Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
PROCESSES
Subject :- Dyeing and Printing
Submitted by
ASHISH KUMAR ANNEPU
ROLL NO.-6
DFT SEM 5
FABRIC PREPERATION - INTRODUCTION
These impurities need to be removed from the fabric before dyeing it or printing
it.
As the impurities present may differ from fiber to fiber the preparatory process
may differ and the conditions too may differ considering the fiber properties.
The main objectives of the preparatory processes of textile materials are as follows:
Remove the impurities from the fibers ,both natural as well as added impurities
as it may interfere in subsequent processes of dyeing or finishing applications.
Improve the capability of the fibers to absorb water solutions of dyes and
chemicals.
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Impart proper required brightness or whiteness to the fibers according to need
,especially when brilliant or pastel shades are desired.
The process of removal of sizing material applied upon the yarn before
weaving is known as Desizing.
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2. CELLULOSIC MATERIAL
Cotton fibers on the average consist of 90%-96% cellulose when bone-dry. The
approximate amounts of other materials present in the fiber are: 1.1-1.9%
proteins, 0.7-1.2% pectin, 0.4-1.0%waxes, 0.7-6% ash, and 0.5-1.0% other
impurities.
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These materials are located mainly in the primary walls of the fiber that is at or
near the fiber's surface. Because of their hydrophobic nature it is difficult to wet-
out unsecured cotton.
In the scouring process these impurities are removed to the extent that the fibers
will become hydrophilic and will easily w et-out.
In addition to the natural impurities, cotton fibers contain other foreign materials.
o Singeing
o Desizing
o Scouring,
o Bleaching
o Mercerizing.
2.1.a Singeing
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Singeing is an important part of pretreatment. This is the burning off of
protruding fiber ends from the surface of the fabric.
If not done properly, unclear print patterns, mottled fabric surfaces, and
pilling results.
o Cotton materials are valued for their smooth appearance. After the
formation of fabric it has a fuzzy or hairy appearance due to
projecting fibers, thus affecting the luster and smoothness cotton is
known for.
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o The fabric should not contain any acid releasing salt,which may
release acid on heating and tender the fabric.
o Then the fabric is singed with or passed over heated copper plates
or open gas flames. The fiber ends burn off.
o The fabric is moved very rapidly, and only the fiber ends are
destroyed.
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2.1.b Desizing
A gas flame type singeing
Desizing is a process which removes the chemical stiffener (a starch or other
machine
stiffener) applied to warp yarns to make them easier to weave.
This is done to ensure that subsequent dyeing and finishing materials can be
absorbed as evenly as possible.
Desizing also softens and removes any trash particles and seed-coat fragments.
The desizing bath can be a hot water bath or a bath of enzymes depending on
the sizing material that were used.
The most commonly used sizing materials are starches or polyvinyl alcohol.
The cloth continues through additional baths containing more enzymes and
detergents that loosen the sizing present and prepare the fabric for the scouring
and bleaching.
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o Natural starches(vegetable starches)
o Organic
polymers(polyacrylates,carboxymethylcellulosemethylcellulose,polyesters)
(a) Desizing with hot water : The greige cloth is washed with hot water to
remove PVA.
(b) Desi zing wit h enzymes: The c loth is steepe d in baths containing enzymes
(1% so lution b y volume) or malt and kept for 4 to 8 hour s at 55° to 80 ° C. The
enzymes hydrolyze starch and convert it t o readily soluble substances.
Cloth moves through the singeing and desizing process at a rate of up to 300
yards per minute.
o Dissolving
Rot Steeping: The fabrics are impregnated with hot water squeezed and
then stored for 24 hours in the pits. Later, given hot and cold wash.
Enzymatic Desizing:
• Most acceptable, economic and safe, Quicker and better than rot
o
steeping.Cellulose does not get tendered.Care is needed for temperature of 60 C
and pH of 5.5 to 6.5.
and stored for about 8hr, followed by hot and cold wash.
Oxidative Desizing:
Sodium Silicate-1%
alpha-glucose(soluble) maltose(soluble)
2.1.c Scouring
Caustic souring
o The soap that is formed then serves to emulsify the remaining waxes
and wash away any dirt or other impurities.
o Pectin is converted into their sodium salts which are water soluble,
and proteins undergo basic hydrolysis to form water soluble amino
acids.
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A sequestering agent is added to the scouring bath to prevent ca++ and mg+
+ ions combiing with soap molecules.
o EDTA
o NTA
o HEDTA
(a) Kier- boiling : Fabrics are heated under pressure using steam in
steel stainless steel pressure vessels (kiers) of 2 to 3m Diameter and 3 to
4 m height. The kiering liquor is an alkaline solution containing caustic
soda (1 to 3% of fabric wt) (major component), soda ash, sodium silicate
and sodium peroxide with small amounts of detergents. The boiling is
carried out for several hours (1 to 12 hrs).
(b) Continuous Scour : In this method, the desized fabric is passed through a
caustic solution (3 to 6% caustic soda, surfactants and sodium phosphate)
and after saturation, passed on to J box where the fabric is heated with live
steam at a temperature of 100°C for 1 hour.
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o Water soluble mineral substances are dissolved
After scouring, the cloth is rinsed well with water to remove the excess
chemicals. The final rinse may include a small amount of acetic acid if the fabric
has to be neutralized.
2.1.D Bleaching
Bleaching is required to obtain pure whiteness since fibers are seldom pure
white in their
Cotton fabrics are naturally off-white to tan in color, depending on the amount of
pigmentation in the fiber natural state.
The bleaches are chemical agent or compounds that react with the color
compounds in the fiber, oxidize them and render them colorless.
Most bleaches used by cotton industry are either chlorine bleaches (10%) or per
oxygen bleaches.
The per oxygen bleaches, and particularly hydrogen peroxide bleaches(90%),
are used most frequently in commercial bleaching of cotton greige (untreated) goods,
Hydrogen peroxide bleaching is carried out by exhaust, semi continuous and
continuous methods. Of these, the preferred and most widely used is the continuous
bleaching in the open-width. In particular, the open-width method is preferred when
bleaching blends· of cotton with heat-sensitive fibers, such as polyester, in order to
avoid crease marks and other defects caused by treating fabrics in the rope form.
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kiers, the bleaching bath is prepared as follows:
Hydrogen peroxide (35%) - 4-8% (o.w.f.) ~
Sodium hydroxide - 0.5-1% (o.w.f.)
Sodium silicate - 2-4% (o.w.f.)
The bleaching is then carried out near the boil or at temperatures above the boil,
under pressure, for an hour or more. After bleaching, the goods are thoroughly rinsed
with a slightly basic solution to avoid the formation of insoluble silicates.
After padding the fabric is passed through a steamer. Steaming time may vary
from as little as a few minutes to one hour or more, depending on the type of steam
and steamer used. Needless to say that the optical bri ghteners are also employ ed
in bleach ing.
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2.1.E MERCERIZATION
the treatment of cotton with a strong solution of sodium hydroxide altered the
strength, absorbency, and appearance of the fabric.
Fabric treated in this way shrunk as much as 25 percent of its length, the finish
was not applied commercially untiit was discovered that applying the finish under
In mercerization, as this finish is called, the cotton fabric is immersed under ten-
sion in a strong solution of sodium hydroxide for a short, controlled period of time
(usually 4 minutes or less), the alkali is washed off, and any excess alkali is neutral-
ized. The sodium ions in the solution displace the hydrogen on the cellulose-OH
groups, pushing the polymeric chains farther apart and swelling the fiber.
Mercerized cotton fabrics have greatly increased luster. During mercerization
the fiber swells, the natural convolutions of cotton are largely lost, and the fiber retains
a fuller, rounded diameter. This smooth surface reflects more light than does the
untreated, flatter fiber.
The strength of the fiber is increased as much as 20 percent. The cotton
becomes more absorbent and has a greater affinity for moisture and for dyestuffs.
Mercerized fabrics are also more reactive. So, they are more easily damaged by
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acids and oxidizing agents, but mercerized fabrics are more receptive to resin finishes.
Mercerization can be applied to either yarns or fabrics
o Slack mercerization:
mercerization of fabrics that are not held under tension, can be used to produce
stretch fabrics. During slack mercerization yarns shrink and develop a good degree of
elasticity. The finished fabric can be stretched, and when the tension is removed, the
goods will return to their original length. Yarns that have been slack mercerized do not
have the high luster of yarns mercerized under tension. This process is not widely
used.
Factors affecting the degree of mercerization must be carefully controlled;
otherwise the uneven application will lead to unlevel dyeing. In particular, the amount
of tension applied, and the concentration and temperature of the sodium hydroxide-
bath should be the same through out the entire application.
o Continuous mercerization
The fabric is padded with about 20-25% sodium hydroxide solution
containing a wetting agent, and then passed over several cans to
allow a dwelling time of approximately one minute during which the
caustic solution will penetrate the fibers and react with them
properly.
The fabric is then placed on a tenter frame (tension now is applied in both the
warp and the filling directions) and is pulled to its original or desired dimensions. While
on the tenter frame, the fabric is washed by spraying water until the amount of sodium
hydroxide on the fabric is reduced to only a few percent.
The fabric is removed from the tenter frame, and the remaining alkali is removed
by passing, the fabric through several washers, one of which contains a dilute solution
of sulfuric or acetic acid.
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Mercerization is both inexpensive and permanent, and for these reasons it is widely
used on cotton goods
2.1.F TENTERING
Fabric goes through a lot of stress during preparation, dyeing, printing, and
finishing
Properly tentered fabrics will be straight. This means that the warp a nd filling
yarns are at 90° angles to one another.
A tenter frame holds the fabric between two parallel chains, with eith er clips
(tenters) or pins , while adjusting the side-to-side alignment of the cloth.
The chains spread apar t to the desired fabric width, move with th e fabric
through drying units, and release the fabri c to the next pr ocess.
This process is used after seve ral of the finishing opera tions.
If the fabr ic is fed to the chains so that the yar ns are perpendicular, the
fabric stays on-grain . If not, a bow or ske w situati on develops.
3. PROTENEOUS MATERIAL
These fibres are very sensitive to alkali and are damaged quickly on wet
treatment at high temperature (especially wool). Hence, these fabrics are
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scoured with large amount of soap or detergent, with little or without alkali at low
temperature.
3.1 SILK
These two brins are stuck together by sericin and become a single continuous
filament. Thus the silk bave is of two brins held together by sericin.
Fibroin - 70-80%
Sericin - 20-305
Waxy matter - 0.4-0.8%
Carbohydrates - 1.2-1.65
Inorganic matter - 0.7%
Pigment - 0.2%
The process of eliminating “Gum (sericin)” from raw silk is known as degumming
of silk.
Degumming of silk involves mainly the removal of sericin from the fibroin. Sericin
is insoluble in water.
Hydrolysis of proteins can be carried out by treatment with acids, alkalis and
enzymes. Acids are non-specific and tend to attack vigorously.
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Alkalis also attack both, sericin and fibroin. However, the variation in the rate of
hydrolysis is large enough to control the reaction.
The degumming with soaps in the presence of mild alkalis like soda ash is in
practice.
If the level is below 9.5, then the process of removing sericin will be slow. If the
pH is over 10.5, the degumming loss will be greatly increased.
Process:- The degumming of raw silk is generally carried out using 4-5 g/l
soap and I g/l soda ash at boiling temperature for 5-60 minutes, maintaining the
liquor ratio at 30:1.the treated material is given a hot wash for 10-15 minutes and
finally it is washed in cold water.
The degumming process which removes the silk gum is also called as boiling-of
process and this is accomplished by the use of soap and soda.
In certain cases, entire silk gum is not removed, but only sufficient amount is
removed to make the silk soft and lustrous and workable in dyeing and
bleaching.
This is known as “Soupling “in which only 10% to 15 % of the gum is removed.
Process of scoupling :
o raw silk is soaked in lukewarm dilute soap bath for several hours and
rinsed in fresh water.
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o After bleaching the soupled silk is frequently given a treatment with hot
(85oC) solution of tartar.
o This causes the silk gum remaining on the fibre to soften and remain in
that condition permanently.
In addition to removing the soil or additives used while weaving silk, scouring
removes any sericin (gum) that remains on the silk. Often a quantity of the
natural gum has been allowed to remain on the silk fiber to give it additional body
and to make it easier to handle in spinning and weaving.
Although for raw silk fabrics the gum is retained purposely to provide body or
produce a different texture, most silk fabrics are degummed as a part of the
finishing process.
The resultant fabric has a much softer hand and a whiter appearance. Silk is
usually bleached with dilute solutions of hydrogen peroxide.
Raw silk is sometimes given a very mild scouring for the purpose of softening the
fibre. This is called as "ECRU SILK” in which only 2 to 5% in weight of silk gum is
removed.
ECRU SILK can be prepared by simply washing the raw silk in lukewarm or hot
water without the use of soap. This is used mainly for warp; hence the gum is left
purposely.
The degumming of silk fabrics is generally carried out batch-wise in small lots
using equipments
a) Open beck: Most common used equipment for degumming. The fabric is evenly
piled in the open vessel, filled with the degumming liquor and treated from the
bottom. In case of fabrics containing small quantities of sericin the treatment in
open beck may be quite effective.
b) Star machine: Used for the degumming of delicate fabrics and cases where the
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primary consideration is perfect production quality, especially for goods which
are to be plain dyed.
3.1.Bleaching of silk
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The silk being spun by silk worm contains natural colouring matter tinted with
yellow, yellow -green and brown pigments.
During degumming the removal of sericin from the silk results in dull white to
lightly tinted material.
Since some of the sericin is closely held by fibroin, complete elimination of the
colour by degumming is not possible.
During bleaching these natural colouring matters are decolorized/removed to
produce pure white material. An efficient bleaching process must ensure pure and
permanent whiteness, level dyeing properties and non degradation of the material.
The bleaching of silk is based on the use of either reducing agents or oxidizing
agents.
The above reducing agents at time tend to reoxidise original colour may be restored in
the bleached material.
The chlorine based agents such as bleaching powder, Sodium Hypochlorite are not
generally used as they tend to chlorinate the silk fibroin. Of the above, Hydrogen
Peroxide is mostly preferred. .
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Methods of bleaching:
1. Bleaching with sodium hydrosulphite (hydros)
a. The degummed silk goods are treated in a bath containing 4 grams per litre of
sodium hydrosulphite at 50o C for 4-6 hours.
b. The entire lot must be completely immersed and the bleaching liquor is stirred
sufficiently to ensure uniform distribution.
c. Finally the material is thoroughly washed. It is to be noted that the solution
should be made up only when required as its reducing power deteriorates rapidly on
storage
The oxygen yielded by the decomposition of sodium peroxide oxidizes the chromo
gens of silk so that it becomes colorless.
e. The hydrogen peroxide is used as an important agent for silk as the white
colour generated lasts long and further it possesses good stability on storage.
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6. Optical bleaching method –
1. In order to achieve the required degree of whiteness of a fabric, colour
complementaries are introduced to achieve desired luster.
2. To obtain this the material is treated with optical brightening agents.
3. The mechanism behind this is that these agents absorb invisible UV light and
emit in the visible range of the spectrum, some of the commercial available
agents are Ranipal WHN, Leucopher PAT.
A typical recipe:
5% (o.w.m) Ranipal WHN
2 g/l sodium hydrosulphite
Material: water= 1:30
The material is immersed in the above bath at 60 o C and treated for 30-60 minutes.
Finally, the goods are washed and dried.
3.2 WOOL
3.2.A Carbonizing
Wool fabrics that have some vegetable matter clinging to the woven or knitted
yarns must be carbonized.
Carbonizing is accomplished by the immersion of wool in sulfuric acid or
hydrochloric acid. Because strong acids readily attack the cellulose of the vegetable
matter and do not immediately harm protein fibers like wool, the burrs, sticks, leaves,
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and the like that remain in the wool are destroyed.
The treatment is carried out under carefully controlled conditions so that the wool
is not damaged, and the fabric is given a careful scouring afterward to remove or
neutralize all the acid that remains.
3.2.B SOURING
The scouring of wool is done in solutions of less concentration and at lower tem-
peratures than the scouring of other fibers because the alkalinity of most
scouring solutions damages wool.
Mild detergents and sodium carbonate are frequently used. Wool can be scoured
with a detergent solution at a pH of upto11 (e.g.O.4% Na2C03), when the
scouring-bath temperature is kept below 125o F.
a typical scouring procedure of raw wool the fibers are treated at temperatures
below 600C (l40oF), with an anionic or a non-ionic detergent and a small amount
of a weak base such as sodium bicarbonate or ammonia
3.2.C FULLING
Wool fabrics are fulled, or milled, to give the fabric a more compact structure. In a
type of preshrinking, fabrics are subjected to moisture, heat, soap, and pressure.
Fulling involves two processes—scouring and milling (thickening). These are
followed by stretching the cloth on great frames known as tenters and held onto those
frames by tenterhooks. It is from this process that we derive the phrase being on
tenterhooks as meaning to be held in suspense.
In the milling machine, the wet fabric is pounded with hammers or is alternately
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stretched and compressed for mechanical action.
Fulling causes the yarns to shrink and to lie closer together and gives the fabric a
denser structure.
Wool cloth may be given more or less fulling, depending on the desired
characteristics of the resultant fabrics.
3.2.D BLEACHING
Although wool fabrics often are finished in the natural color or dyed without
bleaching, sometimes bleaching may be necessary.
Traditionally, wools were bleached by process called stoving, which exposed the
fabric to sulfur dioxide.
Current Processes use hydrogen peroxide and mild temperatures.
4. SYNTHETICS
The most prominent fibr es are rayon, acetate, nylon, acrylic and polye ster.
Rayon is regenerated cellulose.
Acrylic fibres are formed from wet or dry spinning of co-polymers containing
at least 85% by weight of acrylonitrile units.
They do require some treatm ents such as removal of siz e, antistat and
lubricating oils used in weaving operations.
The preparation processes are g enerally similar for all th ese fabrics and
include:
o Heat setting
o Scouring and
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o Rinsing (for the removal of process chemicals used in weaving operations .
The abov e processes are carri ed out in the same way as for cotton textil es. The
fibres and clothes are readily processed on the conventional m achineries u sed for
cotton.
Synthetic fibres are stronger; hence increasing strength by sizing is not the
aim. The adhesion of sizing material to the yarn is also difficult.
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. Polyester sizing agents are not removed by simple washing treatment.
They can be removed by treating with a solution containing 2-3 g/l nonionic
detergent and1-2g/l caustic soda or soda-ash(with or without 1-2g/l sodium
tripolyphosphate)at 80-90oC. the use of soft water or sequestering agent is
recommended. polyacrylic acid is soluble in mildly acidic or alkaline
solution.
When acrylic sizes are mixed with starch, their ph of about 9.5 will
inactivate enzymes. In such cases, the fabric may be pre-acidified or acetic
acid may be added to the desizing bath to bring ph at 8. PVA can be easily
removed using hydrogen peroxide in the presence of a metal catalyst
under neutral condition
Unless this treatment is done these materials will shrink when treated with
aqueous solution and as a result the linear dimensions and the shape of
ready articles change.
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In order to achieve a satisfactory degree of set in synthetic thermoplastic
fibres it is necessary to supply sufficient energy to the fibre to weaken or to
break inter-chain bonds and allow new bonds to be formed whilst the
material is held to optimized dimensions.
1. Dry-heat setting (or simply heat setting /thermo setting)-using indirect oil or
electrical heating in pin or clip stentering machine
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4.3 SOURING OF SYNTHETICS:
The scouring procedures for synthetic fibres are relatively simple since the
fibres contain fewer impurities, most of which have at least some degree
of water solubility, the most important being sizes and lubricants.
The major sizes used are polyvinyl alcohol, carboxylmethyl cellulose and
polyacrylic acid, all of which are completely or partially water-soluble.
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Secondary acetate or triacetate can be scoured with soap or synthetic detergent
usually at 60\70 C, this being sufficient to remove soil, oil, coloring impurities and
antistatic agents.
Anionic detergents like fatty alcohol sulphonates behave like acid dyes and are
adsorbed by the fibre.
Their presence on the fibre will slow down dyeing and may reduce the
exhaustion of the dye bath. If the material is to be dyed with acid dyes, a
nonionic detergent is to be used.
After scouring the nylon fabric should be washed thoroughly before drying. The
fabric should not be dried unevenly as this could lead to irregular results in
dyeing, particularly with anionic product.
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4.4.3 Souring of polyester
Polyester products which bear low quantities of processing aids compatible with
disperse dyes can simply be washed with water or may even be allowed to
remain in the dye bath..
If sizing agents are not removed easily, an additional step of enzymatic desizing
is to be carried out.
Normally scouring bath should have 1-2 g/l synthetic detergent or soap (alone or
admixture with nonionic surfactant) and 2 g/l soda ash. For light weight materials
o
the temperature should be below 60 C. for other materials, scouring may be
done at boil for 20-30 minutes.
The same condition may be maintained for polyester viscose blends. For blends
with cotton and linen the concentration of alkali should be doubled. For
polyester-wool worsted fabrics, the scouring may be done with 3-4% (o.w.m)
soap and 20-30g/l soda ash at room temperature for 20-30 minutes, followed by
rinsing at 40oC.
For acrylic fibres, anionic surfactants should be avoided, because they may
restrain the uptake of basic dyes.
These fibres are scoured with an ethoxylated alcohol, either alone or with a mild
alkali such as sodium carbonate or phosphate.
4.5 BLEACHING
.Synthetic fibres are generally manufactured with high levels of whiteness except
when the conditions for fibre formation cause discolouration. In these cases,
bleaching can include fluorescent whitening agents.
Formulations are composed for safe temperatures and pH ranges that minimize
acid and alkali degradation of the fibre. As an example, polyester fibres have
been bleached with di- and tri- chloroisocyanuric acid at PH 3-9, at 60-65 o C, for
30-45 minutes.
4.5.A Nylon
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Heat setting temperatures for the various forms of nylon may cause yellowing
from oxidation. Heat sensitivity is a special consideration for bleaching the nylon
thermoplasts.
Hydrogen peroxide is not used because the bleach bath processes at too high a
temperature. Recommended bleaches are non chlorinated types: sodium
perborate, percarbonate, and peracetic acid. a peracetic acid bleach bath is
processed with sodium pyrophosphate at pH 6-7.
The material is introduced cold and the temperature is raised to 80-85 c over 30
min with subsequent bleaching at this temperature for 30 minutes. Where
possible, lower temperatures and pH are recommended.
\\
In 50/50 blends of natural and synthetic fibres, bleaching procedures are based
on the sensitivity of the natural fibre component, provided that temperature and
pH are not damaging to the synthetic fibre.
When a textile contains a fibre blend with fibres of equal sensitivity but unequal
percentages, bleaching formulations are tailored to the safe requirements of the
fibres present in the larger amount.
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4.5.C Polyester
Polyester may be bleached using acidified sodium chlorite.
There is no damage to the fier but a slight increase in crystallization.
A standard recipe for making 100 litrs solution for bleaching is:
o Sodium chlorite-2-4 kgs
o Chlorite stabilize
o Formic acid –to pH 3.5 to 33.8
o Sodium nitrate-1.5-2 kgs
o Wetting and dispersing agents.
4.5.D Acrylic
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Preparation
Of
Cotton fabric
(muslin)
38
With
Practical samples
Experiment 1
1. AIM OF EXPERIMENT:- To Desize a untreated sample of muslin fabric as a
preparatory process for dyeing process.
5. OBSERVATIONS
The colour of the fabric changes
The size of the fabric also shrinks .
The solution in the dye bath is of muddy color which confirms the removal of the
sizings.
6.RESULT
The fabric has been freed of various sizes applied to it during the process of
weaving basically sizes of soluble nature are removed in this process.
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Experiment 2
1. AIM OF EXPERIMENT:- To scour a desized sample of muslin fabric as a
second preparatory process for dyeing process.
5. OBSERVATIONS
The colour of the fabric changes,the whiteness of the fabric as compared to
desized fabric is more.
The size of the fabric doesn’t change muh.
6.RESULT
The resultant fabric is Scoured with waxes removed and d vegetable matter
residues in the fabrics
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Experiment 3
1. AIM OF EXPERIMENT:- To bleach a scoured sample of muslin fabric as a
second preparatory process for dyeing process.
4. PROCEDURE
Add water into the container/bath and put for boiling
Heat the bath upto 60-65 degrees and add soap /detergent
Stir the solution and immerse fabric
Add the NAOH and Soda ash into the solution
Heat the bath upto 95 degrees for the scouring to start
Let the fabric be in the bath for the next 2-3 hr.
Keep stirring the solution and don’t keep the solution stagnant
Remove the fabric after 2-3 hrs and dry the fabric.
5. OBSERVATIONS
The colour of the fabric changes,the whiteness of the fabric as compared to
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desized fabric is more.
The size of the fabric doesn’t change muh.
6.RESULT
The resultant fabric is Scoured with waxes removed and d vegetable matter
residues in the fabrics
CONCLUSION
Pretreatment process of fabric constitutes an important stage in the textile industry. The
colouring and the quality of the finished textile depends to a large extent on the
pretreatment processes. Thus, utmost care should be taken while selecting the proper
preparatory treatments for the fabric.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
WEBSITE/ EBOOKS:
http://books.google.co.in/books?
id=0TamObsaaPQC&pg=PA577&lpg=PA577&dq=importance+of+pr
eparation+process+in+dyeing&source=bl&ots=7C09ag7AmU&sig=l
5Y1NMHyYomoowAt8LyqlEUR-
sw&hl=en&ei=2j6ySpWaHsaRlAf04fGMDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&
ct=result&resnum=8#v=twopage&q=introduction%20to
%20preparatory%20process&f=false
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http://books.google.co.in/books?id=vBAk4dY6-
zgC&pg=PA225&lpg=PA225&dq=FELTING/MILLING+PROCESS&so
urce=bl&ots=q9loeREgDO&sig=G5lPUYj0YFoS8SzZEdx3tdnWGrE
&hl=en&ei=tdeySsjlB4G4swPTlaieDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=re
sult&resnum=7#v=onepage&q=&f=false.
BOOKS
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