent common ancestor?

Chapter quiz

1. Members of what was the kingdom Monera are now divided into two major domains called the _________.
Archaea and Bacteria
2. A streptobacillus kind of prokaryote __________. consists of rod-shaped cells
AP BIOLOGY Mr. Mapplebeck

3. Which of the following is a difference between bacteria and archaea? They have different chemicals in their cell
membranes and cell walls.
4. Gram-negative bacteria have ________ peptidoglycan than gram-positive cells, and their cell walls are _________
complex structurally. less ... more
5. A gram-negative cell wall consists of _____. a thin layer of peptidoglycan surrounded by an outer membrane
6. Bacteria that have a thick peptidoglycan outer layer and that stain with a characteristic purple (crystal violet) are
called _____. gram-positive
7. The Gram stain technique distinguishes bacteria by their _____. cell wall composition
8. Which one of the following is NOT used to identify different kinds of bacteria? number of chromosomes
9. Bacterial cells, but not eukaryotic cells, possess _____. a peptidoglycan cell wall
10. Which one of the following statements is FALSE? Prokaryotic ribosomes are identical to eukaryotic ribosomes.
11. Bacteria that ____________ tend to have abundant internal membranes. are phototosynthetic
12. The bacteria that cause tetanus can be killed only by prolonged heating at temperatures considerably above
boiling. This suggests that tetanus bacteria _____. produce endospores
13. Bacterial cells divide by __________. binary fission
14. One effect of the increase in antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria is _________. increased health care costs
due to the use of more expensive antibiotics
15. In an experiment, a microbiologist put equal numbers of each of the following organisms into a flask of sterile
broth consisting mostly of sugar and a few amino acids. She then placed the flask in the dark. Which of the
organisms would be best able to survive? chemoheterotrophic bacteria
16. Bacteria that can convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia are called _____. nitrogen fixers
17. The Desulfovibrio bacterium breaks down organic matter (which it must have) and uses sulfate (not oxygen) as
an electron acceptor. As a result, it produces hydrogen sulfide (H2S), accounting for the "rotten egg" smell of
swamp muck. Oxygen is a deadly poison to Desulfovibrio . We would call Desulfovibrio a(n) _____. obligately
anaerobic chemoheterotroph
18. Cyanobacteria are similar to green plants in that both _____. can carry out oxygen-producing photosynthesis.
19. Bacteria that use light for their energy source and CO 2 for their carbon source are called _____.

Photoautotrophs
20. The actions of nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in the soil are most like those of a farmer who is _________.
applying fertilizer to the field
21. The cyanobacterium Nostoc can fix (reduce) _____________. nitrogen and carbon
22. Ancient cyanobacteria, found in fossil stromatolites, were very important in the history of life because they
_____. produced the oxygen in the atmosphere
23. Which of the following bacterial pigments is similar to visual pigments in the human eye? Bacteriorhodopsin
24. Recent research on the archaea has shown that _____. the prokaryotes diverged early into two evolutionary
lines
25. The archaea have been proposed as a separate, ancient evolutionary line mainly because their __________
are so different from that of bacteria. membrane lipids and cell walls
26. Prokaryotes found inhabiting the Great Salt Lake would be the _____. extreme halophiles
27. Methanogens, extreme halophiles, and thermoacidophiles are examples of _____. Archaea
28. Which one of the following groups of prokaryotes is classified as a member of the domain Archaea?
Methanogens
29. Glycolysis is the only metabolic pathway common to nearly all organisms. To scientists, this suggests that it
_____. first appeared early in the history of life
30. A type of symbiosis called ___________ involves one organism living at the expense of another organism.
Parasitism
31. Bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae can cause disease in humans when _____. the host"s immune
system is compromised
32. Which one of the following is a human disease caused by a bacterium? Salmonella typhii
33. Energy metabolism may have evolved when early prokaryotes _____. used up the ATP in their environment

Chapter 28: Pre-Test

1. Which of the following are protozoans? apicomplexans, flagellates, amoebas, and ciliates
2. In general, how do algae and protozoans differ? Algae are photosynthetic, and almost all protozoans are
heterotrophic.
3. The endosymbiont theory states that _____________; one piece of evidence supporting this theory is the fact
that _____________. mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as ingested prokaryotes ... mitochondria and
chloroplasts have their own DNA
4. As she peered through the microscope, Paige said, "I know that this thing is supposed to be a ciliate, a
flagellate, or an amoeba, but I can't figure out which." Michelle replied, "That's easy. ___________." Watch how
it moves
AP BIOLOGY Mr. Mapplebeck

5. __________ are autotrophs that float near the surface of water and serve as the basis of the food chain.
Phytoplankton
6. A sign on the beach states, "Beach Closed. Red Tide." The organisms interfering with your use of this beach
are __________. Dinoflagellates
7. Groups of seaweeds can generally be distinguished on the basis of _____. Color
8. Most biologists agree that seaweeds are protists, even though most other protists are microscopic unicellular
creatures. Some biologists think that at least some seaweeds should be considered plants, not protists. Which
of the following would support the "seaweed are plants" hypothesis? Certain seaweeds contain several kinds of
specialized cells.
9. Alternation of generations is seen in the life cycle of the _____. Laminaria
10. Which of the following organisms are INCORRECTLY paired with their description? rhodophytes: cause red
tides

Activities Quiz

1. The cells of _____ and _____ lack mitochondria. trichomonads ... diplomonads
2. The members of _____ are characterized by cells with small membrane-bounded cavities under their cell
membranes. Alveolata
3. Euglenoids, dinoflagellates, diatoms, golden algae, brown algae, red algae, chlorophytes, charophyceans, and
plants are all _____. Photosynthetic
4. Which of these groups consist of parasitic flagellated cells, such as Trypanosoma, the organism that causes
sleeping sickness? Kinetoplastids
5. Which three groups contain large algae known as seaweeds? brown algae, red algae, and green algae
6. Which stramenopile group includes heterokont algae? diatoms, golden algae, brown algae
7. Which of these groups is characterized by glasslike walls containing silica? Diatoms
8. Various parasites of animals, such as Plasmodium, the organism that causes malaria, are _____.
Apicomplexans
9. A paramecium is a(n) _____. Ciliate
10. The largest seaweeds are _____. brown algae
11. All of the organisms classified as _____ move and feed using cilia. Ciliates
12. Which group is characterized by cells with fine hairlike projections on their flagella? Stramenopila
13. Which of these algal groups possess a photosynthetic pigment that allows them to live in deep water? red algae
14. Which of these groups includes both aquatic decomposers and the parasites responsible for the powdery
mildew of grapes and late potato blight? water molds
15. Which algal group has chloroplasts much like those of green plants in structure and pigment makeup?
Chlorophytes

Chapter Quiz

1. Protists are a diverse group of organisms that includes _____. algae and protozoans
2. The kingdom Protista causes dissatisfaction among taxonomists mainly because ____________. various
pieces of evidence indicate that the Protista are not monophyletic
3. Which of the following is NOT evidence for the role of endosymbiosis in the origin of eukaryotes? The DNA
in the eukaryotic nucleus codes for some enzymes in mitochondria.
4. The euglenoids could be said to bridge the evolutionary gap between plantlike protists and animal-like
protists. This is because they have some characteristics of each group. For example, they __________.
carry on photosynthesis but have flagella and lack a cell wall
5. What do a carnivorous dinoflagellate, a parasitic apicomplexan, and Paramecium have in common? All
three have alveoli under their cell surfaces.
6. Which organisms are capable of producing a "red tide"? dinoflagellates
7. A clade of protists consisting entirely of parasitic organisms is the _____. Apicomplexans
8. Plasmodium is a protozoan parasite that causes malaria. Scientists have recently made a discovery that
may help overcome drug resistance in Plasmodium. That discovery is _________. the identification of the
gene for resistance to chloroquine
9. A student is looking at a protist under the microscope. "I know it's supposed to be a ciliate, a flagellate, or
an amoeba, but how am I supposed to know which it is?" she complains to her lab partner. "Easy," her
partner says. "Just __________." watch how it moves
10. Which one of the following organisms is commercially harvested to extract algin from their cell walls?
phaeophytes (brown algae)
11. The chief use of the algal product algin is as a(n) _____. thickener in processed foods
12. Agar is a complex carbohydrate used in gelatin capsules and also in cooking. It is derived from cell walls of
_____. Rhodophytes
13. The general term given to a plant body that lacks stems, leaves, and roots and that shows little tissue
differentiation is _______. Thallus
AP BIOLOGY Mr. Mapplebeck

14. How do trypanosomes withstand the attack of a host's immune system? The molecular composition of
their coat keeps changing.
15. The red algae are characterized by _____. alternation of generations in some species
16. Many members of the red algae are adapted to deeper water because _____. their photosynthetic
pigments efficiently absorb blue light
17. The algal groups most commonly found in freshwater ecosystems are __________. chlorophytes and
diatoms
18. Which of the following groups of algae are most closely related to higher plants? Chlorophytes
19. Which of these groups is characterized by cells that have more than one nucleus? Ciliates
20. The asexual cycle of the unicellular alga Chlamydomonas involves _____________. Mitosis
21. Some chlorophytes, like Spirogyra, have a unique form of sexual reproduction in which free-swimming
gametes are not produced. Instead, two adjacent strands of cells fuse together and cells of one strand
move into the cell walls of the adjacent strand. This is called _________. Conjugation
22. Actinopods feed by ____________. catching small organisms and organic particles on slender axopodia
23. In lab class a plasmodial slime mold is used as a demonstration organism. One of the students does not
understand why this visible mass of life is not considered multicellular. How would you explain it to her?
The mass of protoplasm is undivided by membranes and contains many nuclei; therefore, it is not
technically multicellular.
24. Some protozoans, such as Amoeba and Paramecium, have special organelles that continually eliminate
excess water from the cell. The presence of these organelles tells you that the protozoan is adapted to live
in _________. a freshwater environment
25. Which of the following is most likely to thrive in the ocean, floating near the water's surface?
Foraminiferans
26. Consider the following kinds of organisms: dinoflagellates, ciliates, and euglenoids. All of these organisms
belong to which one of the following groups? Protista
27. Which of these groups includes unicellular organisms with unique overlapping cell walls? Diatoms
28. Which of these groups includes photosynthetic unicellular organisms with flagella and contractile
vacuoles? Euglenoids
29. Which of these groups includes parasitic unicellular organisms with a complex of organelles specialized for
penetrating host cells and tissues? Apicomplexans
30. Which of these groups has cells with walls made of silica? Diatoms
31. Which of these groups includes species that produce a nerve agent toxic to humans? Dinoflagellates

Chapter 29 Pre-test

1. Land plants arose during the _____. Cambrian

2. The closest algal relatives of land plants are _____. Charophyceans
3. Modern plants probably evolved from _____. Charophyceans
4. The diploid generation of the plant life cycle always _____. produces spores
5. Most bryophytes, such as mosses, differ from all other plants in that they _____. lack vascular tissue
6. Bryophytes are small because __________. they are avascular
7. The diploid sporophyte stage is dominant in the life cycle of all of the following EXCEPT _____. a moss
8. In contrast to bryophytes, in vascular plants the dominant stage of the life cycle is the _____. Sporophyte
9. Seedless plants include __________. The correct answer:
10. During the Carboniferous period, forests consisting mainly of ____ produced vast quantities of organic matter,
which was buried and later became coal. ferns and other seedless plants

Activities Quiz

1. Which of these was the dominant plant group at the time that dinosaurs were the dominant animals?
Gymnosperms
2. Plants evolved from green algae approximately _____ million years ago. 475
3. _____ are an example of seedless vascular plants. Ferns
4. The closest living relatives of the first plants to bear gametangia are the _____. Bryophytes
5. Which of these characteristics is shared by algae and seed plants? Chloroplasts
6. In moss, _____ produce sperm. Antheridia
7. The sperm produced by mosses require _____ to reach an archegonium. Moisture
8. In the moss life cycle _____ cells within a sporangium undergo _____ to produce _____ spores. diploid ...
meiosis ... haploid
9. In mosses gametes are produced by _____; in ferns gametes are produced by _____. mitosis ... mitosis
10. Where do fern antheridia develop? on the underside of the gametophyte
11. The conspicuous part of a fern plant is a _____. diploid sporophyte

Chapter Quiz
AP BIOLOGY Mr. Mapplebeck

1. Which of the following is NOT a difference between algae and plants? Plant cells have rigid cellulose walls and
algal cells do not.
2. Which of the following is NOT a homology shared by land plants and their closest living algal relatives? the
presence of cuticle on the surface of leaves
3. In ferns the leaves are called _____. Fronds
4. Which of the following produce eggs and sperm? moss gametophytes
5. Alternation of generations _____. is distinguished by haploid and diploid stages that are both multicellular
6. Plants undergo alternation of generations in which _____. the sporophyte generation alternates with the
gametophyte generation
7. The development of the __________ allowed plants to exist on land. Algae do not have this feature. Cuticle
8. Gametangia are__________. single-celled in algae, multicellular in most plants
9. What structures allow plants to readily take up carbon dioxide from the atmosphere? Stomata
10. Vascular tissues of plants include __________. xylem for conducting water and minerals, and phloem for
conducting dissolved organic molecules
11. Most plant systematists believe that, of all the bryophytes, _____ are most closely related to vascular plants.
Mosses
12. Mosses do not have "true leaves" because their leaflike structures lack _____. vascular tissues
13. In the life cycle of a fern, the multicellular male gametangium (the sex organ that produces sperm cells) is called
a(n) _____. Antheridium
14. In the life cycle of ferns, the multicellular female gametangium (the sex organ that contains an egg) is a(n)
_____. Archegonium
15. Small nonvascular plants that lack a specialized conduction system are called __________. Bryophytes
16. _______ is found in woody tissues; _______ protect(s) pollen grains from environmental damage. Lignin ...
sporopollenin
17. The gametophyte stage of the plant life cycle is most conspicuous in _____. Mosses
18. When you see a green, "leafy" moss, you are looking at the _____. gametophyte generation
19. Fertilization in moss occurs when sperm swim from a(n) __________ and down the neck of a(n) __________.
antheridium ... archegonium
20. The gametophyte generation of a moss _____, is haploid
21. Mosses __________. live in dense colonies, have no roots, stems, or leaves, prevent soil erosion, have
commercial value, all of the above
22. The innovation essential to the survival of bryophytes on land was _____. the retention of the egg within the
archegonium
23. How are gametes produced by bryophytes? by mitosis of gametophyte cells
24. Which of the following are nonvascular but have adaptations that green algae lack (such as a cuticle and
stomata)? Mosses
25. All heterosporous plants produce _____. megaspores that develop into female gametophytes and microspores
that develop into male gametophytes
26. Lycophytes are better adapted to life on land than true mosses because lycophytes have something that true
mosses lack. What is it? vascular tissues for the transport of water and nutrients from the soil
27. Strolling through the woods, you would be least likely to notice which of the following? a fern gametophyte
28. Ferns and mosses are mostly limited to moist environments because _____. they have swimming sperm
29. In cells entering prophase of mitosis in the gametophyte of a fern species that has a diploid number (2n) of 14,
there would be _____. 7 chromosomes, each chromosome consisting of two chromatids
30. If the "dots" on the underside of a fern frond are spore cases, what is true of the plant to which the frond
belongs? It is a sporophyte.
31. A fern differs from a moss in that it has _____. an independent sporophyte
32. Fern spores are __________, and the familiar, "leafy" fern plant itself is __________. haploid ... diploid
33. Both mosses and ferns possess _____. a free-living gametophyte
34. To examine meiosis in ferns, you would study _____. the sporangia
35. Outdoors, where would you look for a fern gametophyte? on moist soil
36. Fern gametophytes are _____. free-living, multicellular organisms
37. The fern gametophyte is called a _____. Prothallus

Chapter 30 Pre-test

1. Which one of the following organisms has both gametophyte and sporophyte stages in its life cycle but spends
the largest fraction of that life cycle in the gametophyte stage? Moss
2. When you look at a pine or maple tree, the plant you see is _____. diploid sporophyte
3. All seed plants _____. are heterosporous
4. The evolutionary advance that made possible the colonization of dry environments by seed plants is most likely
the result of the evolution of _____. Pollen
5. Gymnosperms were most abundant during the _____. Mesozoic
6. The major difference between angiosperms and gymnosperms comes from the __________. presence or
absence of a protective covering over the ovule
7. In pine, the embryo develops within the _____. female gametophyte
AP BIOLOGY Mr. Mapplebeck

8. Angiosperms are different from all other plants because only they have _____. Flowers
9. Unlike most angiosperms, grasses are pollinated by wind. As a consequence, some unnecessary parts of grass
flowers have almost disappeared. Which of the following parts would you expect to be most reduced in a grass
flower? Petals
10. Human survival literally depends on the produce of __________. Angiosperms

Activities Quiz

1. In pines, an embryo is a(n) _____. immature sporophyte

2. In pine trees, pollen grains get to the ovule via the _____. Micropyle
3. In pines, the female gametophyte contains _____, each of which contains a(n) _____. archegonia ... egg
4. Which of these statements is true about the gametophyte tissue that surrounds the pine embryo? Which of
these statements is true about the gametophyte tissue that surrounds the pine embryo?
5. Of the four haploid cells produced by a pine cone's megaspore mother cell, _____ survive(s). one
6. In the pine, microsporangia form _____ microspores by _____. haploid ... meiosis
7. Which of these is unique to flowering plants? double fertilization
8. The male gametophytes of flowering plants are also referred to as _____. pollen grains
9. In flowering plants the integument of the ovule develops into a(n) _____. seed coat
10. A carpel is composed of _____. stigma, style, and ovary
11. In flowering plants one megaspore gives rise to _____ nuclei. eight haploid
12. A stamen consists of _____. anther and filament
13. "Pollination" is the transfer of pollen grain to the _____ of a flower on the same plant or another plant of
the same species. Stigma

Chapter Quiz

1. Most bryophytes, such as mosses, differ from all other plants in that they _____. lack vascular tissue
2. In which one of the following major plant groups do most of the species NOT produce flagellated sperm? seed
plants
3. Which one of the following is true of seed plants, but not of seedless plants? The gametophyte is reduced and
dependent on the sporophyte.
4. The eggs of seed plants are fertilized within ovules, and the ovules then develop into _____. Seeds
5. A pea pod is formed from ____. A pea inside the pod is formed from ____. an ovary ... an ovule
6. The diploid generation of the plant life cycle always _____. produces spores
7. Which evolutionary advance gave the gymnosperms an adaptive advantage at the time they were evolving?
Seed
8. Seeds have advantages over spores. For example, __________. seeds contain the young plants, an abundant
food supply, and a protective covering
9. All seed plants ____________. are heterosporous
10. Both gymnosperms and angiosperms have _____. pollen, seeds, and ovules.
11. Gymnosperms __________. produce seeds that are totally exposed
12. An explorer found a plant that had roots, stems, and leaves. It had no flowers but produced seeds. This plant
sounds like a(n) _____. gymnosperm
13. Which of the following best describes how fertilization occurs in a conifer? A pollen grain carried by wind carries
a sperm that fertilizes the egg.
14. The male gametophyte in pine is commonly known as _____. Pollen
15. Conifers usually ____________. bear both male and female cones on the same tree
16. Pollen is __________ and contains __________. haploid ... sperm nuclei
17. All gametophytes are _____. Haploid
18. Most species of plants are _____. Angiosperms
19. The defining reproductive adaptation of angiosperms is the __________. Flower
20. The portion of the flower that receives the pollen is the _____. Stigma
21. In the process of pollination, pollen grains are transferred from the _____ to the _____. anther ... stigma
22. Male floral parts include __________. stamens: anthers and filaments
23. The "male" structures of angiosperms are called __________, and they produce __________. anthers ... pollen
24. The "female" structures of angiosperms are called __________, and they produce __________. carpels ...
ovules
25. A fruit is a mature _____. Ovary
26. After fertilization, the _____ develops into a seed and the _____ develops into a fruit. ovule ... ovary
27. Aggregate fruit is formed from __________; simple fruit is formed from _______; and multiple fruit is formed
from ________. a single flower with several separate ovaries ... a single ovary ... the fusion of ovaries of
separate flowers
28. Which one of the following best describes the function of fruits? to protect and disperse the seeds
29. What do the "mono-" and "-di-" refer to in "monocots" and "dicots"? the number of "seed leaves"
30. In a flowering plant, meiosis occurs within the _____, producing a spore that develops into a female
gametophyte. Ovule
AP BIOLOGY Mr. Mapplebeck

31. Select the INCORRECT association. sepals ... containment of sporangia

32. Meiosis will produce microspores in the _____. Anther
33. If a leaf cell in a potato plant contains 48 chromosomes, a sperm cell in a pollen grain would contain ____
chromosomes. 24
34. All of the following are true about angiosperm spores EXCEPT _____. the spores are part of the asexual
reproductive cycle
35. Which one of the following is diploid? Megasporocyte
36. The pollen tube releases two sperm cells into the embryo sac. The result of this is the _____. union of one
sperm nucleus with the egg nucleus while the other sperm nucleus unites with the nuclei of the center cell,
forming a triploid nucleus
37. The triploid nucleus of the embryo sac develops into the _____. Endosperm
38. In angiosperms, each pollen grain produces two sperm. What do these sperm do? One fertilizes an egg and the
other fertilizes a cell that develops into stored food.
39. What is endosperm? stored food in a seed
40. Unlike gymnosperms, angiosperms have _____. Endosperm
41. Double fertilization __________. the second and third choices
42. In gymnosperms, the seed coat develops from the integuments. In angiosperms, the seed coat develops from
the ____. Integuments
43. A plant is said to be cross-pollinated if __________. pollen grains are transferred to a flower on a different plant
44. Some plants have evolved to attract specific animals. The animal receives a meal and the plant is assured that
its pollen will not be wasted on plants of different species. Through time, the plant gets better at attracting that
animal and the animal gets more specialized for feeding on that plant. This type of long-term interplay between
populations is referred to as _____. Coevolution
45. At current rates of deforestation, tropical rain forests will be eliminated in ______ years. 25
46. You find a wildflower that has large, brilliantly colored petals, but it has no odor. What can you deduce about its
pollinators? Its pollinators locate flowers by visual cues rather than by smell.
47. Like gymnosperms, many grasses and angiosperm trees are wind-pollinated. To conserve energy, these
angiosperms do not produce complete flowers (complete flowers have all four of the basic parts). Which part
would wind-pollinated angiosperms be most likely NOT to have? Petals
48. Most of the seeds used for human consumption come from __________. Angiosperms

Chapter 31 Pre-test

1. Which of the following is a difference between plants and fungi? Fungi are heterotrophic and plants are
autotrophic.
2. Fungi obtain nutrients through _____. Absorption
3. The body of a fungus (with the exception of yeast) consists of threadlike ____, which form a network called a
____. hyphae ... mycelium
4. Fungi have cell walls made of _____. Chitin
5. Fungi cannot make their own food, and they cannot move. How do they obtain things to eat? They produce
huge numbers of spores and they grow rapidly.
6. The diploid phase of the life cycle is shortest in which of the following? Fungus
7. Fungi are classified on the basis of _____. their sexual stage
8. An important example of interaction between fungi and certain other organisms is mycorrhizae. Here they
____________. help plants take up nutrients and water
9. Fungi of the phylum Ascomycota are recognized on the basis of their production of ______ during sexual
reproduction. saclike structures
10. From the human perspective, which of the following kinds of fungi would be considered the least useful or
beneficial? Rusts

Activities Quiz

1. As a group, fungi are _____. Decomposers

2. Fungi release digestive enzymes into their _____. Surroundings
3. Basidia produce spores by a process known as _____. Meiosis
4. Fungi produce _____ spores. Haploid
5. Karyogamy produces a _____. diploid zygote
6. Which of these contains two haploid nuclei? the heterokaryotic stage of the fungal life cycle
7. Zygosporangia are _____. Heterokaryotic
8. Cup fungi are in the phylum _____. Ascomycota
9. In sac fungi, karyogamy and meiosis occur in _____. Asci
10. A nucleus within an ascus undergoes meiosis, producing four haploid spores, which then undergo mitosis,
producing eight haploid ascospores. These haploid ascospores contain a maximum of _____ different genetic
types. Four
11. In club fungi, karyogamy and meiosis occur in _____. Basidia

Chapter Quiz
AP BIOLOGY Mr. Mapplebeck

1. _____ fungi are decomposers. Saprobic

2. Molecular evidence suggests that fungi _____. and animals have a common ancestor
3. Fungi are said to be absorptive heterotrophs rather than ingestive ones because they ____________. digest
organic matter outside their bodies
4. In contrast to plants, the cell walls of fungi are composed of _____. Chitin
5. The hyphae of parasitic fungi that are modified to penetrate and absorb nutrients from host tissue are called
_____. Haustoria
6. There is a fungus in Oregon that covers 2,200 acres! The bulk of this fungus is most likely ____________.
Mycelium
7. In fungi, the function of the mycelium is ____________. obtaining food
8. Some scum was found growing near the edge of a pond. Under a microscope, each of its cells was found to
contain two nuclei. This means the scum must be _____. a fungus
9. Which one of the following statements about fungi is FALSE? Fungal spores are diploid cells in virtually all
species.
10. Hyphae with two nuclei per cell are called _____. Dikaryotic
11. Fungi of the phylum Chytridiomycota were once placed in the kingdom Protista because they have _____.
flagellated cells
12. Fungi are classified on the basis of ____________. their sexual stage
13. Fungi of the phylum Zygomycota are recognized on the basis of their production of ______ during sexual
reproduction. a dikaryotic structure
14. The tips of sexual hyphae in zygomycetes such as black bread mold, Rhizopus, serve as _____. Gametangia
15. The asexual spores produced by members of the phylum Ascomycota are called _____. conidia
16. An ascus is _____. a saclike cell containing spores
17. Under a microscope, a piece of mushroom would look most like _____. a tangle of string
18. In mushrooms, karyogamy results in the formation of the __________ phase. Diploid
19. The next time you have cream of mushroom soup, you can say, "What a delicious __________." Basidiomycete
20. The mushroom in a basidiomycete life cycle serves the same function as the ____________ in the ascomycete
life cycle, which is to ____________. ascocarp ... scatter sexually produced spores
21. While hiking through a forest, you discover a fungus growing on the remains of a decaying tree trunk. You
hypothesize that it is a basidiomycete fungus because it resembles a mushroom in shape and size. If your logic
is correct, microscopic analysis of the tissue found in the stalk of this fungus will reveal the presence of _____.
dikaryotic cells with haploid nuclei
22. The gills of a mushroom (basidiomycete) are specialized for _____. Reproduction
23. The basidiomycete fungi produce spores _____. on a club-shaped cell
24. Where and when does fertilization occur in the mushroom life cycle? in a mushroom, when the nuclei of a
dikaryotic cell fuse
25. Lichens are _____. symbiotic associations of photosynthesizers and fungi
26. Which of the following could NOT be involved in a lichen symbiosis? Dinoflagellate
27. Aspergillus soyae, one of the fungi used to make soy sauce (shoyu) has no known sexual cycle. It is therefore
classified as one of the ____________. Deuteromycetes
28. You are hiking through a bog in northern Maine and notice what appears to be moss growing on the tamarack
trees. On closer inspection, you see that the "moss" is composed of translucent (clear) filaments with
interspersed spherical green cells. This moss must be _____. a lichen
29. We know the yeasts are not protists because under certain conditions they form short filaments of cells, or
hyphae. Additional evidence that they are fungi is that they _____. produce asci when they reproduce sexually
30. During the American Revolution, the British lost more ships to ______ than to sinking by the enemy. fungal rot
31. A dramatic example of the pathogenicity of certain fungi is the virtual elimination of the American elm by _____.
an ascomycete