General Viva-Voce Questions

1. State Pascal’s law.

2. Define Newton’s law of viscosity.
3. State Bernoulli’s equation and give correction factors.
4. What is Hagen-Poiseulle’s equation?
5. Write Darcy Weinsbach equation.
6. What are the different flow measuring devices? Classify them.
7. What is a manometer?
8. Manometric reading increases with volumetric flow rate –comment.
9. What are the different types of manometers used and when are they used?
10. What are the required properties of a manometric fluid?
11. What is a potential flow?
12. What is boundary layer?
13. Differentiate between kinematic viscosity and dynamic viscosity?
14. What is a fully developed flow?
15. Write the continuity equation.
16. Comment on loss of head due to various factors
17. Classify the pumps used in industries?
18. Define NPSH and cavitations ?
19. What is the relationship between the velocity with respect to radius in laminar flow ?
20. What are ideal and non-ideal flow ?
21. State the condition for hydrostatic equilibrium.
22. What is steady and unsteady flow ?
23. How do you confirm a steady flow ?
24. Explain the working principle of a rotameter.
25. What is viscous flow ?
26. What is the approximate value of venturi coefficient ?
27. Compare venturimeter and orifice meter.
28. Why QAct is less than QThe?
29. When is venturimeter selected for flow measurement ?
30. Show the pressure tapings by drawing cross sectional view of venturimeter.

31. Define orifice coefficient ? Why is it less than 1 ?

32. What is calibration ? Mention its uses.
33. What is an orifice ?
34. Draw orificemeter and show its pressure tapings.
35. What is the use of orificemeter ?
36. Compare pressure losses in orificemeter with respect to venturimeter.
37. When is orificemeter preferred ?
38. What is a conduit ?
39. Why is circular cross sections proffered when different shapes are available.
40. What is friction, viscosity, friction factor chart, roughness, roughness parameter, and relative
roughness ?
41. What is Bernoulli’s theorem and write the equation ?
42. What are the different equations available to calculate friction for different region?
43. What is the numerical value of the slope of the line in laminar region in friction factor chart ?
44. Sketch the different idealized types of roughness ?
45. What are the factors which cause friction ?
46. What are the different types of friction ?
47. What is head ? How is it maintained constant ?
48. Name the different materials of construction of pipes.
49. When is a pipe said to be hydraulically smooth ?
50. What are the different types of fittings or joints ?
51. What is the use of friction factor chart ?
52. On what factors friction in pipe depend ?
53. What is equivalent length ?
54. When are coils preferred as heat exchanger ?
55. What are the importance of calculating the loss of head ?
56. What is the reason for the loss of head for a flowing fluid ?
57. What is an impact tube and static tube ?
58. What is stagnation point ?
59. Differentiate local velocity from average velocity.
60. What are the values of the ratio of average velocity and maximum velocity for laminar and
turbulent regions ?
61. Draw velocity profile in a pipe for laminar and turbulent flow conditions.
62. Why velocity is zero a the surface of the pipe walls ?
63. Why is inclined manometer used ?
64. What is the value of pitot coefficient ?
65. What are compressible and incompressible fluids ?
66. What are different types of fluid flow ?
67. What are Newtonian and Non-Newtonian fluids ?
68. Which equipment is used to measure point velocity in a large diameter pipe /
69. What is an annulus ?
70. Define hydraulic radius and equivalent diameter ?
71. What is equivalent diameter for an annulus ?
72. What are the applications of an annulus ?
73. Compare friction in annulus with a circular pipe of equal cross sectional area?
74. What is packed bed?
75. What are different types of packing?
76. What are the different materials used for packing ?
77. List out the different characteristics of a packing material.
78. What is meant by channeling, by passing, flooding, and loading with respect to packed bed ?
79. What are the advantages of using packed column in fluid operations ?
80. List out the applications of packed column ?
81. What is superficial velocity, mass velocity and average velocity ?
82. Why distributor is used at the top of a packed column ?
83. What is fluidization ?
84. What is Ergun equation ? Where is it applied ?
85. What is minimum fluidization velocity ?
86. What is porosity and how is it measured ?
87. What is shape factor and sphericity ?
88. What are the advantages of fluidized bed over packed bed ?
89. List out the applications of fluidized bed.
90. What are the different types of fluidization ?
91. What is pneumatic transport ?
92. How pressure drop is measured in fluidized bed ?
93. What is Blake-Plummer and Kozeny equation ?
94. What is continuous fluidization ?
95. What are the different forces acting on the solid particles in a fluidized bed ?
96. What is drag, drag force, and buoyant force ?
97. What is a stagnant point ?
98. Distinguish between pipes and tubes ?
99. Define specific gravity . How is it measured ?
100. What are variable area meters ? Give examples.
101. What is priming of pump ? Why is it necessary ?
 102. What are the main parts of a centrifugal pumps ?
103. Differentiate between centrifugal and reciprocating pump.
104. Define law of hydrostatics.
105. Why is incline manometer used ?
106. Why is U-Tube manometer used ?
107. what is β ?
108. Why is the velocity maximum in the centre of pipe ?
109. What is Fanning’s equation ?