SUN MARSS Technologies R/AINULS Lee Lye\yEo EO 192.168.1.1, 192.168.3.150 goo bg LAN - 192.168.1.0/24 LAN - 192.168.3.0/24 HYDERABAD OFFICE BANGLORE OFFICE Eo 192.168.2.150 abo LAN - 192.168.2.0/24 CHENNAI OFFICEFrame Relay SUN MARSS Technologies Frame Relay is a data link layer packet-switching protocol that uses digital circuits. It is used for medium to longer distances and for longer connectivity. Leased lines also provide longer connectivity but a physical circuit is used to make connection between 2 sites and the same circuit path is used always. Frame Relay connections use logical circuits to make connections between 2 sites. These logical circuits are referred to as Virtual Circuits(VCs). Multiple VCs can exist on the same physical connection. VCs are Full duplex.SUN MARSS Advantages of Frame Relay Technologies * VCs overcome the scalability problems of leased lines by providing multiple logical circuits over the same physical connection. * Only one serial interface of a router is needed to handle the VC connections to multiple sites Whereas using leased lines multiple serial interfaces are needed to connect to multiple sites. *® VCs provide full connectivity at a much lower price compared to leased lines.x SUN MARSS Frame Relay Terminology Technologies * Sub-interfaces * Uses Shared bandwidth e Local Management interface(LMI): — used between the Frame relay DTE(eg.Router) and the Frame Relay DCE(eg. Frame Relay switch) - Defines how the DTE interacts with the DCE - Lecally significant — Provides VCs status information(a keep-alive mechanism) - LMI standards : Cisco, ANSI, Q933a The DTE and DCE must have the same LMI signaling typeFrame Relay Terminology SUN MARSS Technologies e Data Link Connection Identifier(DLCI) : used to identify each VC on a physical interface (i.e.) Each VC has a unique local address called a DLCL number. switch will map to the destination depending on the DLCI number Inverse ARP is used to map DLCIs to next hop addresses. Mapping can also be done manually. Its Locally significant. These numbers are given by the Frame relay service providers, Service providers assign DLCIs in the range of 16 to 1007.SUN MARSS Frame Relay Terminology Technologies * Virtual circuits are of two types: - Permanent Virtual Circuits - PVCs - Switched Virtual Circuits -SVCs * Permanent Virtual Circuit : — similar to a dedicated leased line , permanent connection. — used when constant data is being generated. ¢ Switched Virtual Circuit : - also called as Semi-permanent virtual circuit ~ similar to a circuit switched connection where the VC is dynamically built and then torn down once the data has been sent. — used when data has to be sent in small amounts and at periodic intervals.SUN MARSS Frame Relay Terminology Technologies ¢ Committed Information Rate(CIR) : — Average data rate measured over a fixed period of time that the carrier guarantees for a VC. - committed bandwidth e Burst Rate(BR) : - Average data rate provider guarantees for a VC. - Excess bandwidthFrame Relay Terminology SUN MARSS Technologies FECN and BECN : Forward Explicit Congestion Notification Backward Explicit Congestion Notification When congestion occurs switch marks the FECN and BECN bits in the frame header. FECN is sent to the destination BECN is sent to the source Thereby notifying both source and destination about the congestion. FECN = Oand BECN =0 implies no congestion.