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~˘=∂h (Romani) 154 World Map 210
~À"£∞–_À"£∞ 159 Source Material Courtesy 211
23. lÑ‘ûÅ ™êÇ≤Ï`«ºO 161 Related Reading 212
24. lÑ‘ûÅ ‰õΩ@∞O| =º=ã¨÷ 167
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 lÑ‘ûÅ∞ M. ADINARAYANA

First Published, 2002

(Pages XII + 212)
„ѨѨOK«"åºÑ¨ÎOQÍ rqã¨∞Î#fl ã¨OKå~°∞Å QÆ∞iOz ѨiK«Ü«∞O 1000 Copies
KÕÜ«∞@O D ~°K«# =ÚYº L^ÕÌâ◊O. "åiÖ’ =∞#^Õâ◊OÖ’x ã¨OKå~°∞Å∞,
Copy Right
P„Ѷ≤HÍÖ’ uiˆQ Ѩâ◊√=ÙÅ HÍѨ~°∞Å∞, =∞^茺 Pã≤Ü«∂Ö’x HÍѨ~°∞Å∞, M. Anjaneyulu, (Ex. Military)
^èŒ$=„áêO`åÖ’¡x k=∞‡~°∞Å∞, Ü«¸~°Ñπ, J"≥∞iHÍ, ÉÏů<£ ^ÕâßÖ’¡ ã¨OKå~°O South B.C. Colony, Tanguturu (P.O.), Prakasam (Dist.)
Ph : (08592) 242839
KÕ¿ã ~À=∂ lÑ‘ûÅ∞ L<åfl~°∞.
Front Cover Design
gà◊§O^Œi =$`«∞ÎÅ∞ aè#flOQÍ L<åfl, „Ѩ=$uÎÖ’ UHõ`«fiO LO_»@O E. Ramesh, Hari Prasad, Prabhakar
=Å# JO^Œih HõeÑ≤ lÑ‘ûÅ∞ (ã≤÷~°x"åã¨O ÖËx"å~°∞) J<Õ ~åâß#∞. Back Cover Photograph
ѨÙã¨ÎHÍxfl >ˇÿѨÙÖ’ K«∂_»QÍ<Õ =ÚK«Û@Ѩ_ç =Ú„kOKÕO^Œ∞ÔH· =ÚO^Œ∞H˜ National Geographic Society, Washington
(Gypsies going to the Appleby Fair)
=zÛ# ™êÇ≤Ïfq∞„`«∞Å∞ <åyÔ~_ç¤ K«O„^Œ"≥∂ǨÏ# Ô~_ç¤ (#∂ºãπ Öˇ·<£ Ѩ„uHõ,
XOQÀÅ∞) QÍiH˜ <å ǨÏ$^ŒÜ«∞ѨÓ~°fiHõ ^èŒ#º"å^•Å∞. Sketches by the Author
Fine Arts Dept., A.U., Visakhapatnam
<å ~å`«„Ѩ`«∞efl H˘O_»O`« FÑ≤Hõ`À K«kq, ã¨kfi=∞~°≈ KÕã≤, <å Ph : 0891-2797034
E-mail : scholargypsy@hotmail.com
Jaè~°∞zx =ÚO^Œ∞H˜ #_çÑ≤ã¨∞Î#fl „á⁄ÃѶã¨~ü J`«ÎÅ∂i #~°ã≤OǨ~å=ÙQÍiH˜
<å ǨÏ$^ŒÜ«∞ѨÓ~°fiHõ Jaè#O^Œ#Å∞.
Net Browsing
D ѨÙã¨ÎHõO `«fi~°QÍ ~å"åÅx PtOz, „áÈ`«ûÇ≤ÏOz# =Ú~°m Law Padma & Sivaram
K«O^Œ∂i QÍiH˜, HõÅâ◊ѨÓ_ç Nx"åã¨~å=Ù QÍiH˜ <å Hõ$`«[˝`«Å∞. Composed at
Net Vihara, Visakhapatnam. Ph : 2663349 / 2763349
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QÍiH˜, Ãã·‡Öò QÍiH˜ ‰õÄ_® <å Jaè#O^Œ#Å∞. For Copies:
Visalandhra Book House; Book Centre, Visakhapatnam
Ü«∂„`å ™êÇ≤Ï`åºxfl P^ŒiOz, <åÃÑ· ZO`À „¿Ñ=∞ K«∂Ñ≤ã¨∞Î#fl
Price : Rs. 100/- ; U.S $ 10.
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ѨzÛHõ "≥∞ÿ^•<åÅ J<Õfi+¨}Ö’ *Ï˝<À^ŒÜ«∂Å∞ J=Ù`«∞O_»QÍ #^Œ∞Å
X_»∞¤# U~°Ê_ç# ÉÏ@Ö’¡ =ÚO^Œ∞H˜ ™êyáÈÜ«∂~°∞ P HÍѨ~°∞Å∞. Ü«¸~°Ñπ,
W~å<£, =∞^茺 Pã≤Ü«∂Ö’x Z_®~°∞Å #∞O_ç ã≤O^èŒ∞Ö’Ü«∞Ö’xH˜ =zÛ#"å~°∞
^Õâ◊k=∞‡ˆ~¡. "åiH˜ Ѩ~°∞QÆ∞Å∞ f¿ã QÆ∞„~åÅ∞ L<åfl~Ú. â◊„`«∞=ÙÅ`À áÈ~å_ÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ
Ѩ^Œ∞<≥·# PÜ«Ú^è•Å∞ L<åfl~Ú.
ZO_®HÍÅOÖ’ J_»=ÙÅ∞ =∞O_çáÈ~Ú ã¨ÇϨ ["≥∞#ÿ =∂~åæÅ∞ U~°Ê_®¤~Ú.
3 4
lÑ‘ûÅ∞
P ÉÏ@Ö’¡ „Ѩܫ∂}O, QÆ=∂ºxH˜ ^Œyæ~°QÍ LO_Õk. JÖÏO\˜ ã¨Ç¨Ï["≥∞ÿ# ÉÏ@Å∞
=∞ixfl HÍ"åÅx "Õ^ŒHÍÅO <å\˜ „Ѩ[Å∞ Jyfl ^Õ=Ù_çH˜ ѨÓ[Å∞ KÕ¿ã"å~°∞.
<å\˜ ã¨OKå~°∞Å∞.
P~°∞ºÅ∞ JÖÏ u~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ „ѨHõ$u<Õ ^Õ=Ùà◊§QÍ Ñ¨ÓlOKå~°∞. `«~åfi`«
HÍÅOÖ’ "åiH˜ =∂#= ~°∂áêÅ∞ WzÛ Ñ¨ÓlOKå~°∞. P~°∞ºÅ∞ "åÜ«∞=º=¸Å
(L`«Î~° – Ѩ_»=∞~°) #∞O_ç Dâß#º=¸Å (L`«Î~°O– `«∂~°∞Ê) "≥·Ñ¨ÙQÍ `«#
x"å™êÅx =∂~°∞Û‰õΩO@∂ =KåÛ~°∞. "å~°∞ ~åã¨∞‰õΩ#fl ѨÙã¨ÎHÍÖË "Õ^•Å∞. "å\˜H˜
J#∞|O^èŒOQÍ KåÖÏ „QÆO^ä•Å∞ L<åfl~Ú. "å\˜Ö’¡ 'S`«ˆ~Ü«∞ „ÉÏǨχ}O— XHõ
=ÚYº"≥∞ÿ# „QÆO^äŒO.
^•xÖ’x XHõ â’¡HõOÖ’ '=∞#ã¨∞ûh, â◊s~åxfl L#fl`« =∂~°æOÖ’
LOK«∞H˘#\ÏxH˜ Ü«∂„`«Å∞ ZO`À =ÚYºO. H˘`«Î „Ѩ^ÕâßÅ∞ uiy# "åˆ~ *Ï˝<åxfl
ã¨Oáêk™êÎ~°∞— Jx ~åã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞.
'u~°∞QÆ∞`«∂<Õ =∞x+≤ r=# =∞^èŒ∞=Ùx á⁄O^ŒQÆÅ_»∞. (K«Ô~·"Õu, K«Ô~·"Õu
=∞^èŒ∞q#Ìu) u~°∞QÆ∞`«∂<Õ uÜ«∞ºx Ѷ¨ÖÏÅ#∞ á⁄O^ŒQÆÅ_»∞. ã¨∂~°∞ºx „ѨHÍâ◊O
JO`« Q˘Ñ¨ÊQÍ LO_»\ÏxH˜ HÍ~°}O, PÜ«∞# JÅ∞Ѩٙ⁄Å∞Ѩ٠ÖˉõΩO_® x`«ºO
u~°QÆ@O =Å¡<Õ— Jx QÆ=∞xOK«QÆeQÍ~°∞. Ü«∂„`«Å∞ KÕÜ«∞@O =Å# HõeˆQ
â◊s~° ÉÏ^èŒÅ =Å# =∞#ã¨∞Ö’ L#fl =∂e#ºO ‰õÄ_® <åâ◊#O J=Ù`«∞O^Œh,
uiˆQ H˘nÌ =∞<À|ÅO Z‰õΩ¯==Ù`«∞O^Œh `≥Å∞ã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞.
ã¨OKå~°∞efl ã¨O㨯$`« ™êÇ≤Ï`«ºOÖ’ '„Éèí=∞}jÖò— J<åfl~°∞. Ç≤ÏOn
 K«Ô~·"Õu – K«Ô~·"Õu
=∂\Ï¡_Õ „áêO`åÖ’¡ 'Ѷ¨Ú=∞Hõ¯_£—, 'Ѷ¨Ú=∞O`üÖ’Q∑— Jx Ñ≤eKå~°∞. =∞iH˘xfl
ã¨O^Œ~åƒùÖ’¡ 'Jã≤~÷ "° åã¨∞Å∞— J<åfl~∞° . ^Õ"åÅÜ«∂Å K«∞@∂ì 'aèH—∆õ HÀã¨O uiˆQ"åix
'Ü«∂Ü«∞"å~ü— J<åfl~°∞. =∞iH˘xfl ã¨O^Œ~åƒùÖ’¡ 'JÜ«∞#Kåi— Jx ‰õÄ_®
„Ѩ™êÎqOKå~°∞. JÖÏO\˜ "åix ѨO_ç`«∞Å∞ 'Ü«∞u— Jh, 'J=^èŒ∂`«— Jh ‰õÄ_®
=i‚OKå~°∞. ã¨OKå~°O Q˘Ñ¨Êk HÍ|>Ëì J~°"≥· <åÅ∞QÆ∞ Hõà◊Ö’¡ '„Éèí=∞}Hõà◊—x ‰õÄ_®
XHõ\˜QÍ QÆ∞iÎOz Q“~°qOKå~°∞ =∞# ѨÓsfi‰õΩÅ∞.
'ã¨∞MÏxfl =^Œe, XO@iQÍ u~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ *Ï˝<åxfl ã¨OáêkOK«@O Q˘Ñ¨Ê
q+¨Ü«∞O— Jx ã¨=∂[O U<å_À `≥Å∞ã¨∞H˘Ok. JÖÏO\˜ "å~°∞ Éè∫uHõ „ѨѨOK«O`À
`«‰õΩ¯=QÍ ã¨O|O^è•Å∞ ÃÑ@∞ìH˘x, "åi J=ã¨~åefl ‰õÄ_® `«‰õΩ¯= =ã¨∞Î=ÙÅ`À<Õ
f~°∞ÛH˘<Õ"å~°∞. |∞∞+¨µÅ∞ ã¨OKå~°O KÕã≤ ~åã≤# ѨÙã¨ÎHÍÅ =Å# ã¨=∂[OÖ’
ZO`À *Ï˝#O Jaè=$kú J~ÚOk.
'XO@iQÍ LO@∂ Ö’HõOáÈHõ_» `≥Å∞ã¨∞H˘x ã¨OKå~° rq`åxfl
QÆ_»Ñ¨@"Õ∞ Ǩ~Ú— Jx K≥¿ÑÊ `åufiHõ ã¨`åºxfl '=∞ǨÉèÏQÆ=`«O—Ö’ Hõ$+¨µ‚_»∞
`«# „áê}q∞„`«∞_≥·# L^Œú=Ù_çH˜ É’kè™êÎ_»∞.
Wn P Hõ^äŒ. L^Œú=Ù_çH˜ Hõ$+¨µ‚_»O>Ë JѨiq∞`«"≥∞ÿ# „¿Ñ=∞. Ü«∂^Œ=
=Oâ◊O <åâ◊#O J~ÚáÈ`«∞O^Œx `≥Å∞ã¨∞‰õΩ#fl L^Œú=Ù_»∞ ZO`À ÉÏ^èŒÑ¨_ç P
q=~åÅ∞ `≥Å∞ã¨∞H˘O^•=∞x <Õ~°∞QÍ Hõ$+¨µ‚_ç ^ŒQÆæ~°H˜ "≥o§ '„ѨÉèí∂! ZO^Œ∞H©
L^•ã‘#`«? QÍO^è•s^Õq âßѨO =∞o§OK«@O h‰õΩ XHõ Ѩ<å? h=Ù "≥o§
áÈ`«∞<åfl=Ù. h=Ù ÖËx „|`«∞‰õΩ pHõ\˜. h`Àáê@∞QÍ ##∞fl fã¨∞‰õΩáÈ— JO@∂
ZO`À ÉÏ^èŒÑ¨_»`å_»∞.
JѨC_»∞ Hõ$+¨µ‚_»∞ 'L^Œú"å! ^•fi~°Hõ
ã¨=Ú„^ŒOÖ’ =ÚxyáÈ`«∞Ok. #∞=Ùfi WHõ¯_»
LO_»=^Œ∞Ì. =∞=∞HÍ~°O =^ŒeÃÑ@∞ì. "≥·~åQƺO
‰õΩ^Œ∞~°∞ÛHÀ. JO^Œih XHõ¯ÖψQ K«∂_»∞. h
WO„kÜ« ∂ Å∞ h"Õ ÖÁOQÆ n 㨠∞ HÀ. =∞#㨠∞
xÅHõ_» KÕã¨∞HÀ. QÆ∞}^ÀëêÅ∞ JO@x=fi‰õΩ!
HÀiHõÅ∞ =^ŒeÃÑ@∞ì— Jx #K«ÛK≥|∞`å_»∞.
'W=hfl ™ê^茺"Õ∞#O\Ï"å Hõ$ëê‚!—
5 6
lÑ‘ûÅ∞
JO@∂ J#∞=∂#O =ºHõÎO KÕ™ê_»∞ L^Œú=Ù_»∞.
'™ê^茺"Õ∞. U HÀiHÍ ÖˉõΩO_® ã¨O`À+¨OQÍ u~°∞QÆ∞`«∞O_Õ XHõ J=^èŒ∂`«x
HõÅ∞ã¨∞H˘#fl XHõ ~åA '=∞Ǩ`å‡! WÖÏO\˜ ã¨=∞`«∞ź ã≤÷ux ZÖÏ á⁄O^Œ
QÆeQÍ~°∞? K≥ѨÊO_ç!— Jx J_çy`Õ J`«_»∞ ~åAH˜ K≥Ñ≤Ê# ã¨=∂^è•#O Wk. q#∞
L^Œú"å!— JO@∂ Hõ$+¨µ‚_»∞ K≥ѨʙêQÍ_»∞.
'~å*Ï! JO`å Ö’HõO #∞O_Õ <Õ~°∞Û‰õΩ<åfl#∞. Éèí∂q∞ ^ŒQÆæ~° F~°∞Ê, QÍe
^ŒQÆæ~° =∞<ÀqHÍ~°O ÖˉõΩO_® LO_®Åh, PHÍâ◊O ^Œyæ~° ^Õhfl JO@‰õΩO_®
LO_®Åh, h\˜ ^Œyæ~° x~°‡Å`åfixfl, Jyfl ^ŒQÆæ~° Jxfl\˜x XHõÖψQ K«∂_®Åh†
H˘O_»zÅ∞= ^Œyæ~° „Ѩܫ∞`«flO ÖˉõΩO_® ^˘iH˜# ^•x`À `«$Ñ≤ÎѨ_®Åx, ã¨=Ú„^ŒO
^Œyæ~° QÍOcè~°ºO, ‰õÄ_»Éˇ_ç`Õ H©_»∞ `«Ñ¨Ê^Œx `Õ<≥Ѩ@∞ì ^Œyæ~°, Z~°H˜ Pâ◊Ѩ_ç
QÍÖÏxfl q∞OQƉõÄ_»^Œx KÕѨ ^Œyæ~°† =∞#ã¨∞û ã≤÷~°OQÍ LOK«∞HÀ=@O ÉÏ}O
`«Ü«∂~°∞ KÕ¿ã"å_ç ^Œyæ~å† Z=i ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞O ÖˉõΩO_® XO@iQÍ u~°QÆ@O áê=Ú
^Œyæ~°† Pâ◊ =^ŒÅ∞HÀ=@O HõO>Ë Q˘Ñ¨Ê ã¨∞YO ÖË^Œh, ^•K«∞H˘O>Ë ^Œ∞óY=∞h—
WÖÏQÍ J=^èŒ∂`« `å#∞ Ö’HõO #∞O_ç, „ѨHõ$u #∞O_ç `≥Å∞ã¨∞‰õΩ#fl *Ï˝<åxfl P
~åAH˜ `≥eÜ«∞*Ëã≤ Pâ◊Û~°ºÑ¨~°∞™êÎ_»∞.
D =∂@Å∞ q#fl L^Œú=Ù_»∞ `«# PÖ’K«# =∂~°∞ÛH˘O\Ï_»∞.
P ¿Ñrx <Õ#∞ Zxfl™ê~À¡ K«k"å#∞. K«kq# „Ѩu™êi U^À H˘`«Î J~°úO
ã¨∞Êùiã¨∂Î<Õ LO_Õk. P<å\˜ˆH rq`«O QÆ∞iOz ѨÓiÎ J=QÍǨÏ# L#fl `«`«Îfi"Õ`«ÎÅ∞
'|O^è•Å∞ „Ѩ=∂^•Å∞— Jx `≥Å∞ã¨∞H˘x "å\˜H˜ ^Œ∂~°OQÍ rqOKåÅ#∞HÀ=@O
"åi *Ï˝<À^ŒÜ«∂xH˜ =¸ÅO J~Ú LO@∞Ok. |∞^Œ∞ú_»∞ K≥Ñ≤Ê# 'HÀiHõÅ∞
^Œ∞óMÏxH˜ =¸ÅO— J<Õ PÖ’K«#H˜ ѨÙ<åk WÖÏO\˜ `«`«Îfi"Õ∞ J~Ú LO@∞Ok.
<å\˜ ã¨O㨯$`«Hõ=ÙÅ∞ KåÖÏ=∞Ok ^Õâß@#O KÕã≤, „Éèí=∞}Ï#O^•xfl
á⁄O^•~°∞. "åiÖ’ ÉÏ}∞_»∞ K≥ѨCHÀ^Œy#"å_»∞. PÜ«∞# ã¨Ç¨Ï[OQÍ Sâ◊fi~°º
=O`«∞_≥·#ѨÊ\˜H© u~°QÆ@OÖ’ L#fl Q˘Ñ¨Ê`«<åxfl `≥Å∞ã¨∞H˘x `«#`Àáê@∞QÍ
Ѩk=∞Ok HõàÏHÍ~°∞efl "≥O>ÃÑ@∞ìH˘x ÉèÏ~°`«^Õâ◊=∞O`å Ü«∂„`«Å∞ KÕâß_»∞.
„áêp# „wã¨∞ ^Õâ◊OÖ’ ã¨OKå~° ѨO_ç`«∞Å∞ L<åfl~°∞. "å~°∞ ™ê÷Ñ≤Oz#
Peripatetic schools =Å# ZO`À=∞Ok q^Œº <Õ~°∞Û‰õΩ<Õ"å~°∞. QÆ∞~°∞=ÙÅ∞
`«=∞ t+¨µºÅ#∞ "≥O@ɡ@∞ìH˘x qq^èŒ „QÍ=∂ÅH˜ uiˆQ"å~°∞. Hõ^ŒÖË „QÆO^ä•ÅÜ«∂Å
 K«Ô~·"Õu – K«Ô~·"Õu
=∂kiQÍ P ѨO_ç`«∞Å∞ „Ѩ[ʼnõΩ LѨÜ≥∂QÆѨ_®¤~°∞.
[áê<£H˜ K≥Ok# ÉÏëÈ („H©IIâ◊II 1644–1694) J<Õ ÃǷωõÄ Hõq JÖÏO\˜
"åiÖ’ L#fl`« ™ê÷<åxfl P„Hõq∞OKå_»∞. PÜ«∞# u~°∞QÆ∞`«∂<Õ Ô~O_»∞ "ÕÅ=∞Ok
t+¨µºefl `«Ü«∂~°∞ KÕâß_»∞. "å~°∞ ‰õÄ_® QÆ∞~°∞=Ù QÍi`À Hõeã≤ „ѨHõ$uÖ’ u~°QÆ@O
<Õ~°∞Û‰õΩ<åfl~°∞. "åi Hõq`«efl ^•iÖ’<Õ ã¨i KÕ~ÚOK«∞H˘<Õ"å~°∞. ÉÏëÈ rq`«O
JO`å u~°QÆ@OÖ’<Õ QÆ_çÑ≤ z=iH˜ XHõ Ü«∂„`«Ö’ [|∞ƒÑ¨_ç ^•i ѨHõ¯# L#fl
ѨÓi WO\’¡ =∞~°}˜™êÎ_»∞. J`«_»∞ ~åã≤# 'The Narrow Road into the Deep
North' J<Õ k „Ѩ M Ϻu QÍOz# Ü« ∂ „`å Ѩ ٠㨠ΠH õ O . '#<˘flHõ Ü« ∂ „u‰õ Ω _ç Q Í
QÆ∞~°∞ÎOK«∞H˘O>Ë KåÅ∞— JO\Ï_»∞ ÃǷωõÄ Hõq`å Ñ≤`å=∞Ǩï_»∞ ÉÏëÈ.
ã¨~åfiOQÍʼnõΩ ã¨=∂#"≥∞ÿ# "åºÜ«∂=∂xfl, P#O^•xfl WzÛ#ѨC_Õ
"å\˜x Q“~°qOz#@¡=Ù`«∞O^Œx P<å\˜ ѨO_ç`«∞Å∞ ÉèÏqOKå~°∞. HÍ|>Ëì "å~°∞
„ѨHõ$uÖ’ „Ѩܫ∂}ÏÅ∞ KÕâß~°∞. "åi áê^•Å∞ K≥¿ÑÊ "Õ^•Å∞ q<åfl~°∞. „ѨHõ$ux
J#∞ÉèíqOK«@O Jxfl\˜Hõ<åfl =ÚYºO J#∞H˘<åfl~°∞. |∞∞`«∞=ÙÅH˜ J#∞QÆ∞}OQÍ
`«=∞ rq`åÅ#∞ =∞ÅK«∞H˘<åfl~°∞. ZÖÏO\˜ HõëêìÖÁzÛ<å Ü«∂„`«Å∞ KÕÜ«∞@O
PѨÖË^Œ∞. Ü«∂„`« KÕÜ«∞@O, =ÚO^Œ∞‰õΩ "≥à◊§@O, H˘`«Î „Ѩ^ÕâßÅx Hõ#∞HÀ¯=@O
ÖÏO\˜ ™êǨϙêÅ#∞ "≥Ú^Œ@ #∞Op =∞x+≤ XHõ ã¨"åÅ∞QÍ fã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl_»∞.
JÖÏO\˜ ^è≥·~°º™êǨϙêÅ∞ =∞x+≤x x~°O`«~°O =ÚO^Œ∞H˜ fã¨∞ÔHà◊√`«∂<Õ L<åfl~Ú.
7 8
lÑ‘ûÅ∞
~åuÜ«ÚQÆO <å\˜ áÈbh+≤Ü«∞#∞¡ ã¨=Ú„^•Å g∞^Œ uiy Z<Àfl
Ü«∂„`«Å∞ KÕã≤ K«i„`«Ö’ xÅ|_»QÆeQÍ~°∞.
K≥·<å ^Õâ◊Ѩ٠É∫^Œú aè‰õ∆Ω=ÙÅ∞ =∞#^Õâ◊O g∞^Œ „¿Ñ=∞`À =∞OK«∞ Ѩ~°fi`åÅ∞
^•@∞H˘O@∂ =KåÛ~°∞. K≥·<å Hõq bÉÏÜü∞ („H©IIâ◊II 701–762) `«# QÆ∞~°∞=Ùx
"≥`«∞‰õΩ¯O@∂ J_»=ÙÖ’¡ Ü«∂„`«Å∞ KÕâß_»∞. ^ŒH˜∆} P„Ѷ≤HÍÖ’x ˆHÑπ\∫<£ #∞O_ç
P„Ѷ≤HÍh~ü Ô~·`«∞Å∞ Z^Œ∞ÌÅ|à◊§ g∞^Œ "ÕÅ H˜Ö’g∞@~°∞¡ „Ѩܫ∂}ÏÅ∞ KÕã≤ („H©IIâ◊II
1835–40) =∞Oz ѨO@á⁄ÖÏÅ∞ "≥^Œ∞HÀ¯QÆeQÍ~°∞. ã≤fi@˚~å¡O_£Ö’x Jq∞+π
=∞`«ã¨∞÷Å∞ 18= â◊`å|úOÖ’ =Å㨠=zÛ, J"≥∞iHÍÖ’x ÃÑxûÖËfixÜ«∂ ~åROÖ’x
Ö’Ü«∞ „áêO`åÖ’¡ ã≤÷~°Ñ¨_®¤~°∞† HÍ|>Ëì "å~°∞ |`«HõQÆeQÍ~°∞.
K≥·<å K«i„`« QÆux =∂ˆ~ÛO^Œ∞ÔH· XHõ ÅHõ∆=∞Ok „Ѩ[Å∞ Ѩk"ÕÅ
H˜Ö’g∞@~°¡ ^Œ∂~°O ™êy# ÖÏOQ∑=∂~üÛ (1935–36) =∞ǨÜ«∂„`«Ö’ áêÖÁæ<åfl~°∞.
*Ïh ^Œ Ü«∂Ñ≤Öò ã‘_£ („H©IIâ◊II 1774–1845) J<Õ „ѨHõ$u „¿Ñq∞‰õΩ_»∞ `«#
rq`«=∞O`å J"≥∞iHÍ H˘O_» „áêO`åÅÖ’ uiy Ü«∂Ñ≤Öò "≥ÚHõ¯Å∞ ÃÑOz
Ѩ~åº=~°}Ïxfl HÍáê_ç, ѨK«Û^Œ<åxfl =∞zÛHõ KÕã¨∞H˘#fl =∞Ǩ=ºH˜Î. DÜ«∞#
ã¨OKå~åÅ =Å# ¿Ñ^Œ"åiH˜, „ѨHõ$uH˜ ZO`À "Õ∞Å∞ [iyOk.
 K«Ô~·"Õu – K«Ô~·"Õu
WÖÏO\˜ ã¨OKå~åÅ∞ WѨÊ\˜H© H˘#™êQÆ∞`«∂<Õ L<åfl~Ú. `«~°`«~åÅ
=∞# ã¨OKå~° ã¨fiÉèÏ=O H˘`«Î =∂~åæefl, "åǨÏ<åefl "≥`«∞H˘¯O@∂<Õ LOk† "Õ~°∞¡
`«_ç=∞\˜ìx "≥`«∞H˘¯O@∂ ™êy#@∞¡QÍ.
Éèí∂q∞ g∞^Œ J<Õfi+¨} ѨÓiÎ HÍHõ =ÚO^Õ =∂#=Ù_ç =∞#ã¨∞ ѨH˜∆
=∂kiQÍ ÃÑ·H˜ ZQÆ~åÅx HÀ~°∞H˘Ok. HÍ|>Ëì D<å_»∞ =∂#=Ù_»∞ JO`«iHõ∆
„Ѩܫ∂}ÏÅ∞ KÕã¨∞Î<åfl_»∞.
J"≥∞iHõ<£ HÀ\©â◊fi~°∞_≥·# _≥xflãπ \˜\’ QÆ`« ã¨O=`«û~°O JO`«iHõ∆
„Ѩܫ∂}O KÕã≤ P#OkOKåHõ PÜ«∞# =∞#ã¨∞û âßOuOzOk. D ã¨O=`«û~°O
ã‘ì"£ á¶ÈÃã\ò ɡÅ∂<£Ö’ Éèí∂QÀà◊O K«∞@∂ì`å uiy =KåÛHõ ZO`À P#OkOKå_»∞.
„Ѩܫ∂}ÏÅ∞ „Ѩu "åiH© J=ã¨~°"Õ∞. Zxfl P#O^•Å∞ J#∞ÉèíqOz<å
Ü«∂„`å#O^ŒO Jxfl\˜HõO>Ë Q˘Ñ¨Ê^Œx go§^ŒÌ~°∂ x~°∂Ñ≤OKå~°∞. =∞x+≤ =∞#∞QÆ_»x
HÍáê_Õk „Ѩܫ∂}ÏÖË#x K«i„`« ѨÙ\˜ì#ѨÊ\˜#∞O_ç ™êH∆ͺÅ∞ ^˘~°∞‰õΩ`«∂<Õ
L<åfl~Ú.
=∂#"Õ`«~° „áê}˜HÀ\˜x ~°H˜∆OK«@OÖ’ ‰õÄ_® „Ѩܫ∂}ÏÖË „Ѩ=ÚY
áê„`« =Ç≤Ïã¨∞Î<åfl~Ú. Ѩ‰õ∆ΩÅ∞ =Å㨠"≥à◊§HõáÈ`Õ Jq rqOK«ÖË=Ù. ^èŒ$=„áêO`åÖ’¡x
[O`«∞=ÙÅ∞ ã¨∞n~°… „Ѩܫ∂}ÏÅ∞ KÕã≤ =Å㨠"≥à◊§@O "å\˜ r=<åxH˜ ZO`À
J=ã¨~°O. "≥∂<å~ü¯ |@~üÃѶ·¡ (ã‘`åHÀHõzÅ∞HõÅ∞) „Ѩu j`åHÍÅOÖ’#∂ H˘xfl
"ÕÅ H˜Ö’g∞@~°∞¡ `«=∞ |∞l˚ Ô~Hõ¯efl Ô~ѨÔ~ѨÖÏ_çã¨∂Î „Ѩܫ∂}ÏÅ∞ KÕã≤ "≥∞H˜ûHÀÖ’
L#fl `«=∞ ѨÓsfi‰õΩÅ∞ x=ã≤Oz# H˘O_»Ö’¡H˜ "≥o§ JHõ¯_ç K≥@¡ÃÑ· [`«Hõ\˜ì
ã¨O`å<åxfl Jaè=$kú KÕã¨∞H˘O\Ï~Ú.
JO^Œ∞ˆH 'K«Ô~·"Õu— J<Õ K«~°}Ïxfl QÆ∞~°∞=ÙQÍ KÕã¨∞H˘x „Ѩܫ∂}ÏÅ∞
KÕã¨∞Î<åfl_»∞ =∂#=Ù_»∞† HÍOu`À#∞, HÍÅO`À#∞ áÈ\© Ѩ_»∞`«∂.
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lÑ‘ûÅ∞
2
ã≤áê~Ú =∂~°∞¯ JyæÃÑ>ˇì
=∂k K«=@áêÖˇO. =∂ T~°∞ #∞O_ç J=∞‡#„É’Å∞ ÃÇ·Ïã¨∂¯Å∞H˜
"≥àϧÅO>Ë Ô~O_»∞ ÉÏ@Å∞ L<åfl~Ú. á⁄ÖÏÖ’¡ QÆ∞O_® XHõ\˜, Ô~·Å∞Hõ@ì ѨHõ¯<Õ
XHõ\˜. =~å¬HÍÅO á⁄ÖÏÖ’¡ ÉÏ@Å∞ LO_»=Ù. JO^Œ~°∂ Hõ@ì g∞^Õ áÈ`«∞O\Ï~°∞.
~°Hõ~°HÍÅ =ã¨∞Î=ÙÅ∞, ѨÙã¨ÎHÍÅ∞, ã≤QÆÔ~@∞ì ÃÑ>ˇìÅ∞, JyæÃÑ>ˇìÅ∞ ^˘~°∞‰õΩ`«∂
LO\Ï~Ú =∂‰õΩ P Ô~·Å∞Hõ@ì g∞^Œ. x*ÏxH˜ =∂ Ti „Ѩ[Å rq`åÖ’¡ XHõ
=ÚYº"≥∞ÿ# áê„`«x áÈ+≤OzOk =∂ Ô~·Å∞Hõ@ì. ^Õâ◊OÖ’ x=ã≤OKÕ qq^èŒ „áêO`åÅ
"åix Ô~·àı§ =∂‰õΩ ѨiK«Ü«∞O KÕâß~Ú. J^˘Hõ „Ѩܫ∂}˜OKÕ Ñ¨Ùã¨ÎHõO.
=∂ |KåÛÅ P@ÅH˜ F‰õΩÅ∞ J=ã¨~°"≥∞ÿ#ѨC_»ÖÏ¡ Ô~·Å∞Hõ@ì ѨHõ¯#
U~°∞‰õΩ<Õ"åà◊§O. qq^èŒ ~å¢ëêìÖ’¡ `«Ü«∂~°ÜÕ∞º Z<Àfl ~°HÍÅ JyæÃÑ>ˇìÅ∞ =∂‰õΩ
^˘~°∞‰õΩ`«∞O_Õq. P z#fl ÃÑ>ˇìefl áÈ\©Å g∞^Œ U~°∞H˘x ZO`À =Úiã≤áÈÜÕ∞
"åà◊§O.
JÖÏO\˜ "å\˜Ö’ XHõ™êi <å‰õΩ
^˘iH˜# |∞Å∞QÆ∞~°OQÆ∞ JyæÃÑ>ˇìg∞^Œ
'QÆ∞„~°O g∞^Œ "≥à◊√`«∞#fl =∞x+≤— ÉÁ=∞‡
LOk. ^•xfl "Õ∞=Ú 'ã≤áê~Ú =∂~°∞¯
JyæÃÑ>ˇì— Jx Ñ≤eKåO. ^•xH˜ =O^Œ
F‰õΩÅ∞. ZѨC_»∂ ^˘iˆH uHõ¯Ö’_ç =∂~°∞¯
JyæÃÑ>ˇìÔH·`Õ Ü«∂Éèˇ· F‰õΩÖË. uHõ¯Ö’_ç
=∂~°∞¯ÃÑ>ˇì g∞^Œ QÀp ayOz H˘_»=e`À
[=Ú‡ HÀã¨∂Î L#fl XHõ Ô~·`«∞ ÃÑ·H˜ á⁄^ŒÅ =∂@∞QÍ L#fl ѨÙe ^Œ∂‰õΩ`«∞Ok. P
Ô~·`«∞ ^è≥·~°ºOQÍ ^•xfl H˘_»=e`À Z^Œ∞~˘¯O\Ï_»∞. ѨÙex Z^Œ∞~˘¯O@∞#fl P
Ñ¨Öˇ¡@∂i "≥Ú#QÍ_çx 'uHõ¯Ö’_»∞— Jx ZO^Œ∞‰õΩ Ñ≤eKå~À <å‰õΩ J~°úO HÍÖË^Œ∞.
P JyæÃÑ>ˇìH˜ L#fl WOw¡+¨µ ¿Ñ~°∞ Cheeta-Fight.
ã≤áê~Ú =∂~°∞¯ JyæÃÑ>ˇì lÑ‘ûÅ∞
ã≤áê~Ú =∂~°∞¯ JyæÃÑ>ˇì g∞^Œ L#fl WOw¡+¨µ ¿Ñ~°∞ Gypsy Prince.
„Ñ≤<£û JO>Ë ~å[‰õΩ=∂~°∞_»∞ Jx `≥Å∞ã¨∞. =∞i lÑ‘û JO>Ë Uq∞\’ `≥eÜ«∞ÖË^Œ∞.
"≥O@<Õ WOw¡+¨µ =∂ã¨ìifl J_çQÍ#∞. PÜ«∞# ¿Ñ~°∞ L.V. =∂ P~À HÍ¡ã¨∞ Ñ≤Å¡ÅH˜
PÜ«∞#O>Ë ÉèíÜ«∞O. HÍh <å‰õΩ JÖÏO\˜^Õg∞ ÖË^Œ∞. ZO^Œ∞HõO>Ë PÜ«∞#
D`«Éˇ`«ÎO ^≥|ƒÅ∞ <Õ#∞ ZѨC_»∂ ~°∞z K«∂_»ÖË^Œ∞ HÍ|\˜ì.
'lÑ‘û JO>Ë XHõKÀ@ ã≤÷~°OQÍ LO_»‰õΩO_® u~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ LO_Õ"å_»∞
Jx J~°úO— JO@∂ Z`«∞ÎQÍ L#fl <å *Ë|∞ "≥·Ñ¨Ù K«∂ã≤ 'Xˆ~Üü∞, z„`«"Õ∞à◊O! P
ã≤áê~Ú =∂~°∞¯ JyæÃÑ>ˇì QÆ∞iOKÕ<å h=Ù J_»∞QÆ∞`«∞<åfl=Ù?—
'J=Ù#∞ ™ê~ü!—
★ 'U~å, #∞=Ófi "åà◊§`À HõÅã≤áÈ`å"ÕO\˜~å!—
HÍ¡ã¨∞Ö’ QÆ∞ã¨QÆ∞ã¨Å∞ 'g_çH˜ ^≥|ƒÅ∞ `«Ñ¨Ê=Ù— J#fl@∞¡QÍ.
'"åà◊√§ ZHõ¯_» LO\Ï~°∞ ™ê~ü! "åà◊§x K«∂_®Åx LOk.—
'ZO_®HÍÅO â‹Å=ÙÖ’¡ =∞# K≥~°∞=ÙHõ@ì g∞^Œ QÆ∞_çÃãÅ∞, QÆ∞_®~åÅ∞
"Õã¨∞H˘x KåÖÏ=∞Ok HõxÑ≤™êÎ~°∞. JѨC_»∞ K«∂^Œ∞Ì=ÙQÍx, z„`«"Õ∞à◊O! =ÚO^Œ∞
áê~î°O uÜ«∞º"ÀÜü∞!— JO@∂ D`«Éˇ`åÎxfl XHõ™êi QÍeÖ’ uáêÊ_»∞.
<å =Ú^Œ∞Ì¿Ñ~°∞ PÜ«∞# QÆ\˜ìQÍ Ñ¨Å∞‰õΩ`«∂ LO>Ë <åˆH^À Q˘Ñ¨ÊQÍ
LO_Õk. K≥~À¡ "≥OHõ„\Ï=Ù ##∞fl P ¿Ñ~°∞`À Ñ≤Å∞ã¨∂Î pHõ\˜ ã¨=∞Ü«∂Ö’¡ ÉèíÜ«∞ÃÑ\˜ì
#qfiOKÕ"å_»∞.
QÆ∞„~°O g∞^Œ "≥à◊√`«∞#fl "å_»∞ 'ã≤áê~Ú— HÍ^Œ∞, 'ã¨OKåi— Jx `≥Å∞ã¨∞
HÀQÍ<Õ '=∞#O ‰õÄ_® XHõKÀ\˜ #∞O_ç =∞~ÀKÀ\˜H˜ QÆ∞„~°O g∞^Œ "≥o`Õ ÉÏQÆ∞O@∞Ok,
lÑ‘ûÅO HÍ=K«∞Û— J#∞H˘<åfl#∞. JÖÏO\˜ TǨÏÅ∞ ã¨O`Àëêxfl W=fi@O`À
KåÖÏ™ê~°∞¡ P =∂ki „Ѩܫ∂}ÏÅ∞ TÇ≤ÏOK«∞H˘O@∂ á⁄ÅO QÆ@¡ g∞^Œ QÆ∞„~°O
ÖÏQÍ ZQÆ∞~°∞‰õΩO@∂ ã¨∂¯ÖòH˜ "≥àı§"å_çx.
=∂ ѨÓiÅ∞¡ K≥~°∞=ÙHõ@ì ѨHõ¯<Õ LOk. JHõ¯_»O`å É’Öˇ_»∞ MÏmã¨÷ÅO.
K«∞@∂ì`å [áê<£ =Úà◊§K≥@∞¡. P "Õã¨q HÍÅO ѨÙã¨ÎHÍÅ∞ JO\˜OK«\ÏxH˜ |OHõ
HÀã¨O <Õ#∞ K≥@¡Ö’¡ u~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ LO>Ë H˘O_»Ü«∞ºQÍi ‰õΩO@ ѨHõ¯QÍ z#fl
QÍ_ç^ŒÅ QÆ∞OѨ٠KÒ_»∞ =¸@Å∞ "≥∂ã¨∞H˘O@∂ =KåÛ~Ú. "å\˜ "≥#∞Hõ =∞~À
Ѩk QÍ_ç^ŒÅ∞, =∞#∞+¨µÅ∞. JO`å HõÅã≤ ™êÜ«∞O„`åxHõÖÏ¡ K≥~°∞=ÙHõ@ì ѨHõ¯
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 ã≤áê~Ú =∂~°∞¯ JyæÃÑ>ˇì
QÆ∞_®~åÅ∞ "Õâß~°∞. "åi "≥O@ ‰õΩHõ¯Å∞, HÀ`«∞Å∞ ‰õÄ_® L<åfl~Ú.
"åi "≥^Œ∞~°∞ |^ŒÌÅ QÆ∞_®~åŠѨHõ¯<Õ =¸_»∞ ~åà◊§ á⁄~ÚºÅ∞ U~åÊ@∞
KÕã≤ J<åflÅ∞ =O_»∞H˘O@∞<åfl~°∞. XHõѨHõ¯ Ñ≤Å¡Å U_»∞ѨÙ, ‰õΩHõ¯Å J~°∞ѨÙÅ∞.
HÀà◊§ ‰õÄ`«Å∞ =∞~À ѨHõ¯. á⁄QÆ ~åQÍÅ∞ fã¨∂Î K≥~°∞=Ù ÃÑ·H˜ "≥o§Ok. "åi
náêÅ "≥Å∞`«∞~°∞ K≥~°∞=Ù h\˜Ö’ Ѩ_ç ѨÓÅ∞ ѨÓã≤#@∞¡QÍ LOk. H˘O^Œ~°∞
Ñ≤Å¡Å∞ JѨÊ\˜HõѨC_»∞ T~À¡H˜ "≥àϧ~°∞† J#flO J_»∞HÀ¯=_®xH˜.
JѨÊ\˜^•HÍ ã¨_ôK«Ñ¨C_»∞ ÖˉõΩO_® L#fl P „áêO`«=∞O`å JeH˜_ç`À
xO_çáÈ~ÚOk. P ™êÜ«∞O„`«O PÅ㨺OQÍ WO\˜H˜ =zÛ# [OyeQ˘_»∞¡ `«=∞
ÉÏ@H˜ J_»¤OQÍ L#fl QÆ∞_®~åÅ∞ K«∂ã≤ Pâ◊Û~°ºáÈ~Ú J~°∞ã¨∂Î ÉÏ@ `«áêÊ~Ú.
~å„uH˜ "åà◊√§ áê@Å∞ áê_Õ ã¨=∞Ü«∂xH˜ QÆ∞_®~åÅ =^ŒÌH˜ =∂ <å#fl
|Ü«∞Å∞^Õ~å_»∞, PÜ«∞# "≥#ˆH <Õ#∞ ‰õÄ_®.
'<å<åfl! hÔHÖÏ `≥Å∞ã¨∞ gà◊§O^Œ~°∂?—
'gà◊√§ „Ѩu ã¨O=`«û~°O =™ê΄~å =∞# TiH˜. "åà◊§H˜ `≥eã≤# "åà◊√§
L#flKÀ@ Ѩk~ÀAÅ∞ LO_ç =∞~À TiH˜ "≥à◊`å~°∞— Jx K≥áêÊ_»∞. =∂ <å#fl
"åi`À Hõ|∞~°∞¡ K≥|∞`«∂ LO_»QÍ<Õ <Õ#∞ x„^ŒÖ’H˜ *ÏiáÈÜ«∂#∞† QÆ`«∞‰õΩÅ
<ÕÅg∞^ŒH˜ *Ïi# K«„HõO "≥O@<Õ ^˘i¡ Py#@∞¡QÍ.
`≥Å¡"åi á⁄^Œ∞Ì<Õ QÆ∞_®~åÅ =^ŒÌH˜ KåÖÏ =∞Ok Ñ≤Å¡Å∞ áÈQÆÜ«∂º~°∞†
<å‰õΩ `À_»∞QÍ. ~å„u u#QÍ q∞ye# =∂Oã¨O =ÚHõ¯Å`À z#flÑ≤Å¡Å PHõe
U_»∞Ѩ٠=∂xÊã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞ `«Å∞¡Å∞. "åi QÍ_ç^ŒÅ∞ K≥~°∞=ÙQÆ@∞ì ֒Ѩe "≥·Ñ¨Ù#
QÆ_ç¤Ñ¨~°HõÅ∞ H˘~°∞H˘¯O@∞<åfl~Ú. =∂‰õΩ x#fl HõxÑ≤OK«x XHõ H˘`«Î „áê}˜ D~ÀA
HõxÑ≤OzOk. XHõ =Úã¨ÖÏÜ«∞# H˘O_»zÅ∞=x "≥∞_»Ö’ "Õã¨∞H˘x *’Öˇ ã¨Oz
K«OHõH˜ `«yeOK«∞H˘x Tà’§H˜ |Ü«∞Å∞^Õ~å_»∞. ÃÑ^ŒÌ ѨÓÅ^ŒO_» =∂kiQÍ P
^•ã¨iáê=Ú Hõ^ŒÅ∞`«∞O>Ë, PÜ«∞# =∞Ǩ~åAÖÏQÍ g∞™êÅ∞ ã¨=~°nã¨∞‰õΩO@∂
J_»∞QÆ∞Å∞ "Õã¨∞Î<åfl_»∞. QÆ∞_®~åÅ =^ŒÌ JÅ[_ç #∞O_ç `«Ñ≤ÊOK«∞H˘x "Õ∞=∞O`å
DÜ«∞# "≥O@Ѩ_®¤O† ÃÑ·_£ÃѷѨ~ü "≥O@|_Õ ZÅ∞Hõ Ñ≤Å¡Å =∂kiQÍ.
H˘O_»zÅ∞=x XHõ WO\˜ =^ŒÌ kOÑ≤, |∂~å T^Œ@O "≥Ú^ŒÅ∞ÃÑ\Ïì_»∞.
H˘eq∞ u`«∞Ö Î Ï¡QÍ L|∞‰õΩ`«∞#fl PÜ«∞# |∞QÆÅæ ∞ K«∂_»@O XHõ qO`«. P áê=Ú‰õΩ
DÜ«∞# |∂~° áê@H© ZÖÏO\˜ ã¨O|O^èOŒ ÖËHáõ È~Ú<å Jk XHõ PHõ~} ¬° . 'JÜ«∂º!
13
lÑ‘ûÅ∞
<åˆHg∞ =^Œ∞Ì HÍh, D H˘O_»zÅ∞=H˜ XHõ z#fl HÀ_çQÆ∞_»∞¤ W=fiO_ç. ^•xH˜ PHõe
Z‰õΩ¯=— JO@∂ XHõ™êi ^•xfl Z`«∞ÎH˘x WO\˜ Ü«∞[=∂x =ÚO^Œ∞H˜ Ѩ@∞ìÔHà◊§
QÍ<Õ P WO\Ïq_» HõOQÍ~°∞Ѩ_»∞`«∂ ֒ѨeH˜ "≥o§ QÆ∞_»∞¤ `≥zÛ Wã¨∞ÎOk. D
lÑ‘û =∞~À WO\˜H˜ "≥à◊`å_»∞. J`«x "≥O>Ë "Õ∞=Ú "≥à◊`åO. PHõÅ~ÚO^•HÍ P
H˘O_»zÅ∞= ѨˆH¯ uiˆQ"åà◊§O. =∂ <å<Õfl"≥∂ ##∞fl "≥`«∞‰õΩ¯O@∂ uiˆQ"å_»∞
|*Ï~°¡hfl.
''<å<åfl! gà◊§x lÑ‘ûÅ∞ JO\Ï~°∞! `≥Å∞™ê h‰õΩ?—— Jx K≥áêÊ#∞
J#flO uO@∞#flѨC_»∞.
'Z=~°∞ K≥áêÊ„~å! gà◊√§ |∞_»|∞Hõ¯Å "åà◊√§. @OQÆ∞@∂~°∞Ö’ g∞
ÉÏÉÏ~ÚQÍi WO\˜Ñ¨Hõ¯ zO`«`ÀѨÙÖ’ WÖÏO\˜ "åà◊√§ KåÖÏ=∞Ok LO@∞<åfl~°∞.
D™êi "≥o§#ѨC_»∞ K«∂Ñ≤™êÎÖË—
'"åiH˜ QÆ∞„~åÅ∞ L<åflÜ«∂ <å<åfl?—
'ÖˈHO, <åÅ∞QÆ∞ QÆ∞„~åÅ∞, QÍ_ç^ŒÅ∞ KåÖÏ L<åfl~Ú—
'J~Ú`Õ "åà◊√§ lÑ‘ûÖË. =∂ =∂ëêì~°∞QÍ~°∞ K≥áêÊ~°∞. D™êi <å‰õΩ
x[OQÍ K«∂Ñ≤™êÎ"å?—
'㨈~ QÍx ѨsHõ∆ÅH˜ K«^Œ∞=Ù. ZO_®HÍÅO â‹Å=ÙÖ’¡ TiH˜ "≥o§#ѨC_»∞
K«∂^Œ∞Ì=ÙÖË— J#@O`À âßOuOKå#∞.
P ~å„u <å HõÖ’¡H˜ Ô~Hõ¯ÖÁzÛ# QÆ∞„~åÅ∞ Zyi =zÛ ##∞fl ã¨∞^Œ∂~°
„áêO`åÅH˜ „Ѩܫ∂}ÏÅ∞ KÕ~ÚOKå~Ú† Hõ#∞K«∂ѨÙH˜ JO^Œx U HÍ@∞Hõ H˘O_»Ö
QÆ∞O_≥Ö’¡HÀ.
14

3 =∂‰õΩ ÉÏQÍ `≥eã≤# ã¨OKå~° r=ÙÅ∞. WÖÏO\˜ Ѩiã≤÷`«∞Å∂, Ѩiã¨~åÅ∂ <åÖ’
QÍeyÅHõ
u~°QÆ@O JO>Ë z#flѨÊ\˜ #∞O_ô <åÔHO`À W+¨ìO. ZO_®HÍÅO â‹Å=ÙÖ’¡
JO^Œsfl "≥O>Ëã∞¨ H˘x á⁄ÖÏÖ’¡ Ñ≤K∞« ÛHõQ∂Æ à◊√§ "≥`H« @
õ O, K≥~∞° =ÙÖ’¡ KÕÑÅ
¨ ∞ Ѩ@@
ì O,
J^Õ Ñ¨xQÍ QÍeѨ\ÏÅ∞ ZQÆ~°"ÕÜ«∞@O, Ѩ‰õ∆ΩÅ DHõÅ∞ U~°∞HÀ=@O =∂ Ѩx.
ZO_ç# K≥~°∞=ÙÖ’¡ |∞~°^Œ QÆ_»¤Å =∞^茺# z#fl HõѨÊÅ∞ ZQÆ∞~°∞`«∞O>Ë
ZO`À P#OkOKÕ"åà◊§O. ÉÏ}O =Ú‰õΩ¯ PHÍ~°OÖ’ `≥Å¡ H˘OQÆÅ QÆ∞OѨÙÅ∞
=∂ `«ÅÅ g∞^Œ∞QÍ áÈ`«∂ LO>Ë PHõe =∞~°KÕ"åà◊§O.
„QÍg∞} rq`«OÖ’ x`«ºO KåÖÏ ^Œ∂~åÅ∞ #_ç¿ãÎ HÍx Ѩ#∞Å∞ [~°QÆ=Ù.
ã¨∂¯Å∞H˜ S^Œ∞ H˜Ö’g∞@~°∞¡ #_»"åe. =_»¡ q∞Å∞¡H˜ "≥àϧÅO>Ë <åÅ∞QÆ∞, Öˇ·„|sH˜
Ѩk, ã¨~°‰õΩÅ∞ `Õ=\ÏxH˜ P~°∞ H˜Ö’g∞@~°∞¡, á⁄ÅO Ѩ#∞ÖÔH·`Õ Ñ¨k H˜Ö’g∞@~°¡
=~°‰õÄ u~°QÍeûO^Õ. #_»∞K«∞H˘O@∂ "≥àı§ Ѩx JO>Ë <å‰õΩ =∞ǨW+¨ìO. =∂
„QÍ=∞ Ѩiã¨~åÖ’¡ <Õ#∞ #_»=x „Ѩ^Õâ◊O ÖË^Œ∞. „ѨHõ$uÖ’ u~°QÍe! J^Õ Ç¨~Ú.
JO^Œ∞ˆH uiQÍ#∞. <å ¿ãflÇ≤Ï`«∞Å á⁄ÖÏÖ’¡H˜ ѨxH˜ "≥àϧ#∞. "åiKÕÛ _»|∞ƒÅ`À
ѨÙãÎ̈HÍÅ∞ H˘x K«k"å#∞. =∂ Ѩiã¨~åÖ’¡ L#fl Kåi„`«Hõ „Ѩ^ÕâßÅ∞, ѨO@á⁄ÖÏÅ∞,
h\˜‰õΩO@Å∞, "åQÆ∞Å∞, =OHõÅ∞ Ug <å ^Œ$+≤ì#∞Oz `«Ñ≤ÊOK«∞HÀÖË^Œ∞.
u~°QÆ\ÏxH˜ ZÖÏO\˜ PÖ’K«#Å∞ KÕÜ«∂ÖÏ J#fl^Õ =ÚYºO <å‰õΩ.
=∂‰õΩ ^Œyæ~°Ö’ Hõ_»=‰õΩ^Œ∞~°∞ „QÍ=∞O ѨHõ¯#∞#fl "≥∂@∞Ѩe¡ ã¨=Ú„^Œ
f~°OÖ’ XHõѨC_»∞ F_»ˆ~=Ù LO_Õk. „ѨMϺ`« W\b ^Õâ◊Ѩ٠ܫ∂„u‰õΩ_»∞ =∂~À¯
áÈÖ’, K≥·<åÖ’x ‰õΩ|¡~ÚMÏ<£ P™ê÷#O #∞O_ç F_» g∞^Œ |Ü«∞Å∞^Õi Ѩi¬Ü«∂
g∞^Œ∞QÍ "≥xãπ áÈÜÕ∞ ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’ "≥∂@∞Ѩe¡ F_»ˆ~=ÙÖ’ Py, HÍHõfÜ«ÚÅ
ѨiáêÅ# QÆ∞iOz q=~åÅ∞ ¿ãHõiOz#@∞¡QÍ K«i„`« K≥|∞`ÀOk. JHõ¯_çH˜
"≥o§# „Ѩu™ês <Õ#∞ ‰õÄ_® =∂~À¯áÈÖ’ =∂kiQÍ Ü«∂„`«Å∞ KÕÜ«∂e
J#∞H˘<Õ"å_çx.
15
lÑ‘ûÅ∞
=∂ TiH˜ =zÛ# ÔQ}˜ã≤QÆ_»¤Å |à◊§"å~°∞, HÍ=_çÖ’ XHõѨHõ¯ _»Éσ
Ô~O_ÀѨHõ¯ ÃÑ^ŒÌ ~å~Ú "≥∂ã¨∞‰õΩO@∂ T~°¡hfl XO@iQÍ uiˆQ <ÕuÉÁ@∞ì ™ê~Ú|∞
L#fl u~°∞QÆ∞É’`«∞ QÍ_ç^Œx =ÚO^Œ∞‰õΩ #_çÑ≤OKå~Ú.
Hõ^äŒÅ∞ K≥ѨC‰õΩO@∂ uiˆQ Ñ≤K«∞ÛHõQÆ∞O@¡ "å~°∞ XHõ™êi =∂ WO\˜
"≥#∞Hõ L#fl zO`«K≥@∞ì H˜O^Œ H˘<åflà◊√§ L<åfl~°∞. "åà◊§ ‰õΩ„~å_»∞ K≥@∞ì g∞^Œ
QÆ∂\’¡ H˘OQÆ#∞ Ѩ@∞ìHÀÉ’~Ú H˜O^ŒÑ¨_®¤_»∞. ã¨=∞Ü«∂xH˜ H˜O^Œ |O_ç[Å¡
LO_»@O`À ÃÑ^ŒÌ „Ѩ=∂^ŒO `«Ñ≤ÊOk. =º=™êÜ«∞ Ѩx=Ú@¡x `«Ü«∂~°∞
KÕÜ«∞\ÏxH˜ |Ü«∞@Hõ=∞‡i"å~°∞ =KÕÛ"å~°∞. JÖÏO\˜ "åi =^ŒÌ "Õ@‰õΩHõ¯Å∞
LO_Õq. "Õ‰õΩ=*Ï=Ú# zÅ¡~° _»|∞ƒÅ∞ J_»∞‰õΩ¯<Õ QÆO\Ï ™ê~Ú|∞Å∞ áê@Å∞
áê_»∞`«∂ =KÕÛ"å~°∞. =∂ <å#flH˜ gà◊§O`å ÉÏQÍ `≥Å∞ã¨∞.
„QÍg∞} "å`å=~°}OÖ’ ÃÑiQÍ#∞ HÍ|\˜ì WÖÏO\˜ "åà◊§O^Œih
ѨijeOKÕ J=HÍâ◊O =zÛOk. JÖÏQÍ u~°∞QÆ∞`«∞#fl "åix K«∂ã≤#ѨC_»ÖÏ¡
"åi`À áê@∞QÍ 'Hõeã≤áÈ^•O – HõÅÅ∞ HõO@∂ ™êyáÈ^•O— JxÑ≤OKÕk.
=∂ <å#flk z„`«"≥∞ÿ# =∞#ã¨Î`«fiO. ™ê^èŒ∞=ÙQÍ uiy z=iH˜ =ÚÃÑ·Êù
S^À ã¨O=`«û~°OÖ’ Ti ÃÑ^ŒÌÅ |Å=O`«O g∞^Œ ã¨O™êiQÍ =∂~å_»∞. PÜ«∞#H˜
<å@∞"≥·^ŒºOÖ’ Pã¨H˜Î Z‰õΩ¯=. ã¨=Ú„^Œf~°OÖ’ L#fl Ñ¨Öˇ¡HÍ~°¡H˜ "å=Ú"å@~ü,
JuÎѨà◊§ ÖËǨϺO, ÃÑàÏ¢ã≤Î J<Õ Ñ¨Ùà◊§=∞O^Œ∞ J"Õ∞‡"å_»∞. <å‰õΩ â‹Å=ÙÅ∞ =¿ãÎ
##∞fl `«#`Àáê@∞QÍ fã¨∞ÔHàı§"å_»∞. =∂ <å#fl Éèí∞*ÏxH˜ z#fl q∞Å@s ~°OQÆ∞
ã¨Oz LO_Õk ZѨC_»∂. Jk <å‰õΩ ÉÏQÍ QÆ∞~°∞Î. ^•O\’¡ D =∞O^Œ∞Å`À áê@∞QÍ
á⁄Q͉õΩ, K«∞@ìÅ∞ ÃÑ@∞ìHÀ=\ÏxH˜ QÆ∞O„_»OQÍ LO_Õ H˘Ü«∞º _»Éσ LO_Õk.
16
 QÍeyÅHõ
^•x =¸`«x uÑ≤Ê#ѨC_»ÖÏ¡ H˜Ü«∞ºO, H˜Ü«∞ºO JO@∂ ã¨Ow`«O Q˘}˜ˆQk.
U K≥@∞ì H˜O^À |à◊√§ PѨÙH˘x J<åflÅ∞ =O_»∞H˘O@∞#fl ã¨OKå~°r=Ùefl
K«∂âß#O>Ë "åi`À HÍ¿ãѨ٠=∂\Ï¡_çO^•HÍ =∞#ã¨∞û T~°∞H˘<Õk HÍ^Œ∞. <Õ#∞
"åà◊§H˜ K≥Ok# "å_ç#x JxÑ≤OKÕk. U^À J#∞|O^èŒO ##∞fl "≥O\Ï_»∞`«∞#fl@∞¡QÍ
J#∞H˘<Õ "å_çx.
'Fˆ~Üü∞ <å~åÜ«∞}Ï! #∞=Ùfi g∞ `å`« ÃÑ~°∞=∂à◊√§ =∂kiQÍ ^ÕâßÅ∞
Ѩ@∞ìH˘x uiˆQ "å_çÖÏQÍ HõxÑ≤ã¨∞Î<åfl=Ù~å!— JO@∂ #"Õfi"å_»∞ =∂ <å#fl <å
"åÅHõO K«∂ã≤.
=∂ ™⁄O`« T~°∞, ^•x Ѩiã¨~åÅ∞ <å‰õΩ ZO`À „Ñ≤Ü«∞"≥∞ÿ#q. JHõ¯_ç
„Ѩu J_»∞QÆ∞ Éèí∂q∞ <å‰õΩ ѨiK«Ü«∞"Õ∞. J~Ú`Õ <å rq`«O g∞^Œ „ѨÉèÏ=O
K«∂Ñ≤# WOHÀ =ÚYº"≥∞ÿ# „QÍ=∞O HÍ~°∞=∞Oz. Jk =∂ "Õ∞#=∂=∞QÍi T~°∞.
@OQÆ∞@∂~°∞ ¿ãì+¨<£Ö’ ky #_»∞K«∞H˘O@∂ [Ü«∞º=~°O "≥o§ P *Ï=∞`À@Å
QÆ∞O_® U~°∞^•\˜ "≥àı§"å_çx. JHõ¯_ç =∂q∞_ç `À@Å∞, KÒHõ `ÀѨÙÅ∞, U\˜hà◊¥§,
Wã¨∞HÍ <åÖ’ „ѨHõ$u „¿Ñ=∞x ÃÑOKå~Ú. =∂=∞Ü«∞ºQÍi á⁄ÖÏÅ∞ U\˜X_»∞¤<Õ
LO_Õq. â‹Å=ÙezÛ# „Ѩu™ês <Õ#∞ HÍ~°∞=∞Oz "≥o§ JHõ¯_ç U\˜QÍeH˜ `À_»∞QÍ
u~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ LO_Õ"å}˜‚† Ñ≤@ìÅ∞ ~å‰õΩO_® `À@Ö’¡ Hõ\˜ì# QÍeyÅHõ =∂kiQÍ.
P U\˜ XOѨÙÅ X_çÖ’ P_»∞HÀ=@"Õ∞ <å‰õΩ P#O^ŒO. <Õ#∞ <åÅ∞QÀ `«~°QÆu
P T~À¡<Õ K«k"å#∞. L^ŒÜ«∂<Õfl U~°∞^•\˜ "Õ∞`« HÀã¨∞‰õΩ~å=@O <å Ѩx.
Z`≥·Î# X_»∞¤ g∞^Œ #∞O_ç U\˜x, ^•x áêÜ«∞efl K«∂ã¨∞Î#flѨC_»∞
TQÆ∞`«∞#fl K≥@∞ìÖÏQÍ HõxÑ≤OKÕk. ZO_®HÍÅѨ٠=_»QÍeH˜ HÍÅ∞`«∞#fl Wã¨∞HõÖ’¡
Ѩ~°∞QÆ∞Å∞ fã¨∂Î =∂q∞_ç `ÀѨÙÖ’¡H˜ Ѩ~°∞ÔQ`«Î@O XHõ ã¨~°^•. U\˜ X_»∞¤ g∞^Œ
QÍeѨ\ÏÅ∞ ZQƈ~¿ã"åà◊§O. "Õ∞Ѷ¨∂ÅH˜ JOkáÈ`åÜ«∂ J#flO`« Z`«∞ÎH˜ "≥àı§k
<å QÍeѨ@O. Jk "Õ∞Ѷ¨∂Å#∞ =Ú^Œ∞Ì ÃÑ@∞ìH˘O>Ë K«∂_®Åx LO_Õk <å‰õΩ.
`«# HÀiHõx H˘#™êyOKÕ „Ѩܫ∞`«flOÖ’ Jk "≥∞ÿ=∞~°z, ^•~åxfl `≥OѨÙH˘x
"≥Å¡H˜O`«Å∞QÍ U\’¡H˜ Ѩ_çáÈÜÕ∞k.
J=`«e X_»∞¤ g∞^Œ Wã¨∞Hõ k|ƒÅ ѨHõ¯# ѨÙK«ÛHÍÜ«∞Å∞, ÉˇÅ¡Ñ¨Ù‰õΩO_»Å
=∂kiQÍ ^˘~°∞¡`«∂ LO_Õq. ™êÜ«∞OHÍÅOѨÓ@ Ü«∂<å^Œ∞Å∞ HõO_≥Å =Å`À
U\˜ g∞^Œ Zyˆ~ KÕѨefl Ѩ_»∞`«∞O>Ë "åi "≥O@ Ѩ_Õ"å_çx. KÒHõ`ÀѨÙÖ’¡ ‰õΩO^Õà◊§x
17
lÑ‘ûÅ∞
Ѩ@ì_»O, J=`«e U\’¡ QÍÖÏÅ`À "Õ@ KÕã¨∞‰õΩ~å=@O "åiH˜ x`«ºO JÅ"å@∞.
"åi`Àáê@∞QÍ Ñ≤Å¡ÅO^Œ~°O "≥àı§"åà◊§O. JÖÏO\˜ U\˜ Ѩiã¨~åÖ’¡H˜ ã¨=∞Ü«∞O
^˘iH˜# „Ѩu™ês áêiáÈ`«∞O_Õ"å_çx. `«# ^•iH˜ J_»¤O =zÛ# QÆ∞ÅHõ~åà◊§H˜
yeyO`«Å∞ ÃÑ\˜ì =ÚO^Œ∞‰õΩ ™êˆQ h\˜áêÜ«∞Å∞, ZO`À ^Œ∂~åxflOz h\˜ g∞^Œ
`«#‡Ü«∞`«fiO`À `ÕeáÈ`«∂ =KÕÛ QÆ_ç¤"≥ÚHõ¯Å∞ <å‰õΩ ZO`« ã¨O`ÀëêxflKåÛÜ≥∂!
"Õ∞Ѷ¨∂Å ^˘O`«~° =∂kiQÍ "Õ∞@ "Õ∞ã≤# Wã¨∞HõÖ’ |OuÖÏQÍ ^˘i¡, KÕѨÅÑ≤@ì
=∂kiQÍ U\’¡H˜ ^Œ∂‰õΩ`«∂ P_»∞H˘<Õ"åà◊§O. |∞l˚~åà◊§ |∞QÆæÅH˜ =Ú^Œ∞ÌÅ∞ ÃÑ\˜ì,
"å\˜`À h\˜ g∞^Œ HõѨÊQÆO`«∞Å∞ "Õ~ÚOKÕ"åà◊§O.
=∂ á⁄ÖÏxH˜ L`«Î~°OQÍ HõO^Œ∞Å∂i H˘O_»Å∞ HõxÑ≤OKÕq. =~å¬HÍÅO
=¿ãÎ P H˘O_»Åhfl "Õ∞Ѷ¨∂Å`À xO_çáÈÜÕ∞q. XHõ™êi =∂ ÅHõ∆‡=∞‡ J=fi "å\˜
QÆ∞iOz K≥Ñ≤ÊOk. '#Å¡x "Õ∞Ѷ¨∂ÅH˜ PHõe "Õ¿ãÎ HõO^Œ∞Å∂i H˘O_»ÖˇH˜¯ QÆ_ç¤
"Õ∞™êÎ~Ú. uiy uiy ^ŒÑ≤ÊHõ "Õ¿ãÎ ã¨=Ú„^•Ö’¡ hà◊√§ `åQÆ∞`å~Ú. Jq ZHõ¯_≥Hõ¯_»
uiy<å =∞# Ti U\˜Ö’H˜ =zÛ ™êfl#O KÕÜ«∂eûO^Õ ~å Jcƒ!— =∂ J=fi UO
K≥Ñ≤Ê<å qO@∂ LO_Õ"å_çx† ZO^Œ∞HõO>Ë H˘#∞HÀ¯=_®xH˜ *Á#flÅ∞, ã¨[˚Å∞
ÃÑ>Ëìk HÍ|\˜ì.
™êÜ«∞O„`åxH˜ z#fl QÆ_ç¤"≥∂Ѩ٠fã¨∞H˘x =∂ |Hõ¯ |„Ô~ g∞^Œ ZH˜¯
Ü«∂<å^Œ∞Å QÆ∞_çÃãŠѨHõ¯QÍ, H˘OQÆÅ `ÀѨÙÖ’ QÆ∞O_® =ã¨∂Î LO>Ë U^À
=∞|∞ƒ `«∞#Hõ g∞^Œ `ÕeáÈ`«∂ K«O^Œ=∂=∞Ü«∞º =^ŒÌ‰õΩ áÈ`«∞#fl@∞¡QÍ LO_Õk.
K«=@áêÖˇOÖ’ K≥~°∞=ÙÅ∂, á⁄ÖÏÅ∂† HÍ~°∞=∞OzÖ’x U~°∂¡, `À@Å∂
##∞fl „ѨHõ$u „¿Ñq∞‰õΩ_çQÍ =∂iÛ"Õâß~Ú.
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'P ~ÀAÅ∞ <å‰õΩ =∞m§ HÍ"åe— Jx =∂\˜=∂\˜H© HÀ~°∞‰õΩ<Õ "å_çx.
W<åflà◊√§QÍ JÖÏO\˜ rq`åxfl "≥`«∞H˘¯O@∂ J<ÕHõ „Ѩ^ÕâßÅ∞ u~°∞QÆ∞`«∞<åfl<Õ"≥∂
JxÑ≤ã¨∂Î LO@∞Ok.
<Õ # ∞ WO@s‡_ç Ü ≥ ∞ \ò Ö ’ WOw¡ + ¨ µ e@ˆ ~ K« ~ ü f㨠∞ H˘<åfl#∞. <å
ã≤Å|ãπÖ’ L#fl Mathew Arnold ~åã≤# The Scholar Gypsy J<Õ Ñ¨^ºŒ HÍ=ºO
K«k"å#∞. ~°OQÍ~å=Ù =∂+¨ì~°∞QÍ~°∞ P ¿ÑѨ~üx KåÖÏ „â◊^Œú`À, „¿Ñ=∞`À K≥¿ÑÊ"å~°∞.
XHõ <≥Å~ÀAÅ áê@∞ P HÍ¡ã¨∞Å∞ x~°O`«~åÜ«∞OQÍ ™êQÍ~Ú.
lÑ‘ûÅ QÆ∞iOz `≥Å∞ã¨∞HÀ=@O P áê~î°O`À<Õ "≥Ú^ŒÖˇ·Ok. <å Pã¨H˜Î
K«∂ã≤# =∂+¨ì~°∞QÍ~°∞ <å‰õΩ PÜ«∞# ~åã¨∞‰õΩ#fl <À\òû JO`å WKÕÛâß~°∞. P
|∞Å∞QÆ∞ J@ìÅ∞#fl ѨÙã¨ÎHõO WOHÍ <å ÃÑ>ˇìÖ’ JÖψQ LOk. ^•xH˜ HÍ~°}O
‰õÄ_® XHõ@∞Ok.
=∂ ÉϺKü `«~°∞"å`« WOw¡+¨µ fã¨∞H˘x WO@s‡_çÜ≥∞\òÖ’ KÕˆ~"å~°∞
Hõ~°∞=Ü«∂º~°∞. JO^Œ∞ˆH P ã¨Éˇ˚‰õΩì f¿ãâß~°∞. =∂+¨ì~°∞ QÍi <À\òû <å =^ŒÌ
LO_çáÈ~ÚOk. ^•xfl PÜ«∞# J_»‰õΩ¯O_® LO>Ë<Õ ÉÏQÆ∞O_Õk JxÑ≤OzOk.
=∞i PÜ«∞#QÍ~°∞ HÍ"åÅ<Õ J_»QÆÖË^À, =∞izáÈÜ«∂~À `≥eÜ«∞^Œ∞. =∂ J#flÜ«∞º
<åH˜zÛ# q∞Å@s ÃÑ>ˇìÖ’ ^•xfl WOHÍ *Ï„QÆ`«ÎQÍ XHõ „¿Ñ=∞ÖËY =∂kiQÍ
^•K«∞‰õΩ<åfl#∞.
U^À XHõ ~°Ç¨Ï㨺 xkèH˜ ã¨O|OkèOz# =∂~åæÅ∂, q=~åÅ∂ ^•xÖ’
L#fl@∞¡QÍ P áê`« HÍy`åefl JѨC_»Ñ¨C_»∂ u~°ˆQã¨∂Î LO\Ï#∞. P <À\òû
=∞^茺֒ "≥ÚYO ÃÑ\˜ì ÉÏźѨ٠ã¨∞"åã¨#Å∞ P™êfikã¨∞ÎO\Ï#∞.
<å TǨ„ѨѨOK«Ñ¨Ù ã¨=Ú„^•Ö’¡ u~°QÆ\ÏxH˜ J^˘Hõ Ѩ_»=. P ¿ÑrÅ∞
`≥~°KåÑ¨Öˇ· <å HõÅÅ QÍe|ÅO`À, <å‰õΩ `≥eÜ«∞x âßOuã‘=∞Ö’¡H˜ ##∞fl
fã¨∞ÔHà◊√`«∂ LO\Ï~Ú.
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lÑ‘ûÅ∞
4
ã¨OKå~° ѨO_ç`«∞_»∞
The Scholar Gypsy J<Õ â’Hõ~°ã¨ „Ѩ^è•#"≥∞ÿ# HÍ"åºxfl WOQÆ¡O_»∞
Hõq =∂^äŒ∂º P~åflÖò¤ („H©IIâ◊II 1822–1888) 1853 ã¨OIIÖ’ ~åâß_»∞. ™êÇ≤Ï`«º
q=∞~°≈‰õΩÅ ^Œ$+≤ìÖ’ Wk 19= â◊`å|ÌѨ٠L`«Î=∞ HÍ=ºO.
WÖÏ LO@∞Ok nx Hõ^äŒ : WOQÆ¡O_»∞Ö’x PH±ûѶ¨~ü¤ Ü«¸x=i≈\©Ö’
K«^Œ∞=ÙH˘O@∞#fl XHõ `≥e"≥·# Ü«Ú=‰õΩ_»∞ ¿Ñ^ŒiHõO =¸ÖÏ# `«# K«^Œ∞=Ù
=∞^茺֒<Õ PÑ≤"ÕÜ«∞=Åã≤ =ã¨∞ÎOk. ¿ãflÇ≤Ï`«∞Å∞ H˘O`«"Õ∞~°‰õΩ ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞O KÕã≤<å
QÆ_»=x Ѩiã≤÷u. U"À ~°Hõ~°HÍŠѨ#∞Å∞ KÕã¨∞‰õΩO@∂ H˘O`«HÍÅO ã¨~°∞̉õΩáÈ`å_»∞.
J~Ú<å W|ƒO^Õ. PHõe`À ZO`«HÍÅO K«^Œ=QÆÅ_»∞?
ZO_®HÍÅO ÃãÅ=ÙÅ∞ =™êÎ~Ú. "åà◊§ TiH˜ "≥à◊^•=∞#∞‰õΩO\Ï_»∞.
ã¨iQÍæ J^Õ ã¨=∞Ü«∂xH˜ Ü«¸x=i≈\© Ѩiã¨~åÖ’¡H˜ ã¨OKå~° *Ï`«∞Å "å~°∞
=zÛ QÆ∞_®~åÅ∞ "Õã¨∞H˘O\Ï~°∞. "åi QÆ∞„~åÅ∂, |à◊¥§, P@áê@Å`À P „áêO`«
=∞O`å "Õ∞ÖÁ¯O@∞Ok. "å~°∞ ã¨O`À+¨OQÍ, p‰õÄ zO`å ÖˉõΩO_® rqOK«@O
K«∂ã≤ "åi Ѩ@¡ „¿Ñ=∞#∞ ÃÑOK«∞‰õΩO\Ï_»∞. „Ѩux`«ºO "åi =^ŒÌ‰õΩ "≥o§,
"å~°∞ KÕã¨∞Î#fl Ѩ#∞Å∞ K«∂_»QÍ<Õ rq`«O Ѩ@¡ H˘`«Î Pâ◊Å∞ JO‰õΩi™êÎ~Ú.
'<Õ#∂ g∞`À<Õ LO\Ï#∞. g∞`Àáê@∞QÍ rq`åxfl QÆ_»∞ѨÙ`å#∞.
LO_»x=fiO_ç— Jx JÉèíºiú™êÎ_»∞.
'=∂ r=# q^è•#O KåÖÏ Yiî#OQÍ LO@∞Ok. Jk `≥Å∞ã¨∞HÀ.
ZѨC_»∂ WÖψQ LO@∞Ok J#∞HÀ=^Œ∞Ì. h=Ù K«^Œ∞=Ù‰õΩ#fl"å_çx. P `«~åfi`« h
W+¨ìO!— Jx q=i™êÎ~°∞ "åà◊√§.
'„Ѩã¨∞Î`«O <Õ#∞ J#∞Éèíqã¨∞Î#fl ÉÏ^èŒÅHõO>Ë Z‰õΩ¯= =∂„`«O LO_»=#∞
‰õΩO\Ï#∞. ##∞fl U Ѩ#∞Å∞ KÕÜ«∞=∞O\Ï~À K≥ѨÊO_ç. <å‰õΩ PHõe ã¨=∞㨺
fi`Õ KåÅ∞.—
20
 ã¨OKå~° ѨO_ç`«∞_»∞
'h=٠Ǩ~ÚQÍ g∞ T~°∞ "≥o§ LO_»=K«∞Û Hõ^•!—
'WO\˜ =^ŒÌ <å J#fl"åà◊√§ Z=~°∂ ÖË~°∞, ##∞fl HÍ^Œ#HõO_ç.—
Ü«Ú=‰õΩ_»∞ =∞s L`åûǨÏO K«∂Ѩ@O`À "åiH˜ =∞#ã¨∞ ÖÏyOk.
XHõ K«^Œ∞=Ù‰õΩ#fl =ºH˜Î "åi`À LO_»_»O ‰õÄ_® =∞Oz^Õ J#∞‰õΩO\Ï~°∞.
'㨈~! h=Ù =∂`À LO>Ë ã¨~°¯ãπ K≥Ü«∂ºeû LO@∞Ok. =Ü≥∂e<£
"å~ÚOKåe. JѨC_»Ñ¨C_»∂ <å@ºO KÕÜ«∂e. ZÅ∞QÆ∞|O@¡x P_çOKåe.
_»|∞ƒÅ∞ ã¨OáêkOKåe.—
'WOHÍ?—
'XHõÅHõ∆ Ѩ#∞Å∞O\Ï~Ú—
PH±ûѶ¨~ü¤ q^•ºiú "å~°∞ K≥¿ÑÊ^ŒO`å ÉÏQÍ qO@∞<åfl_»∞. Ü«Ú=‰õΩ_çH˜
"åi Ѩ@¡ P~å^èŒ<å ÉèÏ=O LO^Œx "≥∞~°∞ã¨∞Î#fl J`«_ç Hõàı§ K≥|∞`«∞<åfl~Ú.
=∞ø#OQÍ L#fl P Ü«Ú=‰õΩ_ç`À P lÑ‘û ÃÑ^•ÌÜ«∞# 'h=Ù =∂`À LO_»=K«∞Û—
Jx K≥¿ÑÊã¨iH˜ Ü«Ú=‰õΩ_»∞ Ǩ~ÚQÍ #"åfi_»∞. =∞#ã¨∞ ‰õΩ^Œ∞@Ѩ_çOk.
'㨈~! WѨC_»∞ <Õ#∞ D ZÅ∞QÆ∞|O\˜x fã≤H˘x JÖÏ uiy =™êÎ#∞.
<å‰õΩ `À_»∞QÍ P JÉσ~Úx ѨOѨO_ç. =ÚO^Œ∞QÍ <å‰õΩ H˘OK≥O ~˘>ˇì, Kå~°∞
W¿ãÎ KåÅ∞.— JO@∂ ã¨O`Àëêxfl =ºHõÎѨ~°∞™êÎ_»∞ Ü«Ú=‰õΩ_»∞.
=∞lbÖ’x "å~°O`å D H˘`«Î lÑ‘û K«∞@∂ì`å KÕiáÈÜ«∂~°∞. J`«xH˜
™êfiQÆ`«O J#fl@∞¡ JO^Œ~°∂ <å@ºO KÕâß~°∞. Ü«Ú=‰õΩ_»∞ ‰õÄ_® "åi`À Hõ∆}ÏÖ’¡<Õ
Hõeã≤áÈÜ«∂_»∞. "åi`À HõÅ=QÍ<Õ ã¨O`À+¨OQÍ rqOK«@O ZÖÏQÀ H˘kÌ¿ãѨ\’¡<Õ
`≥Å∞ã¨∞HÀQÆeQÍ_»∞.
Pq^èŒOQÍ lÑ‘ûÅ „¿Ñ=∞x á⁄O^ŒQÆey# PH±ûѶ¨~ü¤ q^•ºiú Ju `«‰õΩ¯=
HÍÅOÖ’<Õ "åà◊§ =$`«∞ÎÅ`À áê@∞ "åà◊§ q^ŒºÅ∞ <Õ~°∞ÛH˘x "åi<Õ Pâ◊Û~°º
Ѩ~°∞™êÎ_»∞. "åi r=# q^è•<åxfl ѨÓiÎQÍ K«^Œ∞=Ù‰õΩ<åfl_»∞. "åi ÉèÏ+¨ QÆ∞iOz
ã¨OѨÓ~°‚"≥∞ÿ# q*Ï˝#O ã¨OáêkOKå_»∞ HÍ|\˜ì JO^Œ~°∂ J`«xfl '™ê¯Å~ü lÑ‘û—
Jx Ñ≤Å=@O "≥Ú^ŒÅ∞ÃÑ\Ïì~°∞.
J`«x áêO_ç`«ºO =Å# "åi`À Hõeã≤ Z<≥fl<Àfl ^ÕâßÅ∞ uiQÍ_»∞.
JÖÏ KåÖÏHÍÅO QÆ_çzOk. z=iH˜ P lÑ‘ûÅ =∞^茺<Õ `«# z=i âßfiã¨
q_»∞™êÎ_»∞.
21
lÑ‘ûÅ∞
HÍh P ™ê¯Å~ülÑ‘û PH±ûѶ¨~ü¤ Ѩiã¨~åÖ’¡<Õ rqã¨∞Î<åfl_»h, JHõ¯_ç
ÃãÅÜÕ∞\˜ X_»∞¤# aà◊§OQÀ_»∞ "å~Úã¨∂Î u~°∞QÆ∞`«∞<åfl_»h, H˘O_»QÍe gz#ѨC_»∞
QÆ∞„~°O g∞^Œ ã¨"ås KÕã¨∂Î HõxÑ≤™êÎ_»h, Ѩiã¨~åÅ H˘O_»HÀ#Ö’¡ PǨ¡^ŒHõ~°"≥∞ÿ#
"å`å=~°}O =Úã≤i# „Ѩf™ês JO^ŒiH© HõxÑ≤™êÎ_»x ™ê÷x‰õΩÅ∞ K≥ѨCHÀ=@O
Ѩiáê\˜ J~ÚOk.
WÖÏO\˜ Hõ^äŒÅhfl q#fl Hõq =∂^äŒ∂º P~åflÖò¤, JÖÏO\˜ ™ê¯Å~ülÑ‘û
Ѩ@¡ =∞=∞HÍ~°O`À PH±ûѶ¨~ü¤ "≥o§ P Ѩiã¨~åÅx K«∂ã≤ „Ѩ[Åx HõÅ∞ã¨∞H˘x
Z<Àfl q=~åÅ∞, L^ŒO`åÅ∞ ¿ãHõi™êÎ_»∞.
JHõ¯_ç „Ñ¨[ÅH˜ J`«#O>Ë ÉÏQÍ W+¨ìO HÍ|\˜ì 'P lÑ‘û WOHÍ rqOKÕ
L<åfl_»∞— J<Õ „Éèí=∞Ö’ LO\Ï~°∞. HÍh z„`«OQÍ Hõq ‰õÄ_® J^Õ ÉèÏ=#H˜
Ö’#=Ù`å_»∞. `å#∞ J#∞Éèí=ѨÓ~°fiHõOQÍ `≥Å∞ã¨∞‰õΩ#fl q+¨Ü«∂Åhfl JOK«<å
"Õã¨∞H˘x '™ê¯Å~ü lÑ‘û =∞~°}˜OK«ÖË^Œ∞. J`«_»∞ J=∞~°∞_»∞— J<Õ x~°‚Ü«∂xH˜
=™êÎ_»∞.
Hõ∆}Hõ∆}ÏxH© =∂~°∞ÊʼnõΩ Ö’#=Ù`«∞O_Õ HÀÔ~¯Å‰õΩ, Pâ◊ʼnõΩ ÉÏxã¨
H͉õΩO_®, P^èŒ∞xHõ`« J<Õ |∞~°^ŒÖ’ ‰õÄ~°∞‰õΩáȉõΩO_® LO_»QÆeQÍ_»∞ HÍ|\˜ì
'™ê¯Å~ü lÑ‘û— `«# â◊H˜Î#O`å XHõ =∂~°æOÖ’<Õ „Ѩܫ∂}˜OѨKÕâß_»∞.
'J`«xk XˆH Pâ◊Ü«∞O. ^•x ™ê^èŒ# HÀã¨O rqOKå_»∞. Hõ$+≤ KÕâß_»∞.
JO^ŒiH© L#fl ^ŒfiO^•fiÅ∞ J`«xH˜ ÖË=Ù. JO^Œ∞=Å¡<Õ J`«x rq`«O Q˘Ñ¨Êk
J~ÚOk— Jx x~°∂Ñ≤OKå_»∞ =∂^äŒ∂º P~åflÖò¤.
22
 ã¨OKå~° ѨO_ç`«∞_»∞
H˘O_»HÀ#Å =∞^茺 u~°∞QÆ∞`«∂, âßOu ™ê^èŒ<å ~°Ç¨Ï™êºxfl J<Õfi+≤ã¨∂Î
LO_Õ "åiH˜ =∞$`«∞º"Õ ÖË^Œ∞. JO^Œ∞Hõ<Õ ã¨`åº<Õfi+¨} HÀã¨O `«~°`«~åÅ∞QÍ
=∂#=Ù_»∞ ™êyã¨∞Î#fl =∂#㨠ܫ∂„`«ÅH˜ „ѨfHõQÍ xezáÈÜ«∂_»∞ ™ê¯Å~ü lÑ‘û.
WÖÏO\˜ Pâ◊Ü«∂Å ™ê^èŒ# HÀã¨O „Ѩܫ∂}ÏÅ∞ KÕã≤# =ºH˜Î POQÆ¡
™êÇ≤Ï`«º K«i„`«Ö’ x[OQÍ<Õ L<åfl_»∞. J`«_Õ ~å|~üì Å∂~¸ãπ ã‘ì"≥<£ã¨<£ („H©IIâ◊II
1850–1894).
DÜ«∞# ~åã≤# 'Travels with a Donkey' J<Õ Ñ¨Ùã¨ÎHõOÖ’x 'A night
among the Pines' J<Õ ÉèÏQÆO XHõ J^Œ∞ƒù`«"≥∞ÿ# Ü«∂„`å ™êÇ≤Ï`«ºO.
H˘xfl Ѩiã≤÷`«∞Ö’¡ ã‘ì"≥<£ã¨<£H˜ `«# „¿ÑÜ«∞ã≤ 'Fãπ|~üfl— #∞O_ç H˘O`«HÍÅO
Z_»ÉÏ@∞ HõÅ∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. P q~°Ç¨ÏÉÏ^èŒ#∞ =∞iÛáÈ=\ÏxH˜ „á¶ê<£û ^Õâ◊O áÈ`å_»∞.
J`«_»∞ LO_Õ „áêO`«=∞O`å H˘O_»Å∞. J^Õ ã≤"≥<åfl Ñ‘~î°Éèí∂q∞. H˘<åflà◊√§ JHõ¯_»
LO_ç# `«~°∞"å`« 'Ѩiã¨~åÖ’¡ ã¨~°^•QÍ u~°∞QÆ∞^•O— J#∞H˘x `«# =^ŒÌ L#fl
z#fl >ˇO\ò, \© HÍK«∞HÀ=\ÏxH˜ ã¨ì"£, |@ìÅ∞ Jhfl fã¨∞H˘x |Ü«∞Å∞^Õ~°
É’ÜÕ∞ã¨iH˜ `«ÅH˜ q∞Oz# |~°∞"≥·áÈQÍ, "å\˜x "≥∂Ü«∞\ÏxH˜ XHõ z#fl QÍ_ç^Œx
ÉË~°=∂_»∞‰õΩO\Ï_»∞. ^•xH˜ =Ú^Œ∞ÌQÍ "≥∂_≥Ããì·<£ (ã≤QÆ∞æѨ_Õ z#flk) Jx ¿Ñ~°∞
ÃÑ\˜ì ^•x`Àáê@∞QÍ Ñ¨k~ÀAÅ∞ Ü«∂„`« KÕ™êÎ_»∞.
ã‘ì"≥<£ã¨<£ `«`«ÎfiO JO`å 'Hõ^ŒeáÈ=@O— g∞^Œ<Õ P^è•~°Ñ¨_ç LO@∞Ok.
'<åHͯ=Åã≤Ok HÍà◊§H˜O^Œ ÉÏ@, <≥uÎ g∞^Œ hÖÏHÍâ◊O =∂„`«"Õ∞— JO\Ï_»∞.
23
lÑ‘ûÅ∞
x["≥∞ÿ# Ü«∂„u‰õΩ_çH˜ JO`«HõO>Ë J=ã¨~åÅ∞ Ug LO_»=Ù. `«# Ü«∂„`« z=~À¡
`À_»∞QÍ `≥K«∞Û‰õΩ#fl QÍ_ç^Œ#∞ J=Ú‡`«∞O>Ë HõO@ `«_çÃÑ@∞ìH˘O\Ï_»∞.
J<ÕHõ Ü«∂„`«Å J#O`«~°O áÈbh+≤Ü«∞<£ n=ÙÖ’¡ WÅ∞¡ Hõ@∞ìH˘x JHõ¯_ç
yi[#∞Å =∞^茺<Õ Hõ#∞fl=¸™êÎ_»∞, 44 ã¨O=`«û~åÅ ã‘ì"≥<£ã¨<£.
P~åflÖò¤ ~åã≤Ok 'lÑ‘û— ѨÙã¨ÎHõO J~Ú`Õ ã‘ì"≥<£ã¨<£k x["≥∞ÿ# lÑ‘û
rq`«O.
u~°∞QÆ∞^•O J<Õ HÀiHõ`À rqOKÕ <å‰õΩ WÖÏO\˜ Q˘Ñ¨Ê Ü«∂„u‰õΩÅ
J#∞Éèí"åÅ∞ `À_»Ü«∂ºHõ <å HõÅefl x[O KÕã¨∞H˘<Õ =∂~°æOÖ’ „Ѩܫ∂}ÏÅ∞
"≥Ú^ŒÅ∞ÃÑ\Ïì#∞. =∞# HõÅÖ’¡ H˘O`« ÉèÏQÍ#fl~Ú<å x[O KÕã¨∞HÀ=\ÏxH˜
„Ѩܫ∞`åflÅ∞ KÕÜ«∞HõáÈ`Õ =∂#= rq`åxH˜ J~°úO U=ÚO@∞Ok?
JÖÏO\˜ JÖ∫H˜Hõ P#O^Œ"Õ∞ L#fl`« ÉèÏ"åÅH©, Q˘Ñ¨Ê PÖ’K«#ÅH˜
c[OQÍ =∂~°∞`«∞O^Œx <Õ#∞ #=Ú‡`å#∞.
JÖ∫H˜Hõ"≥∞ÿ# qëê^•xfl J#∞ÉèíqOK«QÆeQÍ_»∞ HÍ|>Ëì, "åb‡H˜ =ºH˜ÎQÆ`«
"≥∞#ÿ ÉÏ^èÖ
Œ ’ „ѨÑO¨ K«O áêÅ∞ѨOK«∞‰õΩOk. L`«~Î É° Ïè ~°`« ^ÕâÑ◊ Ù¨ J_»=ÙÅ∞, H˘O_»Å∞
Z<≥flxfl ZO`«HÍÅO áê@∞ uiQÍ_À PÜ«∞#† `«# '~å=Ú_ç Ü«∂„`«Å∞— ~å¿ã
=ÚO^Œ∞.
'™ê¯Å~ü lÑ‘û—, '_®OH© „\Ï"≥Öòû— J<Õ D Ô~O_»∞ ѨÙã¨ÎHÍÅ∞ WzÛ#
J#∞Éèí"åÅ∞ Ô~Hõ¯Öˇ· ##∞fl XHõ x~°O`«~° „Ѩܫ∂}ÏŠѨH˜∆QÍ =∂ˆ~Ûâß~Ú.
24
 lÑ‘ûÅ∞
P~Àfi Ѷ≤e"£∞ "Õã≤ XOQÀÅ∞ \∫<£Ö’ uiy HõxÑ≤Oz# „Ѩu aèHõ∆QÍà◊§x, ã¨OKå~°∞efl
á¶È\’Å∞ fâß#∞. "åiÖ’ =∞OKåÅ∞ `«Ü«∂~°∞ KÕ¿ã =∂™ê|`«∞ÎÅ "å~°∞,
5 aèHõ∆"≥∞`«∞ÎH˘O@∂ uiˆQ [OQÆ=∞"å~°∞, J_»∞‰õΩ¯<Õ Éˇ·~åQÆ∞Å∂, Ô~·ÖËfi¿ãì+¨#¡ "≥O@
uiˆQ QÆ_®¤Å ™ê^è∞Œ =ÙÅ∂, `«`åÎfiÅ∞ áê_»∞`«∂ ~Ô à· §◊ Ö’¡ aèH"∆õ ∞≥ `«∞‰Î Ωõ <Õ "å~°∂ L<åfl~∞° .
q∞Å@s J#flÜ«∞º "åà◊§ á¶È\’Å∞ fã¨∞ÎO>Ë <åˆH^À ã≤QÆ∞æQÍ LO_Õk. "å~°∞ áê_ç# `«`«ÎfiO XHõ\˜
WѨÊ\˜H© <å‰õΩ ÉÏQÍ QÆ∞~°∞Î. 'ZO`« ÖˇHõ¯ uiy<å Ug∞ ÖË^Œ∞~å – zO`« KÕã≤
<Õ#∞ <åÅ∞QÀ `«~°QÆuÖ’ LO_»QÍ<Õ =∂ J#flÜ«∞º q∞Å@sÖ’ KÕ~å_»∞. K«∂_»‰õΩ#fl qO`« ÖË^Œ∞~å—.
PÜ«∞# ÃãÅ=ÙÅH˜ WO\˜H˜ =zÛ#ѨC_»ÖÏ¡ `å#∞ K«∂ã≤# „Ѩ^ÕâßÅ QÆ∞iOz
=i‚ã¨∂Î LO_Õ"å_»∞. <å‰õΩ J=hfl uiy K«∂_®ÅxÑ≤OKÕk.
=∂ J#flÜ«∞º =^ŒÌ L#fl #Å¡x q∞Å@s K≥Hõ¯ÃÑ>ˇìÖ’¡ KåÖÏ Ñ¨Ùã¨ÎHÍÅ∞
LO_Õq. "å\˜Ö’¡ Ç≤Ï=∂ÅÜ«∞ Ѩ~°fi`åÅ∞, QÆ∞„~åÅ∞, qq^èŒ ÉèÏ+¨Å QÆ∞iOz
L#fl ѨÙã¨ÎHÍÅ∞ ##∞fl ÉÏQÍ PHõi¬OKå~Ú.
<Õ#∞ _ç„w K«^Œ∞=Ù`«∞#flѨC_»∞ <å „QÆ∂Ñπ Ç≤Ïã¨ìs. JO^Œ∞=Å# Kåi„`«Hõ
q+¨Ü«∂ŠѨ@¡ ZO`À ‰õΩ`«∂ǨÏÅOQÍ LO_Õk. =∂‰õΩ K«i„`« K≥¿ÑÊ HÀ\˜Ô~_ç¤
=∂ã¨ì~°∞QÍix XHõ™êi J_çQÍ#∞ '™ê~ü! <å‰õΩ lÑ‘ûÅ QÆ∞iOz `≥Å∞ã¨∞HÀ"åÅx
LOk— Jx. 'Z"£∞.Z. _ç„wÖ’ ™È+≤Ü«∂År fã¨∞H˘O>Ë JÖÏO\˜ q+¨Ü«∂Å
QÆ∞iOz ÉÏQÍ `≥Å∞ã¨∞HÀ=K«∞Û— Jx ã¨ÅǨ WKåÛ~°∞. JѨÊ\˜ #∞O_ç P ã¨Éˇ˚‰õΩì
QÆ∞iOz ÉÏQÍ `≥Å∞ã¨∞HÀ"åÅ<Õ Ñ¨@∞ì^ŒÅ Z‰õΩ¯"≥·Ok.
P á¶È\’Å∞ fã¨∞H˘x `≥Å¡ HÍy`åÅH˜ JO\˜Oz "åi QÆ∞iOz H˘OK≥O
H˘<åflà◊√§ áÈÜ«∂Hõ =∂ã¨ì~°∞QÍ~°∞ <å‰õΩ Öˇ·„|s #∞O_ç XHõ z#fl WOw¡+π
~åâß#∞. Jk K«∂ã≤# =∂ HÀ\˜Ô~_ç¤ QÍ~°∞ `≥QÆ #=ÙfiH˘<åfl~°∞. H˘xfl á¶È\’Å∞
ѨÙã¨ÎHõO `≥zÛ WKåÛ~°∞. Jk ѨÙ+≤¯<£ ~åã≤# 'The Gypsies'.
KåÖÏ ^Œ∂~°OQÍ L#fl@∞¡QÍ =KåÛ~Ú. H˘<Õfl"≥∂ =∞ã¨HõÉÏi#@∞¡QÍ =KåÛ~Ú.
~°ëêº ^Õâ◊Ѩ٠ã¨OKå~°∞Öˇ·# ã≤QÍ<£ lÑ‘ûÅ QÆ∞iOz ~åã≤# Ѩ^ŒºHÍ=ºO
'™ê~ü! D™êi ÃãÅ=ÙÅH˜ ^Õ"£ÖÏb "≥à◊√Î<åfl#∞ =∂ J#flÜ«∞º =^ŒÌH˜.
Wk. "åi r=# q^è•<åxH˜ PHõi¬OѨ|_ç "åi =∂kiQÍ LO_®Å#∞H˘x, "åi`À
á¶È\’Å∞ ÉÏQÍ fã≤ Ѩ@∞ìH˘™êÎ#∞— Jx K≥áêÊ#∞.
ѨÓiÎQÍ HõÅã≤áÈÖËHõ, `å#∞ „¿Ñq∞Oz# J=∂‡~Ú „áê}O fã≤# XHõ Ѩ@ì}
'lÑ‘ûÅ∞ <å~üÎÖ’<Õ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ LO\Ï~°∞. HÍ|\˜ì W^Õ h‰õΩ =∞Oz
Ü«Ú=‰õΩx Hõ^èŒ nxÖ’ ~åâß_»∞. ##∞fl HÀ\˜Ô~_ç¤ QÍ~°∞ T~°Hõ LO_»x=fi‰õΩO_®
J=HÍâ◊O. Good luck— JO@∂ ##∞fl „áÈ`«ûÇ≤ÏOKå~°∞.
ã¨OKå~° r=ÙÅ QÆ∞iOz XHõ 'ZÃã·<£"≥∞O\ò— ~åÜ«∞=∞x K≥ѨÊ@O`À <å‰õΩ K≥·`«#ºO
P ã¨O=`«û~°O ZO_®HÍÅO ÃãÅ=ÙÖ’¡ <Õ#∞ =∂ J#flÜ«∞º =^ŒÌH˜
=zÛOk.
"≥àϧ#∞. Jk <åã≤H± ~À_£Ö’ L#fl ^Õ"£ÖÏb (=∞Ǩ~åR). ^Œyæ~°Ö’<Õ QÀ^•=i
=∂ J#flÜ«∞ºH˜ <å ã¨OKå~° ã¨fiÉèÏ=O QÆ∞iOz ÉÏQÍ `≥Å∞ã¨∞. JO^Œ∞ˆH
[#‡ã¨÷ÅO. Ѩiã¨~åÖ’¡ Ñ¨Öˇ¡@∂~°∞¡. <å‰õΩ ÉèÏ+¨`À ã¨=∞㨺 ~åQÍ<Õ Ç≤ÏOn ѨÙã¨ÎHÍÅ∞
PÜ«∞# <å‰õΩ Agfa Click III HÔ "≥∞~å H˘xKåÛ_»∞. <Õ#∞ JO^Œ∞Ö’ S^Œ∞ ~°∂áêÜ«∞Å
`≥K«∞Û‰õΩ<åfl#∞. <≥Å~ÀAÅ∞ JHõ¯_» uiˆQã¨iH˜ ã¨QÆO ÉèÏ+¨ =KÕÛã≤Ok.
25 26
 q∞Å@s J#flÜ∞« º lÑ‘ûÅ∞
JHõ¯_» =∂ J#flÜ«∞º ##∞fl `«# q∞Å@s q∞„`«∞ÅH˜ ѨiK«Ü«∞O "å~°∞ x=ã≤™êÎ~°∞. @Ü«∂~å J<Õ Ñ¨_»=Ö’¡ ^ä≥ã≤QÆ~ü "åi =∞^茺 uiy =∞O^Œ∞Å∞
KÕâß_»∞. "åiÖ’ XHõ`«#∞ Ç≤Ï=∂ÅÜ«∂ÅH˜ K≥Ok# ã¨∞[#ã≤OQ∑. PÜ«∞# ÃãÅ=ÙÅ WKÕÛ _®Hõì~üQÍ =∞Oz ¿Ñ~°∞ `≥K«∞Û‰õΩ<åfl_»∞. P h\˜HõÜ«∞ºÖ’¡x „Ѩ[Å rq`åÅ
g∞^Œ WO\˜H˜ "≥à◊\ÏxH˜ ã≤^ŒúOQÍ L<åfl_»∞. ##∞fl =∂ J#flÜ«∞º J`«x`À ѨOáê_»∞. QÆ ∞ iOz K« ^ Œ ∞ =Ù`« ∞ O>Ë , <å‰õ Ä JÖψ Q #^Œ ∞ Å g∞^• ÖË ^ • ÅOHõ Ö ’¡ # ∂
^èŒ~°‡âßÅ, =∞O_ô Ѩiã¨~åÖ’¡ L#fl "åà◊§ TiH˜ fã¨∞ÔHàϧ_»∞. ZO`À P#O^Œ „Ѩܫ∂}ÏÅ∞ KÕ^•ÌO JxÑ≤OzOk.
Ѩ_®¤#∞. ##∞fl XO@iQÍ ZHõ¯_çH© u~°QÆx=fiÖË^Œ∞. P WO\˜ Ѩiã¨~åÅ∞, |*Ï~°∞¡
=∂„`«"Õ∞ K«∂âß#∞. qѨs`«"≥∞ÿ# K«e. P H˘O_» „áêO`åÖ’¡ ™ê÷xHõOQÍ "Õ∞HõÅ∞,
Q˘„Ô~Å∞ ÃÑOK«∞‰õΩ<Õ 'QÆ_礗 J<Õ ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏÅ∞ Ѩâ◊√áêÅ# KÕã¨∞ÎO\Ï~Ú. "åi
"Õ+¨ÉèÏ+¨Å∞ „Ѩ`ÕºHõOQÍ LO\Ï~Ú. PǨ, FǨϟ JO@∂ P#O^•xfl, Pâ◊Û~åºxfl
=ºHõÎO KÕã¨∂ΠǨ~ÚQÍ uiQÍ#∞.
J#flÜ«∞º =^ŒÌH˜ =KåÛHõ =∞àϧ J[O`å, ZÖ’¡~å "≥àϧ#∞. JѨÊ\˜H˜
Ç≤ÏOn ÉÏQÍ =∂\Ï¡_»QÆeˆQã¨iH˜ HõxÑ≤Oz# „Ѩu"åi`À =∂\Ï¡_»@"Õ∞ Ѩ<≥·Ok.
Pq^èŒOQÍ <å‰õΩ L`«Î~° ÉèÏ~°`«^Õâ◊OÖ’ H˘xfl „áêO`åÖ’¡ uiˆQ J=HÍâ◊O =zÛOk
P ~ÀAÖ’¡. JHõ¯_» <å‰õΩ ѨiK«Ü«∞"≥∞ÿ# =∞~À Q˘Ñ¨Ê ѨÙã¨ÎHõO 'Walden Pond'.
_ç„w "≥Ú^Œ\˜ ã¨O=`«û~°O =∞Oz =∂~°∞¯Ö`À áêãπ JÜ«∂º#∞. <å nx ~°K«~Ú`« ÃÇÏ„h _Õq_£ ^äÀ~À („H©IIâ◊II 1817–62). D J"≥∞iHõ<£ ~°K«~Ú`«
Ü«∂„`«Å∞ <åÔHO`À ã¨O`Àëêxfl WKåÛ~Ú. ÉÁ=∞‡Å∞ "ÕÜ«∞@O, áê@Å∞ áê_»@O, "åÖˇ¤<£ J<Õ ÃÑ^ŒÌ K≥~°∞=٠ѨHõ¯# z#fl K≥Hõ¯ WÅ∞¡ Hõ@∞ìH˘x XHõ ѨH˜∆ =∂kiQÍ
~°K«#Å∞ KÕÜ«∞@O ÖÏO\˜ U^À XHõ Hõà◊Ö’ Ü«∂„u‰õΩ_çH˜ „áêg}ºO LO>Ë r=<åxfl QÆ_»∞ѨÙ`å_»∞ XO@iQÍ. JHõ¯_» `å#∞ J#∞ÉèíqOz# „ѨHõ$u JO^•Å#∞
=∞Oz^Œx `≥Å∞ã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl#∞. QÆ∞iOz ~å™êÎ_»∞. J"≥∞iHõ<£ ™êÇ≤Ï`«ºOÖ’ K≥ѨCHÀ^ŒQÆæ ѨÙã¨ÎHõO Jk. „ѨHõ$u
Ô~O_»=™êi J#flÜ«∞º =^ŒÌ‰õΩ "≥o§#ѨC_»∞ WO\˜ ѨHõ¯<Õ L#fl K≥¿ÑÊ áê~îåÅ#∞ qO\ÏxH˜ ^•x ^ŒQÆæ~°H˜ =∞#"Õ∞ "≥àϧÅO\Ï_»∞. ã¨OѨÓ~°‚
Hõ<£\’<£"≥∞O\ò Öˇ·„|sÖ’ H˘xfl =∞Oz ѨÙãÎ̈HÍÅ∞ K«∂_»QÆeQÍ#∞. "å\˜Ö’¡ 'Around rq`åxH˜ ã¨Ô~·# x~°fiK«#O „ѨHõ$u Ѩ~î°#O Jx ^äÀ~À "åkOz x~°∂Ñ≤™êÎ_»∞.
the World in Eighty Days' J<Õk <å‰õΩ ÉÏQÍ #zÛ# ѨÙã¨ÎHõO. W^˘Hõ #=Å.
nxÖ’ <åÜ«∞‰õΩ_»∞ 'Ѷ≤eÜ«∂ãπ á¶êQ∑— `«# „ѨѨOK« Ü«∂„`«Ö’ ÉèÏQÆOQÍ ÉÏOÉËÖ’
F_» ky, WO_çÜ«∂Ö’ „Ѩܫ∂}ÏÅ∞ KÕã¨∞Î#fl ã¨O^Œ~°ƒùOÖ’ ã¨fã¨Ç¨ÏQÆ=∞#O
KÕÜ«∞É’`«∞#fl ¢ã‘Îx ~°H˜∆Oz, P"≥∞#∞ `«#`À áê@∞QÍ WOQÍ¡O_£ fã¨∞ÔHo§ ÃÑo§
KÕã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï_»∞. Pq^èŒOQÍ ÉèÏ~°`«^ÕâßxH˜ JÅ∞¡_»∞ J=Ù`å_»∞ P Ç‘Ï~À.
=∂ J#flÜ«∞º =^ŒÌ <Õ#∞ K«kq# =∞~À ѨÙã¨ÎHõO qÖò„ÃѶ_£ ^ä≥ã≤QÆ~ü
~åã≤# 'The Marsh Arabs'. Ü«¸„ÃѶ\˜ãπ, >ˇÿ„yãπ #^Œ∞Å „Ѩ"åǨÏO =Å# W~åH±
^Õâ◊OÖ’ U~°Ê_»¤ z`«Î_ç <ÕÅÖ’¡ x"åã¨=ÚO@∞#fl =Úã≤¡O „Ѩ[Å =∞^茺 `å#∞
QÆ_çÑ≤# ~ÀAefl `≥eÜ«∞*Ë¿ã ѨÙã¨ÎHõO. [=Ú‡`À xi‡Oz# =ÚnѶπ J<Õ Wà◊§Ö’¡

27 28
 q∞Å@s J#flÜ∞« º
JÖÏO\˜ rq`«O QÆ_»∞ѨÙ^•=∞x <å‰õÄ JxÑ≤OzOk. ã≤÷~°x"åã¨O
U~°Ê~°K«∞HÀ=@O ÖË^• |O^è•Å∞ ÃÑOK«∞H˘#@O ã¨Ô~·# Ѩ^Œúu HÍ^Œ∞ Jx
~°∞A"≥·Ok. <å PÖ’K«#efl gà◊§O^Œ~°∂ „áÈ`«ûÇ≤Ïã¨∞Î#fl@∞¡QÍ J#∞H˘<Õ"å_çx.
PO„^è• Ü«¸x=i≈\©Ö’ KÕi# `«~°∞"å`« Ü«¸~ÀÑ≤Ü«∞<£ Ü«∂„`å
™êÇ≤Ï`åºxfl K«^Œ=™êQÍ#∞. Ü«∂„`«Åhfl "åˆ~ KÕã≤ =∞#H˜ Ug∞ q∞QÆÅÛ‰õΩO_®
áÈÜ«∂~°x ÉÏ^èŒÑ¨_®¤#∞.
lÑ‘û rq`åÅ QÆ∞iOz# q=~åÅ∞ ¿ãHõiOK«@O "≥Ú^ŒÅ∞ ÃÑ\Ïì#∞.
Ǩã¨ìÖòÖ’ <å QÆkH˜ q∞„`«∞Å∞ 'lÑ‘û— Jx ¿Ñ~°∞ÃÑ\Ïì~°∞† <Õ#∞ =∂„`«O ^•xH˜
=ÚO^Œ∞ '™ê¯Å~ü— Jx `«yeOKå#∞. lÑ‘ûÅ g∞^Œ Öˇ·„|sÖ’ „Ѩ`ÕºHõ"≥∞ÿ# ѨÙã¨ÎHÍÅ∞
ÖËHõáÈÜÕ∞ã¨iH˜ WOw¡+¨µÖ’ L#fl Z<£Ãã·HÀ¡Ñ‘_çÜ«∂Å g∞^Õ P^è•~°Ñ¨_®¤#∞.
lÑ‘ûÅ∞ J<Õ"å~°∞ ÉèÏ~°fÜ«ÚÖË#h, "å~°∞ ~å[™ê÷<£ „áêO`åÅ #∞O_ç
A.D. 1000 ã¨O=`«û~åÅ „áêO`«OÖ’ =Úã≤¡O ~å*ÏºÖˇ·# Ѩi¬Ü«∂ ^ÕâßÅH˜ =Åã¨
áÈ~Ú JHõ¯_ç #∞O_ç 15= â◊`å|ÌO <å\˜H˜ Ü«¸~°Ñπ ^ÕâßÅ∞ KÕ~°∞H˘<åfl~°x
~åǨïÖò ™êOHõ$`åºÜ«∞<£ ~åã≤# 'Ö’Hõã¨OKåi— ^•fi~å `≥Å∞ã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl#∞. "å~°∞
„Ѩã¨∞Î`«O ÅHõ∆Å ã¨OYºÖ’ „ѨѨOK«"åºÑ¨ÎOQÍ L<åfl~°∞. "åà◊√§ KÕ`«∞Å∞ K«∂ã≤
J^Œ$ëêìxfl K≥ѨÊ@OÖ’ „áêg}ºO HõÅ"å~°x `≥Å∞ã¨∞H˘x ZO`À ã¨O`À+¨Ñ¨_®¤#∞.
_À"£∞ J<Õ Ñ¨^ŒO ~°∂áêO`«~°O K≥O^Œ@O =Å# '~À"£∞— J~ÚO^Œh, JO^Œ∞Hõ<Õ
lÑ‘ûÅ ÉèÏ+¨x '~˘=∂h— JO@∞<åfl~°x `≥Å∞ã¨∞H˘<åfl#∞.
JÖψQ '_À"£∞— J<Õ Ñ¨^ŒO z=iH˜ 'k=∞‡~°—QÍ =∂iO^Œx, JÖÏO\˜
k=∞‡~° J<Õ Ñ¨^Œ"Õ∞ HÍÅ„Hõ"Õ∞}Ï ^˘=∞‡~°∞Å∞, '^˘=∞‡i—QÍ =∂iO^Œx `≥Å∞ã¨∞H˘x
`≥QÆ ã¨O|~° Ѩ_çáÈÜ«∂#∞.
PO„^茄Ѩ^ÕâòÖ’ LO_Õ ^˘=∞‡i "å~°∞, _À"£∞ ‰õΩÅO #∞O_ç =zÛ#
"åˆ~ Jx `≥eã≤# `«~°∞"å`« "åi QÆ∞iOz =∞ixfl q=~åÅ∞ ¿ãHõiOK«@OÖ’
L`åûǨÏO U~°Ê_çOk. QÆ∞„~åÅ g∞^Œ "åi „Ѩܫ∂}ÏÅ∞, "åi JO^Œ"≥∞ÿ# |à◊√§,
<å\ϺÅ∞, ™Èk K≥¿ÑÊ ¢ã‘ÎÅ∞, "≥Ú^ŒÖˇ·# q=~åÅ∞ `≥Å∞ã¨∞H˘<åflHõ ZO`À ã¨O`À+¨
Ѩ_®¤#∞. JÖÏO\˜ z„`«"≥∞ÿ# q+¨Ü«∂Å∞ "åi Ѩ@¡ =∞iO`« „¿Ñ=∞x ÃÑOKå~Ú
<åÖ’.
29
lÑ‘ûÅ∞
6
=∂ Tà’§ lÑ‘ûÅ∞
^˘=∞‡i ã¨∞Éσ~å=Ù, Z~°∞HõÅ *ÏÅÜ«∞º Jx <å‰õΩ `≥eã≤# "åà◊√§
W^ŒÌ~°∞ L<åfl~°∞ =∂ Tà’§. ‰õΩÖÏÅ ¿Ñ~°¡`À<Õ =∞#∞+¨µefl QÆ∞~°∞ÎѨ@ìQÆÅ~°∞
„QÍ=∂Ö’¡. ##∞fl Zxfl ~°HÍÅ∞QÍ =i‚OK«∞H˘<åfl z=iH˜ '=∞OQÆe HÀ\˜¡OQÆO Ô~O_À
H˘_»∞‰õΩx— JO>Ë<Õ =∂ Ti"åà◊§H˜ `≥e¿ãk.
ã¨∞Éσ~å=٠Ѩ_»=∞~° |*Ï~°∞"≥·Ñ¨Ù LO>Ë *ÏÅÜ«∞º `«∂~°∞ÊQÍ L#fl
ÉÏq ѨHõ¯# LO_Õ"å_»∞. P W^ŒÌ~°∞ ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏÅ "åiH©, ã¨OKå~åxH© ã¨O|O^èŒO
LOk.
ã¨∞Éσ~å=Ù "åà◊§ Ñ≤Å¡Å∞ ѨO_»∞QÆÅѨC_»∞ ^˘=∞‡i QÆO`«∞Å∂, ‰õΩã‘ÎÅ∞,
áê@Å∞ áê_»@O, ZQÆ~°@O ÖÏO\˜ q^Œºefl K«∂Ñ≤ U^À H˘O`« ã¨OáêkOKÕ"å~°∞.
"åà◊√§ ã≤÷~°OQÍ L<åfl 㨈~ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ Ñ¨Hõ¯ „QÍ=∂ÅH˜ "≥o§ =ã¨∞ÎO_Õ"å~°∞. "åà◊§H˜
ѨO^Œ∞Å∞ LO_»@O =Å# "å\˜x uѨCH˘O@∂ P Ѩiã¨~åÅhfl u~°QÆHõ `«Ñ¨Ê^Œ∞.
=ÚYºOQÍ "åà◊§ ÃÑ^ŒÌÉσ~Ú <å HÍ¡ãπ"Õ∞\ò HÍ=@O`À "åà◊§ WO\˜H˜ "≥à◊√`«∂
LO_Õ"å_çx. z„`«O U=∞O>Ë "åà◊§ WO\˜ ¿Ñ~°∞ J#flѨÔ~_ç¤.
Z~°∞HõÅ *ÏÅÜ«∞º "åà◊√§ ‰õÄ_® ѨO^Œ∞Å∞ "Õ∞ѨÙ`å~°∞. "åà◊§ ¢ã‘ÎÅ∞
™Èk |∞@ì fã¨∞H˘x „QÍ=∂Å "≥O@ uiy ™êÜ«∞O„`åxHõÖÏ¡ <åÅ∞QÆ∞ _»|∞ƒÅ∞
ã¨OáêkOK«∞H˘x =KÕÛ"å~°∞. "åà◊√§ =∂\Ï¡_»∞`«∞O>Ë ã¨QÍxH˜ ÃÑ·QÍ `«q∞à◊ Ѩ^•ÖË
LO_Õq. ^•xH˜ Z~°∞HõÅÉèÏ+¨ Jx ¿Ñ~°∞. "åi JÅOHõ~°}Ö’ ~°Hõ~°HÍÅ PÉèí~°}ÏÅ∞
LO_Õq. "≥∞à’§ "≥O_ç HõO>ˇ, KÕuH˜ Hõ_çÜ«∞O Wg "åiH˜ W+¨ìO.
=∂ <å#fl ‰õÄ_® uiˆQ"å_Õ HÍ|\˜ì gà◊§O^Œ~°∂ XHõiH˘Hõ~°∞ ¿ãflǨÏOQÍ
LO_Õ"åà◊√§. ™êÜ«∞O„`åxH˜ JO^Œ~°∂ Ô~·Å∞Hõ@ì ѨHõ¯# QÍx, K≥~°∞=ÙHõ@ì H˜O^ŒQÍx
Éèˇ·\Ï~ÚOKÕ"å~°∞† zÅ∞O Ѩ@∞ìH˘x QÆO*Ï~Ú `åQÆ\ÏxH˜.
P 㨠O =`« û ~° O "Õ ã ¨ q â‹ Å =ÙÅH˜ Ü« ¸ x=i≈\© #∞O_ç WO\˜ H ˜
"≥o§#ѨC_»∞ Ô~·Å∞Hõ@ì ѨHõ¯# ѨO^Œ∞efl "Õ∞ѨÙ`«∞#fl ã¨∞Éσ~å=Ù ^ŒQÆæ~°‰õΩ áÈÜ«∂#∞.
30
 =∂ Tà’§ lÑ‘ûÅ∞
K«Å¡QÍeH˜ Z`«∞ÎQÆ_ç¤ TyáÈ`«∂ LOk. ^Œ∂~°OQÍ =∞Ozhà◊¡ ÉÏq ^ŒQÆæ~°
K≥@¡ g∞^Œ Ѩ‰õ∆ΩÅ∞ QÆ∞OѨÙÅ∞QÍ "åÅ∞`«∞<åfl~Ú.
'ã¨∞Éσ~å=Ù! ##∞fl QÆ∞~°∞ÎѨ\Ïì"å?— Jx J_çQÍ#∞.
'#∞"ÕfiQÍ qâßYѨ@flOÖ’ K«^Œ∞=Ù`«∂ LOk?—
'J=Ù#∞—.
'x#∞fl K«∂ã≤ KåÖÏHÍÅO J~ÚOk. W@∞QÍ ZHõ¯_çH˜ "≥à◊√`«∞<åfl=Ù?—
'g∞ HÀã¨"Õ∞ =KåÛ#∞. g∞ QÆ∞iOz H˘xfl q+¨Ü«∂Å∞ =∂\Ï¡_»∞^•=∞x.
g∞ `å`«QÍ~°∞ QÆ∞„~åÅ "åºáê~°O KÕ¿ã"å~°∞ Hõ^Œ∂— JO@∂ XHõ ~å~Ú g∞^Œ
‰õÄ~°∞Û<åfl#∞.
'Wq g∞ÔHÖÏ `≥Å∞ã¨O_ç?— ã¨∞Éσ~å=Ù Pâ◊Û~°ºáÈ`«∞#fl@∞¡QÍ K«∂âß_»∞.
'WOHÍ K≥|∞`å q#∞. PÜ«∞# =∞~å\© ÉèÏ+¨ ‰õÄ_® =∂\Ï¡_Õ"å_»∞.
ZѨC_»∂ K«∞@∞ìѨHõ¯Å ~å¢ëêìÅ∞ u~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ LO_Õ"å_»∞. J=Ù<å?—
'x["Õ∞, WÖÏO\˜q g∞ÔHÖÏ `≥e™ê~Ú?—
'<Õ#∞ ã¨OKå~° r=ÙÅ QÆ∞iOz Ѩiâ’^èŒ# KÕã¨∞Î<åfl#∞. W=hfl ѨÙã¨ÎHõOQÍ
~åã≤ JO^ŒiH© `≥eÜ«∞*Ë™êÎ#∞. ™êÜ«∞O„`«O g∞ WO\˜H˜ =zÛ g∞ <å#flQÍi`À
=∂\Ï¡_»∞`å#∞. 㨈~<å! PÜ«∞xfl WO\’¡ LO_»=∞x K≥ѨÊO_ç—.
'㨈~, <Õ#∞ K≥|∞`åÖË— JO@∂<Õ ^Œ∂~°OQÍ "≥à◊√`«∞#fl ѨO^Œ∞Å "≥·Ñ¨ÙQÍ
Ѩ~°∞QÆ∞Å∞ fâß_»∞. Z^Œ∞~°∞QÍ Ô~·Å∞Hõ@ì g∞^Œ QÆ∂_»∞û |O_ç ÃÑ^ŒÌ â◊|ÌO KÕã¨∂Î
"≥o§Ok.
P ™êÜ«∞O„`«O <Õ#∞ ã¨∞Éσ~å=ÙQÍi WO\˜H˜ "≥àı§ã¨iH˜ "åà◊§ <å#fl
D`å‰õΩÅ KåѨ g∞^Œ Ѩ_»∞H˘x L<åfl_»∞. K«∞@∂ì`å Ñ≤Å¡Å∞ P_»∞H˘O@∞<åfl~°∞.
‰õΩH˜¯ =∞OK«O g∞^Œ "åà◊§ =Úã¨Å=∞‡ PѨ™ÈáêÅ∞ Ѩ_»∞`«∂ LOk.
Ѩ~å=∞~°≈Å∞ ѨÓ~°ÎÜ«∂ºHõ 'g∞ WO\˜ ¿Ñ~°∞ J#flѨÔ~_ç¤ Jx ZO^Œ∞‰õΩ
=zÛO^À `≥Å∞™ê?— Jx J_çQÍ#∞.
'JO`« *Ï˝#O =∂‰õΩO>Ë =∂ `«Å~å`«Å∞ WÖÏ ZO^Œ∞‰õΩO\Ï~Ú ÉÏ|∂!
h=Ù K≥a`Õ `≥Å∞ã¨∞‰õΩO\ÏO—
'g∞ `å`«Å HÍÅO #∞O_ô g∞ ^˘=∞‡i ‰õΩÅOÖ’ ã¨~°¯ãπ KÕÜ«∞@O,
QÆ_»Hõ„~° g∞^Œ q<庙êÅ∞ KÕÜ«∞@O, `å_»∞ g∞^Œ #_»=_»O ÖÏO\˜ q^ŒºÅ∞
31
lÑ‘ûÅ∞
L<åfl~Ú. JÖÏO\˜ q^ŒºÖ’¡ g∞ ‰õΩÅã¨∞÷Å∞ ¿Ñ~°∞ QÍOKå~°∞. _»|∞ƒ#fl "åà◊√§
H˘O^Œ~°∞ JÖÏO\˜ HõàÏHÍ~°∞efl `«=∞ ™⁄O`« [g∞O^•sÖ’ LOK«∞H˘x "åi KÕ`«
q<À^ŒHÍňH∆ѨO [iÑ≤OK«∞‰õΩ<Õ"å~°∞. JÖÏ LO@∞#fl "åifl Z=Ô~·<å 'g∞Ô~=~°∞?—
Jx J_çy#ѨC_»∞ `å=Ú Z=i P^Œ~°}Ö’ LO@∞<åfl~À "åi ¿Ñ~°∞ K≥¿ÑÊ"å~°∞.—
'WO`«‰õÄ =∂ WO\˜¿Ñ~°∞ ZÖÏQÍ =zÛO^À K≥ѨÊO_ç!—
'=∞# ѨHõ¯ T~°∞ ~åѨ~°¡Ö’ Ô~_ç¤ ‰õΩÅã¨∞÷Å∞ L<åfl~°∞ Hõ^•! ÃÑ·QÍ "å~°∞
ÉÏQÍ _»|∞ƒ#fl "åà◊√§—.
'J=Ù#∞ ÉÏ|∂! "Õ∞=Ú D T~°∞ ~åHõ=ÚO^Œ∞ =∂ <å#flQÍi ѨO^Œ∞Å
=∞O^ŒÅ∞ JHõ¯_Õ LO_Õq. "åi á⁄ÖÏÖ’¡<Õ "Õ∞=¸ LO_Õ"åà◊§O—.
=Úã¨ÖÏÜ«∞#H˜ áê`« ~ÀAÅ∞ QÆ∞~°∞ÎH˜ =ã¨∞Î<åfl~Ú.
'HÍh g∞ =Ú`åÎ`«Å ~ÀAÖ’¡ ѨO^Œ∞Å∞ ÖË=Ù, QÆ∞„~åÅ∞ LO_Õq. ~åѨ~°¡
Ô~_ç¤ [q∞O^•~°∞¡ g∞ =Ú`åÎ`«Å ã¨~°¯ãπ q^ŒºÅH˜ P„â◊Ü«∞O WKåÛ~°∞. "åiÖ’
J#flѨÔ~_ç¤ J<Õ WO\˜ ¿Ñ~°∞ L#fl"å~°∞ ^èŒ#=O`«∞Å∞. "åi [g∞Ö’ g∞ ѨÓsfi‰õΩÅ∞
q^ŒºÅ∞ K«∂Ñ≤ã¨∂Î "åi =^ŒÌ JÖÏ LO_çáÈÜ«∂~°∞ HÍ|\˜ì "åi WO\˜ ¿Ñˆ~
g∞‰õÄ =zÛOk.
HÍÅ„Hõ"Õ∞}Ï "åi Pã¨∞ÎÅ∞ `«yæáÈQÍ "åi á⁄ÅO Ѩh, ™⁄O`« Ѩ#∞Å∞
‰õÄ_® g∞ KÕ`«<Õ KÕ~ÚOK«∞HÀ=@O Ѩiáê\˜ J~ÚOk.
'J#flѨÔ~_ç¤QÍi =∞#∞+¨µÅO ÉÏ|∂— Jx K≥ѨCHÀ=@O g∞‰õΩ `«Ñ¨ÊÖË^Œ∞.
ã¨~°¯ãπ Hõà◊H˜ P^Œ~°} `«ˆQæH˘nÌ "åi =^ŒÌ r`«QÍà◊§QÍ<Õ LO_çáÈÜ«∂~°∞.—
'ÉÏ|∂! =∂‰õΩ D Hõ^èŒO`å `≥eÜ«∞^Õ. g∞~°∞ K≥Ñ≤Ê#^•x |\˜ì =∂
`å`«Å K«i„`« H˘OK≥"≥∞ÿ<å `≥Å∞ã¨∞H˘#flO^Œ∞‰õΩ ã¨O`À+¨OQÍ LOk.—
'g∞ ‰õΩÅO "åix =∞^茺 ÉèÏ~°`«^Õâ◊OÖ’ '_À"£∞— Jx Ñ≤Å∞™êÎ~°∞. ÃÑ·QÍ
„ѨѨOK«OÖ’ KåÖÏ ^ÕâßÖ’¡ g∞ ‰õΩÅO "å~°∞ L<åfl~°x g∞‰õΩ `≥eÜ«∞^Œ∞. "åix
'~À=∂— Jx Ñ≤Å∞™êÎ~°∞.—
'㨈~ HÍh ÉÏ|∂ =∂ˆH"≥∞ÿ<å QÆ=~°fl"≥∞O\ò #∞O_ç Ö’#∞¡ W™êΈ~"≥∂
`≥Å∞ã¨∞HÀ~å^Œ∂?—
<Õ#∞ PÜ«∞# =∂@Å∞ Ѩ\˜ìOK«∞HÀ=@O ÖË^Œ∞.
'^˘=∞‡~°¡Ö’ KåÖÏ ~°HÍÅ∞ L<åflÜ«∞@ Hõ^•! "å\˜ QÆ∞iOz g∞ˆH"≥∞ÿ<å
32
 =∂ Tà’§ lÑ‘ûÅ∞ lÑ‘ûÅ∞
`≥Å∞™ê?— Jx PÜ«∞xfl J_çQÍ#∞. =¸ÅO P<å\˜ ^˘=∞‡~°¡ P@ÖË.
'=∂^Õ"≥∂ Ô~_ç¤^˘=∞‡i. PÔ~ ^˘=∞‡i, =∞~å\© ^˘=∞‡i, HÍѨ٠^˘=∞‡i, XHõѨC_»∞ „ѨÉèí∞=ÙÅ ã¨=∞Hõ∆OÖ’ "åi q^Œº#∞ K«∂Ñ≤ "≥∞ѨC#∞ á⁄Ok
`≥ÅQÆ ^˘=∞‡i Jx L<åflÜ«∞x `≥Å∞ã¨∞.— qÖÏã¨OQÍ rqOz# "å~°∞ D<å_»∞ P q^Œº#∞ ÉÏ@™ê~°∞ÅH˜ K«∂Ñ≤Oz
'PÔ~ ^˘=∞‡~°∞¡ HÀ™êÎ „áêO`«=∞O`å L<åfl~°∞. =∞~å\© ^˘=∞‡~°∞¡ Ü«∂K«‰õΩÅ∞QÍ rqã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞.
`≥ÅOQÍ}Ï „áêO`åÖ’¡ LO\Ï~°∞. "åi ÉèÏ+¨ ‰õÄ_® ã¨QÍxH˜ ÃÑ·QÍ =∞~å\©Ö’<Õ D<å\˜ ^˘=∞‡~°∞¡ ѨO_»∞QÆ ã¨=∞Ü«∂Ö’¡ =∂„`«"Õ∞ „QÍ=∂ÅH˜ =zÛ
LO@∞Ok.— "åi QÆ∞iOz K≥ѨCH˘O@∂ áÈ`«∂ LO>Ë =Úã¨ÖÏÜ«∞# FÑ≤QÍæ "åiH˜ `≥eã≤# q^Œº#∞ K«∂Ñ≤ã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞.
qO@∞<åfl_»∞. pHõ>ˇÿOk. z#fl Ñ≤Å¡ÅH˜ x„^Œ =ÚOK«∞H˘ã¨∂Î LOk.
JO`«Ö’ "åà◊§ JÉσ~Ú ã¨∞Éσ~å=Ù =KåÛ_»∞. WO\˜ "≥#Hõ ѨOk
Ñ≤Å¡Å∞ wÃÑ_»∞`«∞<åfl~Ú. "åà◊§ =Úã¨Å=∞‡ =∞OK«O g∞^Œ #∞O_ç ÖËz 'ÉÏ|∂!
D ѨÓ@H˜ =∂ WO\’¡<Õ J#flO u#=K«∞Û#∞ Hõ^•!— Jx J_çyOk.
<Õ#∞ |Ü«∞Å∞^Õˆ~ =ÚO^Œ∞ ã¨∞Éσ~å=Ùx ѨÅHõiOz 'g∞Ö’ L#fl
`≥QÆÅ QÆ∞iOz K≥ѨÊ=∞O\Ï"å?— Jx J_çQÍ#∞. J`«_»∞ T H˘>Ëì֒ѨÙQÍ<Õ
<Õ#∞ ~åã¨∞‰õΩ#fl HÍy`«O fã≤ K≥ѨÊ@O "≥Ú^ŒÅ∞ ÃÑ\Ïì#∞. <å `åѨ„`«Ü«∞O
<åk. Ü«¸x=i≈\©Ö’ `≥Å∞ã¨∞H˘#fl q+¨Ü«∂Åxfl "åiH˜ K≥áêÊe, JO`Õ.
"åi Ѩ#∞ÅH˜ J_»¤OQÍ LO_»@O ZO^Œ∞‰õΩ J#∞H˘x |Ü«∞Å∞^Õ~å#∞.
J~Ú<å Ô~O„_ÀAÅ∞ `«~°∞"å`« "åix Hõe™ê#∞. U"À Hõ|∞~°∞¡ K≥ѨC‰õΩ<åflO.
<åÅ∞QÆ∞ ~À_»¡ =∞^茺֒ Ô~O_»∞ "≥^Œ∞~°∞ ÉÁOQÆ∞Å∞ áêu, "å\˜H˜ `å_»∞
"åi QÆ∞iOz# ѨÓiÎ q=~åÅ∞ "åiH˜ `≥eÜ«∞=Ù. x*ÏxH˜ "åiH˜ J#=ã¨~°O.
ayOz ^•x g∞^Œ #_»∞™êÎ~°∞. Hõ„~°`À ÉÏºÖˇ#∞û KÕã¨∞‰õΩO@∂, ~°Hõ~°HÍŠѶ‘\òû
<å‰õΩ =∂„`«O J=ã¨~°O.
KÕâßHõ XHõ ^˘=∞‡i ¢ã‘Î P QÆ_»Hõ„~° z=~°fl ÉÁ_»∞¤x ˆHO„^ŒOQÍ KÕã≤ É’~å¡ Ñ¨_»∞H˘x
D ^˘=∞‡~°∞¡ ǨÏOÑ‘ q[Ü«∞#QÆ~° ~åAÅ HÍÅO JO>Ë 15= â◊`å|ÌO
QÆ∞O„_»OQÍ u~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. ZO`À ™êǨÏã¨O JxÑ≤OKÕ P q^Œº "åiH˜ x`«ºO
#∞O_Õ L#fl@∞¡QÍ Kåi„`«Hõ P^è•~åÅ∞ L<åfl~Ú. P ~åAÅ P™ê÷<åÖ’¡H˜
KÕ¿ã ѨxÖ’ XHõ ÉèÏQÆO. H˜O^Œ#∞#fl =∞QÆ"å_»∞ _»Ñ¨C "å~Úã¨∂Î 'h q^Œº
„‰õÄ~°=∞$QÍefl, ÃÑ^ŒÌ [O`«∞=Ùefl `≥zÛ "å\˜x =∞zÛHõ KÕã≤, "å\˜ KÕ`« ~°Hõ~°HÍÅ
„Ѩ[ÅO^Œ~°∂ "≥∞K«∞ÛHÀ"åe. WOHÍ Kå`«∞~°ºO K«∂áêÅ...— JO@∂ ÅÜ«∞|^Œú"≥∞ÿ#
P@Å∞ P_çOKÕ"å~°∞. =ÚYºOQÍ z~°∞`«Ñ¨Ùe, ã≤OǨÏO, U#∞QÆ∞ "åiH˜ W+¨ì"≥∞ÿ#q.
=∂@Å`À K«=∞`å¯~åÅ∞ KÕã¨∞ÎO\Ï_»∞.
x*ÏxH˜ WÖÏO\˜ ™êO„Ѩ^•Ü«∞O ÉèÏ~°`«^Õâ◊OÖ’ U<å_À LOk. „H©ã¨∞ÎH˜ ѨÓ~°fi"Õ∞
WÖÏQÍ QÆ_» g∞^Œ uiˆQ ¢ã‘Îx QÆ_»™êx JO\Ï~°∞. ÖË^• D>ˇ™êx
ÉèÏ~°fÜ«ÚÅ∞ ~À"£∞, „w‰õΩ ^ÕâßÅH˜ =∞zÛHõ KÕã≤# [O`«∞=Ùefl fã¨∞H˘x "≥o¡#@∞¡
JO\Ï~°∞. qâßYѨ@flO Ѩiã¨~åÖ’¡ gix HÍѨÙD>ˇ"å~°∞ JO@∞<åfl~°∞.
P^è•~åÅ∞ L<åfl~Ú.
D ^˘=∞‡~°∞¡ `«=∞ ‰õΩÅÃÑ^ŒÌx '=∞f¡QÆ∞~°∞— JO\Ï~°∞. H˘xfl „áêO`åÖ’¡
q[Ü«∞#QÆ~åxfl ^Œi≈Oz# q^Õj Ü«∂„u‰õΩÅ∞ =ÚYºOQÍ _®q∞OQÀ
"åi ¢ã‘ÎÅ∞ ^Õ=^•ã‘ ™êO„Ѩ^•Ü«∂xfl PK«iã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. c^ŒiHõO =Å# JÖÏO\˜
¿ÑÜ«∞*ò, xHÀÖ’HÀO\˜ D q+¨Ü«∂efl ~åâß~°∞. ^˘=∞‡i ‰õΩÅOÖ’ =∞QÆ"åà◊√§
=$`«∞Îefl H˘#™êyOK«=Åã≤# Ѩiã≤÷u U~°Ê_çOk.
™êǨϙêxH˜ ¿ÑÔ~·`Õ "åi ¢ã‘ÎÅ∞ ™œO^Œ~åºxH˜ ‰õÄ_® „Ѩã≤kú. D<å\˜ ã¨~°¯ãπH˜
^˘=∞‡i "å~°∞ KÕã¨∞Î#fl q<庙êÅ∞, P@Å∞, zO^Œ∞Å∞, QÆ_»Hõ„~°
33 34
 =∂ Tà’§ lÑ‘ûÅ∞
™êǨϙêÅ∞ ѨÓ~°fiHõ=Ùefl ‰õÄ_® PHõi¬OKå~Ú. "å~°∂ D q^Œºefl ZO`À
L`åûǨÏO`À K«∂ã≤ LO\Ï~°∞. QÆ_»™êx Hõ„~°g∞^Œ u~°QÆ_»O „QÍ=∂xH˜ =∞Oz^Œh,
=~å¬Å∞ Ѩ_»`åÜ«∞x „Ѩ[ÅH˜ #=∞‡HõO ‰õÄ_® LOk.
QÍ^è•ã¨Ñ¨Îâ◊u Hõ=ÙÅ∞ gà◊§ ™êǨϙêefl =i‚OK«@O =∞~°=ÖË^Œ∞. JÖψQ
13= â◊`åÉÏÌxH˜ K≥Ok# áêÅ∞¯iH˜ ™È=∞<å^èŒ∞_»∞ gà◊§ P@ QÆ∞iOz ~åâß_»∞.
N<å^èŒ =∞ǨHõq '"≥#∞Hõ‰õΩ "≥ÚQÆæ„"åe— J<Õ Ñ¨^ŒºOÖ’ ^˘=∞‡i ¢ã‘Î "≥#H˜¯ "åe
Ñ¨à‹§OÖ’ L#fl h\˜Ö’x =ÚÔH¯~°x fÜ«∞@O, <åÅ∞Hõ`À #šѨÓã¨efl ¿Ñ~°∞QÍ
QÆ∞K«Û@O ÖÏO\˜ q<庙êÅ QÆ∞iOz ~åâß_»∞. 'QÆ_» z=~° q+¨µ‚ K«„HõO =∂kiQÍ
uiˆQ ^˘=∞‡i ¢ã‘Îx K«∂¿ãÎ, PHÍâ◊OÖ’ JѨû~°ã¨Å∞ q<庙êÅ∞ KÕã¨∞Î#fl@∞¡QÍ
JxÑ≤OKÕk— Jx =i‚OKå_»∞.
JÖÏO\˜ Q˘Ñ¨Ê q^Œº#∞ „Ѩ^Œi≈OKå~°∞ HÍ|\˜ì „Ѩu XHõ¯i ǨÏ$^ŒÜ«∂
Ö’¡#∂ P ^Œ$â◊ºO <å@∞‰õΩáÈ~ÚOk. 'D ^˘=∞‡~°∞¡ J<åk J~Ú# `≥Å∞QÆ∞"å~°∞—
Jx u~°∞=∞Å ~å=∞K«O„^ŒQÍ~°∞ ~åã¨∂Î `å#∞ K«∂ã≤# ^˘=∞‡i q^ŒºÅ#∞ QÆ∞iOz
`«# J#∞Éèí"åÖ’¡ ~åã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞.
™êǨϙêxH˜ ¿Ñ~°∞ QÍOz# D ^˘=∞‡~°∞¡ `«=∞ q^Œº#∞ JO^ŒiH©
K«∂Ñ≤OK«@O HÀã¨O, „ѨѨOK«O JO`å u~°∞QÆ∞`«∞O\Ï~°∞. ^Õâ◊k=∞‡i Jx "åix
Ñ≤Å=@OÖ’ L#fl J~°úO W^Õ. WÖÏO\˜ "åi QÆ∞iOz q#∞H˘O_» =Å¡Éèí~åÜ«∞Hõq
'„H©_®aè~å=∞O—Ö’ ‰õÄ_® ~åâß_»∞. "≥∞ÿÖÏ~°∞Å∞ J<Õ "å~°∞ „QÍ=∞^Õ=`«Å ÉÁ=∞‡efl
Z`«∞ÎH˘x T~°∂~å uiˆQ XHõ ‰õΩÅO. WÖÏO\˜ "≥∞ÿÖÏ~°Éèí@∞Å∞ KÕã≤# q<庙êÅ∞
F~°∞QÆÅ∞¡ „Ѩ[Å∞ ZѨÊ\˜H© =∞~°∞=ÖË~°∞ Jx JO\Ï_»∞ D Hõq.
PO„^茄Ѩ^ÕâòÖ’ L#fl D ^˘=∞‡~°∞¡ „Ѩã¨∞Î`«O =º=™êÜ«∞ ‰õÄbÅ∞.
„QÍ=∂Å "≥O|_ç ã¨OKå~°O KÕ¿ã ™êO„Ѩ^•Ü«∞O „Hõ=∞OQÍ `«yæáÈ~Ú U"À W`«~°
Ѩ#∞Å∞ KÕã¨∞‰õΩO@∞<åfl~°∞.
H˘xflKÀ@¡ ^˘=∞‡i"åà◊§ ¢ã‘ÎÅ∞ =∂„`«O z#fl ™ê=∂#∞Å∞ |∞@ìÖ’
ÃÑ@∞ìH˘x WO\˜O\˜H˜ uiy J=Ú‡`å~°∞. H˘Ü«∞º ^Œ∞"≥fi#Å∞, ã¨∂^Œ∞Å∞,
Ñ≤hflã¨∞Å∞, ‰õΩO‰õΩ=∞, ÉÁ@∞ìaà◊§Å∞ÖÏO\˜ ™ê=∂#∞Å∞ J=Ú‡‰õΩO@∂ k#O
QÆ_»∞Ѩ٠H˘O@∞<åfl~°∞.
JÖÏO\˜ "å~°∞ uiˆQ@ѨC_»∞ Zyˆ~ H͉õΩefl H˘\˜ì `≥K«∞Û‰õΩO\Ï~°∞.
35
lÑ‘ûÅ∞
K≥@∞ì# áêˆH L_»`«efl, Ñ≤@ìefl H˘\ÏìÅO>Ë giH˜ ™ê\˜ =∞Ô~=fi~°∂ ÖË~°∞. "åi
PHõÖË "åiH˜ JÖÏO\˜ QÆ∞i <Õ~°∞Ê`«∞O^Õ"≥∂!
Ñ≤@ìÅ∞ H˘@ì\ÏxH˜ =∞QÆ"åà◊√§ WO\˜Å^Œ|ƒ J<Õ "≥^Œ∞~°∞ |^ŒÌx
'=_çÃãÅ—QÍ LѨÜ∂≥ y™êÎ~∞° . g~°∞ "Õ@ KÕÜ∞« @OÖ’ ã≤^ÇúŒ Ϩ ã¨∞Å
Î ∞. [OQÆ∞aÅ∞¡Å#∞
=Å"Õã≤ Ѩ@ì_»OÖ’ giH˜ ™ê\˜ =∞Ô~=fi~°∂ ~å~°∞. H˘O_»=ÚK«∞Û, #Hõ¯, ZÅ∞Hõ,
ѨOk, ^Œ∞Ñ≤Ê, ÖË_ç U^≥·<å "åiH˜ „Ñ≤Ü«∞"≥∞ÿ# =∂Oã¨"Õ∞. g~°∞ LѨÜ≥∂yOKÕ
LK«∞ÛÅ∞, =ÅÅ∞ KåÖÏ z„`«OQÍ LO_ç „áêp# Ѩ^Œú`«∞efl QÆ∞~°∞ÎH˜ `≥™êÎ~Ú.
<Õ#∞ WO\˜ =^ŒÌ L#fl Ѩk~ÀAÖ’¡ JO`å u~°QÆ@"Õ∞ J~ÚOk. Ñ¨Öˇ¡Ö’H˜
"≥o§ [=∞oHõ "å~Ú^ŒºO g∞^Œ ˆ~}∞HÍ^Õq Hõ^äŒ K≥¿ÑÊ ~å=∞eOQÆÜ«∞ºx Hõeã≤
J`«x KÕ`« ˆ~}∞HÍ^Õq Hõ^äŒ áê_çOz JO`å <å >ËÑπ g∞^Œ iHÍ~ü¤ KÕã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl#∞.
qâßYѨ@flO "≥àı§ =ÚO^Œ∞QÍ Z~°∞HõÅ *ÏÅÜ«∞º QÍi WO\˜H˜ ‰õÄ_® XHõ™êi
"≥à◊^•=∞#∞ H˘<åfl#∞. <å lÑ‘ûÅ q+¨Ü«∞O`À "åiH˜ ã¨O|O^èŒO LOk HÍ|\˜ì.
Z~°∞HõÅ ¢ã‘ÎÅH˜ r=<å^è•~°OQÍ L#fl =ÚYº"≥∞ÿ# =$uÎ KÕ`«∞Å∞ K«∂ã≤
J^Œ$ëêìxfl K≥ѨÊ@O. Wk lÑ‘û „ã‘ÎÅH˜ L#fl =ÚYº"≥∞ÿ# ÅHõ∆}O.
"åi WO\’¡ =Úã¨Å=∞‡ ™Èk K≥ѨÊ@OÖ’ ZO`À ¿Ñ~°∞ "≥∂ã≤Ok.
HÍh „Ѩã¨∞Î`«O "åi H˘`«Î HÀ_»Å∞ ™Èk K≥|∞`«∞Ok. ~ÀE |∞@ì fã¨∞H˘x
K«∞@∞ìѨHõ¯Å „QÍ=∂Ö’¡H˜ "≥o¡ HÍã≤x _»|∞ƒÅ∞, yO[Å∞ `≥K«∞Û‰õΩO@∞Ok. "åi
áê@ ZO`À „âß=ºOQÍ LO@∞Ok. =ÚYºOQÍ ZO_®HÍÅOÖ’ Ѩk=∞Ok KÕi#
ѨOK«# ‰õÄ~˘Ûx "åi ™Èk q#@O XHõ Q˘Ñ¨Ê J#∞Éèí=O. J^˘Hõ â’Hõ~°ã¨
„Ѩ^è•#"≥∞ÿ# ™ÈÖ’ ™êOQ∑ JxÑ≤ã¨∞ÎOk. JO^Œ∞ˆH `≥Å∞QÆ∞"åi *Ï#Ѩ^Œ ã¨Ow`«OÖ’
™Èk áê@ XHõ „Ѩ^è•#"≥∞ÿ# HõàÏ~°∂ѨO J~ÚOk.
*ÏÅÜ«∞º QÍi ѨÓiO\˜ K«∞@∂ì`å ѨO^Œ∞Å∞ u~°∞QÆ∞`«∞<åfl~Ú. ‰õΩO_»Å
xO_® ‰õΩ_çu. <Õ#∞ "åiH˜ `≥eã≤# "å_ç<Õ HÍ|\˜ì ‰õΩâ◊ńѨâ◊flÅ∞ JÜ«∂ºHõ '™Èk
áê@ iHÍ~°∞¤ KÕã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï#∞— Jx Ѩ@∞ìѨ\Ïì#∞. `«Ñ¨ÊÖË^Œ∞. P =Úã¨Å=∞‡ <å
HÀã¨O „Ѩ`ÕºHõOQÍ ™Èk K≥|∞`ÀOk. P"≥∞ ™Èk |∞@ìH˜ ѨÓ[ KÕã≤, `«O|∞~å â◊$u
KÕã¨∞H˘x, 'J=∞‡ ѨÅ∞‰õΩ, [QÆ^•O| ѨÅ∞‰õΩ, W+¨ì^Õ=`å ѨÅ∞‰õΩ— JO@∂
~åQÆÜ«ÚHõÎOQÍ áê@ JO^Œ∞H˘x, „Ѩ=HõÎ =∂ki Hõà◊√§ =¸ã¨∞H˘x PÖÏѨ#Ö’H˜
kQÆQÍ<Õ <å >ËÑπ iHÍ~°¤~ü u~°QÆ@O "≥Ú^ŒÖˇ·Ok.
36
 =∂ Tà’§ lÑ‘ûÅ∞
„Ѩ u "åiH© Éè í q +¨ º `ü `≥ Å ∞㨠∞ HÀ"åÅx LO@∞Ok. ~åAʼnõ Ω ,
[g∞O^•~°¡‰õΩ P™ê÷# *’ºu+¨µ¯Å∞ LO\Ï~°∞. HÍx ™ê=∂#∞ºÅH˜ JÖÏO\˜
Éèíq+¨º`ü K≥ѨÊ\ÏxH˜ ™Èk "å~°∞ L<åfl~°∞. "åi QÆ∞iOz "åiH˜ ѨÓiÎQÍ
`≥eÜ«∞HõáÈ~Ú<å, W`«~°∞ÅH˜ Éèíq+¨º`ü QÆ∞iOz K≥Ñ≤Ê P _»|∞ƒ`À `«=∞ r=#O
QÆ_»∞ѨÙH˘O\Ï~°∞.
D ™Èk K≥ѨÊ\Ïxfl WOw¡+¨µÖ’ Fortune telling JO\Ï~°∞. Z~°∞HõÅ
¢ã‘ÎʼnõΩ Jaè#Ü«∞Hõà◊ ÉÏQÍ `≥Å∞ã¨∞. "åi ã¨fi~°=∂^èŒ∞~°ºO, JÅOHõ~°} W`«~°∞Å#∞
ã¨∞ÅÉèíOQÍ PHõi¬ã¨∞ÎOk.
gà◊¥§ ã¨OKå~° r=ÙÖË. Z~°∞HõÅ "åiH˜ ÉèÏ+¨ L<åfl eÑ≤ ÖË^Œ∞. „Ѩã¨∞Î`«O
JO^Œ~°∂ ã≤÷~°x"åã¨∞ÖË. HÀ™êÎ lÖÏ¡Å #∞O_ç `«q∞à◊<å_»∞ =~°‰õÄ giH˜ K«∞@ìiHõO
LOk.
`«q∞à◊OÖ’ gix 'H˘~°=— Jx, 'H˘ÅK«— Jx Ñ≤Å∞ã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. PO„^è•Ö’
H˘xfl KÀ@¡ 'HÀ~僗 Jx JO@∞<åfl~°∞. <Õ#∞ XHõ™êi D`« KåѨÅ∞ J=Ú‡H˘<Õ
Z~°∞HõÅ ¢ã‘Îx J_çQÍ#∞ 'J=∂‡! g∞Ö’ Zxfl ~°HÍÅ "å~°∞ L<åfl~°∞?— Jx
''JÜ«∂º! =∂Ö’ U_»∞ `≥QÆÅ "å~°∞ L<åfl~°∞. K≥|∞`å#∞. ~å™È¯O_ç— JO@∂
H˘xfl q=~åÅ∞ K≥Ñ≤ÊOk.
"åiÖ’ LѨC J=Ú‡H˘<Õ LѨC Z~°∞HõÅ "å~°∂, ‰õΩOK≥Å∞ Hõ>Ëì ‰õΩOK≥
Z~°∞HõÅ "å~°∂, D`«=∞@ìÅ∞ `≥zÛ "å\˜`À KåѨÅ∞, |∞@ìÅ∞ JÖË¡ ^Œ|ƒ Z~°∞HõÅ
"å~°∞ Jx Ѩxx |\˜ì „âı}∞Å∞QÍ Ñ≤Å∞ã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. D "åºáê~åÅ∞ Ug ã¨iQÍ
37
lÑ‘ûÅ∞
ÖË#ѨC_»∞ áê=ÚÅ∞ Ѩ@∞ìH˘x ÖË^• áê=Úefl "Õˆ~ "åi =^ŒÌ H˘x g^èŒ∞Ö’¡
P_çOz, á⁄@ì áÈã¨∞H˘O\Ï~°∞. "åiÖ’ "åiH˜ ZѨC_≥·<å `«QÍ^•Å∞ Ѩ_ç#ѨC_»∞
qkèOK«∞H˘<Õ tHõ∆Å∞ Hõiî#OQÍ LO\Ï~Ú. ã¨Åã¨ÅH͈Q #∂<≥Ö’ K≥~Úº ÃÑ@ì_»O,
=∞O_Õ zO`«xѨCÖ’¡H˜ ^Œ∂Hõ@O ÖÏO\˜ ÉèíÜ«∞O HõeyOKÕ HÍ~åºÅ∞ KÕ^•Ì=∞x
ѨO`åÅ∞ Ѩ_»`å~°∞. `«Ñ¨C#∞ XÑ≤Ê^•Ì=∞x Kտ㠄Ѩܫ∞`«flOÖ’ J^˘Hõ ÉèÏQÆO.
‰õΩOK≥ Z~°∞HõÅ "åix XHõ™êi <Õ#∞ ^è~Œ å‡rQÆ∂_≥O =^ŒÌ HõÅ∞ã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl#∞.
Ti |Ü«∞@ zO`«`ÀѨÙÖ’ "åi áêHõÅ∞ L<åfl~Ú. Pk"å~°O HÍ=@O`À ѨOkx
HÀã≤, "å\ÏÅ∞ "Õã≤ J=Ú‡`«∞<åfl~°∞. "åi Ñ≤Å¡ÖË"≥∂ '#Å¡— =O_»∞`«∞<åfl~°∞
^Œ∂~°OQÍ.
'ÉÏ|∂! ~°∞zQÍ LO@∞Ok HÍã¨Î =∂Oã¨O `≥™êÎ#∞ uO\Ï~å?— Jx
Pq_» J_çyOk.
<å‰õΩ PHõeQÍ ÖËHõáÈ~Ú<å '㨈~— J<åfl#∞. <å`À =zÛ# q∞„`«∞_»∞
~å*ÏH˜ D =º=Ǩ~°O #K«ÛHõ ^Œ∂~°OQÍ "≥àϧ_»∞.
'g∞~°∞ JK«ÛOQÍ ‰õΩOK≥Å∞ Hõ@ì_»O`À<Õ rqã¨∞Î<åfl~å?—
'ÖË^Œ∞ ÉÏ|∂, k+≤ìHÍÜ«∞Å∞, ã¨=~åÅ∞ Hõ_»`åO. JѨC_»Ñ¨C_»∞ |∂A
Hõ„~°Å∞ KÕ™êÎO.—
"åà◊√§ <å‰õΩ H˘OK≥O =∂O™êxfl y<≥flÖ’ `≥KåÛ~°∞. "åiÔHÖÏQÆ∂ S^À,
Ѩ^À W"åfie <Õ#∞. "åiKÕÛ PǨ~°O H˘kÌQÍ uO>Ë "åiH˜ `«$Ñ≤ÎQÍ LO@∞Ok.
'‰õΩOK≥Å∞ Hõ>Ëì ѨÙÅ¡Å∞ ZHõ¯_» #∞Oz `≥™êÎ~°∞?—
'=~å¬HÍÅOÖ’ pѨÙ~°∞ѨÙÅ¡ "≥ÚHõ¯Å "Õ~°∞¡ `«=ÙfiH˘x `≥zÛ "å\˜x ÉÏQÍ
Hõ_çy á⁄Å∞ã¨∞Å∞ fã≤, ZO_»Éˇ\˜ì ^•K«∞‰õΩO\ÏO. J=ã¨~°"≥∞ÿ#ѨC_»∞ J=hfl
‰õΩOK≥Å∞QÍ Hõ\˜ì LѨÜ≥∂yOK«∞‰õΩO\ÏO.—
JHõ¯_çH˜ =zÛ#"å~°∞ ##∞fl QÆ∞iOz `≥Å∞ã¨∞‰õΩO@∞<åfl~°∞. ѨOk
=∂Oã¨O ~°∞z KåÖÏ ÉÏQÆ∞Ok. <Õ#∞ P q+¨Ü«∂xfl J_»QÆÉ’ÜÕ∞ã¨iH˜ P"Õ∞
„Ѩ™êÎqOzOk 'JÜ«∂º D ѨOk =∂=¸eÌ HÍ^Œ∞ ÉÏ|∂! Wk `«∞OQÆÉÁ_çHõÅ∞
"Õ∞ã≤# ѨOk. Je¡QÆ_»¤Å∞ "Õ∞ã≤# ѨOk. `å=∞~°QÆ_»¤Å∞ `≥OÑ≤# ѨOk— JO@∂
~åQÆÜ«ÚHõÎOQÍ áê_»∞`«∂ zO^Œ∞Å∞ "ÕÜ«∞\ÏxH˜ ã≤^Œú"≥∞ÿOk.
WO`«Ö’ "åi =Úã¨ÖÏÜ«∞# JO^Œ∞H˘x 'ÉÏ|∞H˜ P ÉÜ«∞º#fl Hõ^äŒ
38
 =∂ Tà’§ lÑ‘ûÅ∞
K≥ѨÊ~å^Œ∂, ÉÏQÆ∞O@∞Ok! h QÆ∞iOz ¿ÑѨ~À¡ ~å™êÎ_»∞ÖË— J#QÍ<Õ Pq_» P
Hõ^äŒ "≥Ú^ŒÅ∞ÃÑ\˜ìOk. D ǨÏ_®=Ù_çH˜ =∂ ~å*Ï <åÅ∞QÆ_»∞QÆ∞Å∞ <å"≥·Ñ¨ÙQÍ
"Õ™ê_»∞.
Z~°∞HõÅ "åiH˜ ѨO^ŒO>Ë ^Õ=Ù_ç`À ã¨=∂#O. ã¨OKå~° r=ÙÅH˜ ѨOk
=∂Oã¨O ZO`À W+¨ìO. Ѩ~°=∂#flO`À ã¨=∂#OQÍ Hõà◊§H˜ J^Œ∞ÌH˘x Éè’OKÕ™êÎ~°∞.
Pq_» =∞àϧ "≥Ú^ŒÅ∞ÃÑ\˜ìOk. '|Hõ¯^≥·#, |_»∞QÆ∞^≥·<å ѨOk‰õÄ~°
~°∞z~å! Z‰õΩ¯"≥·<å, `«‰õΩ¯"≥·<å =i ‰õÄ_»∞ u#~å, JÜ«∂º =Ú`«Î~åã≤ |Ü«∞º#fl
Hõ^äŒ q#O_ç. ~å™È¯O_ç—
"Õ∞=Ú *Ï„QÆ`«ÎQÍ P #∞ÅHõ=∞OK«O g∞^Œ ã¨~°∞ÌH˘x #=ÙfiH˘O@∂ L<åflO.
=∞~°ÖÏ Pq_» JO^Œ∞H˘x '<Õ#∞ K≥ѨÊ#∞, HÍx áê_»`å. JÖÏÔQ·`Õ<Õ QÆ∞~°∞Î =ã¨∞ÎOk.—
'JÖψQ HÍhÜü∞— J#QÍ<Õ p~° ayOz `«∞ѨىõΩ¯# Tã≤, A@∞ì =Ú_ç
"Õã¨∞H˘x XHõ ÔQO`«∞Ö’ P áê@x JO^Œ∞H˘Ok.
=Ú`«Î~åã≤ |Ü«∞º#fl eOQÆO K≥~°∞‰õΩ ѨO_çã¨∞ÎO\Ï_»∞. HÍh Z~°∞HõÅ
"åi ѨO^Œ∞Å∞ PÜ«∞# `À@O`å <åâ◊#O KÕã¨∞ÎO\Ï~Ú. JO^Œ∞=Å# ѨOkH©,
|Ü«∞º#fl‰õΩ Ü«Ú^ŒúO =ã¨∞ÎOk.
'<å K≥~°∞‰õΩ `À@Å∂ "Õ∞ã≤# ѨOn, â◊#QÆ`À@Å∂ "Õ∞ã≤# ѨOn. ѨOkH˜
WO`« ~À+¨=ÚO>Ë <åÔHO`« g∞ã¨O LO_®e— JO@∂ |Ü«∞º#fl |iÃã`À P
ѨOkx á⁄_»=É’`å_»∞.
WO`«Ö’ 'Jk ѨOk HÍ^Œ∞~å! Ѩ~°â◊√~å=Ú_ç J=`å~°O~å— JO@∂
PHÍâ◊"å}˜ ѨÅHõ@O`À Jk qO@∂ P^Œ=∞~°z L#fl |Ü«∞º#flx P ѨOk
á⁄_çz K«O¿Ñã¨∞ÎOk. Jn Hõ^äŒ.
39
lÑ‘ûÅ∞
`«q∞à◊<å_»∞Ö’ LO_Õ Z~°∞HõÅ∞ XHõ qO`« ™êO„Ѩ^•Ü«∂xfl áê\˜ã¨∞Î
<åfl~°∞. ¢ã‘ΠѨÙi\˜ <˘Ñ¨CÅ∞ Ѩ_»∞`«∞#flѨC_»∞ P ѨHõ¯# ѨÙ~°∞+¨µ_»∞ ‰õÄ_® Ѩ_»∞H˘x
P"≥∞ J#∞ÉèíqOKÕ ÉÏ^èŒÖ’ áêÅ∞ ѨOK«∞H˘O\Ï_»∞. Pq_»H˜ KÕã¨∞Î#fl LѨK«~°ºÅhfl
J`«xH˜ ‰õÄ_® KÕ™êÎ~°∞. „Ѩã¨=O "≥Ú^ŒÅ∞ HÍQÍ<Õ ¢ã‘Î ^èŒiOKÕ |@ìefl Éèí~°ÎH˜ "Õã≤
Ѩ_»∞HÀɡ_»`å~°∞. Pq_» ÉÏ^èŒ`À ˆHHõÅ∞ "Õ¿ãÎ W`«_»∞ ‰õÄ_® ˆHHõÅ∞ "Õ™êÎ_»∞.
tâ◊√=٠ѨÙ\ÏìHõ ™êfl#O KÕ~ÚOz `«O„_ç ѨHõ¯Ö’ Ѩ_»∞HÀɡ_»`å~°∞. a_»¤
[#‡H˜ `«e¡^ŒO„_»∞Å∞ W^ŒÌ~°∂ ÉÏ^èŒ∞ºÖË HÍ|\˜ì, P ÉÏ^èŒx ‰õÄ_® W^ŒÌ~°∂ ѨOK«∞
HÀ"åe J<Õ ã¨`åºxfl "åà◊√§ `≥Å∞ã¨∞H˘x JÖÏ KÕã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. D ™êO„Ѩ^•Ü«∂xfl
'‰õÄ"å_£— JO@∞<åfl~°∞.
áê`«~ÀAÖ’¡ J~Ú`Õ Éèí~°Î =∞~°}˜Oz# Z~°∞HõÅ ¢ã‘Î =~°ã¨QÍ XHõi
`«~°∞"å`« XHõifl U_»∞QÆ∞~°∞ ^•HÍ q"åǨÏO KÕã¨∞HÀ=K«∞Û. JÖÏO\˜ ¢ã‘Îx ÃÑ^ŒÌ
É’~Ú™êx JO\Ï~°∞. Pq_»H˜ "åi ã¨=∂[OÖ’ Q“~°=O Z‰õΩ¯=.
PHõ™ê‡`«∞ÎQÍ <å iHÍ~°¤~ü PyOk. =Úã¨Å=∞‡ `«O|∞~å, |∞@ì
ã¨~°∞ÌH˘Ok. "≥O@<Õ =∂ *ÏÅÜ«∞ºQÍ~°∞ =zÛ 'ÉÏ|∂! =∂‰õΩ H˘OK≥O ѨHõ¯
TiH˜ "≥àı§ Ѩ#∞Ok. `«~åfi`« =∂\Ï¡_»∞^•O— Jx K≥Ñ≤Ê ##∞fl ~À_»∞¤ g∞^ŒH˜
™êQÆ#Oáê_»∞.
Z~°∞HõÅ ¢ã‘Å
Î ∞ Hˆ =ÅO J^Œ$ëêìxfl K≥Ñʨ @"Õ∞ H͉õΩO_® áê@Å∞ áê_»`å~°∞.
=∞x+≤H˜ <˘Ñ≤Ê HõÅQƉõΩO_® ѨK«ÛÉÁ@∞¡ "ÕÜ«∞@OÖ’ "å~°∞ ã≤^ŒúǨÏã¨∞ÎÅ∞.
gà◊§ K«i„`« ‰õÄ_® =∞#H˜ ‰õΩ`«∂ǨÏÅO ˆ~ÔHuÎã¨∞ÎOk. ѨÓ~°fiHÍÅOÖ’
Z~°∞HõÅ™êxH˜ ZO`À ѨÅ∞‰õΩ|_ç LO_Õk. ~åAÅ∂, ѨO_ç`«∞Å∂ Pq_» KÕ`«
™Èk K≥Ñ≤ÊOK«∞HÀ"åÅx P~å@Ѩ_Õ"å~°∞. P"≥∞ U ã¨O™ê÷#OÖ’ „Ѩ"ÕtOz<å
J_»∞¤‰õΩ<Õ "å~°∞ Z=~°∂ LO_»~°∞.
™êÇ≤Ïf"Õ`«ÎÅ∞, Hõ=ÙÅ∞ ™Èk K≥¿ÑÊ"åi rq`åÅH˜ ã¨ÊOkOz Ѩ^•ºÅ∞
~åâß~°∞. "åi áê@ QÆ∞iOz, ^èŒiOz# |@ìÅ QÆ∞iOz# =~°‚#Å∞ H˘Å¡Å∞QÍ
KÕâß~°∞.
16= â◊`å|ÌѨ٠ܫ∞Hõ∆QÍ# Hõ$`«∞Ö’¡ Z~°∞HõÅ™êx QÆ∞iOz# „Ѩ™êÎ=#
LOk. P #$`«º <å@HÍÖ’¡ Z~°∞HõÅ™êx XHõ áê„`«QÍ „Ѩ"ÕtOz <åÜ«∞H©
<åÜ«∞‰õΩʼnõΩ ™Èk K≥¿ÑÊk. JÖÏO\˜ Z~°∞HõÅ™êx xÅ∞"≥`«∞Î tÖÏÊxfl =∞^èŒ∞Ô~·Ö’x
40
 =∂ Tà’§ lÑ‘ûÅ∞
"Õ~Úã¨÷OÉèÏÅ =∞O_»Ñ¨OÖ’ „Ѩu+¨ì KÕâß~°∞† P<å\˜ <åÜ«∞Hõ~åAÅ∞.
NHõ$+¨‚^Õ=~åÜ«∞Å∞ ‰õÄ_® Z~°∞HõÅ™êx áê„`«x `«# 'P=ÚHõÎ=∂ź^Œ—
HÍ=ºOÖ’ KÕ~°∞ÛH˘<åfl_»∞. ~°OQÆ∞Å ~°qÔH `˘_çy, =ÚMÏxH˜ ѨK«ÛÉÁ@∞ì`À, Hõà◊§H˜
ã¨#flx HÍ@∞Hõ`À, Hõ#∞ÉÁ=∞‡Å =∞^茺 <å=∞O, <˘ã¨\˜# qÉèí∂k, K«OHõÖ’ ™Èk
|∞@ì ÃÑ\˜ì, `«# K≥OQÆ∞H˜ Ѩã≤a_»¤x Hõ@∞ìH˘x, ~°OQƄѨ"Õâ◊O KÕã≤# Z~°∞HõÅ™êx
"≥·Ñ¨Ù „Ѩu XHõ¯~°∞ QÆ∞_»¡Ñ¨ÊyOz K«∂_»=Åã≤O^Õ.
WÖÏO\˜ "Õëêxfl '‰õΩ~°=Ol— J<åfl~°∞. ^Õ=`«Å∞ ‰õÄ_® D ‰õΩ~°=Ol
Ѩ@¡ ã¨"≥∂‡Ç≤Ï`«∞ÖÜ«∂º~°∞. ѨÙ~°∞+¨µ_»∞ `å#∞ „¿Ñq∞Oz# ¢ã‘Î ã¨∞u"≥∞`«Îx ǨϙêÎÅ∞
Ѩ@∞ìHÀ=\ÏxH˜ ™Èk K≥ѨÊ\Ïxfl XHõ =∂~°æOQÍ Z#∞flH˘<åfl_»∞. P u~°∞Ѩu
"≥OHõ#fl™êfiq∞ Ãã·`«O `«# „Ñ≤Ü«Ú~åÅ∞ Ѩ^•‡=u =^ŒÌH˜ Z~°∞HõÅ™êx "Õ+¨OÖ’
"≥o§ 'KÕ~Ú K«∂™êÎ#∞, P JO^Œ"≥∞ÿ# KÕux WÖÏ W=fi==∂‡— Jx J_çQÍ_»@.
Pq^èŒOQÍ P"≥∞#∞ HõÅ∞ã¨∞H˘x =∞Oz Hõ|∞~°∞¡ K≥Ñ≤Ê „¿Ñ=∞Ö’H˜ kOÑ≤, z=iH˜
P"≥∞<Õ q"åǨÏO KÕã¨∞H˘O\Ï_»∞.
PO„^茄Ѩ^ÕâòÖ’ ‰õΩ~°=Ol J<Õk XHõ „Ѩã≤kÌ K≥Ok# *Ï#Ѩ^Œ ^Œ$â◊º
HÍ=ºO. ‰õΩ~°=*Ïu ¢ã‘ÎÅ∞ ™Èk K≥|∞`å~°∞ HÍ|\˜ì Pq_» ¿Ñ~°∞ ‰õΩ~°=Ol JÜ∞Ok.
L`«Î~° ÉèÏ~°`«^Õâ◊OÖ’ WÖÏO\˜ Éèíq+¨º`ü"å}˜x K≥¿ÑÊ"åix '*’ºuH˜— JO\Ï~°∞.
'HÀi# Hõ#ºx =â◊O KÕã¨∞HÀ=\ÏxH˜ =¸eHõÅ∞, "Õ~°∞¡, `åg^Œ∞Å∞,
aà◊§Å∂ W™êÎ#∞ ^˘~å— JO@∂ |*Ï~°¡ "≥O@ HõxÑ≤OKÕ D<å\˜ ã¨OKå~° Z~°∞HõÅ
¢ã‘ÎÅH˜ `«=∞ ѨÓ~°fiѨ٠"≥·Éèí=O QÆ∞~°∞ÎH˜ ~å=@O KåÖÏ Hõ+¨ìO.
Q˘Ñ¨Ê K«i„`« Hõey# ^˘=∞‡i P@Å "å~°∂, ™Èk K≥|∞`«∂ T~°∂~å
uiˆQ Z~°∞HõÅ "åi ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏÅ∞ =∂ T~À¡ ZѨÊ\˜ #∞OKÀ LO@∞<åfl, "åi
Q˘Ñ¨Ê`«#O <Õ#∞ `≥Å∞ã¨∞‰õΩ<Õ@ѨÊ\˜H˜ W<åflà◊√§ Ѩ\˜ìOk.
41
lÑ‘ûÅ∞
7
=∞#^Õâ◊OÖ’ lÑ‘ûÅ∞
ã¨OKå~° rq`«O`À =Ú_çѨ_»¤ ™⁄O`« Ti ™È^Œ~°∞Å QÆ∞iOz `≥Å∞ã¨∞
H˘<åflHõ W`«~° „áêO`åÖ’¡ LO_Õ JÖÏO\˜ ã¨OKå~°∞efl QÆ∞iOz `≥Å∞ã¨∞HÀ"åÅ#fl
`«Ñ¨# Z‰õΩ¯"≥·Ok <åÖ’.
=∞#~åROÖ’ L#fl W`«~° ã¨OKå~°∞efl QÆ∞iOz, =∞#^Õâ◊OÖ’ LO_Õ
W`«~° k=∞‡~°¡ QÆ∞iOz, W`«~° ^ÕâßÖ’¡ u~°∞QÆ∞É’`«∞ rq`åxH˜ JÅ"å@∞ Ѩ_ç#
"åi QÆ∞iOz ‰õÄ_® `≥Å∞ã¨∞HÀ"åÅ#fl ‰õΩ`«∂ǨÏÅO Z‰õΩ¯"≥·Ok. JÖÏO\˜ Pã¨H˜Î
##∞fl Öˇ·„|sÅ "≥O@ uѨÊ@O "≥Ú^ŒÅ∞ÃÑ\˜ìOk. H˘`«ÎHÀ}O K≥H˜¯# „Ѩu™êi
=„*ÏxH˜ HÍOu Z‰õΩ¯"≥·#@∞¡QÍ, XH˘¯Hõ¯ ѨÙã¨ÎHõO K«k"Õ H˘nÌ "åi QÆ∞iOz#
*Ï˝#HÍOu Z‰õΩ¯"≥·Ok <åÖ’. lÑ‘ûÅ ÉÁ=∞‡Å∞ K«∂ã¨∞Î#flѨC_»ÖÏ¡ <å =∞#ã¨∞û
ã¨O`À+¨O`À xO_çáÈÜÕ∞k† ÃÑ·~°QÍeH˜ TˆQ *Á#flHõOH˜ =∂kiQÍ.
=∂ J=∞‡#„É’Å∞ Ô~·ÖËfi¿ãì+¨<£Ö’ z#flѨÊ\˜ #∞O_ô K«∂ã¨∞Î#fl "Less
luggage makes your journey more comfortable" J<Õ ™È¡QÆ<£, XHõ¯ Ô~·Å∞
„Ѩܫ∂}ÏxH˜ =∂„`«"Õ∞ Ѩiq∞`«O HÍ^Œx, rq`« „Ѩܫ∂}ÏxH˜ ‰õÄ_® Jk
J#fi~Úã¨∞ÎOk Jx `≥Å∞ã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl#∞.
42
=∞#^Õâ◊OÖ’ lÑ‘ûÅ∞ lÑ‘ûÅ∞
XHõ ã≤÷~°x"åã¨O JO@∂ ÖˉõΩO_® u~°∞QÆ∞`«∞<åfl~°∞ JO>Ë ^•xH© H˘xfl
HÍ~°}ÏÅ∞ LO_ç LO\Ï~Ú JxÑ≤OzOk. JÖÏO\˜ HÍ~°}ÏÖË '_À"£∞—Å#∞
PO„^è• =~°‰õÄ ~°Ñ≤ÊOKå~Ú, ‰õΩ~°=Å#∞ `«q∞à◊<å_»∞ #∞O_ç Hõ$ëê‚#k =~°‰õÄ
#_çÑ≤OKå~Ú.
ã¨OKå~°∞Å∞ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ Ñ¨O_»∞QÆÅѨC_»∞ „QÍg∞} "å`å=~°}OÖ’xH˜
=™êÎ~°∞. WO_çÜ«∂Ö’ „Ѩu „QÍ=∂xH˜ ã¨~åã¨i# ã¨O=`«û~°OÖ’ =ÚÃÑ·Êù =∞Ok
ã¨OKå~°∞Å∞ á⁄@ì áÈã¨∞HÀ=\ÏxH˜ =ã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞ Jx XHõ JOK«<å "≥Å¡_ç KÕã≤Ok.
'JO| ѨÅ∞‰õΩ, [QÆ^ŒO| ѨÅ∞‰õΩ— JO@∂ _è»=∞~°∞HõO "≥∂yã¨∂Î
WO\˜O\˜H© uiˆQ |∞_»|∞Hõ¯Å"å~°∞ „Ѩu XHõ¯iH© `≥eã≤# u~°∞QÆ∞É’`«∞Å∞.
gi`À áê@∞QÍ =∞#H˜ `≥eã≤# =∞~˘Hõ ã¨OKå~°∞Å∞ QÆOyÔ~^Œ∞ÌÅ"å~°∞.
[O@ ã¨<åfl~ÚÅ∞ T^Œ∞‰õΩO@∂, JÅOHõiOz# Z^Œ∞Ì`À „ѨuKÀ\Ï HõxÑ≤™êÎ~°∞,
=ÚYºOQÍ ã¨O„HÍOu ã‘[<£Ö’. D Ô~O_»∞ ‰õΩÖÏÅ ã¨OKå~°∞Å∞ ѨO@HÍÖÏÖ’¡
u~°∞QÆ∞`å~°∞. giH˜ q∞~åã‘ „QÍ=∂Åx H˘xfl LO\Ï~Ú. PÜ«∂ HõHõ∆ºÖ’¡<Õ
Ѩi„Éèíq∞ã¨∞ÎO\Ï~°∞.
|∞_»|∞_»=∞O@∂ â◊|ÌO KÕ¿ã _è»=∞~°∞HÍxfl "≥∂yã¨∂Î =KÕÛ |∞_»|∞Hõ¯Å
"å~°∞ ™ê=∂#ºOQÍ "Õ‰õΩ=*Ï=Ú<Õ `«=∞ HÍ~°º„Hõ=∞O "≥Ú^ŒÅ∞ ÃÑ_»`å~°∞. P
â◊ÉÏÌxH˜ JO^ŒiH© "≥∞ʼnõΩ= =ã¨∞ÎOk. "åi HÀã¨=∞x H˘O`« zÅ¡~° _»|∞ƒÅ∞
ã≤^ŒúOQÍ LOK«∞H˘O\Ï~°∞ „Ѩu"å~°∞.
#Å¡ H À@∂, QÆ ∞ |∞~° ∞ g∞™êÅ∞, =ÚMÏxH˜ ÃÑ^Œ Ì É Á@∞ì ÖÏO\˜
"Õ+¨^è•~°}`À áê@∞QÍ Q˘_»∞QÆ∞ Ѩ@∞ìH˘x u~°∞QÆ∞`«∞O\Ï~°∞ D |∞_»|∞Hõ¯Å
"å~°∞. =∂ @OQÆ∞@∂~°∞ zO`«Å`ÀѨÙÖ’ K≥@¡H˘=∞‡Å‰õΩ Hõ\˜ì# L\˜ìÖ’ J#flO
y<≥flÅ∞ ÃÑ@∞ìH˘x JHõ¯_Õ LO_Õ"å~°∞. |∞_»HÀà◊√§ J<Õ z#fl ÉÏ`«∞Å =∞O^Œefl
ÃÑOK«∞H˘<Õ"å~°∞.
gà◊§Ö’¡ =∞~å\© |∞_»|∞Hõ¯Å "å~°∞ Z‰õΩ¯=. gix PÔ~|∞_»|∞Hõ¯Å∞
Jx ‰õÄ_® JO\Ï~°∞. P~°º Ѩ^•xH˜ qHõ$u PÔ~. "å~°∞ =∞~å\© =∂\Ï¡_»∞`å~°∞.
gà◊§ â◊s~°O |e+¨ìOQÍ#∂, ã¨fi~°O HõOK«∞ÖÏQÍ#∂ LO@∞Ok. =∂@Ö’¡ XHõ
ÅÜ«∞, TѨ٠LO\Ï~Ú. "åi "Õ+¨^è•~°}Ö’ "Õ^Œ ѨO_ç`«∞ʼnõΩ, ~åAʼnõΩ K≥Ok#
JÅOHõ~°} HõÅã≤áÈ~Ú#@∞¡QÍ LO@∞Ok.
NOT TO SCALE

43 44
 =∞#^Õâ◊OÖ’ lÑ‘ûÅ∞
=∞Ǩ~åR <å@Hõ HõàÏ ™êO„Ѩ^•Ü«∞O ‰õÄ_® ^•xH˜ `À_≥·Ok. ^•O`À
"åiH˜ Hõ^äŒÅ∞ K≥ѨÊ@O, =∂@Å∞ <å@H©Ü«∞OQÍ =∂\Ï¡_»@O JÅ"å>ˇÿOk. P
„Ѩ`ÕºHõ"≥∞ÿ# ^èÀ~°}Ë JO^Œih PHõi¬OzOk.
PO„^茄Ѩ^ÕâòÖ’x HÀ™êÎ lÖÏ¡Ö’¡ x=ã≤OKÕ |∞_»|∞Hõ¯Å"åà◊√§ z#fl
Z^Œ∞Ì|O_ç g∞^Œ „Ѩܫ∂}ÏÅ∞ KÕ™êÎ~°∞. ÉèÏ~åºÉèí~°ÎÅ∞ Hõ+¨ìѨ_ç áê`«QÆ∞_»¤Å∞
㨠O áêkOz "å\˜ ` À<Õ ÉÁO`« Å ∞ ‰õ Ω \˜ ì J=Ú‡`å~° ∞ . "åi |O_ç KåÖÏ
PHõ~°¬}©Ü«∞OQÍ LO@∞Ok. "å~°∞ ‰õΩ\˜ì# ÉÁO`«Å`À<Õ ^•xfl JÅOHõi™êÎ~°∞. P
QÆ∂_»∞x ZO`À JO^ŒOQÍ J=∞iÛ, "åi Ѩ^ŒúuÖ’ ^Œ|ƒ<åÅ`À#∂, ÃÑ^ŒÌ
ã¨∂^Œ∞Å`À#∂ ‰õΩ\˜ì J`«∞‰õΩÅ∞ "Õ™êÎ~°∞. =Ú`«Hõ^•~°O`À "Õã≤# P ‰õΩ@∞¡ ZO`À
JO^ŒOQÍ HõxÊ™êÎ~Ú. ¿ãfiK«ÛùQÍ uiˆQ "åi =∞#ã¨Î`«fiO ‰õÄ_® P ^•~°Ñ¨Ù =OHõ~°
\˜OHõ~À¡ „ѨuaOaã¨∞ÎOk. XHõ Ѩ^ŒúuH˜ ÖÁOQÆx`«<åxH˜ J^˘Hõ zǨÏflO. "åi
|O_çx ÖÏQÆ\ÏxH˜ Z^Œ∞ÌÅ∞ ^˘~°Hõ#ѨC_»∞ ^Œ∞#fláÈ`«∞#∞ LѨÜ≥∂y™êÎ~°∞.
H˘xfl™ê~°∞¡ "åˆ~ ã¨fiÜ«∞OQÍ ÖωõΩ¯áÈ`å~°∞.
|∞_»|∞Hõ¯Å "åi ¢ã‘Å Î ∞ `«OÉωõΩ =Hõ¯, `«=∞Åáê‰õΩ #=ÚÅ∞`«∞O\Ï~°∞.
=∂@Å∞ |ÅOQÍ LO\Ï~Ú. gà◊ § QÆ \ ˜ ì â◊ s ~åÅ∞ ZO`« Hõ ë êì # fl~Ú<å
F~°∞ÛH˘O\Ï~Ú.
gà◊√§ Hõ~åfl@Hõ, `«q∞à◊<å_»∞ ã¨iǨÏ^Œ∞ÌÖ’¡ ‰õÄ_® L<åfl~°∞. Hõ~åfl@HõÖ’
gix '|∞_»|∞_çH˜— Jx Ñ≤Å∞™êÎ~°∞. gà◊√§ „Ѩã¨∞Î`«O rqã¨∞Î#fl Ѩiã≤÷`«∞Å∞
J^è•fi#flOQÍ L<åfl~Ú. qO^Œ∞Å∞, qÖÏ™êÅ HÀã¨O Z‰õΩ¯= _»|∞ƒ Y~°∞Û ÃÑ_»`å~°∞.
L`«û"åÅ∞ P~åƒù@OQÍ KÕ™êÎ~°∞. JѨCÅ∞ KÕÜ«∞@O, "å\˜x f~°Û\ÏxH˜ KåÖÏ
Hõ+¨ìѨ_»@O `«Ñ¨Êxã¨i J~ÚOk.
45
lÑ‘ûÅ∞
QÆOyÔ~^Œ∞ÌÅ "åà◊√§ J<ÕHõ „Ѩ^ÕâßÅ∞ u~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ LO\Ï~°∞. "åiÖ’
Z„~°Q˘Å¡, ѨÓ[Q˘Å¡ Jx Ô~O_»∞ ~°HÍÅ∞ L<åfl~Ú. =∞Ǩ~åRÖ’ gix #Ok"åÖÏ
JO@∞<åfl~°∞. |∞∞`«∞=Ùefl, HÍÖÏxfl J#∞ã¨iã¨∂Î aèH∆Í@# ™êyã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. =¸_»∞,
<åÅ∞QÆ∞ ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏÅ∞ Hõeã≤ |Ü«∞Å∞^Õi „QÍ=∞O z=~° L#fl 㨄`«OÖ’<À ÖË^•
Ô~·`«∞Å H˘\ÏìÅ =^ŒÌ<À Py _Õ~åÅ∞ "Õã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï~°∞.
|∂~° T^Œ∞`«∂, _ÀÅ∞ H˘_»∞`«∂, JÅOHõiOz# "åi Z^Œ∞Ìx fã¨∞H˘x
Tà’§H˜ |Ü«∞Å∞^Õi 'JÜ«∞ºQÍiH˜ ^ŒO_»O ÃÑ@∞ì, J=∞‡QÍiH˜ ^ŒO_»O ÃÑ@∞ì—
JO@∂ ~åQÆÜ«ÚHõÎOQÍ Ñ¨Å∞‰õΩ`«∂, HÍ¿ãѨ٠Z^Œ∞Ìx P_çOz yO[Å∞ ÃÑ\˜ìOK«∞
H˘O\Ï~°∞. "åi "Õ∞à◊O âߢã‘ÎÜ«∞OQÍ LO_»^Œ∞. '=∂k QÍe q^Œº ÉÏ|∂!— Jx
K≥|∞`å~°∞. „Ѩu ã¨O„HÍOu ã‘[#∞Ö’ HõxÑ≤™êÎ~°∞. JѨÊ\˜H˜ „ѨKå~°OÖ’ L#fl
ã≤x=∂ áê@#∞ fã¨∞H˘x ã¨<åfl~Ú g∞^Œ ѨeH˜™êÎ~°∞.
ã¨~°¯ãπ "åi =∂kiQÍ<Õ gà◊√§ Z^Œ∞ÌKÕ`« H˘xfl q^ŒºÅ∞ KÕ~Ú™êÎ~°∞.
QÆOyÔ~^Œ∞Ì P_çOKÕ =ºH˜Î <ÕÅg∞^Œ Ѩ_»∞H˘x Z^Œ∞Ì =ÚO^Œi HÍà◊§#∞ `«# QÆ∞O_≥ÅÃÑ·
ÃÑ@∞ìH˘<Õ ^Œ$âߺxfl K«∂ã≤# "åà◊√§ Pâ◊Û~°ºÑ¨_H» õ =∂#~°∞. Z^Œ∞Å
Ì H˜ H˘xfl ÉèOí y=∞Ö’¡
u~°QÆ@O <ÕiÊOz "å\˜H˜ J#∞‰õÄÅOQÍ Hõ^äŒx Je¡ ã¨=∞Ü«∂#∞‰õÄÅOQÍ
ã¨$[<å`«‡Hõ`«x K«∂Ñ≤™êÎ~°∞.
gà◊√§ ã¨Ç¨Ï[OQÍ `«=∞ „Ѩܫ∂}Ïefl, ã¨O„HÍOuH˜ XHõ <≥Å =ÚO^Œ∞QÍ
"≥Ú^ŒÅ∞ÃÑ_»`å~°∞. „Ѩu ã¨O=`«û~°O giH˜ q∞~åã‘ L#fl „QÍ=∂Ö’¡ˆH "≥à◊`å~°∞.
"å\˜H˜ XHõ ÖˇHõ¯ LO@∞Ok. P q∞~åã‘ P#"å~ÚfQÍ `«~°`«~åÅ∞QÍ =ã¨∂Î
LO@∞Ok. "å~°∞ "≥àϧÅ#∞H˘#fl KÀ\˜H˜ =ÚO^Œ∞QÍ P_»"åà◊√§, Ñ≤Å¡Å∞ "≥o§
QÆ∞_®~åÅ∞ "Õã¨∞H˘x uO_çuѨÊʼnõΩ U~åÊ@∞¡ KÕ™êÎ~°∞. Z^Œ∞Ìefl uѨC‰õΩO@∂
=∞QÆ"å~°∞ JHõ¯_çH˜ KÕ~°∞‰õΩO\Ï~°∞.
46
 =∞#^Õâ◊OÖ’ lÑ‘ûÅ∞
"å~°∞ q∞~åã‘ „QÍ=∂Åhfl uiy =∞m§ ã¨fi„QÍ=∞O KÕ~°∞H˘#\ÏxH˜ XHõ
ã¨∞ÅÉèí"≥∞ÿ# Ѩ^Œúux PK«iã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. "åi ™⁄O`« „QÍ=∞O „ѨHÍâ◊O lÖÏ¡Ö’x
`å_ç"å~°∞Ѩe¡ J#∞‰õΩO>Ë "åiH˜ q∞~åã‘ L#fl z=i „QÍ=∞O J=∞‡#„É’Å∞
J#∞‰õΩO>Ë "å~°∞ P ^•iÖ’ =KÕÛ „Ѩu „QÍ=∞OÖ’#∞ Py `«=∞ P@ K«∂Ñ≤OKåe.
HÍh XHõ „QÍ=∂xfl =ke "Õã≤ =∞~˘Hõ „QÍ=∞OÖ’ PQÆ∞`å~°∞. JÖÏ KÕã¨∂Î
J=∞‡#„É’Å∞ =~°‰õÄ "≥o§ u~°∞QÆ∞ „Ѩܫ∂}OÖ’ P =ke"Õã≤# „QÍ=∂Å
#xflO\˜x K«∂ã¨∞H˘O@∂ ã¨fi„QÍ=∞O KÕ~°∞‰õΩO\Ï~°∞. WÖÏ KÕÜ«∞@O =Å#
u~°∞QÆ∞ „Ѩܫ∂}O „â◊=∞ JxÑ≤OK«^Œ∞. Dq^èŒOQÍ t=~å„u =~°‰õÄ aèHõ∆ ™êyOz
JO^Œ~°∂ `«=∞ T~°∞ KÕ~°∞H˘x JHõ¯_» =º=™êÜ«∞ ‰õÄbÅ∞QÍ =∂iáÈ`å~°∞.
QÆOyÔ~^Œ∞ÌÅ"å~°∞ =ÚYºOQÍ PO„^茄Ѩ^ÕâòÖ’x `å_ç"å~°∞Ѩe¡, <åQÆà◊§
=Ú_»∞Ѩ٠„QÍ=∂Ö’¡ =O^ŒÅ ã¨OYºÖ’ L<åfl~°∞. "åiH˜ ѨO@Å∞ ã¨iQÍ Ñ¨O_»=Ù.
JO^Œ ∞ =Å¡ Z‰õ Ω ¯==∞Ok |Ü« ∞ @H˜ "≥ o ¡ XHõ ã‘ [ <£ H ˜ 㨠i Ѩ _ ® |`≥ Î O
`≥K«∞Û‰õΩO\Ï~°∞. Wà◊§ =^ŒÌ =Úã¨e "åix, z#flÑ≤Å¡efl LOz =Ü«∞ã¨∞ûÖ’
L#fl „Ѩu"åix `«=∞ "≥O@ fã¨∞ÔHà◊`å~°∞.
JѨC_»Ñ¨C_»∂ XHõ „Ѩ`ÕºHõ"≥∞ÿ# Q˘\Ïìxfl LѨÜ≥∂yOz á⁄QÆ`åQÆ∞`å~°∞.
^•xfl '™⁄OQÆ— JO@∞<åfl~°∞. Jk =∞\˜ì`À KÕã≤Ok. 'nxfl ^Õ=`«Å =^ŒÌ #∞O_ç
`≥K«∞ÛH˘<åflO ÉÏ|∂, =∂ `å`«Å <å\˜k— JO\Ï~°∞.
„ѨHÍâ◊O lÖÏ¡ Z^Œ∞ÌÅH˜ „ѨMϺu QÍOzOk. QÆOyÔ~^Œ∞ÌÅ∞ J~Ú<å
WHõ¯_ç"Õ JO^ŒOQÍ LO\Ï~Ú. JÅOHõiOz# `≥Å¡ U#∞QÆ∞ÖÏ¡ LO_Õ g\˜ÃÑ·
„Ѩ[ʼnõΩ ZO`À „¿Ñ=∞. Ô~·`«∞Å∞ =º=™êÜ«∞O HÀã¨O Z^Œ∞Ìefl „Ѩ`ÕºHõOQÍ
ÃÑOK«∞`å~°∞. „_®~ÚOQ∑ =∂ã¨ì~°¡ KÕ`« "å\˜ ÉÁ=∞‡Å∞ ‰õÄ_® w~ÚOK«∞H˘x
„¿Ñ¶"£∞ Hõ\˜ì WO\’¡ `«yeOK«∞‰õΩO\Ï~°∞. Ô~O_»∞ Z^Œ∞ÌÅ =∞^茺 xÅ|_ç "å\˜
ã≤QÆ=∂~°∞¡ Ѩ@∞ìH˘x á¶È\’Å∞ f~ÚOK«∞HÀ=@O JO>Ë Ô~·`«∞ÅH˜, ÃÑ^ŒÌ r`«QÍà◊§H˜
ã¨~°^•QÍ LO@∞Ok.
=∂ Tà’§ Z^Œ∞Ìefl, ÃÑ~ÚO\ò KÕã≤ Ѩ\ÏÅ∞ `«Ü«∂~°∞ KÕÜ«∞\ÏxH˜
J„QÆǨ~°O #∞O_ç ~å=∂~å=Ù =ã¨∞ÎO_Õ"å_»∞. P ÉÁ=∞‡Å∞ ZÖÏ L<åfl Ô~·`«∞Å∞
=∂„`«O `«=∞ Z^Œ∞ÌÅ g∞^Œ∞#fl =∞K«Ûefl |\˜ì QÆ∞~°∞ÎѨ@ì=Åã≤O^Õ. P z„`«HÍ~°∞_»∞
<Õ~°∞ÛH˘<Õk XHõ Z^Œ∞ÌÉÁ=∞‡<Õ. ^•O`À<Õ H˘xfl =O^ŒÅ =~°‰õÄ ÉÁ=∞‡Å∞ w¿ã"å_»∞.
47
lÑ‘ûÅ∞
QÆOyÔ~^Œ∞ÌÅ"åà◊√§ "Õ@ HÀã¨O LѨÜ≥∂yOKÕ H˘xfl =ÅÅ∞, LK«∞ÛÅ∞
„Ѩ`ÕºHõOQÍ LO\Ï~Ú. K≥Hõ¯Q˘@ìO ÖÏO\˜ XHõ ѨiHõ~°O`À =ÚOyã¨efl Ѩ_»`å~°∞.
„Ѩu~ÀE L^ŒÜ«∞O P LK«∞ÛÅ∞ ÃÑ\˜ì# „áêO`«OÖ’H˜ "≥o§ K«∂ã¨∞HÀ=@O, P
K≥Hõ¯ Q˘\Ïìxfl ¿Ñ_»`À Hõ_çy „H˜`«O ~å„u ÃÑ\˜ì# Z~°Å "åã¨# ÖˉõΩO_® KÕÜ«∞@O
ÃÑ^ŒÌѨx. K≥~°∞=ÙÖ’¡ `åÉËà◊√§, á⁄ÖÏÖ’¡ Z„~° ZÅ∞HõÅ∞ ‰õÄ_® "åiH˜ ZO`À
„Ñ≤Ü«∞"≥∞ÿ#q.
gà◊√§ „Ѩܫ∂}ÏÅ∞ KÕ¿ã ã¨=∞Ü«∂Ö’¡ XˆHKÀ@ Ô~O_»∞ =¸_»∞ ~ÀAÅ∞
L#flѨC_»∞, Ѩiã¨~åÅ∞ "Õ@H˜ J#∞=ÙQÍ LO>Ë "≥#∞HÍ_»~°∞. Éèí∂`«Ñ≤e¡, Hõ@¡Ñ≤e¡,
ÉÏ=Ù~°∞Ñ≤e¡, =ÚOy㨠ÖÏO\˜ [O`«∞=Ùefl "Õ@‰õΩHõ¯Å ™êÜ«∞O`À Ѩ>Ëì <≥·Ñ¨Ù}ºO
"åiH˜ LO@∞Ok.
Hõ~°∂flÅ∞, y^ŒÌÅ∂~°∞ ÖÏO\˜ H˘O_» „áêO`åÖ’¡ uiˆQ ã¨OKå~°∞Å =^ŒÌ
Ñ≤@ìÅ Hõ„~° "≥Ú^ŒÅ∞H˘x, ÉÏ}ÏHõ„~° =~°‰õÄ qq^èŒ "Õ@ PÜ«Ú^è•Å∞ LO_»@O
ã¨Ç¨Ï[O. ™êÜ«∞O„`åxH˜ U Ñ≤@ì<À, ‰õΩO^ÕÅ∞ Ñ≤Å¡<À ã¨Oáê~Ú™êÎ~°∞. 1995Ö’
<Õ#∞ WÖÏO\˜ ã¨OKå~°∞Å HÀã¨O „ѨHÍâ◊O, Hõ~°∂flÅ∞ lÖÏ¡Ö’¡ áê^ŒÜ«∂„`« KÕâß#∞.
P Ü«∂„`«Ö’ <Õ#∞ _»Ñ¨CÅ∞ "å~ÚOKÕ Éèˇ·<≥_ç¤"åix Hõe™ê#∞. JÖψQ [=∞oHõ
g∞^Œ áê@Å∞ áê_Õ"åix, "≥∂m, =∞O„`åÅ∞ "Õã¨∂Î áê=ÚÅ∞ P_çã¨∂Î ã¨OKå~°O
KÕ¿ã ÃÑkÌO\˜ Q˘Å¡"åix Hõeâß#∞.
XHõ ~å„u <Õ#∞ áê=ÚÅ "åà◊§ WO\’¡ LO_®eû =zÛOk. J^˘Hõ z#fl
`å\ωõΩÅ áêHõ. =∞\˜ì‰õΩO_»Ö’¡ Ô~O_»∞ áê=ÚÅ∞ K«∞@∞ì‰õΩ Ѩ_»∞H˘<åfl~Ú. QÆ∞_çÃã
|Ü«∞@ QÍ_ç^Œ, ã¨ÎOÉèíO =∂kiQÍ xÅ|_ç LOk. QÆOѨ H˜O^Œ HÀ_çÑ≤Å¡Å∞,
=ÚOy\’¡ ‰õΩHõ¯, g\˜`À áê@∞QÍ á⁄~ÚºÖ’ Ñ≤e¡ ‰õÄ_® LOk "åi WO\’¡. P
áêHõx z#fl 'E— J#=K«∞Û.
48
 =∞#^Õâ◊OÖ’ lÑ‘ûÅ∞
=∞_»∞¤HõuÎ`À KÕuHõO>ˇ#∞ "≥∂yOK«∞H˘O@∂ ã¨=~åÅ∞ J"Õ∞‡ |O_»
"åà◊¡x, u~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ Hõ^äŒÅ∞ K≥¿ÑÊ |∞_ç|∞_ç [OQÍÅ "åix K«∂âß#∞. QÆ∞„~°O
g∞^Œ uiy K«O^•Å∞ =ã¨∂Å∞ KÕ¿ã "Õ=∂Å™êfiq∞ QÆ∞iOz q<åfl#∞. <Õ#∞
KÕã≤# Ü«∂„`«Ö’¡ qq^èŒ =$`«∞ÎʼnõΩ ã¨O|OkèOz# ã¨OKå~°∞efl K«∂_»QÆeQÍ#∞.
~åAÅ áê@Å∞ áê_Õ Ñ≤ K « ∞ ÛHõ Q Æ ∞ O@Å"åix, ~åu~Àà◊ √ § K≥ H ˜ ¯
J=Ú‡‰õΩ<Õ Ñ¨~îå<£ ™ê~Ú|∞efl, á⁄ÅO Ѩ#∞Å∞ KÕã¨∂Î =Åã¨Å∞ áÈÜÕ∞ ÅOÉÏ_ô
<åÜ«∞H± ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏÅ "åih, ÉÁ=∞‡Å∞ L#fl `å\ωõΩÅ Hõ@ìÅ ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞O`À
'*Ï`«HÍÅ∞, J^Œ$+¨ìO K≥|∞`åO— JO@∂ uiˆQ Éèí„^•K«ÅO ɡ·~åQÆ∞bfl, H˘O_»
^˘~°bfl ‰õÄ_® HõÅ∞ã¨∞HÀQÆeQÍ#∞. '*ÏO|=O`«∞x _˘Hõ¯ #∞O_ç ѨÙ\ÏìO— JO@∂
Hõ^äŒÅ∞ K≥ѨCH˘O@∂, QÍ_ç^ŒÅ g∞^Œ QÆ∞_®~åÅ ™ê=∂„y, =∞OKåÅ∞ "Õã¨∞H˘x
uiˆQ '_»Hõ¯e— "åix ‰õÄ_® Hõe™ê#∞.
QÆ∞„~åÅÃÑ· |~°∞=ÙÅ∞ "Õã¨∞H˘x „QÍ=∂Å "≥O@ uiˆQ ѨÇ≤ÏÖÏfi<£
™êÃÇÏÉòÅ rq`«O z„`«"≥∞ÿOk. XHõѨC_»∞ _»Hõ¯<£ #"å|∞Å =^ŒÌ ‰õΩã‘ÎÅ∞,
=∞Å¡Ü«Ú^ŒúO ÖÏO\˜ q^Œºbfl K«∂Ñ≤Oz "≥∞ѨCá⁄Ok# "å~°∞ D<å_»∞ ~°Hõ~°HÍÅ
Ѩ#∞Å∞ KÕã≤ k#O QÆ_»∞ѨÙH˘O@∞<åfl~°∞. "åi =ÚYº =$uÎ ^Œ∞"åfi_ô Ѩ@ì@O.
JO>Ë Ñ¨â◊√=ÙÅ H˘=Ú‡Å∞ HÀÜ«∞@O. y^ŒÌÅ∂~°∞ ѨHõ¯# XHõ „QÍ=∞OÖ’ "åix
HõÅ∞ã¨∞H˘#flѨC_»∞ <Õ#∞ ZO`À ã¨O`À+¨Ñ¨_®¤#∞.
"åi QÆ∞„~åÅ∞ ã¨∂¯Å∞ ѨHõ¯# "Õ∞ã¨∞Î<åfl~Ú. Ô~O_»∞~ÀAÖ’¡ "å~°∞
JHõ¯_» #∞O_ç "≥o§áÈ`å~°x K≥ѨÊQÍ<Õ "åi`À LO_çáÈÜ«∂#∞.
¢ã‘ÎÅ∞ =ÅÅ∞ JÅ∞¡`«∞O\Ï~°∞. LK«∞ÛÅ∞ `«Ü«∂~°∞ KÕ™êÎ~°∞. KåѨÅ∞
JÅ∞¡`å~°∞. áê`«QÆ∞_»¤Å`À ÉÁO`«Å∞ ‰õΩ_»`å~°∞. ˆ~‰õΩ [Öˇ¡_»Å∞, _»ÉσÅ∞ KåÖÏ
49
lÑ‘ûÅ∞
<≥·Ñ¨Ù}ºOQÍ, "ÕQÆOQÍ KÕ™êÎ~°∞. "åiH˜ ^è≥·~åºxfl WKÕÛk WÖÏO\˜ KÕu =$`«∞ÎÖË.
Jq "åi J=ã¨~åÅ#∞ f~°∞™êÎ~Ú HÍ|>Ëì "å\˜<Õ #=Ú‡H˘O\Ï~°∞.
*Ï~°∞=Ú_ç LK«∞ÛÅ∞, =∞O^ŒÉ’#∞Å∞ `«Ü«∂~°∞ KÕ™êÎ~°∞. qÅ∞¡
É’#∞Å∞, |∞@ì É’#∞Å∞ "åà◊√§ `«Ü«∂~°∞ KÕ¿ãÎ<Õ ÉÏQÆ∞O\ÏÜ«∞x ™ê÷x‰õΩÅ
#=∞‡HõO. "å\˜x `«Ü«∂~°∞ KÕã¨∞ÎO_»QÍ<Õ K«∞@∂ì =¸y H˘#∞H˘¯O@∞<åfl~°∞.
H˘O^Œ~°∞ P =ã¨∞Î=ÙÅ JO^•xH˜, Ѩx`«<åxH˜ "≥∞K«∞Û‰õΩO@∞<åfl~°∞. JHõ¯_çH˜
=zÛ# XHõ =Úã¨e Ô~·`«∞x J_çQÍ#∞. 'h=Ù H˘#fl D É’#∞`À UO KÕ™êÎ=Ù?—
Jx.
'ÉÏ|∂! W^≥O`« JO^ŒOQÍ LO^À K«∂_»∞. <å z#fl`«#O #∞O_ç gà◊√§
KÕ¿ã =ã¨∞Î=ÙÅ∞ H˘O@∂<Õ L<åfl#∞. "å\˜x WO\’¡ ÃÑ@∞ìH˘<åfl KåÅ∞ KåÖÏ
ÉÏQÆ∞O\Ï~Ú K«∂_»\ÏxH˜— J<åfl_»∞.
D ѨÇ≤ÏÖÏfi<£ ™ê~Ú|∞Å∞ „Ѩu ã¨O=`«û~°O z`«∂Î~°∞ lÖÏ¡Ö’ [iˆQ
ã¨O`«Ö’ HõÅ∞ã¨∞H˘x L`«û"åÅ∞ [~°∞ѨÙH˘O\Ï~°@.
P Ü«∂„`«Ö’<Õ =∂kQÆ ‰õΩÅO "åi QÀ„`åÅ#∞, K«i„`«Å#∞ Pâ◊√=ÙQÍ
q=iOKÕ 'P™Èk— "åix, <å@∞ `«∞áêH©Å`À Ѩ‰õ∆Ωefl H˘\˜ì J=Ú‡‰õΩ<Õ '=∞~å\©
"Õ@QÍà◊§—#∞ K«∂âß#∞. á⁄_»∞QÍ\˜ Hõ„~°Å z=~°¡H˜ |OHõ~åã≤ Ñ≤@ìefl Ѩ>Ëì
'É’Ü«∞—"åix, ã¨∂^Œ∞Å∞, Ñ≤hflã¨∞Å∞ J=Ú‡‰õΩO@∂ uiˆQ '*ÏuHõ~°Îefl— ‰õÄ_®
K«∂âß#∞.
JÖψ Q '‰õ Ω O‰õ Ω =∞^•ã¨ ∞ Å∞— J<Õ ã¨ O Kå~° ∞ efl Hõ e ™ê#∞. "åà◊ √ §
ZO_®HÍÅOÖ’ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ "Õ\Ï_»`å~°∞. "åà◊√§ Ѩ‰õ∆Ωefl Ѩ>Ëì q^è•#O z„`«OQÍ
LO@∞Ok. XHõ `≥Å¡ P=Ùx á⁄ÖÏÖ’¡H˜ `ÀÅ∞‰õΩ"≥à◊`å~°∞. |@ìÅ∞ ‰õÄ_® `≥Å¡q
"Õã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï~°∞. Ñ≤@ìÅ HÀã¨O =Å ZHõ¯_» Ѩ#∞fl`å~À P „Ѩ^ÕâßxH˜ P=Ù#∞
`ÀÅ∞H˘x"≥àϧe. JO>Ë =ÚO^Œ∞QÍ Ñ≤@Å ì ∞ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ ZHõ¯_» L<åflÜ∂≥ K«∂™êÎ~∞° .
H˘OK≥O Z_»OQÍ =Å#∞ P QÆ_ç¤Ö’ `«ye™êÎ~°∞. ^•x =ÚO^Œ∞, ֒ѨŠyO[Å∞
K«Å∞¡`å~°∞. JѨC_»∞ P=Ùx `ÀÅ∞H˘x P ѨzÛHõÖ’H˜ "≥àı¡ã¨iH˜ P Ñ≤@ìÅhfl P=Ù
K«∞@∂ì`å Zyˆ~ H©@HÍÅ#∞ uO\ÏxH˜ =™êÎ~Ú. P=Ù #_»=@O "≥Ú^ŒÅ∞ ÃÑ>Ëìã¨iH˜
P=Ù`À áê@∞ P Ñ≤@ìÅ∞ ‰õÄ_® ѨÙ~°∞QÆ∞Å∞ uO@∂ =™êÎ~Ú. P=Ù "≥#HÍÖË
"Õ@QÍ_»∞ Z=iH© HõxÑ≤OK«‰õΩO_® `«# P=Ùx =Å L#fl KÀ@∞H˜ #_çÑ≤ã¨∂Î
50
 =∞#^Õâ◊OÖ’ lÑ‘ûÅ∞
LO\Ï_»∞. f~å =Å =^ŒÌH˜ "≥àϧHõ =Å =ÚO^Œ∞ yO[Å∞ HõxÑ≤™êÎ~Ú. Ѩ‰õ∆ΩÅ∞
"å\˜x uO@∂ Ö’xH˜ "≥à◊`å~Ú. JѨC_»∞ XHõ¯™êiQÍ =Å#∞ ÖÏQÆ@O`À P
Ѩ‰õ∆ΩÅhfl ^˘iH˜áÈ`å~Ú "Õ@QÍ_çH˜.
<≥=∞e Ñ≤OKèåÅ`À `«ÅO`å JÅOHõiOK«∞H˘x z#fl W`«Î_ç ˆ~‰õΩ#∞
"≥∂yã¨∂Î aèHõ∆O J_»∞H˘¯<Õ HÍ\˜áêѨŠ‰õΩ@∞O|O`À XHõ ~å„u L<åfl#∞.
Éè’[#OÖ’H˜ `åÉËÅ∞ "ÕѨÙ_»∞, L_»∞O =∂Oã¨O ‰õÄ~° ÃÑ\Ïì~°∞. "åi =^ŒÌ ~°Hõ~°HÍÅ
LK«∞ÛÅ∞, =ÅÅ∞ L<åfl~Ú. XHõ á⁄_»∞QÍ\˜ Hõ„~°H˜ LK«∞Û `«Ü«∂~°∞ KÕã≤ ѨO^Œ∞Å
"≥O@ Ѩ~°∞ÔQuÎ "å\˜x Ѩ@ì_»O K«∂¿ãÎ QÆ=∞‡`«∞ÎQÍ LO@∞Ok. QÆOyÔ~^Œ∞ÌÅ "åi
=^ŒÌ LO_Õ 'Ñ≤Å∞¡Å∞ Ѩ>Ëì K≥Hõ¯ É’#∞— gà◊§H˜ ‰õÄ_® LOk. WÖÏ uiˆQ „Ѩu"åi
=^ŒÌ qO\˜|^ŒÌ, Hͺ\ò ÉÏÖò LO_ç f~°`å~Ú.
WÖÏO\˜ ã¨OKå~°∞Å JO^Œi =^ŒÌ É’#∞Å∞ LOK«∞‰õΩO\Ï~°∞. y^ŒÅ Ì ∂~°∞,
=∂~å¯Ñ¨Ù~°O Ѩiã¨~åÖ’¡ uiˆQ H˘O_» ~åAÅ∞ K≥@¡ g∞^Œ L_»`«efl Ѩ@ì\ÏxH˜
51
lÑ‘ûÅ∞
=ÚO^Œ∞QÍ K≥@∞ì "≥Ú^ŒÅ∞ K«∞@∂ì`å =ŠѨ#∞fl`å~°∞. JѨC_»∞ K≥@¡ g∞^Œ
L_»`«efl ~åà◊¡`À H˘@ìQÍ<Õ Jq áêiáÈ=\ÏxH˜ kyáÈÜÕ∞ ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’ =Ö’¡
z‰õΩ¯‰õΩO\Ï~Ú.
"åiH˜ x`«ºO KÕuÖ’ ÉÏ}O Hõ„~° LO_ç f~åeûO^Õ. ^•iÖ’ U Ñ≤\’ì,
HÍHÀ Z^Œ∞Ô~·`Õ P~ÀA ‰õÄ~°H˜ ^˘iH˜#>Ë¡. P Ü«∂„`«Ö’ <Õ#∞ lÑ‘ûÅ∞, ã¨OKå~°∞Å
QÆ∞iOz XHõ Hõ~°Ñ¨„`åxfl `«Ü«∂~°∞ KÕã≤ JO^ŒiH© ѨOK«∞`«∂ "≥àϧ#∞.
P Ü«∂„`« ѨÓ~°ÎÜ«∂ºHõ <Õ#∞ HÍ=e ѨHõ¯# X@∂ì~°∞ J<Õ ã¨=Ú„^Œ f~°
„QÍ=∞OÖ’x Ñ¨Öˇ¡HÍ~°∞Å ‰õΩ@∞O|O`À Hõeã≤ Ѩk ~ÀAÅ∞ QÆ_çáê#∞.
Jq áœ~°‚q∞ ~ÀAÅ∞. ZO_®HÍÅO. „Ѩu~ÀE "≥<≥flÖË. <å ™ê=∂#∞
JO`å XHõ WO\˜ =ÚO^Œ∞ L#fl K≥@∞ìH˘=∞‡ÅH˜ `«yeOKå#∞. Wã¨∞Hõ<Õ kO_»∞QÍ
KÕã¨∞H˘x Ѩ_»∞‰õΩ<Õ"å}˜‚. ZO`À=∞Ok q∞„`«∞Å∞ `«Ü«∂~°Ü«∂º~°∞. Ѩã¨∞Ѩ٠~°OQÆ∞H˜
u~°∞QÆ∞`«∞#fl K«O^Œ=∂=∞x K«∂ã≤#ѨC_»∞, Jk K«∞Hõ¯Å ѨÙ=ÙfiÅ #∞O_ç
¿ãHõiOz# ѨÙá⁄Ê_ç ‰õΩÑ¨Ê =∂kiQÍ HõxÑ≤OKÕk.
ã¨=Ú„^ŒOÖ’ "Õ@H˜ "≥à◊§@O, |H˜OQ∑Ǩ"£∞ ÔH<åÖòÖ’ D`«H˘@ì@O,
zѨÊÖË\˜Ö’ Ñ‘`«Å∞ Ѩ@ì_»O ~ÀE J^Õ Ñ¨x. Jq ZO`À =∞^èŒ∞~°"≥∞ÿ# ~ÀAÅ∞.
P „Ѩ^âÕ ßxH˜ <å‰õÄ U^À ¿ãflÇϨ ã¨O|O^èOŒ ‰õΩkiáÈ~ÚOk. WHõ¯_» L#fl ѨÖH¡ˇ Í~°∞Ö’¡
H˘O^Œ~°∞ =∞øÖÏe, MÏ^Œ~ü=b J<Õ =Úã≤¡O ¿Ñ~°∞¡ ÃÑ@∞ìH˘<åfl~°∞. ã¨=Ú„^Œf~°OÖ’
#QÆ∂~ü g∞~å ™êÃÇÏÉò J<Õ =Úã≤¡O ^Õ=Ù_çH˜ *ˇO_®Å∞ xÅɡ>Ëì JÅ"å@∞ XHõѨC_»∞
LO_Õk. JHõ¯_ç `å\˜`ÀѨÙÖ’¡ Zyˆ~ `å\ωõΩ Ñ≤@ìefl, h\˜ HÍÅ=ŠѨHõ¯#
uiˆQ ÉÁe¡HÀà◊§x ZO`À W+¨ìѨ_®¤#∞. P^èŒ∞xHõ`«‰õΩ ^Œ∂~°OQÍ áêiáÈ^•=∞#∞H˘#fl
52
 =∞#^Õâ◊OÖ’ lÑ‘ûÅ∞
<å‰õ Ω J=hfl T~° @ Hõ e yOz LO\Ï~Ú. J^Õ <Õ # ∞ KÕ ~ ° ∞ H˘#fl 㨠fi ~° æ O
JxÑ≤OzOk.
„QÍ=∂Ö’¡ HõxÑ≤OKÕ ã¨OKå~°∞Ö’¡ L^ŒÜ«∂<Õfl áê_»∞‰õΩO@∂ =KÕÛ
ǨÏi^•ã¨∞Å∞, t=bÅÅ∞ K≥ѨC‰õΩO@∂ uiˆQ [OQÆ=∞"å~°∞, =∞O@ "Õã≤ ~åà◊√§
ѨQÆ∞ÅQ˘>Ëì |O_ç =_≥¤~°"å~°∂, áê=ÚÅ∞ Ѩ\˜ì J=Ú‡H˘<Õ ÃÑkÌO\˜ Q˘Å¡Å∞,
K≥Hõ¯Ñ¨xÖ’ „áêg}ºO QÆÅ =∂+≤ìx "å~°∞ =ÚY∞ºÅ∞. WÖÏO\˜ "å~°O^Œ~°∂
™ê÷xHõOQÍ XHõ Tà’§<Õ LO@∂ Ѩiã¨~åÖ’¡ u~°∞QÆ∞`«∞O\Ï~°∞.
WÖÏO\˜ "åiÖ’ H˘O^Œ~∞° z„`«HÍ~°∞Å∞ ‰õÄ_® L<åfl~∞° . g~°∞ L`«~Î åO„^èŒ
„áêO`«OÖ’ HõxÑ≤™êÎ~°∞. "å~°∞ ™êÜ«∞O„`åxHõÖÏ¡ XHõ „QÍ=∞O KÕ~°∞H˘x JHõ¯_»
<ÕÅO`å â◊√„ÉèíѨiz ÉÁQÆ∞æ, ã¨∞#flO`À ÉÁ=∞‡Å∞ "Õ™êÎ~°∞. "å\˜Ö’ hu^•Ü«∞Hõ"≥∞ÿ#"Õ
Z‰õΩ¯=. Jq ѨOK«`«O„`åxfl áÈe LO\Ï~Ú. ÉÁ=∞‡Å ѨHõ¯# hu"åHͺÅ∞
~å™êÎ~°∞. '‰õΩHõ¯H˜ Ѩh ÖË^Œ∞, f~°∞|_ô ÖË^Œ∞— J<Õ ÉÁ=∞‡ "å\˜Ö’¡ XHõ\˜. '™È=∞iQÍ
LO_»=^Œ∞Ì – Hõ+¨ìѨ_»O_ç— J<Õk "å~°∞ K≥¿ÑÊ ã¨O^Õâ◊O.
=∞# Ѩiã¨~åÖ’¡ LO_Õ WÖÏO\˜ "åi QÆ∞iOz H˘OK≥O ã¨=∂Kå~°O
ã¨OáêkOKåHõ =∞# ^Õâ◊OÖ’x W`«~° ~å¢ëêìÖ’¡ uiˆQ "åi QÆ∞iOz `≥Å∞ã¨∞
HÀ"åÅ#∞‰õΩ<åfl#∞.
™ê^è•~°}OQÍ D ã¨OKå~°∞ÅO^Œ~°∂ `«=∞ =^ŒÌ L#fl â◊H˜Î ™ê=∞~åúºÅ∞,
`≥eq, =∂@Å∞ „Ѩ[ÅH˜ K«∂Ñ≤Oz "åi "≥∞ѨCá⁄Ok á⁄@ì QÆ_»∞ѨÙH˘O\Ï~°∞.
Ô~·`«∞Å∞ ѨO@x J=Ú‡H˘#fl@∞¡QÍ gà◊√§ `«=∞ Hõà◊x, q^Œºx PǨ~°O HÀã¨O
J=Ú‡H˘O\Ï~°∞.
=∞# ѨHõ¯#∞#fl Hõ~åfl@Hõ ~åROÖ’ WÖÏO\˜ "åix W`«~° ã¨OKå~°∞efl
HõeÑ≤ 'u~°∞QÍ_»∞=— JO@∞<åfl~∞° . Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ â‹=· =∞`åxH˜ ã¨O|OkèOz# aèHQ∆õ Íà◊√§
LO_Õ Hõ~åfl@HõÖ’ "å~°∞ |ã¨"Õâ◊fi~°∞_ç =K«<åÅ#∞ =Öˇ¡ "Õã¨∞ÎO\Ï~°∞. Ü«∞Hõ∆QÍ<åÅ∞
áê_Õ"å~°∞, `ÀÅ∞ÉÁ=∞‡Å∞ P_çOKÕ"å~°∞ ‰õÄ_® Z‰õΩ¯"Õ.
`«q∞à◊<å_»∞Ö’ '#_À_ç— JO\Ï~°∞ JHõ¯_ç ã¨OKå~° r=Ùefl. ˆH~°à◊Ö’
'ã¨O*ÏiÜ«∂— JO\Ï~°∞. F#OÖÏO\˜ ѨO_»∞QÆ k<åÅ∞ "åiH˜ =∞Oz ~ÀAÅ∞.
™ê÷xHõOQÍ LO_Õ 'J~å— J<Õ PÅÜ«∂Å =^ŒÌ aèHõ∆QÍà◊√§ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ LO\Ï~°∞.
'LÖÏ¡^èŒ<£— J#|_Õ u~°∞QÆ∞É’`«∞Å∞ ‰õÄ_® ˆH~°à◊Ö’ L<åfl~°∞.
53
lÑ‘ûÅ∞
L`«Î~° Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂™ê÷<£Ö’ QÆ∞_®~åÅ∞ <≥uÎ# ÃÑ@∞ìH˘x ÖË^• QÍ_ç^ŒÅ
g∞^Œ "Õã¨∞H˘x „QÍ=∂Å∞ u~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ LO_Õ "åix 'Y<å|^À+π— (Éèí∞[O g∞^Œ
WÅ∞¡) JO\Ï~°∞. ã¨O™ê~å#flO`å <≥uÎÔH`«∞ÎH˘x ZHõ¯_çÔH·<å U Hõ∆}OÖ’<≥·<å
„Ѩܫ∂}˜OK«QÆÅ~°∞ HÍ|>Ëì "åiH˜ P ¿Ñ~°∞ =zÛOk.
HÍj‡~üÖ’x '|Hõ~å"åÖÏ— *Ïu"å~°∞ ÃÑ^ŒÌ u~°∞QÆ∞É’`«∞Å∞. "åi rq`«O
JO`å H˘O_» K«iÜ«∞ʼnõΩ, ã¨O`«Å‰õΩ =∞^茺֒<Õ QÆ_çzáÈ`«∞Ok. Ç≤Ï=∂K«Öò
„Ѩ^ÕâòÖ’ LO_Õ 'QÆ_礗 J<Õ "Õ∞HõÅ HÍѨ~°∞Å∞ ‰õÄ_® 15"ÕÅ J_»∞QÆ∞Å∞ Z`«∞ΉõΩ
`«‰õΩ¯= H͉õΩO_® LO_Õ H˘O_»„áêO`åÖ’¡ u~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ LO\Ï~°∞.
=∞Ǩ~åRÖ’x ã¨OKå~°∞efl 'Éèí@H±<å~å— Jx Ñ≤Å∞ã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. g~°∞
Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ <å"£∞^Õ"£, `«∞HÍ~åO, *Ï˝<Õâ◊fi~üÖÏO\˜ 'ã¨O`ü— Hõ=ÙÅ `«`åÎfiÅ∞ áê_»∞`«∂
aèH∆Í@# KÕã¨∞ÎO\Ï~°∞. JHõ¯_» LO_Õ 'H˘ÖÏ›f— J<Õ ‰õΩÅO "å~°∞ T~°∂~å uiy
<å@ºO KÕã¨∂Î r=#O QÆ_»∞ѨÙ`å~°∞. gà◊√§ KÕ¿ã <å@ºO ¿Ñ~°∞ ÖÏ=h. x*ÏxH˜
gà◊√§ ~å[™ê÷<£#∞Oz =Å㨠=zÛ# ã¨OKå~°∞Å∞. 'ˆH"å`ü— J<Õ ‰õΩÅO "å~°∞
„QÍ=∂Ö’¡ QÀ<≥ ã¨OK«∞Å∞ <Õã¨∞ÎO\Ï~°∞. 'Jâ◊fiÖò"åÖÏ— J<Õ "å~°∞ =∞Ǩ~åRÖ’
ZÅ∞QÆ∞|O@¡x P_çã¨∞ÎO\Ï~°∞. +≤`«∂~å J<Õ Ç¨Ïã¨ÎHõàÏHÍ~°∞Å∞ Xi™êûÖ’ uiˆQ
XHõ ã¨OKå~° *Ïu.
=∞^茺„Ѩ^ÕâòÖ’ ã¨OKå~°∞efl Éèí„\© Jx JO\Ï~°∞. `≥Å∞QÆ∞Ö’ Éèí„\ÏAÅH©
giH˜ áÈeHõÅ∞ LO_»=K«∞Û#∞.
ѨO*ÏÉòÖ’ J~Ú`Õ 'Ѷ¨v"åãπ— JO\Ï~°∞ ã¨OKå~°∞efl. H˘xflKÀ@¡ '*’\ò—
Jx Ñ≤Å∞™êÎ~°∞.
Ãã"≥<£ ã≤ã¨ì~üûQÍ Ñ≤Å=|_Õ <å~üÎDãπì „áêO`åÖˇ·# J™êû"£∞, "Õ∞Ѷ¨∂ÅÜ«∞,
<åQÍÖÏO_£, ~å¢ëêìÖ’¡ gix 'FѶ¨∞’~ü— Jx Ñ≤Å∞™êÎ~°∞.
ɡOQÍÖòÖ’ 'ÉèÏÖò— J<Õ ã¨OKå~°∞Å∞ `«`«Îfiw`åÅ∞ áê_»∞H˘O@∂
„QÍ=∂Å∞ u~°∞QÆ∞`«∞O\Ï~°∞. "åiH˜ XHõ „Ѩ`ÕºHõ"≥∞ÿ# ã¨O㨯$u, PKå~åÅ∞
L<åfl~Ú. D ~åROÖ’ <åÅ∞QÆ∞ ~°HÍÖˇ·# ã¨OKå~°∞Å∞ L<åfl~°∞. *Ï*ò"å~å,
ÉèË_ç, ÉÏrQÆ~ü, ÉÏÉÏѶ¨∞ˆ~. "åi Ѩxx |\˜ì ‰õÄ_® "åi ¿Ñ~°∞¡ =∂iáÈ`«∞<åfl~Ú.
lÑ‘ûʼnõΩ ѨÙ\˜ìÅ∞¡ J~Ú# ~å[™ê÷<£Ö’ gix =<£=„wãπ, "åQÆ~å, ֒Ǩ~ü,
QÍ_çÜ«∂ ֒Ǩ~ü, ~°ÉÏs, =∞^•s Jx =$`«∞ÎÅ#∞ |\˜ì J<ÕHõ ~°HÍÅ∞QÍ
54
 =∞#^Õâ◊OÖ’ lÑ‘ûÅ∞
Ñ≤Å∞ã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞.
QÆ^Œ∂eÜ«∂ ֒Ǩ~ü (Gadulia Lohar) J<Õ ã¨OKå~° *Ïu"å~°∞
~å[™ê÷<£Ö’ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ HõxÑ≤™êÎ~°∞. PO„^è•Ö’ JѨC_»Ñ¨C_»∞ HõxÑ≤OKÕ |Ü«∞@
Hõ=∞‡i "åi`À ֒Ǩ~üÅH˜ áÈeHõÅ∞ L<åfl~Ú. ~å[™ê÷<£Ö’ x`«ºO HõxÑ≤OKÕ
QÆ^Œ∂eÜ«∂ ÖËHõ QÍ_çÜ«∂ ֒Ǩ~ü "åˆ~ x["≥∞ÿ# lÑ‘ûÅ∞.
֒Ǩ~ü JO>Ë W#∞=Ú`À ѨxKÕ¿ã"å~°∞. XHõѨC_»∞ gà◊√§ ~å[Ѩل`«
~åAÅH˜ PÜ«Ú^è•Å∞ `«Ü«∂~°∞ KÕ¿ã"å~°∞. z`ÀÎ_£QÆ_è£ "åi x"åã¨O. „H©ã¨∞Îâ◊HõO
1568 Ѷ≤„|=iÖ’ "≥ÚѶ¨∞Öò áê^Œ∞ëê JHõƒ~ü z`ÀÎ_£QÆ_è£ HÀ@x =Ú@ì_çOz#ѨC_»∞
D ֒Ǩ~ü ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏÅ "å~°∞ XHõ ~°Ç¨Ï㨺 =∂~°æO ^•fi~å `«Ñ≤ÊOK«∞H˘x
áêiáÈÜ«∂~°∞. JѨÊ\˜ #∞O_ô "åi ‰õΩÅ=$uÎx =^ŒÅ‰õΩO_® Hõ+¨ìѨ_ç Ѩx KÕã¨∞‰õΩ
rqã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. qz„`«O Uq∞@O>Ë P<å_»∞ HÀ@ ^•\˜ |Ü«∞@H˜ =KÕÛ@ѨC_»∞
"å~°O^Œ~°∂ XHõ â◊Ѩ^èŒO KÕã¨∞H˘<åfl~°∞. ^•x „ѨHÍ~°O "å~°∞ S^Œ∞ xÜ«∞=∂Å#∞
áê\˜OKåeû LOk.
1. ZѨC_»∂ ã≤÷~°x"åã¨O U~°Ê~°K«∞HÀQÆ∂_»^Œ∞.
2. `«=∞ x"å™êÖ’¡ nѨO "≥eyOK«‰õÄ_»^Œ∞.
3. ÉÏq h~°∞ `À_»\ÏxH˜ `å_»∞ LѨÜ≥∂yOK«‰õÄ_»^Œ∞.
4. =∞OKåefl fã¨∞ÔHàı§@ѨC_»∞ HÀà◊§x ÃÑ·ÔHuÎ LOKåe JO>Ë "≥e¡H˜O`«Å∞QÍ
LOKåe.
5. z`ÀÎ_£QÆ_è£ HÀ@H˜ q=ÚH˜Î ^˘iˆH^•HÍ P KèåÜ«∞ÅH˜ "≥à◊§‰õÄ_»^Œ∞.
JO^Œ∞=Å# D<å\˜H© "å~°∞ `«=∞ „Ѩu[˝x HÍáê_»∞‰õΩO@∂ P
Ѩiã¨~åÖ’¡<Õ ã¨OKå~°O KÕã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞ HÍh ã≤÷~°x"åã¨O U~°Ê~°K«∞HÀÖË^Œ∞.
55
lÑ‘ûÅ∞
֒Ǩ~ü "åi *Ï#Ѩ^ŒQÍ^èŒ „ѨHÍ~°O `«∞OH© =∞Ǩ~å*ò J<Õ XHõ ֒Ǩ~ü
ÉèÏ~°º ¿Ñ~°∞ ã¨∞[h. P"≥∞H˜ áê~°fif^Õq „Ѩ`«ºHõ∆"≥∞ÿ ã¨∞uÎ, Ѩ@∞ìHÍ~°∞, W#∞Ѩk=∞‡
|Ǩï=∞uQÍ WzÛO^Œ@. JѨÊ\˜H˜ "å~°∞ HÀ@x =kÖËã≤ MÏmQÍ u~°∞QÆ∞`«∞#flO^Œ∞
=Å# "å\˜ ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞O`À =∞~°ÖÏ "åi Ѩx H˘#™êyOKå~°∞. =º=™êÜ«∞
Ѩx=Ú@∞¡ `«Ü«∂~°∞ KÕã¨∂Î rq`«O "≥à◊§|∞K«∞Û`«∞#fl D ֒Ǩ~üŠѨx`«#O
JO^ŒiH© #zÛOk HÍ|\˜ì P =$uÎ<Õ H˘#™êyOKå~°∞.
D ֒Ǩ~üŠѨiã≤÷`«∞Å∞, "åi rq`«QÍ^èŒx `≥Å∞ã¨∞‰õΩ#fl <å\˜ ÉèÏ~°`«
„Ѩ^è•x [=ǨÏ~üÖÏÖò <≥„Ǩ˙ 1955= ã¨OIIÖ’ "åi#O^Œix XHõKÀ@ ã≤÷~°OQÍ
LOKåÅx f~å‡xOKå_»∞. JO^Œ∞=Å# "åiÖ’ H˘O^Œ~°∞ „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO WzÛ#
_»|∞ƒ`À z`ÀÎ_£QÆ_è£ "≥o¡ JHõ¯_» WÅ∂¡, "åH˜e U~°Ê~°K«∞H˘<åfl~°∞.
HÍh D ֒Ǩ~üÅ∞ JѨCÅ∞ KÕÜ«∞=Åã≤ =ã¨∞ÎOk. JO^Œ∞=Å# "åiH˜
ÉÏ^èŒÅ∞ Z‰õΩ¯"≥· "åi |O_ç, Z^Œ∞ÌÅ∞, J=Ú‡H˘x ÉÏH©Å∞ fiÛ"Õã≤ =∞~°ÖÏ
Ü«∞^è•qkèQÍ ~À_»∞¤ g∞^ŒH˜ =zÛ, Ô~·`«∞ÅH˜ Ѩx=Ú@∞¡ `«Ü«∂~°∞ KÕÜ«∞@O "≥Ú^ŒÅ∞
ÃÑ_»`å~°∞.
`å=Ú KÕã≤# „Ѩu[˝x áê\˜OK«ÖËx HÍ~°}OQÍ "åi ‰õΩÅ^Õ=`«
'J~Ú–ÖËKèå— âßѨO ÃÑ\˜ìO^Œx JO^Œ∞ˆH ã≤÷~°OQÍ LO_ÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ „Ѩܫ∞uflOz#
"å~°∞ ‰õÄ_® =∞~°ÖÏ ~À_»∞¤g∞^ŒˆH KÕ~°∞H˘<åfl~°x JO\Ï~°∞. "åÔ~ѨC_»∂ ã¨QÆO
PHõe`À<Õ x„^ŒáÈ`å~°∞. ã¨QÆO x„^Õ LO@∞Ok. ^•x<Õ '~å`ü[QÍ— JO\Ï~°∞.
=Úã≤¡O ^ŒO_»Ü«∂„`«ÖË gi Ѩ`«<åxH˜ HÍ~°}O HÍ|\˜ì "åix ^Õfi+≤™êÎ~°∞. "åi
â◊Ѩ^è•xfl =∂„`«O D<å\˜H© HÍáê_»∞H˘O@∞<åfl~°∞.
56
 =∞#^Õâ◊OÖ’ lÑ‘ûÅ∞
x["≥∞ÿ# lÑ‘û ѨÙ\˜ìÅ∞¡ WO_çÜ«∂. J~Ú<å =∞#^Õâ◊OÖ’ lÑ‘ûÅ∞ HÍx
"åà◊√§ ‰õÄ_® KåÖÏ=∞Ok ã¨OKå~åÅ∞ KÕã¨∂Î LO\Ï~°∞. WÖÏ uiˆQ"å~°∞
„ѨѨOK«^ÕâßÖ’¡ KåÖÏ=∞Ok KåÖÏ KÀ@¡ L<åfl~°∞.
|O*Ï~å J<Õ `≥QÆ "å~°∞ L`«Î~° WO_çÜ«∂Ö’ =º=™êÜ«∞ ã¨O|O^èŒ"≥∞ÿ#
Ѩ#∞Å∞ KÕã¨∂Î u~°∞QÆ∞`«∞O\Ï~°∞. "åi ¢ã‘ÎÅ∞, Ñ≤Å¡Å∞ P=ÙÅ g∞^Œ „Ѩܫ∂}ÏÅ∞
KÕ™êÎ~°∞. "å\˜x ~°"å}Ï HÀã¨O ‰õÄ_® LѨÜ≥∂y™êÎ~°∞.
^è•#ºÑ¨Ù yO[Å #∂iÊà◊§ ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’ "åix Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ Ñ¨xÖ’H˜
fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï~°∞. "å~°∞ á⁄ÖÏÖ’¡<Õ H˘\ÏìÅ∞, QÆ∞_®~åÅ∞ "Õã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï~°∞.
Ô~·`«∞ =^ŒÌ ZO`À #=∞‡HõOQÍ Ñ¨xKÕ™êÎ~°∞ HÍ|>Ëì "åiH˜ P Ô~·`«∞, _»|∞ƒ`À áê@∞QÍ
H˘O`« ^è•<åºxfl Lz`«OQÍ W™êÎ_»∞. =∞~°∞ã¨\˜ ã¨O=`«û~°O ‰õÄ_® J^Õ Ô~·`«∞ =^ŒÌ
"å~°∞ ѨxKÕ™êÎ~°∞. =∞Oz ÉÏ@ HõxÑ≤¿ãÎ KåÅ∞, ÃÑ·~°QÍÖ’¡ „Ѩܫ∂}ÏÅH˜
ã≤^Œú=∞=Ù`å~°∞, Z^Œ∞ÌÅ |à◊§ g∞^Œ.
gix ÅOÉÏ_ôÅ∞, ã¨∞QÍbÅ∞ Jx ‰õÄ_® JO\Ï~°∞. =#K«~° JO>Ë
=<åÖ’¡ ã¨OK«iOKÕ"å~°∞, J_»=ÙÖ’¡ uiˆQ"å~°∞ J<Õ J~°úO. Jk |#K«~° J<Õ
Ѩ^ŒOQÍ =∂i z=iH˜ |O[~å J~ÚOk. Ѩâ◊√=ÙÅx ÃÑOK«@OÖ’ giH˜ ™ê\˜
=∞Ô~=fi~°∂ ÖË~°∞. ^ŒH˜∆} WO_çÜ«∂Ö’ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ LO\Ï~°∞ D |O*Ï~å
ã¨OKå~°∞Å∞.
"≥ÚQÆÖÏ~Ú Ñ¨iáêÅ#Ö’ ÅOÉÏ_ôÅ∞ _èçb¡ #∞O_ç ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^£ =~°‰õÄ
|à◊§ g∞^Œ ^è•<åºÅ∞ `≥ã¨∂Î uiˆQ"å~°∞. `«O_®Å∞QÍ U~°Ê_ç =~°ã¨QÍ Ñ¨k, W~°"≥·
|à◊√§ Hõ@∞ìH˘x ~åHõáÈHõÅ∞ ™êyOKÕ"å~°∞.
57
lÑ‘ûÅ∞
~å[™ê÷<£Ö’x HõÖòÉËeÜ«∂ J<Õ ã¨OKå~° *Ïux ‰õÄ_® x["≥∞ÿ# lÑ‘ûÅ
ѨÓsfi‰õΩÅ∞QÍ QÆ∞iÎOKå~°∞. gik áê=ÚÅ∞ Ѩ>Ëì *Ïu. gà◊√§ uiˆQk Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ
L`«Î~° ÉèÏ~°`«^Õâ◊OÖ’. áê=Úefl Ѩ@∞ìHÀ=@O, "å\˜x P_çã¨∂Î |*Ï~°¡ "≥O@
u~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ =∞O^Œ∞Å∂, =∂‰õΩÅ∂ J=Ú‡HÀ=@O "åi „Ѩ^è•# =$uÎ. WÖÏO\˜
ã¨OKå~° r=ÙÅ∞ „H©ã¨∞ÎѨÓ~°fiO 700 ã¨OII <å\˜ˆH „w‰õΩ ^Õâ◊O =~°‰õÄ "≥o¡áÈÜ«∂~°∞.
z„`« qz„`« q^ŒºÅ∞ K«∂Ñ≤ã¨∂Î á⁄@ì áÈã¨∞H˘<Õ"åiH˜ ZHõ¯_≥·`Õ UO?
~å[™ê÷<£Ö’ ÅOÉÏ_ôÅ∞ ‰õÄ_® L<åfl~°∞. "åi`Àáê@∞QÍ Q˘=∞‡\˜,
HõO[i, ɡ·QÍ ÖÏO\˜ L`«Î~° WO_çÜ«∂ ã¨OKå~°∞Å∞ ‰õÄ_® HõxÑ≤™êÎ~°∞. P~°›QÍ~ü
J<Õ =Úã≤¡O ã¨OKå~°∞Å∞ WO_À–áêH˜™êÎ<£ ã¨iǨÏ^Œ∞ÌÖ’¡ u~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ LO\Ï~°∞.
D ã¨OKå~°∞ÅO^Œ~°∂ "åiH˜ q∞~åã‘ L#fl „QÍ=∂Å QÆ∞O_® „Ѩܫ∂}ÏÅ∞
KÕã¨∂Î JO^Œsfl ѨÅHõiã¨∂Î, =∞OzK≥_»¤Å∞ qKåiã¨∂Î ã¨=∂[OÖ’ =ã¨∞Î#fl qq^èŒ
~°HÍÅ =∂~°∞Êefl QÆ=∞xã¨∂Î ™êyáÈ`«∞O\Ï~°∞. =∞#H˜ x`«ºO HõxÊOKÕ qq^èŒ
=$`«∞ÎÅ "å~°∞ "åi KÕuÖ’ L#fl Ѩxx #=Ú‡H˘x rqã¨∂Î LO\Ï~°∞. H˘Ü«∞ºÑ¨x
KÕ¿ã"å~°∞, ÉÏ=ÙÅ∞ f¿ã"å~°∞, LѨÊi"å~°∞, `åg^Œ∞Å∞ J=Ú‡‰õΩ<Õ "å~°∞,
ã¨~°¯ãπ"å~°∞, "Õ@QÍà◊¥§, Hõ`«∞ÎÅ∞, ÉωõΩÅ∞ `«Ü«∂~°∞ KÕ¿ã"å~°∞, |∞@ìÅ∞
JÖË¡"å~°∞, `åà◊O HõѨÊÅ∞ ÉÏQÆ∞KÕ¿ã"å~°∞ gà◊§O^Œ~°∂ ã¨OKå~° r=ÙÖË. Ѩ_»=∞\˜
QÍeH˜ H˘@∞ì‰õΩáÈÜÕ∞ "˘QÆ∞_®‰õΩ =∂kiQÍ ZHõ¯_≥Hõ¯_çHÀ ZyiáÈ`«∞O\Ï~°∞. XHõ
kHõ¯O@∂ LO_»^Œ∞. W"åà◊ WHõ¯_» LO>Ë, ˆ~Ѩ٠=∞~˘Hõ KÀ@.
'J=∂‡~ÚH˜ ÃÑo§ KÕâß~å? ÃÑ^ŒÌÉσ~Ú =∂‰õΩ ѨѨÊ#flO ZѨC_»∞
ÃÑ_»`å_»∞? =Úã¨Å=∞‡ P~ÀQƺO ZÖÏ LOk? ѨO@Å∞ ZÖÏQÆ∞<åfl~Ú?— ÖÏO\˜
‰õΩâ◊Å „Ѩâ◊flÅ∞ J_»∞QÆ∞`«∂ „QÍg∞}∞Å Jaè=∂#O ã¨Oáêkã¨∂Î "åix =∞Oz
<Õ™êÎÅ∞QÍ =∞ÅK«∞H˘O@∞O\Ï~°∞ D ã¨OKå~°∞Å∞.
`≥eã≤# ^•iÖ’ J<ÕHõ ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏÅx HõÅ∞ã¨∞H˘O@∂ uiˆQ D
ã¨OKå~°∞efl HõkeáÈÜÕ∞ |∞∞`«∞=ÙÅ∞ Jx Ñ≤e¿ãÎ JO^ŒOQÍ LO@∞O^Õ"≥∂!
áê_»∞‰õΩO@∂ uiˆQ "åi HÀã¨O ÉÏ@Å∞ ‰õÄ_® Z^Œ∞~°∞ K«∂™êÎ~Ú. P ÉÏ@Å∞
"åix „QÍ=∂ÅH˜ fã¨∞ÔHà◊`å~Ú. P „QÍ=∂ÖË "åiH˜ ã¨fi~°æѨ٠֒yà◊√§. ѨO@KÕÅ
Ѩi=∞à◊O ÖÏO\˜ gi HÀã¨O JO^Œ~°∂ Z^Œ∞~°∞ K«∂ã¨∞ÎO\Ï~°∞.
ã¨Ô~·# |∞∞`«∞=Ù =KÕÛã¨iH˜ HÀH˜Å áê@Å∞ JO^Œ∞H˘#fl@∞¡QÍ, Ѩà◊§
58
 =∞#^Õâ◊OÖ’ lÑ‘ûÅ∞
`À@Å∞ HõxÑ≤OK«QÍ<Õ Ñ¨‰õ∆ΩÅH˜ Ѩ@ì~åx P#O^ŒO Hõey#@∞¡QÍ, QÆ∞ÅHõ~åà◊√§
Q˘O`«∞# Ѩ_»QÍ<Õ ÃãÅÜÕ∞~°∞ áê@Å∞ <ÕiÛ#@∞¡QÍ, HÍeÉÏ@ HõxÑ≤¿ãÎ KåÅ∞†
„Ѩܫ∂}ÏÅH˜ ã≤^Œú=∞=Ù`å~°∞† D ã¨OKå~°∞Å∞.
„ѨѨOK«O KåÖÏ ÃÑ^ŒÌk. KåÖÏ ^ÕâßÅ∞ L<åfl~Ú. PÜ«∂ ^ÕâßÖ’¡
‰õÄ_® ã¨OKå~°∞Å∞, Ѩâ◊√=ÙÅ HÍѨ~°∞¡ L<åfl~°∞. =∞# Ѩiã¨~åÖ’¡x ã¨OKå~°∞Å
QÆ∞iOz, =∞#^Õâ◊OÖ’ uiˆQ "åi QÆ∞iOp `≥Å∞ã¨∞‰õΩ#flO`« =∂„`å# <åÖ’x
ã¨OKåi `«$Ñ≤ÎѨ_»ÖË^Œ∞. gÖˇ·#O`« Z‰õΩ¯==∞Okx QÆ∞iOz `≥Å∞ã¨∞HÀ"åe.
gÅ∞O>Ë "åi`À Hõeã≤áÈ"åe. "åi QÆ∞iOz ~åÜ«∂e. "åi `«~°Ñ¶¨Ù# =∂\Ï¡_®e.
W^Õ <å ^•i.
59
lÑ‘ûÅ∞
8
Ѩâ◊√=ÙÅ HÍѨ~°∞Å r=#O
ã¨OKå~°O KÕã¨∞Î#fl "åix WOw¡+¨µÖ’ Wanderer Jx Ñ≤Å∞™êÎ~°∞.
Ѩâ◊√=Ùefl HÍã¨∂Î, "å\˜ g∞^Œ<Õ P^è•~°Ñ¨_ç „|uˆH"åix Nomad Jx "≥Ú^Œ@QÍ
„w‰õΩÅ∞ J<åfl~°∞. JO^Œ∞=Å# „ѨѨOK« "åºÑ¨ÎOQÍ L#fl Ѩâ◊√áêʼnõΩefl '<À=∂_£û—
JO@∞<åfl~°∞. HÍÅ„Hõ"Õ∞}Ï ZÖÏO\˜ ã≤÷~°x"åã¨O ÖˉõΩO_® uiˆQ „Ѩu"åih
'<À=∂_£— J#@O JÅ"å>ˇÿOk. Ѩâ◊√=ÙÅ HÍѨ~°∞Å∞ `å=Ú uiˆQO^Œ∞‰õΩ `«y#
=ã¨`«∞Å∞ ZHõ¯_ç =~°‰õÄ LO\ÏÜ≥∂ JO`«=~°ˆH "≥o§ =∞~°ÖÏ `«=∞ ™⁄O`«
Éèí∂=ÚÅH˜ KÕ~°∞‰õΩO\Ï~°∞. D <À=∂_çH± rq`«O J#∞ÉèíqOKÕ "åi =Å# „ѨѨOK«
K«i„`«Ö’ Z<Àfl =∂~°∞ÊÅ∞ [iQÍ~Ú. giH˜ Éè∫QÀoHõ Ѩiã≤÷`«∞Å∞, =º=™êÜ«∂xH˜
ѨxH˜ =KÕÛ Éèí∂=ÚÅ∞, h\˜ =ã¨`«∞Å∞, W`«~° [#"å™êÅ QÆ∞iOz KåÖÏ
q+¨Ü«∂Å∞ `≥eÜ«∞@"Õ∞ ^•xH˜ =ÚYº HÍ~°}O.
ÉèÏ~°`«^ÕâßxH˜ „H©IIѨÓII =¸_»∞ "ÕÅ ã¨O=`«û~åÅ <å_»∞ =zÛ# P~°∞ºÅ∞
=∞^茺 Pã≤Ü«∂Ö’ u~°∞QÆ∞É’`«∞Å∞. Ѩâ◊√=Ùefl `ÀÅ∞H˘O@∂ rqOKå~°∞. ZHõ¯_»
ѨzÛHõ, =∞Oz "å`å=~°}O `«yÖËÎ JHõ¯_çH˜ `«~°eáÈÜÕ∞"å~°∞. `«=∞ ~°Hõ∆} HÀã¨O
Hõ`«∞ÎÅ∞ Ѩ@∞ìH˘x uiˆQ"å~°∞. "åi Ѩâ◊√ã¨OѨ^Œ, "Õ∞HõÅ∞ "åi Pã≤Î. "ÕQÆOQÍ
^Œ∂~åÅ∞ "≥à◊§\ÏxH˜ QÆ∞„~åÅ∞ LѨÜ≥∂yOKå~°∞. JÖÏO\˜ Ѩiã≤÷`«∞Ö’¡ ã≤O^èŒ∂#n
Ö’Ü«∞Ö’x ѨzÛHõ "≥∞ÿ^•<åÅ QÆ∞iOz qx, ã¨fiÜ«∞OQÍ `≥Å∞ã¨∞H˘x „ѨâßO`«OQÍ
rqã¨∞Î#fl JHõ¯_ç „Ñ¨[efl F_çOz =∞Ǩ *Ï#Ѩ^•Å#∞ xi‡OKå~°∞. „Hõ=∞OQÍ
J<ÕHõ *Ï`«∞efl ÔQÅ∞Û‰õΩO@∂ *Ï˝<åxfl ã¨Oáêkã¨∂Î ã¨O㨯$u, <åQÆiHõ`«Å "åºÑ≤ÎH˜
^ÀǨÏ^ŒO KÕã¨∂Î ã≤O^èŒ∂#n f~°O #∞O_ç QÆOQÍf~°O =~°‰õÄ "åºÑ≤OKå~°∞.
<À=∂_£û Jx Ñ≤Å=|_Õ"åiÖ’ =ÚYºOQÍ =¸_»∞ ~°HÍÅ "å~°∞
L<åfl~°∞. g~°O^Œ~°∂ u~°∞QÆ∞É’`«∞ rq`åxH˜ JÅ"å@∞ Ѩ_ç#"åˆ~.
"≥Ú^Œ\˜ ~°HõOÖ’ PǨ~°O HÀã¨O x`«ºO "≥^Œ∞‰õΩ¯<Õ Ñ¨Ù~å`«# „ѨѨOKåxH˜
K≥Ok# "å~°∞ L<åfl~°∞. giÖ’ ѨÙ~°∞+¨µÅ∞ =∂O™êǨ~åxfl "Õ\Ï_ç fã¨∞H˘¿ãÎ,
60
 Ѩâ√◊ =ÙÅ HÍѨ~∞° Å r=#O
¢ã‘ÎÅ∞ âßMÏǨ~åxfl "≥kH˜, áÈQÆ∞ KÕã¨∞H˘x `≥™êÎ~°∞. "å\˜Ö’ ^Œ∞OѨÅ∞, Ѩà◊√§,
HÍÜ«∞Å∞ =ÚYº"≥∞ÿ#q. Wk Pk=∞ ^Œâ◊. D ^Œâ◊Ö’ =∞#∞+¨µÅ∞ QÆ∞OѨÙÅ∞QÍ
rqOKå~°∞.
Ô~O_»= ~°HõOÖ’x "åiH˜ Ѩâ◊√=ÙÅ∞ =ÚYº"≥∞ÿ# PǨ~° L`«ÊuÎ ™ê^èŒ#O.
|∞∞`«∞=ÙÅx |\˜ì XHõ Ѩ^Œúu „ѨHÍ~°OQÍ "åi r=<åxfl QÆ_»∞ѨÙH˘O@∞<åfl~°∞.
Pq^èŒOQÍ H˘xfl"ÕÅ ã¨O=`«û~åÅ áê@∞ ^ŒH˜∆} P¢Ñ¶≤HÍ #∞O_ç Ãã·ciÜ«∂ =~°‰õÄ
uiQÍ~°∞. ã≤÷~åã¨∞÷Å∞ "Õˆ~QÍ Ug ÖËHõáÈ~Ú# HÍ~°}OQÍ u~°QÆ\ÏxH˜ P@OHõO
HõÅQÆÖË^Œ∞. =∞OQÀeÜ«∂Ö’x „Ѩ[Å∞ H˘O^Œ~°∞ D<å\˜H© `«=∞ ѨÓsfi‰õΩÅ
u~°∞QÆ∞É’`«∞ ™êO„Ѩ^•Ü«∂xfl áê\˜ã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. ZO_®HÍÅOÖ’ Z`≥·Î# H˘O_»Å g∞^ŒH˜
"≥à◊`å~°∞. K«eHÍÅO ~åQÍ<Õ kQÆ∞=# L#fl "≥∞ÿ^•<åÖ’¡ u~°∞QÆ∞`å~°∞. "åiH˜
[O`«∞=ÙÅO>Ë ZO`À „¿Ñ=∞. áê™Èì~°eãπìû (Pastoralists) JO>Ë gàı§. `«=∞
ÉèÏ~°ºÅ HõO>Ë ‰õÄ_® `«=∞ Ѩâ◊√ã¨OѨ^Œ<Õ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ „¿Ñq∞™êÎ~°∞.
"åi u~°∞QÆ∞à◊√§ KåÖÏ^Œ∂~åÅ∞ "≥à◊`å~Ú HÍ|\˜ì H˘`«Î"åi`À =∞OzQÍ
LO_®e. HõÅã≤"≥∞Åã≤ LO_»\ÏxH˜ `«y# U~åÊ@∞ KÕã¨∞HÀ"åe. `«=∞ [O`«∞=ÙÅH˜
=KÕÛ [|∞ƒÅ#∞ #Ü«∞O KÕ¿ã Ѩ^Œú`«∞Å∞ `≥eã≤ LO_®e. h~°∞ ^˘~°Hõx KÀ@
K≥@¡ #∞O_ç h~°∞ fÜ«∞@O ‰õÄ_® `≥eã≤ LO_®e. â◊„`«∞=ÙÅx Z^Œ∞~À¯"åe,
#^Œ∞Å∞ ^•\Ïe. J_»=ÙÖ’¡ XO@iQÍ LO_»QÆÅQÍe. "≥ÚHõ¯Å QÆ∞iOz
`≥eÜ«∂e. ZO`À ^è≥·~°ºO LO>Ë<Õ HÍx W=hfl ‰õΩ^Œ~°=Ù. J_»q ÉÏ`«∞Å =∂kiQÍ,
PHÍâ◊OÖ’x "Õ∞Ѷ¨∂Å =∂kiQÍ =Åã¨Å∞ áÈ`«∞O\Ï~°∞ D Ѩâ◊√=ÙÅ HÍѨ~°∞Å∞.
'„ѨHõ$u X_çÖ’ rqOK«∞ – Ѩâ◊√ã¨OѨ^Œ#∞ ѨÓlOK«∞— J<Õ `«`«ÎfiO KåÖÏ
„áêp#"≥∞ÿ#^Õ. käÜ≥∂„H˜@ãπ J<Õ „áêp# „w‰õΩ Hõq ^•fi~å ™êÇ≤Ï`«º ~°OQƄѨ"Õâ◊O
KÕâß~°∞ D HÀ=‰õΩ K≥Ok# `«`«Îfi"Õ`«ÎÅ∞. P<å\˜ˆH Ѩâ◊√=ÙÅ HÍѨ~°∞Å rq`«O
61
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<åQÆs‰õΩefl ÉÏQÍ PHõ@∞ìH˘Ok. ÖÏ\˜<£ ÉèÏ+¨Ö’ áêã¨ì~ü (Pastor) JO>Ë Q˘„Ô~Å
HÍѨi Jx J~°úO. ~À=∞<£ Hõq =i˚Öò ‰õÄ_® D `«`åÎfixfl „ѨKå~°O KÕâß_»∞ `«#
~°K«#Ö’¡. ™êO㨯$uHõ ѨÙ#~°∞r˚=#O [iy# Ѩk¿ÇÏ#∞, Ѩ^ŒÇ¨~°∞ â◊`åÉÏÌÖ’¡
=∞~˘Hõ¯™êi WÖÏO\˜ Ѩâ◊√=ÙÅ HÍѨ~°∞Å rq`åÅ `åuÎfiHõ ^èÀ~°}˜ÃÑ· J=∞$`«=~å¬xfl
‰õΩiÑ≤OKå~°∞ Hõ=ÙÅ∞, z„`«HÍ~°∞Å∞. P `«~°"å`« W\ÏeÜ«∞<£, J"≥∞iHõ<£ Hõ=ÙÅ∞
‰õÄ_® "åi ~°K«#Ö’¡ „áêHõ$uHõ ™êÇ≤Ï`åºxH˜ „ѨKå~°O HõeÊOKå~°∞.
"åi ~°K«#Ö’¡x =º‰õΩÎÅ∞ „QÍ=∂Ö’¡ rqã¨∂Î, áê@Å∞ áê_»∞H˘O@∂
<åQÆiHõ`«‰õΩ ^Œ∂~°OQÍ LO\Ï~°∞. "åi Hõq`«Ö’¡x Ѩâ◊√=ÙÅ HÍѨ~°∞¡ ¿Ñ^Œ"å~°∞.
"å~°∞ "≥∞ÿ^•<åÖ’¡ Q˘„Ô~Å∞, "Õ∞HõÅ∞ HÍã¨∞ÎO\Ï~°∞. „¿Ñ=∞ w`åÅ∞ áê_»∞H˘O@∂
J=∂‡~Úefl „¿Ñq∞ã¨∞ÎO\Ï~°∞.
JO^ŒiH© `≥eã≤# Q˘Ñ¨Ê áê™Èì~°Öò Hõq ¿+H±ûÑ≤Ü«∞~ü J<Õ K≥áêÊe. As
you like it J<Õ `«# <å@HõOÖ’ "åà◊§ QÆ∞iOz J^Œ∞ƒù`«"≥∞ÿ# Hõq`«fiO K≥áêÊ_»∞.
~åAÅ∞ Ãã·`«O "åi qÖÏ™êÅ∞ =keÃÑ\˜ì „ѨHõ$u <Õˆ~Ê áê~îåÅ HÀã¨O H˘O_»Ö’¡H˜,
HÀ#Ö’¡H˜ KÕ~°∞H˘O\Ï~°∞. Hõ+¨ìѨ_ç <Õ~°∞ÛH˘#fl q^Œº =Å¡<Õ x["≥∞ÿ# P#O^ŒO
HõÅ∞QÆ∞`«∞O^Œx "å~°∞ `≥Å∞ã¨∞H˘O\Ï~°∞. JÖÏO\˜ ÉèÏ"åÅx Q˘Ñ¨ÊQÍ z„fHõiOz#
Hõq DÜ«∞<Õ Jx K≥ѨÊHõ `«Ñ¨Ê^Œ∞.
Z_»‡O_£ ÃãÊ#û~ü, JÖˇQÍ˚O_»~ü áÈÑπ, *Ï<£q∞Åì<£ Hõ=ÙÅ∞ ‰õÄ_® áê™Èì~°Öò
áÈ~Ú„\© ~åã≤# "åˆ~.
„ѨHõ$uH˜ ^ŒQÆæ~°"åfie, P~ÀQƺOQÍ u~°QÍe, ã¨O`À+¨OQÍ rqOKåe
J<Õ Hõ^• „Ѩu"å~°∞ HÀ~°∞H˘O\Ï~°∞.
c`À"≥<£ J<Õ „Ѩã≤^Œú [~°‡<£ ã¨Ow`«HÍ~°∞_»∞ ‰õÄ_® JÖÏO\˜ rq`åxH˜
J^ŒÌO Ѩ>Ëì 'áê™Èì~°Öò ã≤OѶ¨h— J<Õ ã¨Ow`åxfl ã¨fi~°Ñ¨~°∞™êÎ_»∞. JÖψQ P^èŒ∞xHõ
S~Àáê z„`«HÍ~°∞Öˇ·# q∞ÖË¡ (Millet), HÀ~À (Corot) ÖÏO\˜ "å~°∞ ‰õÄ_® Ys^≥·#
áêiãπ #QÆ~° rq`åxfl =^Œe ^Œ∂~°OQÍ LO_Õ 'ÉÏiƒ*Ï<£— J<Õ „QÍ=∂xH˜ "≥o§
JHõ¯_ç ѨÓi Wà◊§Ö’¡ x=ã≤Oz, P „QÍg∞}∞Å =º=™êÜ«∞ rq`åxfl KåÖÏ
Q˘Ñ¨ÊQÍ z„uOKå~°∞. ZO`À P#O^ŒÑ¨_®¤~°∞.
JÖψQ ™È=∞~üÃã\ò =∂"£∞ J<Õ „ѨMϺ`« „a\©+π ~°K«~Ú`« `å#∞
ã¨$+≤ìOz# áê„`«Å KÕ`« „ѨHõ$uÖ’H˜ „Ѩܫ∂}O KÕ~Úã¨∞ÎO\Ï_»∞. `å#∞ ‰õÄ_®
62
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„Ѩܫ∂}©‰õΩ_Õ. J`«_»∞ WO_çÜ«∂H˜ =zÛ ~°=∞} =∞ǨÏi¬ P„â◊=∂xfl ^Œi≈™êÎ_»∞.
L=∞~ü YÜ«∂ºO J~Ú`Õ WHõ K≥ѨÊ#Hõ¯~°ÖË^Œ∞. |∞Öò|∞Öò Ñ≤@ìÅ
ã¨Ow`«O, ѨÓÅ∞ ~åÖËÛ K≥@∞¡ LO>Ë KåÅ∞ JO\Ï_»∞. K≥·<å, [áê<£ ^ÕâßÅ "åi
Hõq`«fiO, z„`åÅ∞ ‰õÄ_® WÖÏO\˜ ÉèÏ"åÖ<Õ "≥^Œ[Å∞¡`å~Ú.
'¿ãfiK«ÛùQÍ =∞|∞ƒÅ HõO>Ë Z`«∞ÎQÍ Zyˆ~ Ѩ‰õ∆ΩÅ =∂kiQÍ rq^•ÌO—
J<Õ =∞#ã¨Î`«fiO „Ѩf =∞x+≤H˜ ZѨÊ\˜ #∞OKÀ LOk. Hõ=ÙÅ∞, HõàÏHÍ~°∞Å∞ P
ÉèÏ"åÅx "åi ã¨$[#Ö’ =ºHõÎO KÕã≤, =∞# JO^Œi ǨÏ$^ŒÜ«∂ÅH˜ Ô~Hõ¯Å∞
`˘_çQÍ~°∞.
=¸_»=~°HõO "åi<Õ lÑ‘ûÅh, áê`« ™ê=∂#∞¡ J"Õ∞‡"å~°x, Hõ=∞‡iѨx
KÕ™êÎ~°x, P@áê@Ö’¡ Pi`Õ~å~°x, Ѩ@ì}ÏÖ’¡ u~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ LO\Ï~°x =i‚OKå~°∞.
ÉèÏ~°`«^Õâ◊OÖ’ ã¨OKå~°∞Å∞ „H©IIѨÓII Ô~O_»∞"ÕÅ ã¨O=`«û~åÅ <å_Õ
L<åfl~°∞. gix Symbiotic Nomads J<Õ"å~°∞. gà◊√§ XHõ „Ѩ`ÕºHõ"≥∞ÿ#
u~°∞QÆ∞É’`«∞ r=<åxH˜ JÅ"å@∞ Ѩ_®¤~°∞. gi HÀã¨O ÃÑ^ŒÌÅ∞, ѨO_ç`«∞Å∞
Z^Œ ∞ ~° ∞ K« ∂ ¿ã"å~° ∞ . gà◊ √ § =ÚYºOQÍ qq^è Œ JOâßÅÃÑ· # u~° ∞ QÆ ∞ ÖË x
ã¨=∂Kå~åxfl JOkOKÕ"å~°∞, HÍh "åà◊√§ QÆ∂_è»Kå~°∞Å∞ HÍ^Œ∞. giH˜ z#fl
=ã¨∞Î=∂iÊ_ç "åºáê~°O LO@∞Ok. Z<Àfl J_»=ÙÅ∞, H˘O_»Å∞ ^•@∞‰õΩO@∂
"≥àı§"å~°∞. ѨO@Å QÆ∞iOz, h\˜ =ã¨u QÆ∞iOz, â◊„`«∞=ÙÅ QÆ∞iOz giH˜
J<ÕHõ q+¨Ü«∂Å∞ `≥Å∞ã¨∞. JO^Œ∞=Å# giH˜ „Ѩ`ÕºHõ"≥∞ÿ# Q“~°=O LO_Õk.
^•x`À áê@∞QÍ qq^èŒ =$H∆ÍÅ QÆ∞iOz, =∞O^Œ∞ÅH˜ ѨxH˘KÕÛ "≥ÚHõ¯Å QÆ∞iOz
`≥eÜ«∞*Ë¿ã"å~°∞. gi =Å¡ Z<Àfl q+¨Ü«∂Å∞ ã≤÷~° x"åã¨∞ÅH˜ `≥e¿ãq. „ѨѨOK«
"åºÑ¨ÎOQÍ L#fl uiˆQ "åiÖ’ Ѩâ◊√=ÙÅ∞ HÍ¿ã"åˆ~ Z‰õΩ¯=. =∞#^Õâ◊OÖ’x
|Hõ~å"åÖÏ, Q˘Å¡"å~°∞, TO@∞"åÖÏ =∂kiQÍ W`«~°^ÕâßÖ’¡#∂ Z‰õΩ¯= ^Œ∂~°O
uiˆQ HÍѨ~°∞Å∞ L<åfl~°∞. "åi QÆ∞iOz XHõ Ѩ^ŒúuÖ’ `≥Å∞ã¨∞H˘O@∂ =ÚO^Œ∞H˜
"≥o`Õ Z<Àfl q+¨Ü«∂Å∞ `≥e™ê~Ú.
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9
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PǨ~åxfl "≥`∞« H˘¯<Õ Ñ≤w‡Å∞ (Pigmy) : P„ѶH≤ Í ^ÕâÑ◊ Ù¨ =~å¬ÉÏè ~° J_»=ÙÖ’¡
PǨ~°O HÀã¨O "≥`«∞H˘¯O@∂ uiˆQ á⁄\˜ì =∞#∞+¨µefl Ñ≤w‡Å∞ JO@∞<åfl~°∞.
=∞^茺 P„Ѷ≤HÍÖ’x |∞~°∞O_ô, HÍ=∞~°∂<£, HÍOQÀ, *ˇ·s Ѩiã¨~åÖ’¡ x=ã≤OKÕ gi
[#ã¨OYº Ô~O_»∞ ÅHõ∆Å∞. Z~°∞ѨÙ#∞ q∞Oz# QÀ^èŒ∞=∞~°OQÆ∞ â◊s~°O, ^Œ@ìOQÍ
iOQÆ∞Å∞ uiy# A@∞ì, á⁄_»"≥·# KÕ`«∞Å∞, ÖÏ=Ùáê\˜ á⁄@ì gi ÅHõ∆}ÏÅ∞.
W=hfl giH˜ "Õ@ KÕÜ«∞@OÖ’ Ѩ~ÀHõ∆OQÍ ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞Ѩ_»`å~Ú. K≥@¡Ö’ Hõeã≤
áÈÜÕ∞ ~°OQÆ∞, ã¨∞ÅÉèíOQÍ Ñ¨iÔQ`«Î\ÏxH˜ z#fl â◊s~°O, "ÕQÆOQÍ "Õ@ KÕÜ«∞\ÏxH˜
J#∞=ÙQÍ L#fl KÕ`«∞Å∞ gà◊§H˜ ZO`À LѨÜ≥∂QÆOQÍ LO\Ï~Ú. J<åk #∞O_ç
Ñ≤w‡Å∞ PǨ~åxfl, ¿ãHõiOK«∞HÀ=@OÖ’<Õ P#O^•xfl á⁄O^Œ∞`«∞<åfl~°∞. "Õ@
giH˜ =ÚYº"≥∞ÿ# "åºÑ¨HõO. lOHõ, U#∞QÆ∞, Z#∞É’`«∞, HÀu, Ѩ‰õ∆ΩÅ∞ "åiH˜
W+¨ì"≥∞ÿ# PǨ~°O.
KÕѨÅ∞ Ѩ@ì_»O, J_»q "≥ÚHõ¯Å∞, ѨO_»¡ ¿ãHõ~°}`À áê@∞QÍ `Õ<≥
ã¨OáêkOK«@O gà◊§H˜ W+¨ìO. [O`«∞=Ùefl LK«∞ÛÅ`À Ѩ\˜ì, |ÖÏ¡Å`À K«OѨÙ`å~°∞.
H˘xfl™ê~°∞¡ q+¨O ѨÓã≤# ÉÏ}ÏÅ`À ‰õÄ_® "Õ\Ï_»`å~°∞.
XH˘¯Hõ¯ QÆ∞OѨÙÖ’ 10 #∞O_ç 50 =∞Ok =~°‰õÄ LO\Ï~°∞. giH˜
<åÜ«∞‰õΩ_»∞ J<Õ ÉèÏ=# ÖË^Œ∞. gi WÅ∞¡ XHõ ÃÑ^ŒÌ ѨH˜∆QÆ∂_»∞ =∂kiQÍ LO@∞Ok.
64
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fÔQÅ`À#∂, P‰õΩÅ`À#∂ HõÑ≤Ê# á⁄^ŒÖÏQÆ LO_Õ P WÅ∞¡ K≥@¡ =∞^茺֒
LO@∞Ok. á⁄^ŒÖ’¡ HõÅã≤áÈ~Ú#@∞¡QÍ LO@∞O^Õ QÍx Jk WÅ∞¡ Jx Z=~°∂
QÆ∞iÎOK«ÖË~°∞. JѨC_»Ñ¨C_»∞ Ô~O_»∞ H˘=∞‡Åx ^Œyæ~°QÍ ÖÏy, "å\˜ g∞^Œ P‰õΩÅ∞
=ÔQ·~å "Õã≤ WÅ∞¡ÖÏQÍ KÕ™êÎ~°∞.
J_»q [O`«∞=ÙÅ Éˇ_»^Œ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ L#flKÀ@ K≥@¡ g∞^Œ WÅ∞¡
Hõ@∞ìH˘O\Ï~°∞. P Ѩiã¨~åÖ’¡x PǨ~°O `«yæáÈ~Ú#ѨC_»∞ WO\˜x =ke =∞~À
J_»qH˜ =∂i JHõ¯_» H˘`«ÎQÍ x"å™êxfl U~åÊ@∞ KÕã¨∞H˘O\Ï~°∞.
=∞#^Õâ◊OÖ’x ˆH~°à◊ ~åROÖ’ LO_Õ HÍxHõ~ü *Ïu"å~°∞ ‰õÄ_® WÖψQ
"Õ@ KÕã¨∂Î, K≥@¡g∞^Œ Wà◊§#∞ xi‡OK«∞H˘O\Ï~°∞.
Ñ≤w‡Å∞ J_»qx KåÖÏ Q“~°q™êÎ~°∞. J#=ã¨~°OQÍ ^Õhfl K«OѨ~°∞, K≥@∞¡
<åâ◊#O KÕÜ«∞~°∞. ZѨC_»∞ Uk J=ã¨~°"≥∂ JO`«"Õ∞~°‰õΩ fã¨∞H˘O\Ï~°∞. "åi
J_»"Õ "åi ^Õ=`«. `«=∞‰õΩ Uq∞ HÍ"åeû<å J_»q Wã¨∞ÎO^Œx #=Ú‡`å~°∞. „Ѩu
ã¨O=`«û~°O ѨÓ[Å∞, L`«û"åÅ∞ [iÑ≤ „ѨHõ$u â◊‰õΩÎÅ`À ¿ãflǨÏOQÍ LO_»\ÏxH˜
„Ѩܫ∞`«flO KÕ™êÎ~°∞. J^Õ "åiH˜ `«e¡, `«O„_ç J#∞‰õΩO\Ï~°∞.
Ñ≤w‡ÅH˜ â◊„`«∞=ÙÖˇ·<å, q∞„`«∞Öˇ·<å XHõ¯ˆ~ L<åfl~°∞. "åˆ~ '|O@∂—
*Ïu „Ѩ[Å∞. "å~°∞ =º=™êÜ«∞^•~°∞Å∞† JO^Œ∞ˆH É’Öˇ_»O`« Éèí∂q∞ J=ã¨~°O.
J_»=Ùefl #iH˜, HÍeÛ Ñ≤w‡Å‰õΩ Ǩx KÕã¨∞ÎO\Ï~°∞. J~Ú<å 㨈~ Ñ≤w‡Å∞ "åiH˜
=∂Oã¨O, `Àà◊√§ WzÛ† "åi #∞O_ç Hõ`«∞ÎÅ∞, |ÖÏ¡Å∞, J~°\˜, "≥ÚHõ¯*Á#fl,
aÜ«∞ºO ÖÏO\˜ =º=™êÜ«∞ L`«Ê`«∞ÎÅx =∂~°HõO
"Õã¨∞H˘O\Ï~°∞. Ñ≤w‡Å ã¨÷ÖÏxfl „Ѩu ã¨O=`«û~°O
ZO`ÀH˘O`« P„Hõq∞ã¨∂Î<Õ LO\Ï~°∞ |O@∂ *Ïu
"åà◊√§.
JѨC_»Ñ¨C_»∂ Ñ≤w‡Å∞ W`«~° „QÍ=∂Ö’¡H˜
=ÚYºOQÍ ã¨O`«Å∞ U~åÊ@∞ KÕã≤#ѨC_»∞ "≥o§, "åi
ѨO_»QÆÖ’¡ ‰õÄ_® áêÖÁæx uiy J_»qH˜ "≥à◊`å~°∞.
Ñ≤w‡Å∞ ã¨O=`«û~åxH˜ XHõ™êi J_»qÖ’ XHõ |Ü«∞Å∞ „Ѩ^Õâ◊O U~åÊ@∞
KÕã¨∞H˘x JHõ¯_» "åi ™êO„Ѩ^•Ü«∞ <å\Ϻxfl „Ѩ^Œi≈™êÎ~°∞. JÖÏO\˜q Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ
NOT TO SCALE
"Õ@Å∞ "≥Ú^ŒÅ∞ÃÑ>Ëì ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’ KÕ™êÎ~°∞. H˘xflKÀ@¡ D #$`åºÖ’¡ =∞O„`åʼnõΩ,
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`«O„`åʼnõΩ J=HÍâ◊O LO@∞Ok. '=∂ <å@ºO =∂‰õΩ â◊H˜Îxã¨∞ÎOk.— JO\Ï~°∞.
XH˘¯Hõ¯ QÆ∞OѨÙH˜ XHÀ¯ „Ѩ`ÕºHõ `«~°Ç¨ <å@ºO LO@∞Ok. Jk "åi *Ïux
`≥eÜ«∞*Ëã¨∞ÎOk. P ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’ ÉÏ}ÏѨÙÅ¡Å∞, |ÖÏ¡Å∞ Ѩ@∞ìH˘x QÆ∞O„_»OQÍ
u~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ KÕ¿ã D #$`«ºOÖ’ „Ѩu"å~°∂ áêÖÁæx `«=∞ P#O^•xfl P"Õâßxfl
K«∂Ñ≤™êÎ~°∞.
HõÅǨs Z_®iÖ’ ™ê<£ (San) : ^ŒH˜∆}τѶ≤HÍÖ’x É’`«û"å<å ^Õâ◊OÖ’
HõÅǨs Z_®~°∞Ö’¡ x=ã≤OKÕ |∞+π"≥∞<£ J<Õ *Ïu "åix '™ê<£— Jx Ñ≤Å∞™êÎ~°∞.
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L<åfl~°∞.
J_»q [O`«∞=Ùefl "Õ\Ï_»@O `«‰õΩ¯=. ^˘iH˜# ^•xfl JO^Œ~°∂
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P„Ѷ≤HÍÖ’x Ѷ≤eÑπû ˆH"£ (Phillipes Cave) Ö’ D<å\˜H© "åi Pk=∞ z„`«,
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g\˜x ÃÑ„\’ÔQ¡·Ñ¶π (Petroglyph) JO\Ï~°∞.
D Ѩ^ŒúuÖ’ ~åu g∞^Œ wã≤# lOHõ ÉÁ=∞‡x =^Œe, ^•xH˜ "≥Å∞ѨÅ
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HÍy`«O =∂kiQÍ, ~åu g∞^Œ q∞yeáÈ`«∞Ok.
^•xfl P^èŒ∞xHõ Hõà◊Ö’ Lɡƒ`«∞Î tÅÊO JO\Ï~°∞.
'QÆ_ç¤ "Õ∞ã¨∞Î#fl lOHõ Ñ≤Å¡— J<Õ tÅÊO "åi
HõàÏaè~°∞zH˜ `å~å¯}OQÍ xÅz LOk.
JÖÏO\˜ HõàÏaè~°∞z L#fl ™ê<£ „Ѩ[Å∞
D<å\˜H© P^è∞Œ xH©H~õ } ° H˜ XѨCH˘#@O ÖË^∞Œ . „H©IIâ◊II
1600Ö’ Ü«¸~ÀÑ≤Ü«∞<£ q∞+¨#sÅ∞ HõÅǨs
Z_®~°∞Ö’¡ uiy =∞`«„ѨKå~°O KÕã≤ ™ê<£Å‰õΩ
=∞Oz L^ÀºQÍÅ Pâ◊ K« ∂ Ñ≤ O z<å `« = ∞ JÅ"å@∞¡ =∂#ÖË ^ Œ ∞ . xѨ C
KÕã¨∞HÀ"åÅO>Ë D<å\˜H© ZO_»∞QÆ_ç¤ g∞^Œ ѨÙÅ¡x uѨC`å~°∞.
M’Üü∞ – M’Üü∞ (Khoi-Khoi) : ^ŒH˜∆}τѶ≤HÍÖ’ x=ã≤OKÕ D u~°∞QÆ∞É’`«∞
„Ѩ[Å∞ Ѩâ◊√=ÙÅ HÍѨ~°∞¡. M’Üü∞–M’Üü∞ *Ïu"åiH˜ =∞~À¿Ñ~°∞ Ǩ>ˇ<£\Ï\ò.
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KåÖÏ `«‰õΩ¯=QÍ `«=∞ "≥O@ LOK«∞H˘O\Ï~°∞.
Ѩâ◊√=ÙÅx „¿Ñq∞Oz# =∞™êÜü∞ (Masai) :
M’Üü∞–M’Üü∞ "å~°∞
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H˘O_»Ö’¡, HÀ#Ö’¡ x`«ºO uiˆQ gix XHõKÀ@ ã≤÷~°O KÕ^•Ì=∞x „ѨÉèí∞`åfiÅ∞
`«ÅÃÑ\˜ì<å "å~°∞ XѨCHÀ=@O ÖË^Œ∞.
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QÆ_»∞ѨÙ`«∞#fl D =∞™êÜü∞ „Ѩ[Å∞ KåÖÏ á⁄_»∞QÍæ, <åEQÍæ LO\Ï~°∞† ZÖò„wHÀ
z„`åÖ’¡x =¸~°∞ÎÅ =∂kiQÍ.
"åi =∂`«$ÉèÏ+¨ ã¨∂_®xãπ. „Ѩã¨∞Î`« [<åÉèÏ =¸_»∞ ÅHõ∆Å∞. g~°∞
ZѨC_»∂ WO\’¡ LO_»~°∞ HÍ|\˜ì gi [#ã¨OYº `≥Å∞ã¨∞HÀ"åÅO>Ë H˘O_»Ö’¡H˜,
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Ug∞ LO_»=Ù. Ѩâ◊√=ÙÅ =∂O™êxfl, ~°HÍÎxfl ‰õÄ_® J=Ú‡`å~°∞. giH˜ Q˘„Ô~Å∞,
"Õ∞HõÅ`À áê@∞QÍ, QÍ_ç^ŒÅ∞ ‰õÄ_® L<åfl~Ú.
`«∂~°∞Ê P„Ѷ≤HÍÖ’ Ju Q˘Ñ¨Ê â◊H˜Î ™ê=∞~åúºÅ∞ Hõey# D =∞™êÜü∞Å∞
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=∂„`«"Õ∞ "å~°∞ ÃÑo§ KÕã¨∞H˘O\Ï~°∞. D ^èŒ~å‡xH˜ q~°∞^ŒúOQÍ =∞™êÜü∞Å∞
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ã¨O=`«û~°O ÖË^• P `«~åfi`≥·<å "Õ∞=¸ QÆ∞O_»∞ KÕ~ÚOK«∞H˘x h‰õΩ `À_»∞QÍ
LO\Ï=Ú Hõ^•! ÉÏ^èŒÑ¨_»‰õΩ. Wk =∞# ™êO„Ѩ^•Ü«∞O— JO@∂ #K«ÛK≥Ñ≤Ê,
T~°_çOz #qfi™êÎ~°∞.
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KÕ^•Ì=∞x K«∂ã¨∞ÎO\Ï~°∞. JO^Œ∞=Å¡<Õ =ÚÃÑ·Êù ã¨O=`«û~åÅ ^•HÍ ã¨O™ê~°
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<å@º=∞O>Ë ZO`À W+¨ìO. "≥∞ÿ^•<åÖ’¡H˜ Ѩâ◊√=Ùefl `Àe, "å~°O^Œ~°∂ XHõ K≥@∞ì
H˜OkH˜ KÕi <å\ϺxH˜ ã≤^Œú=∞=Ù`å~°∞. "åà◊§H˜ HÍà◊√§ ÉÏQÍ á⁄_»∞QÍæ LO_»@O
=Å# J_»∞QÆ∞Å∞ Ѩ_Õ q^è•#O PHõ~°¬}©Ü«∞OQÍ LO@∞Ok.
"å~°∞ ZѨC_»∂ XHõ |@ì<Õ ^èŒi™êÎ~°∞. QÆ∞O_≥Å #∞O_ç "≥∂HÍà◊§ =~°‰õÄ
LO_Õ P =„™êÎxfl JÖÏ K«∞@∞ìHÀ=@OÖ’ "åi <≥·Ñ¨Ù}ºO `≥Å∞ã¨∞ÎOk. "åi
#Å¡x â◊s~åʼnõΩ JѨC_»Ñ¨C_»∂ Ѩã¨∞Ѩ٠‰õÄ_® ~åã¨∞H˘O\Ï~°∞. ~°OQÆ∞Å |@ìÅ
LѨÜ≥∂QÆO "åiH˜ ZO`À W+¨ìO.
=∞™êÜü∞Å∞ `«=∞ [O`«∞=Ùefl ZѨC_»∂ `«=∞ KÕ`ÀÎ K«OѨ~°∞. JO`«QÍ
J=ã¨~°=∞xÑ≤¿ãÎ W`«~° *Ïu #∞O_ç Ñ≤eÑ≤Oz P Ѩx =Úy™êÎ~°∞. JO`« „¿Ñ=∞
"åiH˜ [O`«∞=ÙÅO>Ë.
„a\˜+π á¶È\’„QÍѶ¨~ü *Ïi˚ ~å_£QÆ~ü D =∞™êÜü∞ *Ïu "åi QÆ∞iOz
Ѩiâ’^è#Œ KÕã≤ KåÖÏ á¶È\’Å∞ fã≤ Vanishing Africa J<Õ ¿Ñ~°∞`À Ü«¸~°ÑÖ π ’
KåÖÏ „Ѩ^Œ~°≈#Å∞ KÕâß_»∞.
ã¨Ç¨~å Z_®iÖ’ |∞Å∞QÆ∞~°OQÆ∞ \ψ~Q∑ (Taureg) : ã¨Ç¨~å Z_®iÖ’
ã¨OK«iOKÕ \ψ~Q∑Å∞ Ju ÃÑ^ŒÌ ^Õâ◊k=∞‡~°∞¡. "åiH˜ =ÚYº "åǨÏ#O XO>ˇ.
HÍh Z^Œ∞Ì, QÍ_ç^Œ ‰õÄ_® "åi |~°∞=Ùefl "≥∂ã¨∞ÎO\Ï~Ú. "åi „Ѩܫ∂}ÏÅ∞
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KÕã¨∂Î, "åi ‰õΩ@∞O|O JO`å XO>ˇÅÃÑ· |Ü«∞Å∞^Õ~°∞`«∞Ok.
gi [#ã¨OYº 4 ÅHõ∆Å =~°‰õÄ LOk. gà◊§ a_®~°∞Å∞ UHõOQÍ Ô~O_»∞,
=¸_»∞ <≥ÅÅ áê@∞ „Ѩܫ∂}˜™êÎ~Ú. "åi Ѩâ◊√=Ùefl, "å\˜ L`«Ê`«∞ÎÅ#∞
J=Ú‡H˘x, Y~°∂˚~°O, \©, ѨOK«^•~° H˘#∞QÀÅ∞ KÕã¨∞H˘x ^•^•Ñ¨Ù 800 H˜Ö’g∞@~°¡
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Z_®i „Ѩܫ∂}ÏÅ∞ KÕã≤ WO\˜=ÚYO Ѩ_»`å~°∞.
\ψ~Q∑Å∞ L`«Î~° P„Ѷ≤HÍÖ’ L#fl Jb˚iÜ«∂, \˜O|‰õΩì, eaÜ«∂, =∂e,
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x~°‚Ü«∞O KÕ¿ãk "å~°∞ U~°Ê~°K«∞H˘#fl ÃѶ_»ˆ~+¨<£. gi u~°∞QÆ∞à◊§H˜ ã¨Ç¨~å Z_®i
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HõxÊOKÕ q^èŒOQÍ.
gà◊√§ `«ÅH˜ K«∞@∞ìH˘<Õ ÃÑ^ŒÌ QÆ∞_»¤ |∞Å∞QÆ∞ ~°OQÆ∞Ö’ LO@∞Ok.
JÖψQ ¢ã‘ÎÅ∞ ‰õÄ_® P ~°OQÆ∞ |@ìefl Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ `˘_»∞‰õΩ¯O\Ï~°∞. P ~°OQÆ∞Å∞
"åi ^ÕǨÏO g∞^ŒH˜ JO@∞‰õΩáÈ~Ú#O^Œ∞ =Å¡ "åix 'The Blue men of the
Desert' Jx Ñ≤Å∞ã¨∞ÎO\Ï~°∞.
Z_®iÖ’ Wã¨∞Hõ, "åi =∞O^ŒÅ∞ ˆ~¿Ñ ^Œ∞=Ú‡, ^èŒ∂o, ZO_»Å #∞O_ç
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„Ѩ`ÕºHõ`«#∞ `≥eÜ«∞*Ëã¨∞ÎOk.
Ѩiã¨~åÖ’¡x „Ѩ[ÅH˜ gà◊§O>Ë ÉèíÜ«∞O. ã¨Ç¨~å g∞^Œ∞QÍ ™êˆQ XO>ˇÅ
a_®~°∞Å ~°Hõ∆} HÀã¨O "åºáê~°∞Å∞ \ψ~Q∑Å ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞O HÀ~°`å~°∞. XHõѨC_»∞
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ÉÏxã¨Å∞ ‰õÄ_® J=∞‡HÍxH˜ ^˘iˆH"å~°∞ P a_®~°∞Ö’¡. a_®~°∞ÅH˜ ~°Hõ∆} [iˆQk
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JÖÏO\˜ ã¨Ow`«O q#fl"åiH˜ XÜ«∂ã≤ã¨∞ûÖ’ `ÕeáÈ`«∞#fl@∞¡QÍ LO@∞Ok.
giH˜ Hõ<åºâ◊√ůO LOk. ¢ã‘Î `«#`Àáê@∞QÍ <åÅ∞QÆ∞, S^Œ∞ XO>ˇÅ∞
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\ψ~Q∑ *Ïu "åiÖ’ ÉèÏ~°ºH˜, Éèí~°Î‰õΩ "Õ~°∞"Õ~°∞QÍ Pã¨∞ÎÅ∞ LO\Ï~Ú.
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u~°∞QÆ∞à◊√§ H˘kÌQÍ `«QÍæ~Ú. Z_®ix ‰õÄ_® ã¨ã¨ºâߺ=∞ÅO Kտ㠄ѨÉèí∞`«fi
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ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞O KÕã≤Ok D \ψ~Q∑ *Ïu"åˆ~.
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ã¨OKå~°O KÕ¿ã Ѩâ◊√=ÙÅ HÍѨ~°¡x ÉË*Ï JO@∞<åfl~°∞. gà◊√§ DlѨÙì, ã¨∂_®<£,
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LO\Ï~°∞, =∞™êÜü∞ÅH˜ ^Œyæ~°Ö’.
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=∂\Ï¡_»`å~°∞.
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[O`«∞=ÙÅ ÉèÏ+¨ giH˜ ÉÏQÍ J~°ú=∞=Ù`ÀO^• J#fl@∞¡QÍ LO@∞Ok P W~°∞=Ùi
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q`«Î<åÅ#∞ ‰õÄ_® <å@∞`å~°∞.
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=º=™êÜ«∞ Ѩx=Ú@∞¡ fã¨∞H˘O\Ï~°∞.
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Hõeã≤ uiˆQ MÏ"£∞¿ã (Khamse) : J~°aH± ÉèÏ+¨Ö’ S^Œ∞QÆ∞~°∞ Hõeã≤
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Ѩ~åºÜ«∞ Ѩ^ŒO 'a_À~Ú<£—. â◊„`«∞=ÙÅ #∞O_ç `«=∞x HÍáê_»∞‰õΩO@∂ rqã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞.
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uiˆQ Ѩâ◊√=ÙÅ HÍѨ~°∞¡. ÅHõ∆HõO>Ë Z‰õΩ¯= ÖË^Œ∞ gi [#ã¨OYº. gi ã¨Oáê^Œ# ã¨O=`«û~°OÖ’ Z‰õΩ¯= ÉèÏQÍxfl H˘O_» „áêO`åÖ’¡ QÆ_»∞ѨÙ`å~°∞. "åi „Ѩܫ∂}ÏÅ∞
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ÖË=Ù. gi x"å™êÅ∞ Z`≥·Î# Ñ‘~î°Éèí∂q∞ ™êQÆ∞`å~Ú.
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ѨzÛHõ "≥∞ÿ^•<åÖ’¡<Õ u~°∞QÆ∞`«∞O\Ï~°∞. Ѩâ◊√áêʼnõΩÅ∞ `«‰õΩ¯"≥· áÈÜÕ∞ ÅHõ∆}ÏÅ∞ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ HõxÑ≤ã¨∞Î<åfl~Ú. JO^Œ∞=Å#
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HÍÅ=∞O`å P Z`≥·Î# H˘O_»Ö’¡<Õ LO_ç, gi `«Åã¨i P^•Ü«∞O Z‰õΩ¯= HÍ=@"Õ∞ H͉õΩO_® *ÏfÜ«∞ ã¨OѨ^Œ ‰õÄ_®
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D ÉèíH˜ÎÜ«∂sÅ =Å㨠q^è•#O +≤~å*ò #QÆ~åxH˜ P#∞H˘x L#fl Ѩ~°fi`« „áêO`åÖ’¡ `«=∞ Ѩâ◊√=Ùefl "Õ∞ѨÙH˘O\Ï~°∞.
W`«~° ã¨OKå~°∞Å HõO>ˇ aè#flOQÍ LO@∞Ok. JѨC_»Ñ¨C_»∞ g~°∞ uiˆQ ÉÏ@Ö’¡ ^•^•Ñ¨Ù Ô~O_»∞"ÕÅ K«^Œ~°Ñ¨Ù "≥∞ÿà◊¡ ѨikèÖ’ uiˆQ gi [<åÉèÏ =ÚÃÑ·Êù "ÕÅ∞
Ѩk"ÕÅ J_»∞QÆ∞Å Z`«∞ÎÖ’ LO_Õ Ñ‘~î°Éèí∂=ÚÅ∞ ^•@=Åã≤ =ã¨∞ÎOk. JÖÏO\˜ =∂„`«"Õ∞ LOk. ~°"å}Ï ã¨^Œ∞áêÜ«∂Å HÀã¨O QÍ_ç^Œefl, QÆ∞„~åefl LѨÜ≥∂yã¨∞Î
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HÍ+πH© HÍѨ~°∞Å∞ (Kashki) : gà◊√§ ^ŒH˜∆} W~å<£Ö’ LO_Õ ã¨OKå~°
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|™êûsÅ =∂kiQÍ Ñ¨â◊√=ÙÅ =∞O^Œefl uѨCH˘O\Ï~°∞.
Ѩi¬Ü«∂ QÆÖòÊù =^ŒÌ L#fl ѨzÛHõ "≥∞ÿ^•<åÖ’¡ j`åHÍÅOÖ’ |Ü«∞Å∞^Õi
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KÕ~°∞H˘O\Ï~°∞.
Ѩâ◊√=ÙÅ∞ HÍ¿ã Ãã"≥∞ÿ\òû (Semites) : P„Ѷ≤HÍ – Pã≤Ü«∂ÅH˜
ã¨O|OkèOz# XHõ ~°Hõ"≥∞ÿ# Ãã"≥∞\˜H± ÉèÏ+¨ =∂\Ï¡_Õ"åix Ãã"≥∞ÿ\òû JO\Ï~°∞.
giÖ’ J~°|∞ƒÅ∞, Eº *ÏfÜ«ÚÅ∞, WkäÜ≥∂Ñ≤Ü«∞#∞¡ ‰õÄ_® L<åfl~°∞.
giH˜ Ѩâ◊√=ÙÅx uѨCH˘x |`«Hõ@O J#flk `«~°`«~åÅ∞QÍ =ã¨∞Î#fl
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u"åã‘Å∞ <Õ¿ã `«∞~°∞+¨µ¯Å∞ (Turks) : =∞^茺 Pã≤Ü«∂H˜ K≥Ok# D
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g~°∞ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ W~å<£, W~åH±, ã≤iÜ«∂, @s¯ „áêO`åÖ’¡ LO_Õ"å~°∞.
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u"åã‘—QÍ „ѨMϺu QÍOKå~Ú.
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QÆ∞iÎOѨ٠LOk.
g~°∞ ‰õÄ_® ™êO„Ѩ^•Ü«∞HõOQÍ Ñ¨â◊√=ÙÅ HÍѨ~°∞ÖË. gi ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏÖ’¡
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g∞^Œ P^è•~°Ñ¨_»‰õÄ_»^Œ∞ J<Õk gi ã≤^•úO`«O.
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|Å"≥∞ÿ# â◊s~°O`À á⁄_»∞QÍæ LO_Õ gà◊√§ QÆ_®¤Å∞, g∞™êÅ∞ ÉÏQÍ
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NOT TO SCALE

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XHõ ~å„u Ǩ~ÚQÍ QÆ_çÑ≤ "åi`À Hõ+¨ìO, ã¨∞YO ѨOK«∞HÀ=K«∞Û.
Ü«Ú~üì JO>Ë "≥O@ fã¨∞‰õΩáÈ=\ÏxH˜ gÅ∞QÍ LO_Õ WÅ∞¡. nxfl
=∞OQÀeÜ«∂ "å~°∞, @s¯ "å~°∞, ã¨OKå~° Ѩâ◊√áêʼnõΩÅ∞ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ LѨÜ≥∂y
™êÎ~°∞† =ÚYºOQÍ ÃãO„@Öò Pã≤Ü«∂Ö’x HÍѨ~°∞Å∞.
[_»Å|„Ô~ "≥O„@∞HõÅ`À <Õã≤# HõO|à◊§x K≥Hõ¯`À KÕã≤# K«„@O g∞^Œ
Ѩ~°∞K«∞H˘O@∂ áÈ=@O =Å# D QÆ∞_®~°O `«Ü«∂~°=Ù`«∞Ok. Ѩâ◊√=ÙÅ H˘=Ú‡efl,
ÃÑ^ŒÌ Z=ÚHõefl "Õ∞‰õΩÅ∞QÍ <ÕÅÖ’ áêu, P QÆ∞_®~åxfl QÆ\˜ìQÍ ÖÏy, QÍeH˜
TQƉõΩO_® Hõ>Ëì™êÎ~°∞. "≥O„@∞HõÅ`À#∂, `ÀÅ∞ Ñ‘eHõÅ`À#∞ `åà◊§#∞ `«Ü«∂~°∞
KÕ™êÎ~°∞.
nx x~å‡}O ã¨Ç¨Ï[OQÍ QÆ∞O„_»OQÍ LO_ç Zxq∞k xÅ∞=Ù Hõ„~°Å
g∞^Œ xÅ|_»∞`«∞Ok. g∞^Œ J~°úK«O„^•HÍ~°OQÍ _À=Ú =ã¨∞ÎOk. |∞kú+¨µìÅ ã¨∂÷ѨO
=∂kiQÍ LO@∞Ok D `ÀÅ∞ QÆ∞_®~°O.
D QÆ∞_®~°O ֒ѨŠxѨC KÕÜ«∞\ÏxH˜ Ñ≤_»HõÖË "å_»`å~°∞. XHÀ¯
QÆ∞_®~°OÖ’ 20 =∞Ok =~°‰õÄ x=ã≤ã¨∂Î LO\Ï~°∞. x`«ºO XHõ ÃÑ^ŒÌ áê„`«Ö’
áêÅ∞ =∞~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ LO\Ï~Ú. náêefl "≥eyOK«\ÏxH˜ "≥#fl LѨÜ≥∂y™êÎ~°∞.
19= â◊`å|ÌOÖ’ ǨÏH±, QÍɡ\ò J<Õ W^ŒÌ~°∞ q∞+¨#s Ü«∂„u‰õΩÅ∞ \˜Éˇ\òH˜
"≥o§#ѨC_»∞ P ^•iÖ’x ѨzÛHõ |Ü«∞à◊§Ö’ D QÆ∞_®~åÅ#∞ K«∂ã≤ Jq '#Å¡x
ÃÑ^ŒÌ ™êÖˇÑ¨Ù~°∞QÆ∞Å =∂kiQÍ— L<åflÜ«∞x =i‚OKå~°∞.
ѨzÛHõ "≥∞ÿ^•<åÖ’¡ ã¨OKå~°O KÕ¿ã D „_ÀH±áêÅ∞ Q˘Ñ¨Ê |Å=O`«∞Å∞.
ZO`«\˜ HõëêìxÔH·<å `«@∞ìH˘O\Ï~°∞. "åi QÆ_ç¤Éèí∂=ÚÅ∞ `«iyáȉõΩO_® "å\˜x
ZѨÊ\˜HÑõ C¨ _»∞ HÍáê_»∞`«∂ LO\Ï~°∞. P „áêO`åÖ’¡ |OQÍ~°O LO^Œx „ѨÉ∞íè `åfiÅ∞
`«=fiHÍÅ∞ "≥Ú^ŒÅ∞ÃÑ>ìÉ’ÜÕ∞ã¨iH˜ D HÍѨ~°∞ÅO^Œ~°∂ UHõ"≥∞ÿ J_»∞¤H˘<åfl~°∞.
"åi =∞`«O „ѨHÍ~°O Éèí∂q∞x `«qfi |OQÍ~°O f¿ãÎ, P Éèí∂q∞Ö’ ™ê~°O `«yæáÈ~Ú
ѨO@Å∞ `«yæ, Ѩâ◊√=ÙÅ∞ =∞~°}˜™êÎ~Ú Jx #=∞‡HõO.
\˜Éˇ\òÖ’x ~åu LѨC "åºáê~°ã¨∞ÎÅ∞ KåÖÏ ^Œ∂~åÅ∞ uiy "åºáê~°O
™êy™êÎ~°∞. "åi =¸@efl QÍ_ç^ŒÅ g∞^Œ "Õã¨∞H˘x HÍj‡~üÖ’x Å_è®H± =~°‰õΩ
=zÛ JHõ¯_ç #∞O_ç Ç≤Ï=∂K«Öò„Ѩ^ÕâòÖ’x ÖÏǨïÖò–ã≤Êf, H©ÖÏOQ∑ =~°‰õÄ =™êÎ~°∞.
`«∂~°∞Ê \˜Éˇ\ò "åˆ~"≥∂ ÖÏ™ê #∞O_ç HÍeOQ∑áêOQ∑, _®i˚eOQ∑ =~°‰õÄ =zÛ
90
 =∞^茺 Pã≤Ü«∂Ö’ u~°∞QÆ∞É’`«∞Å∞
`«=∞ "åºáê~°O KÕ™êÎ~°∞.
|OQÍ~°O`À ÉÁ=∞‡Å∞ KÕã≤# ã≤käÜ«∞#∞¡ (Sythians) : @s¯ ^ÕâßxH˜
ÃÑ·# L#fl #Å¡ ã¨=Ú„^Œ f~° „áêO`åÅ #∞O_ç "≥Ú^ŒÖˇ·# ÃãìÑ‘Ê QÆ_ç¤ "≥∞ÿ^•<åÖ’¡
x=ã≤Oz JHõ¯_Õ `«=∞ Ѩâ◊√=ÙÅx uѨCH˘x rqOz, QÆuOz# XHõ *Ïu ¿Ñ~°∞
ã≤käÜ«∞#∞¡. ~°ëêº ^Õâ◊Ѩ٠ÃãìÑ‘Ê „áêO`åÖ’¡ „H©ã¨∞ÎѨÓ~°fiO 700 ã¨OII #∞O_ç 300
ã¨OII =~°‰õÄ =∂„`«"Õ∞ rqOKå~°∞ D u~°∞QÆ∞É’`«∞ Ѩâ◊√=ÙÅ HÍѨ~°∞Å∞.
gà◊§ x["≥∞ÿ# [#‡™ê÷#O =∞^茺 Pã≤Ü«∂. D<å\˜ ^ŒH˜∆} ~°ëêº "åi
Pnè#OÖ’<Õ LO_Õk. JHõ¯_ç QÆ_ç¤ Éèí∂=ÚÖ’¡ "åi Ѩâ◊√ã¨OѨ^Œ x~å@OHõOQÍ
u~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ LO_Õk. ~°+¨º<£ =º=™êÜ«∞ K«i„`«Ö’ ã≤käÜ«∞#∞¡ XHõ qt+¨ì"≥∞ÿ#
áê„`« áÈ+≤OKå~°∞. =º=™êÜ«∞ Éèí∂=ÚÅ∞ c_»∞ H͉õΩO_® K«∂_»QÆeQÍ~°∞. P
ÃãìÑ‘Ê Éèí∂=Úefl ~åAÖÏ¡QÍ Ñ¨iáêeOKå~°∞. Ѩâ◊√áêʼnõΩÖˇ·<å gà◊√§ Pi`Õi#
Ü«Ú^Œúg~°∞Å∞. <å\˜ ã≤käÜ«∞#¡ ã¨=∂^èŒ∞Å∞ "åi Q˘Ñ¨Ê`«<åxH˜ ™êHõ∆ºOQÍ xez
L<åfl~Ú D<å\˜H©. ѨÙ~å`«`«Îfi âßG"Õ`«ÎÅH˜ Jq Z<Àfl |OQÍ~°∞x^èŒ∞efl ^•zÃÑ\˜ì
LOKå~Ú.
ã≤käÜ«∞#∞¡ `«=∞ Ѩâ◊√ã¨OѨ^Œ g∞^Œ =zÛ# P^•Ü«∂xfl JO`å |OQÍ~°O
Ö’H˜ =∂~°∞Û‰õΩ<åfl~°∞. x`«ºO u~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ LO\Ï~°∞ HÍ|\˜ì "åiH˜ `ÕeÔH·#
™ê=∂#∞ÅO>Ë W+¨ ì O . W`« ~ ° =㨠∞ Î
"åǨÏ<åÅ∞ "≥∂Ü«∞@O Hõ+¨ìO HÍ|\˜ì
|OQÍ~åxfl W+¨ ì Ñ ¨ _ » ` å~° ∞ . "åi
PÜ«Ú^è•Å Ñ≤_»∞Å∞, ɡÅ∞ì |H˜Öò, _®Å∞,
HõuÎ =O\˜ "å\˜H˜ |OQÍ~°∞ `åѨ_®Å∞
KÕ~ÚOK«∞H˘x P#OkOKå~°∞.
"åiÖ’ XHõ „Ѩ=ÚY =ºH˜Î =∞~°}˜¿ãÎ J`«x |OQÍ~°O JO`å J`«x
ã¨=∂kèÖ’<Õ LOKÕ"å~°∞. ^•xfl "Õˆ~"å~°∞ `åH˜`Õ ^≥Ü«∞º"≥∞ÿ Ѩ_»`å~°x ÉèíÜ«∞O
LO_Õk. ÃÑ·QÍ Jk =∞~À [#‡Ö’ "å~°∞ LѨÜ≥∂yOK«∞HÀ"åe J<Õ #=∞‡HõO
‰õÄ_® LO_Õk. uiˆQ"åiÖ’ KåÖÏ=∞OkH˜ WÖÏO\˜ #=∞‡HõO LOk.
ã≤käÜ«∞#∞¡ HõàÏ„¿Ñq∞‰õΩÅ∞. "å~°∞ KÕã≤# tÖÏÊÖ’¡ [O`«∞=ÙÅ ÉÁ=∞‡ÖË
Z‰õ Ω ¯=. JÅOHõ ~ ° } H˜ J„QÆ ™ ê÷ # O WKåÛ~° ∞ . JO^Œ " ≥ ∞ ÿ # Ѩ x =Ú@∞¡ ,
91
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QÆ$ǨϟѨHõ~°}ÏÅ∞ `«Ü«∂~°∞ KÕÜ«∞@OÖ’ "åiH˜ XHõ „Ѩ`ÕºHõ"≥∞ÿ# Ѩ^Œúu LOk.
"åi tÅÊHõà◊ g∞^Œ „w‰õΩ HõàÏHÍ~°∞Å „ѨÉèÏ=O LOk.
Ãã·ciÜ«∂Ö’ ^˘iH˜# |OQÍ~°∞x^èŒ∞Åhfl JHõ¯_» XHõѨC_»∞ rqOz#
ã≤käÜ«∞#¡"Õ. Öˇx<£„QÍ_£ =¸ºlÜ«∞OÖ’ gi |OQÍ~°∞ tÖÏÊÅ∞, |OQÍ~°∞ <å}ËÅ∞
KåÖÏ =∞@∞H˜ Éèí„^ŒÑ¨iKå~°∞.
'|OQÍ~°∞ lOHõ— J<Õ |OQÍ~°∞ tÅÊO "åi tÅÊHõà◊H˜ =∞Oz L^•Ç¨Ï~°}.
ɡ·HÍÖò ã¨~°ã¨∞û ѨHõ¯# |∂~åº`ü (Buriat) : ^ŒH˜∆} ~°ëêºÖ’x ɡ·HÍÖò
ã¨~°ã¨∞û Ѩiã¨~åÖ’¡ uiˆQ =∞OQÀeÜ«∞<£ Ѩâ◊√=ÙÅ HÍѨ~°¡x |∂~åº`ü JO@∞<åfl~°∞.
gà◊§ ÉèÏ+¨ =∞OQÀÖò. ÖÏ=∂~Ú[O "åi =∞`«O.
~°ëêºÖ’ D |∂~åº`ü "åˆ~ Ju
„áêp# Ѩâ◊√=ÙÅ HÍѨ~°∞Å∞. JHõ¯_» ÃÑiˆQ
Ѩ z ÛHõ x Ô ~ O_» ∞ "Õ Å ã¨ O =`« û ~åÅ∞QÍ
HÍáê_»∞H˘O@∂ =ã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. P QÆ_ç¤ ÃÑiˆQ
ã¨÷ÖÏÅ HÀã¨O ™ê÷xHõ =º=™êÜ«∞^•~°¡‰õΩ
|∂~åº`ü Ö ÏO\˜ u~° ∞ QÆ ∞ É’`« ∞ Å "åiH˜
Ü«Ú^•úÅ∞ ‰õÄ_® [iQÍ~Ú. =º=™êÜ«∞
^•~°∞Å∞ ѨzÛHõ "≥∞^ÿ •<åÅ#∞ P„Hõq∞OK«∞‰õΩO^•=∞x, u~°∞QÆ∞É’`«∞ÖË"∂≥ J_»=Ùefl
P„Hõq∞OK«∞^•=∞x ѨO`åÅ∞ Ѩ>Ëì"å~°∞. ~°+¨º<£ =º=™êÜ«∞~°OQÆ K«i„`«Ö’
WÖÏO\˜ Ѷ¨∞~°¬}Å∞ KåÖÏ L<åfl~Ú.
QÆ_ç¤ ^Œ@ìOQÍ ÃÑiˆQ ɡ·HÍÖò ã¨~°ã¨∞û Ѩ_»=∞~° „áêO`åÖ’¡ gi x"åã¨O.
QÆ∞„~åÅÃÑ· u~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ LO\Ï~°∞. JHõ¯_Õ "åi ѨO@ Éèí∂=ÚÅ∞ LO\Ï~Ú.
=∞O™êǨ~°O HÀã¨O "åi Ѩâ◊√=ÙÅ g∞^Œ<Õ P^è•~°Ñ¨_»`å~°∞.
=∞OQÀeÜ«∂ "åi =∂kiQÍ<Õ |∂~åº`ü "å~°∞ Ü«Ú~üì QÆ∞_®~åÖ’¡
LO\Ï~°∞. [_»Å |„Ô~ `Àà◊√§ LѨÜ≥∂yOz XHõ „Ѩ`ÕºHõ"≥∞ÿ# Ѩ^ŒúuÖ’ P
QÆ∞_®~åÅx xi‡™êÎ~°∞. Ju K«eQÍ LO_Õ P „áêO`åÖ’¡ "åiH˜ x`«ºO "≥K«Û^Œ#O
J=ã¨~°O. JO^Œ∞HÀã¨O Ü«Ú~üì ֒ѨŠÑ≤_»HõÅ`À ~åAH˘<Õ xѨC ZѨC_»∂
LO@∞Ok. "Õ_ç"Õ_çQÍ U^À XHõ\˜, |@ì~ü \© ÖÏO\˜k `åQÆ∞`«∂<Õ LO\Ï~°∞†
`å=Ú QÆ_»¤ Hõ@ì‰õΩO_® LO_ÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ. K«eHÍÅOÖ’ =∂„`«O QÆ∞„~°O áêÅ`À
92
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„Ѩ`ÕºHõOQÍ `«Ü«∂~°∞ KÕã≤# 'H“q∞ãπ— J<Õ ™ê~å~Ú `åQÆ∞`å~°∞. Jk ÖËHõáÈ`Õ
=∞~°}"Õ∞.
D<å\˜ |∂~åº`ü "åiH˜ ~°+¨º<£ „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO Z<Àfl ™œHõ~åºÅ∞ HõÅQÆ
*Ëã≤Ok. gà◊√§ ‰õÄ_® XHõ ã¨OѶ¨∞\˜`« â◊H˜ÎQÍ =∂i `«=∞ ǨωõΩ¯Å HÀã¨O áÈ~å_ç
P^èŒ∞xHõ =ã¨`«∞Å∞ U~åÊ@∞ KÕã¨∞H˘O@∞<åfl~°∞.
ã¨=Ú„^•Å g∞^Œ ã¨OKå~°O KÕ¿ã |*Ï=Ó (Bajau) : a_À~Ú#∞¡
Z_®iÖ’ ã¨OKå~åÅ∞ KÕã≤#@∞¡QÍ, Zã≤¯"≥∂Å∞ =∞OK«∞Ö’ uiy#@∞¡QÍ D
|*Ï=Ó *Ïu"å~°∞ ã¨=Ú„^•Å g∞^Œ u~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ L<åfl~°∞. gà◊§H˜ Ѩ_»=ÖË HÍà◊√§.
WÖÏO\˜ "å~°∞ Ѷ≤eÃÑ·Ê<£û n=ÙÖ’¡ L<åfl~°∞.
`˘ez# H˘Ü«∞º^Œ∞OQÆ Ñ¨_»=efl "åi „Ѩܫ∂}ÏÅH˜ LѨÜ≥∂y™êÎ~°∞.
"Õ@ giH˜ =ÚYº=$uÎ. gi`À áê@∞ Ѩ_»=Ö’¡ ‰õΩHõ¯Å∞, Ñ≤Å∞¡Å∂ LO\Ï~Ú.
ÃÑ^ŒÌ Ѩ_»=ÖË "åiH˜ WÅ∂¡, "åH˜b. H˘xfl ‰õÄ~°QÍÜ«∞efl ‰õÄ_® Ѩ_»= g∞^Õ
ѨO_çOK«∞ H˘O\Ï~°∞. ÖË^• H˘xfl KÀ@¡ K≥Hõ¯ `˘>ˇìÅ∞ KÕã≤ ‰õÄ~°QÍÜ«∞Å L`«ÊuÎH˜
J#∞‰õÄÅOQÍ KÕã¨∞H˘O\Ï~°∞. "å\˜x `å_»∞`À ~åà◊§H˜ Hõ\˜ì h\˜ ÃÑ·# `Õe
LO_ÕÖÏ KÕÜ«∞@O`À ã¨÷ÅO HõÅã≤ =ã¨∞ÎOk.
Ѩ<≥flO_»∞"ÕÅ =∞Ok L#fl D |*Ï=Ó ã¨OKå~°∞ÅH˜ <ÕÅ JO>Ë ^•^•Ñ¨Ù
`≥eÜ«∞#>Ë¡. PÜ«∂ n=ÙÖ’¡ JÅÅ∞ ÃÑ^ŒÌQÍ LO_»=Ù HÍ|\˜ì "åiH˜ ÔH~°\ÏÅ
`åH˜_ç JO`«QÍ LO_»^Œ∞.
ã¨=Ú„^ŒO g∞^Œ =KÕÛ JÅÅ∞, QÍex |\˜ì JHõ¯_» ^˘iˆH KÕѨefl JOK«<å
"Õ™êÎ~°∞. "åiH˜ ™⁄~°KÕѨx "Õ\Ï_»@O Z‰õΩ¯= P#O^ŒO. H˘|ƒi zѨÊefl Hõ„~°H˜
Hõ\˜ì h\˜Ö’H˜ kOÑ≤, â◊|ÌO KÕã¨∂Î áê@Å∞ áê_»∞`«∂ "å\˜x PHõi¬™êÎ~°∞.
|*Ï=Ó "åi Ѩ_»=Å∞ <≥Å~ÀAÅ HõO>Ë Z‰õΩ¯= Py LO_»=Ù.
ã¨=∂^èŒ∞ÅH˜ "Õˆ~QÍ n=ÙÅ∞ LO\Ï~Ú. â◊=O =ÚO^Œ∞ ã¨iQÍæ U_»=HõáÈ`Õ Jk
^≥Ü«∞ºOQÍ =∂i `«=∞x U_çÑ≤ã¨∞ÎO^Œ<Õ ÉèíÜ«∞O`À ÃÑ^ŒÌQÍ U_»∞™êÎ~°∞. "åi
ѨOKåOQÆO JO`å K«O„^Œ=∂#O „ѨHÍ~°O #_»∞ã¨∂Î LO@∞Ok.
93
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12
^èŒ$=„áêO`åÖ’¡ k=∞‡~°∞Å∞
=∞OK«∞Ö’ ã¨OK«iOKÕ Zã≤¯"≥∂ (Eskimo) : Pi¯\˜H± =∞OK«∞
„áêO`åÖˇ · # JÅ™ê¯, Ô H #_®, „w<£ Ö ÏO_£ @O„_® "≥ ∞ ÿ ^ •<åÖ’¡ x=ã≤ O KÕ
u~°∞QÆ∞É’`«∞ÖË Zã≤¯"≥∂Å∞. ã¨O=`«û~°O á⁄_»=Ù<å PǨ~°O HÀã¨"Õ∞ J<Õfi+¨}Å∞
KÕã¨∂Î LO\Ï~°∞. Pk =∂#=Ù_ç rq`åxH˜ giH© ÃÑ^ŒÌQÍ `Õ_® HõxÑ≤OK«^Œ∞.
PÜ«∂ HÍÖÏxfl |\˜ì Zã≤¯"≥∂Å∞ 100 #∞O_ç 500 H˜Ö’g∞@~°¡ ^Œ∂~åÅ∞ Ãã¡_ç˚
|à◊§ g∞^Œ u~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ LO\Ï~°∞† ˆH=ÅO "Õ@HÀã¨"Õ∞.
ZO_®HÍÅOÖ’ ã¨=Ú„^Œf~°OÖ’ `ÀÅ∞ QÆ∞_®~åÅ∞ "Õã¨∞H˘x 'HÍÜ«∞H±—
J<Õ Ñ¨_»=Ö’¡ ã¨=Ú„^ŒO g∞^Œ uiy KÕѨÅ∞, ã‘Öò [O`«∞=ÙÅ∞ Ѩ_»`å~°∞.
K«eHÍÅOÖ’ J~Ú`Õ =∞OK«∞ g∞^Œ Wà◊√§ Hõ@∞ìH˘O@∂, Ãã¡_ç˚ |à◊§ g∞^Œ ã¨∞n~°…
Ü«∂„`«Å∞ KÕÜ«∞Hõ `«Ñ¨Ê^Œ∞. `≥Å¡x ^èŒ$=Ѩ٠ZÅ∞QÆ∞|O\˜, ã¨∞"åã¨# =KÕÛ =∞ãπ¯
Z^Œ∞Ì, ‰õΩO^Õà◊√§, JxflO\˜HõO>Ë =ÚYºOQÍ 'Hõi|∂ ^èŒ$=Ѩ٠lOHõ— "åi "Õ@H˜
ÅH∆ͺÅ∞. "Õ\Ï_ç# [O`«∞=ÙÖ’¡ =$^è•QÍ áÈÜÕ∞ ÉèÏQÆO JO@∂ Un LO_»^Œ∞.
#~åÅ`À ^•~åÅ∞, Z=ÚHõÅ`À Ѩ_»=ÅH˜ QÆ∞_®~åÅH˜ „¿Ñ¶=ÚÅ∞, `ÀÅ∞`À
^Œ∞ã¨∞ÎÅ∞, =∂Oã¨O`À PǨ~°O, ¿ÑQÆ∞Å`À h\˜H˜ `«_»=x HÍÜ«∞H± „Ѩܫ∂}ÏÅ
^Œ∞ã¨∞ÎÅ∞, "å\˜ Lxfl`À \’Ñ‘Å∞ WÖÏQÍ ^èŒ$=Ѩ٠[O`«∞=ÙÅ∞ "åi rq`«OÖ’H˜
Ѩ~°HÍÜ«∞ „Ѩ"Õâ◊O KÕ™êÎ~Ú.
Ѩiã¨~åÖ’¡x [O`«∞=ÙÅ∞ "å\˜ LëÈ‚„QÆ`«H˜ ã¨iáÈÜÕ∞ PǨ~åxfl
"≥`«∞H˘¯O@∂ ZÖÏQÆ ã¨÷ÖÏÅ∞ =∂~°∞ÛH˘O@∂ LO\ÏÜ≥∂† JÖψQ "å\˜x
ѨijeOz Zã≤¯"≥∂Å∞ =Åã¨Å∞ áÈ`«∞O\Ï~°∞. JÖÏ KÕÜ«∞HõáÈ`Õ "åiH˜ PǨ~°O
^˘~°Hõ^Œ∞. P =∞OK«∞Ö’ Ug∞ ѨO_»=Ù. HõkÖË Ñ¨O@Å∞ JO>Ë [O`«∞=ÙÅ
=∂Oã¨"Õ∞. Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ Ñ¨zÛ =∂Oã¨"Õ∞ uO\Ï~°∞† =O@K≥~°‰õΩ ^˘~°Hõ^Œ∞ HÍ|\˜ì.
Zã≤¯"≥∂ JO>Ë J~°úO 'ѨzÛ =∂Oã¨O u<Õ"å~°∞— Jx. ã‘Öò [O`«∞=ÙÅ â◊s~°OÖ’
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Jk ѨÓiÎQÍ L_çˆH^•HÍ PQÆÖËx z#flÑ≤Å¡Å∞ ^•<Õfl Ñ‘H˘¯x u<Õ™êÎ~°∞.
gà◊§H˜ 'Hõi|∂ lOHõ— ZO`À W+¨ì"≥∞ÿ#, LѨÜ≥∂QÆHõ~°"≥∞ÿ# [O`«∞=Ù.
nxH˜ H˘=Ú‡Å∞ ÃÑ^ŒÌqQÍ, "≥_»Å∞ÊQÍ LO\Ï~Ú. "å\˜`À QÆ∞_®~åÅ K«„\Ïxfl
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‰õΩHõ¯Åh, PǨ~° Ѩ^•~åúÅh XHõ x+¨ÊuÎÖ’ fã¨∞ÔHà◊§@O =Å#
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@O„_® „áêO`«OÖ’ P~°∞ <≥ÅÅ∞ "≥Å∞`«∞~°∞, P~°∞ <≥ÅÅ∞ pHõ\˜QÍ
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land of the midnight Sun', Ô~O_»=k 'The land of the noon day moon'.
~å„uѨÓ@ ã¨∂~°∞º_»∞ "≥Å∞QÆ∞`«∞O\Ï_»∞ – ѨQÆ\˜ ѨÓ@ K«O^Œ=∂=∞
=∞OK«∞ g∞^Œ "≥<≥flÅ ‰õΩiÑ≤ã¨∞ÎO\Ï_»∞.
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=~°ÎHõ ã¨O|O^è•Å∞ ÃÑ@∞ìH˘#=Åã≤ =zÛOk. K«e„áêO`åÖ’¡x „Ѩ[ÅH˜ Lxfl
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KåÖÏ =∂~°∞Ê =zÛOk.
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ѨiáêÅ# H˜O^ŒH˜ ~å=\ÏxH˜ HÍ~°}O "å~°∞ KÕ¿ã `Àà◊§ "åºáê~°"Õ∞.
K≥·<åÖ’x ÃÑH˜OQ∑ #∞O_ç `ÕÜ«∂‰õΩ ÃÑ>ˇìÅ∞, Ãã·ciÜ«∂ \© =∂Ô~¯\òH˜
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fã¨∞ÔHàı§"å~°∞ Ü«ÚHÍѶ≤∞~ü "åºáê~°ã¨∞ÎÅ∞. D „Ѩܫ∂}O JO`å P~°∞ <≥ÅÅ∞
Ѩ>Ëìk.
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Ãã¡_ç˚ |à◊§h, ‰õΩHõ¯bfl ã¨~°Ñ¶¨~å KÕÜ«∞@O, "åi`À áê@∞QÍ ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞‰õΩÅ∞QÍ
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ZÖÏ #Ü«∞=∞=Ù`åÜ≥∂ K≥ѨÊQÆey# "å_Õ QÆ∞~°∞=ÙQÍ =∂~°`å_»∞.
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rqã¨∞ÎO\Ï~°∞. Ji*’<åÖ’x #"å*’ Q˘„Ô~HÍѨ~°∞¡ ÉÏQÍ u~°∞QÆ∞`å~°∞. ™êÊx+π
"å~°∞ JHõ¯_» QÆ∞„~åefl „Ѩ"Õâ◊ÃÑ\˜ì# `«~°"å`« Ô~_£WO_çÜ«∞<£Å∞ u~°QÆ\ÏxH˜ KåÖÏ
^Œ∂~åÅ∞ ™êyáÈÜ«∂~°∞. JO^Œ∞=Å# "å~°∞ `«=∞`À áê@∞QÍ `ÀÅ∞ QÆ∞_®~åÅ∞
fã¨∞ÔHà◊§@O `«Ñ¨Êxã¨i J~ÚOk. Ѩâ◊√=Ùefl uѨC‰õΩO@∂ "å~°∞ Ô~O_»∞"ÕÅ
H˜Ö’g∞@~°¡ =~°‰õÄ "≥à◊§Hõ `«Ñ¨Ê^Œ∞. "åi `ÀÅ∞ QÆ∞_®~åÅx \©Ñ‘ JO\Ï~°∞.
nx<Õ 'qQ∑"å"£∞— Jx Ñ≤Å∞™êÎ~°∞. XH˘¯Hõ¯ ^•x x~å‡}ÏxH˜ Ѩ^•flÅ∞QÆ∞ |„Ô~`Àà◊√§
J=ã¨~°=∞=Ù`å~Ú. P QÆ∞_®~åÅ g∞^Œ JO^Œ"≥∞ÿ# ÉÁ=∞‡Å∞, ~°Hõ~°HÍÅ QÆ∞~°∞ÎÅ∞
z„u™êÎ~°∞.
"Õ^ŒHÍÅO <å\˜ „Ѩ[Å∞ Ü«∞*Ï˝Å∞ KÕã≤ =~°¬O HÀã¨O „áê~°ú# KÕ¿ãΆ D
Ô~_£ WO_çÜ«∞#∞¡ <å@ºO ^•fi~å =~°¬^Õ=Ù_çfl PǨfixOKÕ"å~°∞. „Ѩܫ∞s „áêO`åÖ’¡
|~°∞=Ùefl ÖÏQÆ\ÏxH˜ 'ã≤¯_£— J<Õ *Ï~°∞_»∞ K≥Hõ¯Å∞ LѨÜ≥∂yOKÕ"å~°∞.
Ô~_£WO_çÜ«∞#∞¡ QÆ_ç¿Ñ rq`«O Ѩ@¡ =∞‰õΩ¯=`À [~°‡h „Ñ≤<£û =∂H˜û
q∞eÜ«∞<£ „H©IIâ◊II 1832–34 ã¨O=`«û~åÅ HÍÅOÖ’ ã≤fiãπ Piìãπì HÍ~°Öò ÉÏ_£=∞~üx
101
lÑ‘ûÅ∞
fã¨∞H˘x "≥o§ "åi rq`«OÖ’ KåÖÏ Ñ¶¨∞\Ïìefl z„`åÅ∞QÍ "Õ~ÚOKå_»∞. *Ïi˚
Hͺ\òe<£ („H©IIâ◊II 1796–1872) J<Õ J"≥∞iHõ<£ z„`«HÍ~°∞_»∞ ‰õÄ_® gi rq`åÅx
~°OQÆ∞Ö’¡ ~°∂ѨHõÅÊ# KÕâß_»∞.
^ŒH˜∆} J"≥∞iHÍÖ’x `«∂~°∞Ê „áêO`åÖ’¡ =∂„`«"Õ∞ H˘xfl *Ï`«∞Å "å~°∞
u~°∞QÆ∞É’`«∞ rq`åxH˜ JÅ"å@∞ Ѩ_®¤~°∞. zb „áêO`åÖ’¡ #^Œ∞Å X_»∞¤# QÆ=fiÅ∞
U~°∞‰õΩ<Õ H˘O^Œ~°∞ `«Ñ¨Ê Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ ã¨OKå~°∞Å∞ ÖË~°<Õ K≥áêÊe. ™ê÷x‰õΩÅ∞ P
#^Œ∞Å g∞^Œ Ѩ_»=Ö’¡ u~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ "Õ@ KÕã¨∞H˘O\Ï~°∞.
JÔ~˚O>ˇÿ<åÖ’x áêOáê QÆ_ç¤ "≥∞ÿ^•<åÖ’¡ Ѩâ◊√=ÙÅx HÍã¨∂Î uiˆQ"åˆ~
^ŒH˜∆} J"≥∞iHÍH˜ JO^ŒO `≥KåÛ~°∞. D H“ÉÏÜü∞ûx 'QÍKèÀ— JO\Ï~°∞. =∞™êÜü∞,
ÉÁ~À~À =∂kiQÍ gà◊§k XHõ *Ïu HÍ^Œ∞† ˆH=ÅO ^èŒx‰õΩÅ =^ŒÌ Ѩx KÕ¿ã"å~°∞
=∂„`«"Õ∞. "ÕÅH˜ "ÕÅ∞ Ѩâ◊√=ÙÅ∞ "Õ∞ã¨∞Î#fl P "≥∞ÿ^•<åÖ’¡ QÆ~°fiOQÍ QÆ∞„~åÅ∞
ZH˜¯ u~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ LO_Õ 'QÍKèÀ—Å∞ ZO`À ã¨∞O^Œ~°OQÍ LO\Ï~°∞.
J\Ï¡O\˜H± f~°O #∞O_ô Ü«∂O_ôãπ Ѩ~°fi`åÅ =~°‰õÄ Ñ¨~°∞K«∞‰õΩ áÈ~Ú#
D ã¨=<åfl QÆ_ç¤ Éèí∂=ÚÖ’¡ qâßÅ"≥∞ÿ# \’Ñ‘Å`À uiˆQ D ‰õΩ„~åà◊§x 'áêOáê
H“ÉÏÜü∞û— Jx ‰õÄ_® JO\Ï~°∞. Ѩ~°∞ÔQ`ÕΠѨâ◊√=Ùefl Ѩ@∞ìHÀ= \ÏxH˜ 'ÖÏ™Èû—
J<Õ LK«∞ÛÅ∞ "ÕÜ«∞@OÖ’ "åiH˜ "åˆ~ ™ê\˜.
102

14
HÍeÉÏ@Å∞ – |à◊§ÉÏ@Å∞
"≥∞ÿ^•<åÖ’¡, Z_®~°∞Ö’¡ uiy# Ѩâ◊√=ÙÅ HÍѨ~°∞¡† ã¨~°ã¨∞ûÅ∞, #^Œ∞Å
ѨHõ¯# uiy# k=∞‡~°∞Å∞† „QÍ=∂Å "≥O@ uiy# aèHõ∆QÍà◊√¡† `«=∞ PHõe,
J=ã¨~åÅ∞ f~°∞ÊHÀ=@"Õ∞ H͉õΩO_® ÉÏǨϺ „ѨѨOKåxH˜ Z<Àfl q+¨Ü«∂Å∞
K≥ѨÊQÆeQÍ~°∞.
u~°∞QÆ∞É’`«∞Å rq`«O JO`å Ѩâ◊√=ÙÅ∞, "Õ∞HõÅ∞, |„Ô~Å∞, Q˘„Ô~Å∞
K«∞@∂ì ÃÑ#"Õã¨∞‰õΩáÈ~Ú L<åfl, "åi J=ã¨~åÅ ^Œ$ëêìº ã¨Éèíº „ѨѨOK«O`À
J<ÕHõ ã¨O|O^èŒ ÉÏO^èŒ"åºÅ∞ ÃÑ@∞ìHÀ"åeû =zÛOk. ã¨O`«ÅH˜ "≥àı§"å~°∞. JHõ¯_»
"åºáê~°∞Å∞ Hõe¿ã"å~°∞. JÖÏHÍHõáÈ~Ú<å "åºáê~°∞ÖË D u~°∞QÆ∞É’`«∞efl
"≥∞ÿ^•<åÖ’¡ HõÅ∞ã¨∞H˘x "åi`À LO_çáÈÜÕ∞"å~°∞† Ô~O_»∞=¸_»∞ ~ÀAÅáê@∞.
W~°∞=Ù~°∂ J<ÕHõ =ã¨∞Î=ÙÅ#∞ =∂~°∞ÛH˘#@O`À áê@∞ Z<Àfl q+¨Ü«∂Å∞,
Hõ|∞~°∞¡, Hõ^äŒÅ∞ K≥ѨCH˘<Õ"å~°∞. JÖÏO\˜ q+¨Ü«∂Å∞ "åi ÃÑ^Œ=ÙÅ∞ ^•\˜
Ѩ$kèq g∞^ŒH˜ "åºÑ≤Î K≥O^•~Ú† QÍe=Å#, H©@HÍÅ =Å# Ѷ¨ÅnHõ~°}O,
q`«Î<åÅ "åºÑ≤Î [iy#@∞¡QÍ.
u~°∞QÆ∞É’`«∞ *Ï`«∞Å =Å# =∞OKÕ [iyOk. PiúHõ ã¨=∞`«∞źO
™êkèOK«\ÏxH˜ Ѩ~ÀHõ∆OQÍ "å~°∞ „Ѩ=ÚY áê„`« =Ç≤ÏOKå~°∞.
|∞∞`«∞=ÙÅ#∞ JÅ∞¡H˘O@∂ qãÎ̈iOz# gi rq`«K«„HõO ZѨC_»∂ „Hõ=∞O
`«Ñ¨ÊHõ, Éèí∂q∞ÖÏQÍ u~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ LO_Õk.
Éè∫QÀoHõ Ѩiâ’^茉õΩÅ∞ #^Œ∞Å =¸ÖÏÅ∞ `≥Å∞ã¨∞HÀ=\ÏxH˜ |Ü«∞Å∞
^Õi#ѨC_»∞ "åi Ѩiâ’^èŒ#Ö’¡ ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞O KÕÜ«∞QÆeQÍ~°∞. =ÚYºOQÍ S~Àáê‰õΩ,
`«∂~°∞Ê ^ÕâßʼnõΩ =∞^茺 ™êO㨯$uHõ "å~°kèQÍ xeKå~°∞. ^ŒO_»Ü«∂„`«Å∞ KÕ¿ã
~åAʼnõΩ, f~°úÜ«∂„`«Å∞ KÕ¿ã Éèí‰õΩÎʼnõΩ, ^Œ∂~° „áêO`åÖ’¡ "åºáê~°O KÕ¿ã
™ê~°ú"åǨïʼnõΩ QÆ=∂ºxfl ã¨∞~°H˜∆`«OQÍ KÕ~°\ÏxH˜ `«y# =∂~åæefl K«∂ѨQÆeQÍ~°∞.
103
lÑ‘ûÅ∞
Ѩ â ◊ √ =ÙÅ HÍѨ ~ ° ∞ Å∞ H˘`« Î ÉÏ@Å∞ Hõ x ÃÑ@ì Q Æ e QÍ~° ∞ . J=㨠~ ° O
J#∞‰õΩ#flѨC_»∞ áê`«|_ç# ÉÏ@efl ÉÏQÆ∞ KÕã≤ LѨÜ≥∂yOKÕ"å~°∞. HÍeÉÏ@efl
ÃÑ^ŒÌq KÕã≤ |à◊¡ ÉÏ@Å∞QÍ =∂ˆ~Û"å~°∞. ^•i ѨHõ¯# =∞Ozh\˜ ÉÏ=ÙÅ∞
`«=ÙfiH˘<Õ"å~°∞† h_»HÀã¨O K≥@∞¡ ‰õÄ_® <å>Ë"å~°∞.
ã¨Ç¨Ï[OQÍ U~°Ê_ç# ÉÏ@efl, h\˜ „Ѩ"åǨÏO =Å# U~°Ê_ç# ÉÏ@efl
ѨijeOKÕ"å~°∞. J_»q [O`«∞=ÙÅ∞ u~°∞QÍ_Õ =∂~åæÅ∞, "å\˜ h\˜ =ã¨u
ѨijeOz `«# Ѩâ◊√=Ùefl, |à◊§x ã¨∞~°H˜∆`« =∂~åæÅ "≥·Ñ¨Ù =∞o§OK«∞H˘<Õ"å_»∞.
=∞^茺ܫÚQÍÖ’¡ J~°Éò Ü«Ú^Œúg~°∞ÅH˜ P„Ѷ≤HÍ L+¨‚„áêO`åÅ QÆ∞iOz
`≥eÜ«∞*Ëã≤Ok Ѩâ◊√=ÙÅ HÍѨˆ~¡.
„H©ã¨∞ΠѨÓ~°fiO =¸_»= ^Œâß|ÌOÖ’ JÖˇQÍ˚O„_çÜ«∂Ö’ Z~å`«Ããû<≥ãπ
J<Õ Éè∫QÀoHõ âßG"Õ`«Î LO_Õ"å_»∞. P ~ÀAÖ’¡ `«#‰õΩ `≥eã≤# Éèí∂QÀà◊ =~°‚#Å∞
Jhfl KÕã¨∂ΠѨÙã¨ÎHõO ~åâß_»∞. P ~å`«Ö’¡ `«#H˜ ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞O KÕã≤Ok =ÚYºOQÍ
„w‰õΩ a_®~°∞ =~°Î‰õΩÅ∞, Ѩâ◊√=ÙÅ HÍѨ~°∞¡. PÜ«∞# KÕã≤# =ÚYº"≥∞ÿ# Ѩiâ’^èŒ#
U=∞O>Ë ^èŒ$"åÅ =∞^茺 ^Œ∂~åxfl ^•^•Ñ¨Ù YzÛ`«OQÍ ÖˇHõ¯Å∞ "ÕÜ«∞QÆÅQÆ@O.
JÖψQ „H©IIâ◊II 6= â◊`åÉÏÌxH˜ K≥Ok# 'HÀ㨇— J<Õ „w‰õΩ =~°Î‰õΩ_»∞ ~åã≤#
„Ѩܫ∂}Ѩ٠J#∞Éèí"åÖ’¡x H©ÅHõ"≥∞ÿ# =º‰õΩÎÅ∞ u~°∞QÆ∞É’`«∞ *Ï`«∞Å "å~°∞.
"åi`À =~°ÎHõO KÕÜ«∞|>Ëì `«#H˜ Z‰õΩ¯= ÖÏÉèÏÅ∞, J#∞Éèí=O =KåÛÜ«∞x
K≥ѨCH˘<åfl_»∞.
Ѩâ◊√=ÙÅ, Q˘„Ô~Å HÍѨ~°¡ rq`åÅ #∞O_ç, Ñ¨Öˇ¡ „áêO`åÅ #∞O_ç
J^Œ∞ƒù`«"≥∞ÿ# QÍ^èŒÅ∞, ѨÙ~å}ÏÅ∞ ѨÙ@∞ìH˘KåÛ~Ú. QÀáêÅHõ$+¨µ‚_»∞, rã¨ãπ „H©ã¨∞Î,
„w‰õΩ ѨÙ~å}ÏÖ’¡x ^Õ=`«Å∞ ѨzÛHõ "≥∞ÿ^•<åÖ’¡x Ѩâ◊√=ÙÅ HÍѨ~°∞ÖË.
104

15
lÑ‘ûÅ∞ – z„`«HÍ~°∞Å∞
„ѨMϺ`« z„`«HÍ~°∞_»∞ q<≥ûO\ò "å<£QÀ („H©IIâ◊II 1853–90) rq`«O
P^è•~°OQÍ WifiOQ∑™Èì<£ Lust for Life J<Õ Ñ¨Ùã¨ÎHõO ~åâß_»∞. D _»Kü ^Õâ◊ѨÙ
z„`«HÍ~°∞_»∞ Q˘Ñ¨Ê =∂#=`å"åk. '„Ѩ[Å#∞ „¿Ñq∞OK«_»O HõO>Ë Q˘Ñ¨Ê Hõà◊ Un
ÖË^∞Œ — (There is no more artistic thing than to love people) Jx JO\Ï_»∞.
`«# z„`åÅ∞ H˘<Õ"å~°∞ ÖËHõ, `å#∞ „¿Ñq∞Oz# „ã‘ÎÅ∞ `«##∞ J~°úO KÕã¨∞HÀHõ
áÈQÍ x~åâ◊‰õΩ Ö’<≥· `«# 37= ã¨O=`«û~°OÖ’<Õ P`«‡Ç¨Ï`«º KÕã¨∞H˘O\Ï_»∞ "å<£QÀ.
Hõà◊ ^•fi~å<Õ =∞#ã¨∞ûH˜ âßOu Åaèã¨∞ÎO^Œx, JÖÏO\˜ ÉèÏ=# '[QÆ`ü
=∂#= HõàϺ}ÏxH˜— ^•i fã¨∞ÎO^Œx `≥Å∞ã¨∞H˘<åfl#∞.
P =∞~°∞ã¨\˜ ã¨O=`«û~°O <å‰õΩ ÃѶ·<£ P~üûì _çáê~üì"≥∞O\òÖ’ \©K«~üQÍ
KÕˆ~ J=HÍâ◊O =zÛOk.
HõàÏK«i„`« É’kèOK«@O =Å# ã¨OKå~°O JO>Ë W+¨ìѨ_Õ HõàÏHÍ~°∞Å∞,
ã¨OKå~åxfl Wu=$`«ÎOQÍ fã¨∞H˘x z„`åÅ∞ "Õã≤# HõàÏHÍ~°∞Å∞ KåÖÏ=∞Ok
`≥e™ê~°∞.
105
lÑ‘ûÅ∞
JÖÏO\˜ "å\˜Ö’¡ „ѨѨOK« „ѨMϺu QÍOz# XHõ z„`«O ¿Ñ~°∞ 'The
Sleeping Gypsy'. ^•xfl ÃÇÏ„h ~°∂™È J<Õ „ÃѶOz z„`«HÍ~°∞_»∞ „H©IIâ◊II1897
ã¨OIIÖ’ z„uOKå_»∞.
Ü«∂„u‰õΩÅ∞ HõÅÅ∞Hõ<Õ '[QÆ`ü =∂#= HõàϺ}O— J<Õ ÉèÏ"åxfl
^Œ$â◊º~°∂ѨOÖ’ K«∂Ñ≤Oz# Q˘Ñ¨Ê =∂#=`å"åk ~°∂™È.
ã¨∞n~°… Ü«∂„`« KÕã≤ JÅã≤# XHõ lÑ‘ûHõ#º ã¨~°ã¨∞ûÖ’ ^•Ç¨ÏO f~°∞ÛH˘x,
P ѨHõ¯<Õ q„âßOu fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO_»QÍ pHõ@=Ù`«∞Ok. WO`«Ö’ "≥<≥flÅ
‰õΩiÑ≤ã¨∂Î PHÍâ◊OÖ’H˜ K«O^Œ=∂=∞ =™êÎ_»∞. P ã¨~°ã¨∞ûÖ’ hà◊√§ `åQÆ\ÏxH˜
=zÛ# ã≤OǨÏO, "≥<≥flÖ’¡ P^Œ=∞~°z x„^ŒáÈ`«∞#fl P „ã‘Î =ÚYO =^ŒÌH˜ "≥o§
Pâ◊Û~°ºOQÍ K«∂ã¨∞ÎO^Õ HÍx† ZÖÏO\˜ ǨxH˜ ѨÓ#∞HÀ^Œ∞. P [O`«∞=Ù „ã‘Î
™œO^Œ~åºxfl P~åkèã¨∞Î#fl^• J#fl@∞¡ `«# âßfiã¨x P"≥∞ âßfiã¨Ö’ q∞o`«O KÕã¨∞ÎOk.
WO„^Œ^èŒ#ã¨∞ûÖÏO\˜ P lÑ‘û ^Œ∞ã¨∞ÎÅ∞, "≥<≥flÅ ~å„u, P „ѨHõ$u,
=∂O_»e<£ÃÑ· K«O„^ŒH˜~°}ÏÅ∞ ã¨$+≤ìã¨∞Î#fl QÆO^èŒ~°fiQÍ#O W=hfl Hõeã≤ P
„‰õÄ~°[O`«∞=Ù QÆ∞O_≥Ö’¡ x„kã¨∞Î#fl ^≥·"åxfl *ÏQÆ$`«O KÕã≤ LO\Ï~Ú JxÑ≤ã¨∞ÎOk.
JO^Œ∞ˆH ã≤OǨÏO ™ê^èŒ∞=ÙQÍ =∂iOk.
ÃÇÏ„h ~°∂™È ǨÏ$^ŒÜ«∞OÖ’x r=HÍ~°∞}º ^Œ$+≤ìH˜ D z„`«O XHõ
L#fl`«"≥∞ÿ# ™êHõ∆ºO. JÖÏO\˜ âßOuã‘=∞Ö’¡ rqOKåÅx |∞∞ˆQfi^Œ HÍÅO <å\˜
|∞∞+¨µÅ #∞O_ô, ~°gO„^Œ<å^è£ \ÏQÆ∂~ü =~°‰õÄ ZO^Œ~À HõÅÅ∞ Hõ<åfl~°∞. D
z„`«O ^•fi~å ~°∂™È Ü«¸~°ÑπÖ’ [QÆ`ü =∂#= HõàϺ}ÏxH˜ "≥·`åo‰õΩ_»∞QÍ
H©iÎOK«|_®¤_»∞.
106
 lÑ‘ûÅ∞ – z„`«HÍ~°∞Å∞
JÖÏO\˜ `åuÎfiHõ PÖ’K«#ÅH˜ J^ŒÌO Ѩ>Ëì 'The Peacable King-
dom' (âßOu ™ê„=∂[ºO) J<Õ z„`åxfl Edward Hicks J<Õ J"≥∞iHõ<£
z„`«HÍ~°∞_»∞ „H©IIâ◊II 1820= ã¨OIIÖ’<Õ z„uOKå_»∞.
lÑ‘ûÅH˜ ^•x`À ZÖÏO\˜ ã¨O|O^èŒO ÖËHõáÈ~Ú<å ¿ãfiK«Ûù, ã¨=∂#`«fiO
J<Õ qâ◊fi[h#"≥∞ÿ# PÖ’K«#Å#∞ „ѨuaOaOKÕ D z„`«O ‰õÄ_® ##∞fl ÉÏQÍ
PHõi¬OzOk.
ѨzÛHõ "≥∞ÿ^•<åÖ’¡ u~°∞QÆ∞`«∂, [O`«∞=ÙÅ`À P_»∞H˘<Õ z#flÑ≤Å¡Å∞
HõxÑ≤™êÎ~°∞ D z„`«OÖ’. ‰õΩHõ¯Ñ≤Å¡Å`À#∂, Ñ≤e¡Ñ≤Å¡Å`À#∂ P_»∞H˘O@∞#flO`«
¿ãfiK«ÛùQÍ P z#fla_»¤Å∞ ã≤OǨÅ`À#∞, ѨÙÅ∞Å`À#∞ Hõeã≤ u~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ "å\˜
g∞^Œ ™êfis KÕã¨∞ÎO\Ï~°∞. P z„`åÖ’¡ XHõ=¸ÅQÍ „ѨMϺ`« ˆHfiHõ~ü =∞`«<åÜ«∞‰õΩ_»∞
qeÜ«∞O ÃÑ<£ J"≥∞iHõ<£ WO_çÜ«∞<£ûH˜, ˆHfiHõ~üòH˜ =∞^茺 âßOu X_»O|_çHõ
‰õΩ^Œ∞~°∞ÛH˘O@∞#fl ^Œ$âߺxfl ‰õÄ_® z„fHõiOKå_»∞. JO^Œ~°∂ „ѨâßO`«OQÍ
rqOKåÅx ^•x J~°úO.
ɡ·aÖò áê`« x|O^èŒ#Ö’x 'Wã¨Ü«∂º Éèíq+¨º`ü"å}˜— „ѨHÍ~°OQÍ 'ã≤OǨÏO
‰õÄ_® Q˘„Ô~Ñ≤Å¡`À K≥eq∞Hõ\˜ì P_»∞`«∞Ok. =#º=∞$QÍÅ∞ Ãã·`«O Ѩã≤a_»¤Å P[˝ÅH˜
Ö’|_»`å~Ú—
JÖÏO\˜ „Ѩ=HõÎÅ =∂@Å∞ x[O HÍ"åÅ<Õ Pâ◊`À Ç≤ÏH±û HõÅÅ∞ Hõ<åfl_»∞.
"å~°∞ "≥^[Œ e¡# ÉèÏ=c*ÏÅ∞ Ç≤ÏH±û =∞#ã¨∞ûÖ’ "≥ÚÅÔH`«|Î \˜†ì „ѨÑO¨ KåxH˜ h_»xKÕÛ
=$H∆ÍÅ∞QÍ =∂~å~Ú PÜ«∞# z„`åÅ∞.
Ç≤ÏH±û J"≥∞iHÍ ^Õâ◊Ѩ٠*Ï#Ѩ^Œ z„`«HÍ~°∞_»∞. J"≥∞iHÍÖ’ WÖÏO\˜
ÉèÏ"åÅ „ѨKå~åxH˜ `å#∞ XHõ H˘`«Î =∂~åæxfl Z#∞flH˘<åfl_»∞. PÜ«∞# "Õã≤#
107
lÑ‘ûÅ∞
z„`åÅhfl XˆH q+¨Ü«∞O g∞^Œ<Õ LO_»@O, "å\˜ ¿Ñ~°∞¡ ‰õÄ_® XHõ¯>Ë HÍ=@O
"å\˜ „Ѩ`ÕºHõ`«. "Õã≤# „Ѩu z„`åxfl `«# q∞„`«∞ÅH˜, |O^èŒ∞=ÙÅH˜ WzÛ 'Wã¨Ü«∂º
"å}˜x x[O KÕÜ«∞\ÏxH˜ ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞Ѩ_»O_ç— Jx „ѨKå~°O KÕ¿ã"å_»∞. ã¨~°fi
„áê}∞Å∂ Hõeã≤"≥∞eã≤ LO_®Åx, JO^Œ~°∂ XˆH `«e¡ a_»¤Å =∂kiQÍ
rqOKåÅ<Õ J=∞~° ã¨O^Õâßxfl =∞#H˜ `≥eÜ«∞*Ë™êÎ~Ú† Z_»fi~ü¤ Ç≤ÏH±û z„`åÅ∞.
`˘e "Õ^ŒHÍÅO <å\˜ P~°∞ºÅ `«`«ÎfiOÖ’ ‰õÄ_® WÖÏO\˜ „¿Ñ=∞ÉèÏ"åÖˉL<åfl~Ú.
lÑ‘ûÅ∞ ‰õÄ_® WÖÏO\˜ „¿Ñ=∞ ÉèÏ"åÅ∞#fl "åˆ~.
„ѨMϺ`« ÉèÏ~°fÜ«∞ z„`«HÍ~°∞_»∞ ~°q=~°‡ lÑ‘ûÅ rq`åŠѨ@¡ ZO`«
™ê#∞Éèí∂u „ѨHõ\˜OKå_À `≥Å∞ã¨∞HÀ"åÅO>Ë PÜ«∞# z„uOz# 'The Gypsies'
J<Õ ÉÁ=∞‡x K«∂_®e.
XHõ „ã‘Î `«# W^ŒÌ~°∞ a_»¤efl ѨHõ¯# ÃÑ@∞ìH˘x HÀ@QÀ_» ѨHõ¯# `«O|∞~å
g∞@∞`«∂ U^À `«`åÎfixfl áê_»∞`«∂ LO@∞Ok. Pq_» ~°OQÆ∞, KÕuÖ’ `«O|∞~å
K«∂¿ãÎ ^ŒH˜∆} WO_çÜ«∂Ö’ ™Èk K≥|∞`«∂ uiˆQ Z~°∞HõÅ „ã‘Î QÆ∞~°∞ÎH˜ =ã¨∞ÎOk. D
ã¨OKå~° „ã‘Î k‰õΩ¯ÖËx n#∞~åÅ∞. U_ÕÛ `«# a_»¤Å HÀã¨O XHõ =Ú^ŒÌ J#flO,
H˘kÌQÍ áêÅ∞ HÍ"åe. JO^Œ∞ˆH áê_»∞`«∂ LOk.
XHõѨC_»∞ HÀ@ ֒ѨŠL#fl ã¨Ow`å^Œ~°} WѨC_»∞ ÖË^Œ∞ J#\ÏxH˜
„ѨfHõQÍ xÅ∞ã¨∞ÎOk D z„`«O.
108
 lÑ‘ûÅ∞ – z„`«HÍ~°∞Å∞
„ÃѶOz z„`«HÍ~°∞_»∞ Jg∞_çÜ≥∂ "≥∂_çy¡Ü≥∂h („H©IIâ◊II 1884–1920)
‰õÄ_® lÑ‘ûÅ rq`åŠѨ@¡ PHõi¬OѨ|_ç 'Gypsy Mother and Child' ÉÁ=∞‡
"Õ™êÎ_»∞. "åi ~°OQÆ∞ ~°OQÆ∞Å ^Œ∞ã¨∞ÎÅ∞, <å\ϺÅ∞ XHõ „Ѩ`ÕºHõ"≥∞ÿ# ¿ãfiKåÛù
r=# q^è•<åxfl `≥eÜ«∞*ËÜ«∞@O`À P^èŒ∞xHõ z„`«HÍ~°∞Å∞ ã¨ÊOkOKå~°∞.
"≥∂_çyÜ ¡ ∂« hk ‰õÄ_® JÖÏO\˜ rq`«"∞Õ HÍ|\˜ì J`«xfl ÉÏQÍ HõkeOz LO@∞Ok
"åi r=#â‹·e.
„á¶ê<£ûÖ’x 'ÉÏiƒ*Ï<£— ã¨∂¯ÖòH˜ K≥Ok# HÀ~À („H©IIâ◊II 1796–1875) J<Õ
z„`«HÍ~°∞_»∞ ‰õÄ_® '=∂O_»e<£ "å~Úã¨∞Î#fl lÑ‘û Hõ#º— ÉÁ=∞‡efl "Õâß_»∞.
lÑ‘ûÅ `≥eq`Õ@efl, â◊H˜ÎÜ«Ú‰õΩÎefl K≥¿ÑÊ z„`åÅ∞ "Õã≤#"å~°∞ ZO`À
=∞Ok L<åfl~°∞. "åiÖ’ „á¶ê<£û ǨÖòû J<Õ _»Kü z„`«HÍ~°∞_»∞, HÍ~°"ål˚Ü≥∂ J<Õ
W\ÏeÜ«∞<£ z„`«HÍ~°∞_»∞ L<åfl~∞° . P<å\˜ Ü«Ú=‰õΩÅH˜ lÑ‘ûÅ rq`«O qz„`«OQÍ
LO_Õk.
`«=∞ z„`«Hõà◊ ^•fi~å lÑ‘ûÅ rq`åÅH˜ J=∞~°`åfixfl HõeÊOz# "å~°∞
H˘O^ŒÔ~·`Õ, lÑ‘ûÅ r=# q^è•<åxfl J^茺ܫ∞#O KÕã¨∂Î, "åi =∂kiQÍ ^Õâ◊
k=∞‡iÖÏQÍ u~°QÍÅx xâ◊Û~ÚOK«∞‰õΩ#fl HõàÏHÍ~°∞_»∞ XHõ~°∞<åfl~°∞. J`«x ¿Ñ~°∞
JQÆ+¨ì<£ *Ï<£. „a@<£ ^Õâ◊ã¨∞Î_»∞. `«#∞ e=~üѨÓÖòÖ’ \©K«~üQÍ L#flѨC_»∞ lÑ‘ûÅ
rq`«O Ѩ@¡ ‰õΩ`«∂ǨÏÅO HõÅ∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok.
109
lÑ‘ûÅ∞
JO^Œ∞HÀã¨O P~°∞QÆ∞„~åÅ∞ ÖψQ ÃÑ^ŒÌ |à◊√§ Ô~O_»∞ `«Ü«∂~°∞ KÕ~ÚOz
"å\˜ g∞^Œ `«# ÉèÏ~°º, P~°∞QÆ∞~°∞ a_»¤Å`À ã¨Ç¨ ^ŒH˜∆} WOQÍ¡O_£Ö’ KåÖÏHÍÅO
uiy ÉÁ=∞‡Å∞ "Õâß_»∞. W`«xfl JO^Œ~∂° 'The Painter Gypsy' Jx Ñ≤eKÕ"å~°∞.
~°+¨º<£ Hõq ѨÙ+≤¯<£, lÑ‘ûÅ`À Hõeã≤ u~°QÍÅx HõÅÅ∞ HõO>Ë JQÆ+¨ì<£ *Ï<£ `å<Õ
XHõ lÑ‘ûQÍ =∂iáÈÜ«∂_»∞.
W`«x ™È^Œi ÔQfi<£*Ï<£ „Ѩ=ÚY z„`«HÍi}˜. teÊ JQÆ+πì ~À_ç<£H˜ "≥∂_»Öò,
¿ãflÇ≤Ï`«∞~åÅ∞ ‰õÄ_®.
JQÆ+¨ìãπH˜ ¿Ñ~°∞ `≥zÛÃÑ\˜ì# z„`åÅhfl `å#∞ Ü«∂„`«Å∞ KÕã¨∞Î#flѨC_»∞
"Õã≤#"Õ. '<å rq`«OÖ’ Jq =∞~°Ñ¨Ù~åx P#O^ŒÑ¨Ù ~ÀAÅ∞— Jx `«# _≥·sÖ’
~åã¨∞H˘<åfl_»∞.
„ѨHõ$ux „¿Ñq∞OKÕ Ñ¨â◊√=ÙÅ HÍѨ~°∞¡, ^Õâ◊k=∞‡~°∞Å =∂kiQÍ ã¨∞^Œ∂~°
„Ѩܫ∂}ÏÅ∞ ™êyOz H˘O^Œ~°∞ z„`«HõàÏÉèϺã¨O KÕâß~°∞.
JÖÏO\˜"åiÖ’ áêÖòQÍy<£ („H©IIâ◊II 1841–1903) J<Õ „ÃѶOz HõàÏHÍ~°∞_»∞
J„QÆ™ê÷#O P„Hõq∞™êÎ_»∞. 'Your civiliazation is your sickness' JO@∂
Q“`«=∞|∞^Œ∞ú_ç =∂kiQÍ #QÆ~° rq`åxfl, ÉèÏ~åºa_»¤efl =ke, ^Œ∂~°OQÍ ^ŒH˜∆}
ã¨=Ú„^•Ö’¡ L#fl `«Ç≤Ïu n=ÙÖ’¡H˜ F_» g∞^Œ "≥o§áÈ`å_»∞ D HõàÏHÍ~°∞_»∞. P
ã¨=Ú„^Œf~° „Ѩ[Å`À LO_ç "åi rq`åxfl z„uOz, JHõ¯_Õ =∞~°}˜Oz# P^èŒ∞xHõ
S~Àáê HõàÏHÍ~°∞_»∞ áêÖò QÍy<£.
110

16
lÑ‘û ѨO_ç`«∞_»∞ *Ïi˚ÉÏ~À
JQÆ+¨ìãπ *Ï<£ ÖÏO\˜ z„`«HÍ~°∞Å∞ lÑ‘ûÅ r=# q^è•<åxfl PK«~°}Ö’
ÃÑ\Ïì~°∞. QÍy<£ ÖÏO\˜ ™êǨÏã≤‰õΩÅ∞ lÑ‘ûÅ =∂ki „Ѩܫ∂}ÏÅ∞ KÕâß~°∞. HÍx
XHõ~°∞ =∂„`«O lÑ‘ûÅ`À<Õ LO_ç, "åi ÉèÏ+¨ <Õ~°∞ÛH˘x, "åi HÀã¨O ѨÙã¨ÎHÍÅ∞
~åã≤, `«# rq`«O JO`å "åi rq`åŠѨijÅ#H˜ JOH˜`«O KÕâß_»∞. Jxfl\˜
HõO>Ë =ÚYºOQÍ, ɡ·aÖò#∞ lÑ‘û ÉèÏ+¨ J~Ú# '~˘=∂h—Ö’xH˜ J#∞=kOz
Ü«¸~ÀÑ≤Ü«∞<£ lÑ‘ûÅH˜ ZO`À ¿ã=KÕâß_»∞.
JÖÏO\˜ Q˘Ñ¨ Ê =ºH˜ Î *Ïi˚ É Ï~À
(1803–1881). DÜ«∞# x["≥∞ÿ# ™ê¯Å~ü lÑ‘û.
QÆ∞„~°O g∞^Œ H˘O_®, HÀ#Ö’¡ uiˆQ =∂^äŒ∂º
P~åflÖò¤ Hõq`«H˜ =¸ÅO D *Ïi˚ÉÏ~À.
DÜ«∞# WOQÍ¡O_»∞Ö’x <å~üá¶ÈH±
„áêO`«OÖ’ L#fl _»~üǨ"£∞Ö’ [x‡™êÎ_»∞. `«O„_ç
ã≤áê~Ú. JO^Œ∞=Å¡ <å#flQÍi Ô~l"≥∞O\ò`À
áê>Ë u~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ LO_Õ"å_»∞. Pq^èŒOQÍ ÉÏ~ÀH˜
z#flѨÊ\˜ #∞OKÕ J<ÕHõ „Ѩ^ÕâßÅ∞ u~°QÆ@O
JÅ"å@~ÚOk. „a\˜+π n=ÙÖ’¡ lÑ‘ûÅ∞ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ LO_»@O`À "åi QÆ∞iOz
z#flѨC_Õ qx LO\Ï_»∞.
ã¨∂¯ÖòH˜ "≥o§Ok H˘O`«HÍÅ"Õ∞ J~Ú<å u~°QÆ@O =¸ÖÏ# Z‰õΩ¯=
ÉèÏ+¨Å∞ <Õ~°∞ÛH˘<åfl_»∞. 'ÖÏ— _ç„w K«^Œ∞=ÙHÀ"åÅx ÅO_»<£ "≥o§ JHõ¯_» P~ÀQƺO
K≥_çáÈQÍ, áê`«q∞„`«∞Å#∞ HõÅ∞ã¨∞H˘O@∂ Ѩiã¨~åÖ’¡x „QÍ=∂Åhfl u~°∞QÆ∞`å_»∞.
JÖÏ H˘O`«HÍÅO uiQÍHõ 'u~°QÆ@O—Ö’ L#fl P#O^•xfl „QÆÇ≤ÏOz,
`«# rq`åxH˜ u~°QÆ@O KåÖÏ J~ÀQƺHõ~°O J#∞‰õΩ<åfl_»∞. P ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’<Õ
111
lÑ‘ûÅ∞
lÑ‘ûÅ QÆ∞_®~åÅ∞, QÆ∞„~åÅ∞ HõxÑ≤OKå~Ú. "åi P@Å∞ áê@Å∞ K«∂ã¨∂Î HÍÅO
=∞~°záÈÜÕ∞"å_»∞. "åi rq`«OÖ’x =∂^èŒ∞~åºxfl „QÆÇ≤ÏOz# ÉÏ~À "åix
=^ŒÅ_®xH˜ W+¨ìѨ_»_»∞. `«# P~ÀQƺO ÉÏQÆ∞Ѩ_çOk, HÍh DÜ«∞# =∞#ã¨∞û
lÑ‘ûÅ g∞^ŒH˜ =∞o§Ok. "åi`À ѨÓiÎQÍ Hõeã≤áÈ~Ú "åi ÉèÏ+¨ <Õ~°∞ÛHÀ=\ÏxH˜
JO`«∞ÖËx ‰õΩ`«∂ǨÏÅO K«∂Ñ≤™êÎ_»∞.
JѨC_»∞ ÉÏ~ÀH˜ W~°"≥· =¸_»∞ ã¨O=`«û~åÖË. ã¨fiâ◊H˜Îg∞^Œ „|`«∞‰õΩ^•O
Jx xâ◊Û~ÚOK«∞H˘x ÃãÊ~Ú<£ "≥o§ JHõ¯_» ɡ·aÖò ™⁄Ãã·\©Ö’ L^ÀºQÆO
KÕÜ«∞\ÏxH˜ XѨCH˘O\Ï_»∞. ÃãÊ~Ú<£Ö’ lÑ‘ûÅH˜ H˘^Œ=ÖË^Œ∞. ^ŒH˜∆} „áêO`«OÖ’x
„QÆ#_® „áêO`«=∞O`å "åˆ~. P QÆ∞ǨÏÖ’¡ ZѨÊ\˜ #∞OKÀ x"åã¨O LO@∞<åfl~°∞.
ɡ·aÖò QÆ∞iOz LѨ<庙êeã¨∂Î u~°∞QÆ∞`«∞#fl ÉÏ~ÀH˜ P lÑ‘ÊÅ`À ѨiK«Ü«∞"≥∞ÿOk.
P Ѩiã≤÷`«∞Ö’¡<Õ Éˇ·aÖòx ‰õΩkOz ~˘=∂h ÉèÏ+¨Ö’xH˜ J#∞"å^ŒO KÕã≤, ã¨fiÜ«∞OQÍ
"åiH˜ qxÑ≤ã¨∂Î J"Õ∞‡"å_»∞. P HÍÑ‘ÅH˜ |OQÍ~°∞ ~°OQÆ∞Ö’ L#fl =∞Oz
JO^Œ"≥∞ÿ# J@ìÅ∞ LO_Õq.
Pq^èŒOQÍ "åi`À Hõeã≤áÈ~Ú "åi rq`åxfl QÆ∞iOz ÉÏ~À ~åã≤#
"≥Ú^Œ\˜ ѨÙã¨ÎHõO Gypsies in Spain (1841). D ѨÙã¨ÎHõO =Å¡<Õ Ü«¸~ÀÑ≤Ü«∞#¡H˜
lÑ‘û rq`åÅ QÆ∞iOz `≥eã≤Ok.
ÉÏ~ÀH˜ XHõ™êi HÍã¨Î ^Œ∂~° „Ѩܫ∂}O `«yeOk. ÃÑ·QÍ J`«x =^ŒÌ
H˘O`« ™ê=∂#∞ LOk. QÍ_ç^Œx `À_»∞QÍ fã¨∞ÔHo§`Õ ÉÏQÆ∞O@∞Ok J#∞H˘x
lÑ‘ûÅ =^ŒÌ #∞O_ç XHõ =∞Oz QÍ_ç^Œx ÉË~°O KÕã¨∞H˘O\Ï_»∞. lÑ‘ûÅ QÆ∞„~åÅ∞,
QÍ_ç^ŒÅ∞ KåÖÏ ÉÏQÍ Ñ¨iÔQ`«ÎQÆÅ=h, =∞Oz *Ïu=<Õ ¿Ñ~°∞ LOk HÍ|\˜ì
"åi =^ŒÌ<Õ H˘O\Ï_»∞.
112
 lÑ‘û ѨO_ç`«∞_»∞ *Ïi˚ÉÏ~À
P QÍ_ç^Œ Ü«∞[=∂x XHõ¯™êiQÍ Zyi QÍ_ç^Œ g∞^Œ ‰õÄ~˘Ûx ^•x
K≥qÖ’ U^À QÆ∞ã¨QÆ∞ã¨ÖÏ_Õã¨iH˜ Jk Ѩ~°∞QÆ∞Å g∞^Œ ™êyáÈ`«∞Ok. 'KåÖÏ=∞Oz
QÍ_ç^Œ ^˘iH˜Ok— J#∞‰õΩO@∂ "åà◊√§ J_çy#O`« _»|∞ƒ W™êÎ_»∞ ÉÏ~À.
^•x "ÕQÍxH˜ `«@∞ìH˘O\Ï<À ÖË^À J<Õ ÉèíÜ«∞O`À QÍ_ç^Œ g∞^Œ ™ê=∂#∞
"Õã≤, Z‰õΩ¯`å_»∞ ÉÏ~À. ZO`«¿ãѨ٠JkeOz<å Hõ^ŒÅ^Œ∞, "≥∞^ŒÅ^Œ∞. H˘_»`å_»∞,
J~Ú<å LÅHõ^Œ∞, ѨÅHõ^Œ∞. z=iH˜ XHõ¯™êiQÍ P QÍ_ç^Œ FO„_»ÃÑ\˜ì "ÕQÆOQÍ
Hõ^ŒÅQÍ<Õ q[Ü«∞QÆ~°fiO`À #=Ùfi`«∂, ¿ãflÇ≤Ï`«∞ÅH˜ \Ï\Ï K≥Ñ≤Ê |Ü«∞Å∞^Õi#
ÉÏ~À Ѩk x=ÚëêÖ `«~åfi`« |∞~°^ŒQÆ∞O@Ö’ Ѩ_»`å_»∞. ÃÑ·H˜ ÖËz# ÉÏ~ÀH˜ P
lÑ‘û P_ç# <å@HõO, ^•xH˜ K≥qÖ’ ~°Ç¨Ï™êºÅ∞ K≥ѨÊ@O QÆ∞~°∞ÎH˜ =ã¨∞ÎOk.
P QÍ_ç^Œx KåÖÏ KÒHõ^èŒ~°H˜ =∞~˘Hõ lÑ‘ûH˜ J=∞‡Hõ `«Ñ¨ÊÖË^Œ∞. ^•xÖ’
=zÛ# ÖÏÉèÏxfl P W^ŒÌ~°∞ lÑ‘ûÅ∞ ѨOK«∞H˘O\Ï~°x ÉÏ~ÀH˜ ã¨∞ÅÉèíOQÍ J~°ú"≥∞ÿOk.
JѨC_»Ñ¨C_»∞ WÖÏO\˜ J#∞Éèí"åÅ∞ Z^Œ∞Ô~·<å "åix „¿Ñq∞OK«‰õΩO_®
LO_»ÖËHõáÈÜ«∂_»∞ ÉÏ~À. "åi ¿Ñ^ŒiHõO =Å# WÖÏO\˜ Ѩ#∞Å∞ KÕ™êΈ~ HÍx
W`«~°∞Åx ^ÀK«∞H˘x Q˘Ñ¨Ê"åÔ~· áÈ^•=∞x =∂„`«O HÍ^Œ∞.
ÉÏ~À ~åã≤# Ô~O_»= ѨÙã¨ÎHõO ¿Ñ~°∞ 'Å"≥<£ „QÀ— (1851). ^•xÖ’ lÑ‘ûÅ`À
`«# J#∞Éèí"åÅ∞ Jhfl J^Œ∞ƒù`«"≥∞ÿ# â‹·eÖ’ ~å™êÎ_»∞. Å"≥<£„QÀ JO>Ë ~˘=∂h
ÉèÏ+¨Ö’ 'ÉèÏëêâßG"Õ`«Î— Jx J~°úO.
PO„É’~Ú*ò ã≤‡`ü J<Õ <å~üá¶ÈH± lÑ‘û *Ïi˚ÉÏ~ÀH˜ ÃÑ\˜ì# =Ú^Œ∞̿ш~
D 'Å"≥<£„QÀ—.
D ѨÙã¨ÎHõOÖ’x XHõ ã¨OÉèÏ+¨} ^•fi~å lÑ‘ûÅH˜, „ѨHõ$uH˜ L#fl „ѨQÍ_è»
„¿Ñ=∞ `≥Å∞ã¨∞ÎOk. ^•xÖ’ *Ïã¨Ê~ü J<Õ =ºH˜Î x["≥∞ÿ# lÑ‘û, "åi ã¨OѶ¨∂xH˜
<åÜ«∞‰õΩ_»∞. Å"≥<£ „QÀ JO>Ë *Ïi˚ÉÏ~À.
*Ïã¨Ê~ü : q∞„`«=∂! D ã¨OKå~° rq`«OÖ’ ZO`« =∂^èŒ∞~°ºO LO^À
`≥Å∞™ê. =∞~°}˜OK«\ÏxH˜ =∂ "åà◊√§ Z=~°∂ W+¨ìѨ_»~°∞.
Å"≥<£„QÀ : WÖÏO\˜ =ÚiH˜Ö’ rqOK«@O HõO>ˇ P =∞~°}O ZO`À
=∞Ozk!
*Ïã¨Ê~ü : h=Ù KåÖÏ J=∂Ü«∞‰õΩ_ç =∂kiQÍ =∂\Ï¡_»∞`«∞<åfl=Ù. XHõ\˜
`≥Å∞ã¨∞HÀ. ~À=∂hKè«Öò ZѨC_»∂ |uˆH LO_®Åx HÀ~°∞H˘O\Ï_»∞.
113
lÑ‘ûÅ∞
Å"≥<£„QÀ : Wxfl ÉÏ^èŒÅ`À<å, *Ïã¨Ê~ü!
*Ïã¨Ê~ü : `«=Ú‡_»∂! ѨQÆÅO`å ã¨∂~°∞º_»∂, ~å„`«O`å K«O^Œ=∂=∞
`À_»∞QÍ LO_»QÍ Uq∞ `«‰õΩ¯=!
Å"≥<£„QÀ : J*Ï˝#O`À =∂\Ï¡_»‰õΩ.
*Ïã¨Ê~ü : J^Œ∞QÀ! P H˘O_»Å g∞^Œ∞QÍ ^˘~°∞¡‰õΩO@∂ =KÕÛ QÍex
P™êfikOK«QÆey`Õ KåÅ∞. <Õ#∞ rq`åO`«O P#O^ŒOQÍ L#fl>Ë¡ q∞„`«=∂!
lÑ‘ûH˜, lÑ‘û HÍx"åiH˜ [iy# D ã¨OÉèÏ+¨} ^•fi~å "åi `åuÎfiHõ
^Œ$+≤ì, ™œO^Œ~°º^Œ$+≤ì =∞#H˜ J~°ú=∞=Ù`«∞Ok.
WOQÍ¡O_»∞H˜ lÑ‘ûÅ∞ KÕi# 350 ã¨O=`«û~åÅ `«~åfi`« "åi QÆ∞iOz
~åã≤# ѨÙã¨ÎHõO D 'Å"≥<£„QÀ—. 1851= ã¨O=`«û~°OÖ’ D ѨÙã¨ÎHõO =zÛ# `«~åfi`«<Õ
=∂^äŒ∂º P~åflÖò¤ `«# '™ê¯Å~ü lÑ‘û— (1853) ~åÜ«∞QÆeQÍ_»∞. P ~°K«#H˜ =¸ÅO
*Ïi˚ÉÏ~À rq`«"Õ∞ Jx =∞#H˜ ã¨Ê+¨ìOQÍ `≥Å∞ã¨∞ÎOk. HÍx P~åflÖò¤ P q+¨Ü«∞O
P<å_»∞ K≥Ñ≤Ê LO>Ë lÑ‘ûŠѨ@¡ =∞iO`« „¿Ñ=∞ ÃÑiˆQk „Ѩ[ÅH˜, ѨO_ç`«∞ÅH˜
‰õÄ_®.
`«~åfi`« =∞~À P~°∞ ã¨O=`«û~åÅH˜ 1857Ö’ '~À=∂h Ô~·— (ÃÑ^ŒÌ=∞x+≤)
J<Õ Ñ¨Ùã¨ÎHõO ~å™êÎ_»∞ *Ïi˚ÉÏ~À. Wk ‰õÄ_® Ü«¸~ÀÑ≤Ü«∞<£ lÑ‘ûÅ`À `«#‰õΩ
L#fl ѨiK«Ü«∂xfl `≥eÜ«∞*Ëã¨∂Î ~åã≤# ѨÙã¨ÎHõ"Õ∞.
D =¸_»∞ ѨÙã¨ÎHÍÖ’¡#∂ *Ïi˚ÉÏ~À WOQÍ¡O_»∞, ÃãÊ~Ú<£, W`«~° „a\˜+π
n=ÙÖ’¡ lÑ‘ûÅ rq`åÅ QÆ∞iOz ~åâß_»∞. "åi x~°∞¿Ñ^Œ rq`åŠѨ@¡ qâßÅ
ǨÏ$^ŒÜ«∞O`À ã¨ÊOkOz ~åã≤# P ™êÇ≤Ï`åºxfl K«kq# P<å\˜ ѨO_ç`«∞Å∞
lÑ‘ûŠѨ@¡ ZO`À *Ïe K«∂Ñ≤OKå~°∞.
lÑ‘ûÅ∞ J<Õ"å~°∞ ÉèÏ~°fÜ«ÚÖË#x, "å~°∞ ~å[™ê÷<£ „áêO`åÅ #∞O_ç
„H©IIâ◊II 1000 „áêO`åÅÖ’ Ѩi¬Ü«∂ ^ÕâßÅH˜ =Åã¨Å∞ áÈÜ«∂~°x Wk=~°ˆH `≥Å∞ã¨∞
H˘<åfl HÍ|\˜ì† U Ѩiã≤÷`«∞Ö’¡ "å~°∞ "≥àϧ~°∞? ZO^Œ∞‰õΩ "≥àϧ~°∞? J<Õ q+¨Ü«∂ÖË
H͉õΩO_® =∞iH˘xfl q=~åÅ∞ `≥Å∞ã¨∞HÀ"åÅx ‰õΩ`«∂ǨÏÅO HõeyOk.
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„Ѩܫ∂}ÏÅO>Ë W+¨ìѨ_Õ"å~°∞ Jxfl ^ÕâßÖ’¡#∂ L#fl>Ë¡ =∞#^Õâ◊OÖ’
‰õÄ_® L<åfl~°∞. =∞#H˜ =¸_»∞ "≥·Ñ¨ÙÖÏ ã¨=Ú„^ŒO XHõ"≥·Ñ¨Ù Ѩ~°fi`åÅ∞ LO_»@O
=Å# |Ü«∞\˜ „ѨѨOK«O`À ã¨O|O^è•Å∞ ÃÑ@∞ìHÀ=\ÏxH˜ gÅ∞ HÍÖË^Œ∞. JO^Œ∞
=Å# =∞#"åà◊§O^Œ~°∂ WHõ¯_Õ QÆ∞O„_»OQÍ uiQÍ~°∞. ZO`À ÃÑ^ŒÌ ^Õâ◊O HÍ=@O
=Å# KåÖÏ „Ѩ^ÕâßÅ∞ K«∂âß=∞x `«$Ñ≤ÎѨ_Õ"å~°∞. W^Õ „ѨѨOK«O J#∞H˘x
~åAÅ∞, ~°OQÆѨÊÅ∂ '„ѨѨOKåkèѨu—, '[QÆ*Ë˚`«— J<Õ a~°∞^Œ∞Å∞ ‰õÄ_®
WK«∞Û‰õΩ<åfl~°∞.
WO_çÜ«∂ #∞O_ç |Ü«∞\˜ „ѨѨOKåxH˜ L#fl XˆH XHõ Éèí∂=∂~°æO,
"åÜ«∞=º =¸ÅQÍ L#fl ÔH·|~ü, É’Å<£ Hõ#∞=∞Å∞. Wq „Ѩã¨∞Î`«O áêH˜™êÎ<£,
PѶ¨…x™êÎ<£ ^ÕâßÖ’¡ L<åfl~Ú. Jq ^•\˜`Õ ÃÑëê=~ü =ã¨∞ÎOk. J<åk #∞O_ô D
H˘O_» Hõ#∞=∞Å ^•fi~å<Õ q^ÕjÜ«ÚÅ∞ ~åHõáÈHõÅ∞ ™êyOKå~°∞.
=∞^茺 Pã≤Ü«∂ #∞O_ç P~°∞ºÅ∞ WO_çÜ«∂H˜ =zÛ#ѨC_»∞ P =∂~åæxfl
"≥Ú^Œ\˜™êiQÍ LѨÜ≥∂yOKå~°∞. P `«~°∞"å`« „H©IIѨÓII 327–26 ã¨OIIÖ’
JÖˇQÍ˚O_»~ü WO_çÜ«∂ g∞^ŒH˜ ^ŒO_≥uÎ =zÛ#ѨC_»∞ D =∂~°æO LѨÜ≥∂QÆѨ_çOk.
Jk "≥Ú^ŒÅ∞H˘x Ô~O_»∞ "≥·Ñ¨ÙÖÏ ~åHõáÈHõÅ∞ KåÖÏ "ÕQÆOQÍ ™êyáÈÜ«∂~Ú.
KåÖÏ=∞Ok ÉèÏ~°fÜ«∞ "Õ^•O`«∞Å∞, ^Œ∂`«Å∞, ¿ã=‰õΩÅ∞, =∂=\©Å∞,
[O`«∞=ÙÅH˜ P@Å∞ <Õˆ~Ê"å~°∂ „wã¨∞, ~À"£∞ ^ÕâßʼnõΩ "≥o§Ok D =∂~åæÅ
115
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^•fi~å<Õ. WÖÏQÍ U^À Ѩx HÀã¨"≥∂, q^Œº HÀã¨"≥∂ `«~°eáÈÜÕ∞ "åi ã¨OYº
<å<å\˜H© Z‰õΩ¯"≥·Ok. JÖÏ |Ü«∞\˜ ^ÕâßÅH˜ "≥àı§"åiH˜ ZO`À Q“~°=O ‰õÄ_®
ÅaèOKÕk.
"åºáê~°∞Å∞ H˘`«Î „áêO`åÅ∞ "≥^Œ∞H˘¯O@∂ =ÚO^Œ∞‰õΩ ™êyáÈÜ«∂~°∞.
™ê~°ú"åǨïÅ∞ J<Õ ™êǨÏã¨=O`«∞Å∞ =ÚO^Œ∞‰õΩ =zÛ "åºáê~°∞efl, Ü«∂„u‰õΩbfl
ã¨∞^Œ∂~° „áêO`åʼnõΩ ˆH∆=∞OQÍ fã¨∞ÔHàı§"å~°∞. gà◊√§ =~°ÎHõ a_®~°∞efl HÍáê_ç
#O^Œ∞‰õΩ =∞Oz r`«Éèí`åºÅ∞ LO_Õq. Ü«∂„`«Ö’¡ `«=∞x HÍáê_»=∞x =ÚYºOQÍ
=∂}˜Éèí„^Œ Ü«∞‰õ∆Ω}˜‚ „áêiúOKÕ"å~°∞.
™ê~°ú"åǨïÅ`À áê@∞ "≥o`Õ J<ÕHõ Ö∫H˜Hõ q+¨Ü«∂Å∞ `≥Å∞™êÎÜ«∞x
Ѩ^ŒÇ¨~°∞ ã¨O=`«û~åÅ∞ xO_ç# ~å‰õΩ=∂~°∞Å∞ Ãã·`«O "åà◊§`À "≥àı§"å~°∞. P<å_»∞
qÅã≤e¡# É∫^Œú=∞`«O D „Ѩܫ∂}ÏÅx „áÈ`«ûÇ≤ÏOz LO@∞Ok.
WÖÏO\˜ q^Õj „Ѩܫ∂}ÏÅ∞ [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞#fl Ѩiã≤÷`«∞Ö’¡ Ѩi¬Ü«∂
(W~å<£)Ö’ 㨙êxÜ«∞<£ =Oâ◊O "å~°∞ ~å*ϺxH˜ =KåÛ~°∞. "å~°∞ ã¨Ç¨Ï[OQÍ
qÖÏ㨠„Ñ≤Ü«ÚÅ∞. `«∂~°∞Ê ^ÕâßÅ #∞O_ç =KÕÛ <å@ºQÆ`≥ÎÅ∞, ã¨Ow`«O "åiH˜
ZO`À W+¨ìO. ÉèÏ~°`«^Õâ◊O ÉÏQÍ ^Œyæ~° HÍ|\˜ì Y~°∞Û ÃÑ^ŒÌQÍ LO_Õk HÍ^Œ∞.
=∞~˘Hõ ѨHõ¯ @s¯ #∞O_ç <å@ºQÆ`≥ÎÅ∞, ÉÏxã¨Å∞ ^˘~°∞‰õΩ`å~°∞. HÍh á⁄_»∞QÆ∞,
JO^ŒO, =∞Oz P@ áê@ <ÕiÛ#"å~°∞ ÉèÏ~°fÜ«ÚÖË. gà◊§ =∂kiQÍ P„Ѷ≤HÍ
"å~°∞, Jaã‘xÜ«∂ "å~°∞ U Ѩh <Õ~°∞ÊQÍ KÕÜ«∞ÖË~°∞. JO^Œ∞Hõx Ѩi¬Ü«∂ ^Õâ◊ѨÙ
qÖÏ㨄Ñ≤Ü«ÚÅH˜, ÉèÏ~°`«^Õâ◊Ѩ٠ã¨∞O^Œ~åOQÆ∞Å∞,
<å@ºHõ`≥ÎÅ∞ ZO`À W+¨ìO.
㨙êxÜ«∞<£ =OâßxH˜ K≥Ok# |ǨÏ~å"£∞
Q“~ü („H©IIâ◊II 420–448) Ѩi¬Ü«∂x Ѩiáêeã¨∞Î#fl
~ÀAÖ’¡ PÜ«∞# `«# Ѩi"å~°O`À "Õ@ KÕã∂¨ Î LO_»QÍ
H˘O^Œ~°∞ "åºáê~°ã¨∞ÎÅ∞ #k g∞^Œ Ѩ_»=Ö’ ã¨~°^•QÍ
=∞^èŒ∞áê#O ¿ãqã¨∂Î HÍňH∆ѨO KÕÜ«∞@O K«∂âß_»∞.
"åiÖ’ H˘O^Œ ~ ° ∞ ~åAQÍiH˜ `≥ e ã≤ LO_» @ O
=¸ÖÏ# ~åAQÍ~°∞ "åix ѨÅHõiOz 'g∞‰õΩ "Õˆ~
ã¨~°^•Å∞ Ug∞ ÖË"å? <å@ºQÆ`≥ÎÅ∞, QÍ<å |*Ï<å
116
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ZHõ¯_»?— Jx J_»∞QÆ∞`å_»∞.
'r, ǨïE~ü! g∞ ѨiáêÅ#Ö’ JÖÏ¡ ^ŒÜ«∞ =Å¡ ^ÕxH© Ö’@∞ ÖˉõΩO_®
[iyáÈ`«∂ LOk. HÍx #~°ÎH©=∞}∞ÅH˜, QÍÜ«∞‰õΩʼnõΩ Ö’@∞QÍ LOk— Jx
q=i™êÎ~°∞ "åà◊√§.
'㨈~! g∞ ã¨O`À+¨O HÀã¨O `«fi~°Ö’ `«y# U~åÊ@∞¡ KÕ™êÎ#∞— Jx "åiH˜
=∂@ WzÛ, "Õ@ KÕã¨∞H˘x "≥o§áÈ`å_»∞.
|ǨÏ~å"£∞ Q“~ü `«# ^Œ~åƒ~üH˜ "≥o§# "≥O@<Õ ÉèÏ~°`«^Õâ◊Ѩ٠~åA â◊OYÖÏH˜
gÖˇ·#O`« Z‰õΩ¯= =∞Ok QÍÜ«∞‰õΩÅx, <å@ºQÆ`≥Îefl `«fi~°Ö’ `«# ^ÕâßxH˜
ѨOѨ=Åã≤OkQÍ P*Ï˝ Ѩ„`«O ~å~ÚOz ^Œ∂`«Å ^•fi~å ѨOÑ≤™êÎ_»∞.
â◊OYÖÏ ~åA KåÖÏ Q˘Ñ¨Ê"å_»∞. P ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’ =∞^茺ÉèÏ~°`«OÖ’
QÆ∞ѨÙÎÅ∞ Ѩiáêeã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. |ǨÏ~åOQ“~ü #∞O_ç P[˝ JO^Œ∞H˘O^Õ `«_»=ÙQÍ fÜ«∞x
HõO~î°^èŒfix QÆÅ Ü«Ú=f Ü«Ú=‰õΩefl, #~°Î‰õΩefl #"å|∞H˜ HÍ#∞HõQÍ Ñ¨OÑ≤Oz
`«# ¿ãflǨxfl, HõàÏáÈ+¨}Ï QÆ∞}Ïxfl Kå@∞H˘<åfl_»∞. 'D QÍÜ«∞‰õΩefl, #~°Î‰õΩefl
g∞ H˘Å∞=ÙÖ’<Õ LOK«∞H˘O_ç. Wk =∂ `«~°Ñ¨Ù# HÍ#∞Hõ— Jx ã¨O^Õâ◊O ‰õÄ_®
ѨOѨÙ`å_»∞.
D Kåi„`«Hõ ã¨`åºxfl, J~°Éò K«i„`« HÍ~°∞_≥·# ǨÏO*Ï Wã¨ÊǨx („H©IIâ◊II
940–1020) `«# „QÆO^ä•Ö’¡ ~åâß_»∞. 㨙êxÜ«∞<£ K«i„`« ÉÏQÍ `≥eã≤# D
ѨO_ç`«∞x ~å`«Å „ѨHÍ~°O '*’\ò— J<Õ *ÏuH˜ K≥Ok# Ѩ<≥flO_»∞ "ÕÅ =∞Ok
HõàÏHÍ~°∞efl, â◊OYÖÏ ~åA |ǨÏ~å"£∞Q“~üH˜ ѨOáê_»∞. Ѷ≤~°^Òã≤ ~åã≤# 'ëê<å=∂—
„ѨHÍ~°O áê^Œ∞ëê |ǨÏ~å"£∞Q“~ü W~°"≥· "ÕÅ=∞Ok HõàÏHÍ~°∞efl â◊OYÖÏ ~åA
#∞O_ç ã‘fiHõiOKå_»∞. "åix 'Å∂i— Jx Ѷ≤~°^Òã≤ J<åfl_»∞. D 'Å∂i— J<Õ
117
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*Ïu "å~°∞ Ѩi¬Ü«∂H˜ „H©IIâ◊II 400 ã¨OIIÖ’<Õ KÕi#@∞¡QÍ P^è•~åÅ∞ L<åfl~Ú.
Ѩiã¨~åÖ’¡ 'Å∂i™ê÷<£— J<Õ „áêO`«O ‰õÄ_® LO_»_»O`À P "å^•xH˜ |ÅO
KÕ‰õÄiOk.
ÉèÏ~°`«^Õâ◊OÖ’ JѨC_»∞ Åe`«Hõà◊Å Jaè=$kú, ã¨O㨯$f qHÍã¨O ÉÏQÍ
[iQÍ~Ú. JO^Œ∞=Å# Z‰õΩ¯==∞Ok HõàÏHÍ~°∞Å∞ L`«Î~° ÉèÏ~°`«^Õâ◊O #∞O_ç
Ѩi¬Ü«∂H˜ "≥o§ LO\Ï~°∞. HÍ|\˜ì "åiÖ’ Jxfl ‰õΩÖÏÅ, =∞`åÅ "å~°∂
LO_»=K«∞Û. ã¨fi^Õâ◊OÖ’ PHõe f~°Hõ, QÆ∞iÎOѨ٠ÖËHõ L#fl"å~°∞ =ÚO^Œ∞QÍ "≥à◊§QÍ,
~åAQÍ~°∞ |Å=O`«OQÍ =∞iH˘O`«=∞Okx ѨOÑ≤ LO_»=K«∞Û. "≥Ú`åÎxH˜ gà◊§Ö’
ã¨OKå~°O KÕã¨∂Î á⁄@ì áÈã¨∞H˘<Õ "å~°∞ Z‰õΩ¯==∞Ok LO\Ï~°#@OÖ’ ZÖÏO\˜
ã¨O^ÕǨÏO LO_»^Œ∞.
Ѩi¬Ü«∂ KÕi# P HõàÏHÍ~°∞Å∞ `«=∞ P@áê@Å`À ~åAx, „Ѩ[efl
ZO`À ã¨O`À+¨Ñ¨iKå~°∞. W~å<£ ~åA |ǨÏ~å"£∞Q“~ü "åix "≥∞K«∞ÛH˘x 'g∞~°∞
JO^Œ~°∂ âßâ◊fi`«OQÍ =∂ ^Õâ◊OÖ’<Õ LO_çáÈ=Åã≤O^Œx— HÀ~å_»∞.
JO^Œ∞HÀã¨O HÍ=Åã≤# U~åÊ@∞¡ "≥O@"≥O@<Õ [iQÍ~Ú. `«ÖÏ H˘OK≥O
Éèí∂q∞, [`« Z^Œ∞ÌÅ∞, QÍ_ç^ŒÅ∞, WÅ∞¡, ^è•#ºO =ÔQ·~åÅ∞ WzÛ 'g∞~°∞ XHõi
g∞^Œ P^è•~°Ñ¨_»‰õΩO_® |`«HõO_ç— Jx K≥|∞`å_»∞.
#"å|∞QÍiH˜ Hõà◊Ѩ@¡ L#fl Jaè=∂#O, `«# „Ѩ[ŠѨ@¡ L#fl „¿Ñ=∞
HÍ~°}OQÍ Jxfl ^•<åÅ∞ KÕâß_»∞. HÍh H˘`«ÎQÍ =zÛ# P q^Õj #~°Î‰õΩÅ∞ "å\˜x
LѨÜ≥∂yOK«∞H˘x ѨO@Å∞ ѨO_çOK«QÆÅ~å, ÖË~å? Jx PÖ’zOK«ÖËHõáÈÜ«∂_»∞.
ã≤÷~°x"åã¨OÖ’#∂, =º=™êÜ«∞OÖ’#∂ ‰õÄ_® ZÖÏO\˜ J#∞Éèí=O ÖËx
D HõàÏHÍ~°∞Å∞ H˘xfl <≥ÅÅ `«~åfi`« "åi Pã¨∞Îefl J=Ú‡HÀ=@O „áê~°OaèOKå~°∞.
Jk `≥eã≤# #"å|∞ "åiÃÑ· HÀÑ≤Oz `«# ~å[ºO #∞O_ç "≥à◊§Q˘_»`å_»∞.
HÍh P HõàÏHÍ~°∞Å∞ WO\˜"≥ÚYO Ѩ@ì‰õΩO_® J@∞#∞Oz J>Ë Ñ¨_»=∞~°
^ÕâßÅ"≥·Ñ¨ÙQÍ „Ѩܫ∂}˜OKå~°∞.
"åix WO_çÜ«∂H˜ ѨOѨ@O #"å|∞QÍiH˜ J==∂#O. uiy WO\˜H˜
"≥à◊§@O "åiH˜ ã≤QÆ∞æ. JO^Œ∞=Å# Z‰õΩ¯==∞Ok =ÚO^Œ∞ˆH ™êyáÈÜ«∂~°∞. P@
áê@Å∞ `≥eã≤# "åiH˜ uO_ç QÆ∞iOz# ÃÑ^ŒÌ ɡOQÆ LO_»^Œ∞. U^Àq^èŒOQÍ
™êÜ«∞O„`åxH˜ á⁄~Úº g∞^Œ y<≥fl ZH˜¯OK«QÆÅ~°∞. Pq^èŒOQÍ "å~°∞ =O^Œ
118
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ã¨O=`«û~åÅ áê@∞ P Ѩiã¨~åÖ’¡x =Úã≤¡O ~å*Ϻ֒¡ u~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ LO_çáÈÜ«∂~°∞.
H˘`«ÎQÍ =zÛ# #"å|∞Å∞ qÖÏã¨=O`«"≥∞ÿ# rq`«O HÍ"åÅ#∞HÀ=@O
=Å# ÉèÏ~°fÜ«∞ HõàÏHÍ~°∞efl `«=∞ ^Œ~åƒ~üʼnõΩ PǨfixOz LO\Ï~°∞.
Dq^èŒ"≥∞ÿ# PǨfi<åÅ∞ =Úã≤¡O ~å[º™ê÷Ѩ# [iy# „ѨuKÀ@ #∞O_ô
~å=@O`À WO_çÜ«∂ #∞O_ç =Åã¨áÈÜÕ∞ "å~°∞ Z‰õΩ¯=Ü«∂º~°∞. J@∞ ѨtÛ=∂#
L#fl ÃãÊ~Ú<£ #∞O_ç W@∞ `«∂~°∞Ê# L#fl K≥·<å =~°‰õÄ =∞`« Ü«Ú^•úÅ∞
KÕÜ«∞@O =Å# =Úã≤¡O „áê|źO Z‰õΩ¯"≥·Ok. P Ѩiã≤÷`«∞Ö’¡ „H©IIâ◊II 900 ã¨OII
<å\˜H˜ WO_çÜ«∂ ѨtÛ=∞f~°OÖ’ "≥Ú^ŒÖˇ·# =Úã≤¡OÅ ã¨OѶ¨∞\˜`« â◊H˜Î, "å~°∞
11= â◊`å|ÌOÖ’ _èçb¡ ã≤OǨã¨<åxfl P„Hõq∞OK«@O`À Ѩ~åHÍ+¨ì‰õΩ KÕiOk.
"åi P™ê÷<åÖ’¡ qÖÏ™êÅ∞ Z‰õΩ¯= HÍQÍ <å@ºQÆ`≥ÎÅ∞, QÍÜ«∞‰õΩÅ∞
J=ã¨~°=∞Ü«∂º~°∞. =O^ŒÅ =∞Ok ¿ã=‰õΩÅ∞ =Úã≤¡O ^ÕâßʼnõΩ =Å㨠áÈ=@O
„áê~°OaèOKå~°∞. JÖÏO\˜ J=HÍâßÅ#∞ ¿Ñ^Œ HõàÏHÍ~°∞Å∞ LѨÜ≥∂yOK«∞H˘x
LO\Ï~°∞.
Dq^èŒ"≥∞ÿ# Kåi„`«Hõ, ™ê=∂lHõ HÍ~°}ÏÅ =Å# „H©IIâ◊II 400 #∞O_ç
„H©IIâ◊II 1200 ã¨OII =∞^茺 HÍÅOÖ’ ÉèÏ~°fÜ«∞ HõàÏHÍ~°∞Å∞ =Úã≤¡O ^ÕâßÅH˜ =Åã¨Å∞
"≥àϧ~°∞.
JÖÏ =Åã¨Å∞ "≥o§# "å~°O^Œ~°∂ D<å_»∞ KåÖÏ ^ÕâßÖ’¡ ã¨OKå~åÅ∞
KÕã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. "åi<Õ WOw¡+π "å~°∞ lÑ‘ûÅ∞ J<åfl~°∞. "åi ÉèÏ+¨<Õ ~˘=∂h J<åfl~°∞.
=Úã≤¡O ™ê„=∂*ϺÅ∞, „H©IIâ◊II 1500 ã¨OII <å\˜H˜ Ѩ`«#O HÍ=@O "≥Ú^ŒÅ∞
ÃÑ@ìQÍ<Õ =Åã¨Å∞ PyáÈ~Ú LO\Ï~Ú. ZO^Œ∞HõO>Ë `«~åfi`« =zÛ# "≥ÚѶ¨∞Öò
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Ѩije¿ãÎ "åi =Å㨠=∂~åæÅ QÆ∞iOz =∞#‰õΩ `≥eã≤# q=~åÅ∞ WÖÏ L<åfl~Ú.
„H©IIâ◊II 5= â◊`å|ÌOÖ’ "≥Ú^Œ@QÍ W~å<£~åA =^ŒÌH˜ "≥o§# lÑ‘ûÅ∞,
ã¨OKå~åÅ∞ KÕã¨∞H˘O@∂ „H©IIâ◊II 820 <å\˜H˜ >ˇÿ„yãπ #nf~°O KÕ~å~°x Kåi„`«Hõ
P^è•~åÅ∞ L<åfl~Ú.
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ã¨OII <å\˜H˜ „w‰õΩ ^Õâ◊OÖ’ ZÅ∞QÆ∞|O@∞¡ P_çã¨∂Î L<åfl~°∞ lÑ‘ûÅ∞. JHõ¯_»
gix JkèOQÀ<åÜü∞ Jx Ñ≤eKå~°∞. „H©IIâ◊II 1290 ã¨OII <å\˜H˜ „wã¨∞Ö’ J^äÀãπ
H˘O_» g∞^Œ K≥ѨCÅ∞ ‰õΩ\˜ì rqOKÕ lÑ‘ûÅ∞ L<åfl~°∞.
„H©IIâ◊II Ѩ^•flÅ∞QÆ= â◊`å|ÌO <å\˜H˜ lÑ‘ûÅ∞ S~Àáê KÕ~°∞H˘<åfl~°∞. 1322
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duct Certificates W™êÎ_»∞.
„H©IIâ◊II 1453 Ö’ `«∞~°∞+¨µ¯Å∞ HÍ<£™êìO\ò<ÀѨÙÖòx P„Hõq∞OK«Hõ =ÚO^Õ
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H˘xfl ã¨=¸Ç¨Å∞ Ѩi¬Ü«∂ #∞O_ç Z„~°ã¨=Ú„^Œ f~°O "≥O|_Õ Jˆ~aÜ«∂
122
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e\˜Öò DlѨÙì #∞O_ç =KåÛ=∞x— K≥ѨCH˘x uiQÍ~°∞.
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<åÜ«∞Hõ`«fiO H˜O^Œ S~å¡O_£Ö’ „Ѩ"ÕtOzOk. W`«x a~°∞^Œ∞ Earl of Little Egypt.
W`«x Q˘Ñ¨Ê`«#O „QÆÇ≤ÏOz# ™ê¯\òÖÏO_£ ~åA *Ë"£∞û IV 'á¶ê—x `«# P™ê÷<åxH˜
PǨfixOKå_»∞. P `«~°∞"å`« HÍÅOÖ’ 1504 âßã¨#O „ѨHÍ~°O D lÑ‘û
<åÜ«∞‰õΩ_çH˜ KåÖÏ JkèHÍ~åÅ∞ W™êÎ_»∞.
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∆˜ J"≥∞iHÍH˜, 19= â◊`å|ÌOÖ’
L`«Î~° J"≥∞iHÍH˜ KÕ~°∞H˘<åfl~°∞.
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LO_»=K«∞Û Hõ^•!— Jx.
lÑ‘ûÅH˜ `«=∞ K«i„`« ѨÓiÎQÍ, ã¨Ê+¨ìOQÍ `≥eÜ«∞^Œ∞ HÍ|\˜ì "åi „Ѩâ◊flÅH˜
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'㨈~! q#O_ç— JO@∂ "≥Ú^ŒÅ∞ ÃÑ_»`å~°∞.
'XHõѨC_»∞ QÆOQÍ#n f~°OÖ’ QÆ∞_®~åÅ∞ "Õã¨∞H˘x x=ã≤ã¨∂Î LO\Ï~°∞
lÑ‘ûÅ∞. "åà◊§ ~åA JO^Œih Hõ#fla_»¤Å =∂kiQÍ K«∂ã¨∞H˘O@∂ ѨiáêÅ#
™êy™êÎ_»∞. J`«xH˜ XHõ¯_Õ H˘_»∞‰õΩ. ¿Ñ~°∞ Kè≥<£. P á⁄~°∞QÆ∞ ^Õâ◊Ѩ٠~åAH˜ XHõ
‰õÄ`«∞~°∞Ok. P"≥∞ ¿Ñˆ~"≥∂ *ˇ<£.
D W^ŒÌiH˜ ÃÑo§ [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. HÍh P á⁄~°∞QÆ∞ ~åAQÍi Ñ≤Å¡, Kè≥<£H˜
K≥Öˇ¡e =~°ã¨ J=Ù`«∞O^Œx H˘O^Œ~°∞ „Ѩ[Å∞ QÆ∞ã¨QÆ∞ã¨ÖÏ_»∞H˘O\Ï~°∞. =∞i
H˘O^Œˆ~"≥∂ 'Kè«, JÖÏO\˜k Ug∞ ÖË^Œ∞— Jx ã¨~°∞̉õΩáÈ`å~°∞. Pq^èŒOQÍ „Ѩ[Ö’¡
Ô~O_»∞ =~åæÅ∞ U~åÊ_®¤~Ú. J^Õ ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’ P ^ÕâßxH˜ XHõ Éèí∂`«"≥·^Œ∞º_»∞
=zÛ Kè≥<£ ~å[ºO g∞^ŒH˜ `«fi~°Ö’ q^Õj ^ŒO_»Ü«∂„`«Å∞ [~°∞QÆ∞`åÜ«∞x, „Ѩ[ÅH˜
HõëêìÅ∞ ~åÉ’`«∞<åflÜ«∞x K≥|∞`å_»∞. ^•xfl Z=~°∂ #=∞‡~°∞. H˘<åflà◊§ `«~°∞"å`«
JÖˇQÍ˚O_»~ü Ãã·x‰õΩÅ∞ Kè≥<£ ~å[ºO g∞^ŒH˜ x[OQÍ<Õ ^ŒO_≥uÎ =zÛ „Ѩ[efl,
Ѩ@ì}Ïefl <åâ◊#O KÕ™êÎ~°∞. ZO`À=∞Ok lÑ‘ûÅ∞ =∞~°}˜™êÎ~°∞. Éèí∂`«"≥·^Œ∞º_ç
*’㨺O x[=∞=Ù`«∞Ok.
nxHõO`«@H˜ HÍ~°}O Kè≥<£ KÕã≤# `«Ñ¨C_»∞ Ѩx Jx #q∞‡# „Ѩ[Å∞
J`«xfl ~å[ºO #∞O_ç "≥e"Õ™êÎ~°∞. '#∞=Ùfi K≥Öˇ¡e =~°ã¨ J~Ú# ^•xfl ÃÑo§
125
lÑ‘ûÅ∞
KÕã¨∞H˘<åfl=Ù. =∂‰õΩ WÖÏ [iyOk. HÍ|\˜ì h‰õΩ tHõ∆ Ѩ_®e— JO\Ï~°∞.
'g∞‰õΩ <å=Å¡ HõëêìÅ∞ =KåÛ~Ú HÍ|\˜ì g∞~°∞ U tHõ∆ qkèOz<å <å‰õΩ
W+¨ì"Õ∞— JO\Ï_»∞ Kè≥<£.
'rq`åO`«O ^ÕâßÅ∞ u~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ LO_»∞. XˆH KÀ@ Ô~O_»∞ ~å„uà◊√§
QÆ_»Ñ¨‰õÄ_»^Œ∞. XHõ¯ ÉÏq hà◊√§ Ô~O_»∞™ê~°∞¡ `åQÆ~å^Œ∞. W^Õ "Õ∞=Ú qkèOKÕ tHõ∆—
JO@∂ HÀѨÊ_»`å~°∞.
JѨÊ\˜ #∞O_ç Kè≥<£ ~åA, `«# `«~°Ñ¨Ù# =∂\Ï¡_ç# „Ѩ[efl `À_»∞QÍ
fã¨∞H˘x tHõ∆ „ѨHÍ~°O ^ÕâßÅ∞ u~°QÆ@O `«Ñ¨Êxã¨i J~ÚOk.
"Õ∞=∞O`å Kè≥<£ `«~°Ñ¨Ù "åi ã¨O`å#O HÍ|\˜ì, P tHõ∆x J=∞Å∞ Ѩ~°K«∞
H˘O@∂ WÖÏ ^ÕâßÅ∞ Ѩ@∞ì‰õΩ u~°∞QÆ∞`«∞<åflO. JÜ«∂º Wn =∂ Hõ^äŒ.— JO@∂
FÑ≤QÍæ K≥¿ÑÊ"å~°∞.
D Hõ^äŒ =Å# lÑ‘ûÅH˜ XHõ ~åA L<åfl_»<Õ #=∞‡HõO U~°Ê_çOk „Ѩ[ÅH˜.
x*ÏxH˜ D Hõ^èŒH˜ =¸ÅO DlѨÙì ~åAÅ rq`«O. `«=∞ ™ê„=∂[ºO W`«~°∞ÅH˜
"≥o§áÈ`«∞O^Œ#fl ÉèíÜ«∞O`À ^ŒQÆæ~° ã¨O|O^è•Å∞ L#fl"åi`À<Õ ÃÑo§ KÕã¨∞H˘<Õ"å~°∞
P ~ÀAÖ’¡.
King of the Little Egypt Jx H˘O^Œ~°∞ lÑ‘û ÃÑ^ŒÌÅ∞ `«=∞ QÆ∞iOz
Ü«¸~°ÑπÖ’ K≥ѨCH˘<åfl~°∞. JO^Œ∞=Å¡<Õ "åix 'DlѨÙì"å~°∞— Jx J<åfl~°∞.
J^Õ HÍÅ„Hõ"Õ∞}Ï DlÑ‘ì, lÑ‘ûQÍ =∂iOk. DlѨÙìÖ’ lÑ‘ûÅ∞ KåÖÏHÍÅO
L<åfl~°xD Hõ^äŒ ^•fi~å `≥Å∞ã¨∞ÎOk.
WÖÏO\˜ Hõ^äŒ XHõ\˜ ~°+¨º<£ lÑ‘ûÅ∞ ‰õÄ_® JÅ∞¡H˘<åfl~°∞.
DlѨÙì á¶ê~°∞"å ~åAÅ Ãã·#ºOÖ’ Ѩx KÕ¿ã XHõ Ü«Ú=‰õΩ_»∞ P
^Õâ◊Ѩ٠J=∂‡~Úx „¿Ñq∞™êÎ_»∞. HÍh ÃÑ^ŒÌÅ∞ XѨCHÀ~°∞. W^ŒÌ~°∂ Hõeã≤ ^Œ∂~°OQÍ
áêiáÈ~Ú ÃÑo§ KÕã¨∞H˘x rq^•Ì=∞x xâ◊Û~ÚOK«∞H˘x J=HÍâ◊O HÀã¨O
K«∂ã¨∞ÎO\Ï~°∞. J^Õ ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’ "≥∂[ãπ W„™ê~ÚÖò „Ѩ[efl fã¨∞H˘x Z„~°
ã¨=Ú„^•xfl ^•>Ë Ç¨Ï_®=Ù_çÖ’ LO_»QÍ D „¿Ñq∞‰õΩÅ∞ áêiáÈ`å~°∞. Z=iH©
^˘~°H‰õ Ωõ O_® LO_ÕO^Œ∞HÔ ,· "å~°∞ ZHõ¯_® ã≤~÷ O° QÍ LO_»‰Ωõ O_® u~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ QÆ_áç ê~°∞
rq`åO`«O. "åiH˜ ѨÙ\˜ì# ã¨O`å#O ‰õÄ_® u~°∞QÆ∞`«∂<Õ QÆ_çáê~°∞. P ã¨O`å#"Õ∞
"Õ∞=Ú— Jx K≥áêÊ~°∞.
126
 =Åã¨áÈ~Ú# HõàÏHÍ~°∞Å∞
lÑ‘ûÅ∞ uiˆQ „Ѩu ^Õâ◊OÖ’#∞ 'g∞ ѨÙ@∞ì ѨÓ~Àfi`«Î~åÅ∞ K≥ѨÊO_ç.
qO\ÏO!— Jx JO^Œ~°∂ J_çˆQ"åˆ~. `«=∞ LxH˜x HÍáê_»∞H˘<ÕO^Œ∞ÔH· lÑ‘ûÅ∞
WÖÏ Hõ^äŒefl ã¨$+≤ìOK«∞H˘<åfl~°∞.
"å~°∞ K≥¿ÑÊ WOHÀ Hõ^äŒ : „H©ã¨∞Î [x‡OKå_»x `≥Å∞ã¨∞H˘#fl E_çÜ«∂
~åA ¿ÇÏ~À^£ P ÉÏÅ∞}˜‚ K«OÑ≤"ÕÜ«∂Åx xâ◊Û~ÚOK«∞ H˘<åfl_»∞. HÍh ^Õ=^Œ∂`«Å
ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞O`À *’ÃãѶπ `«# a_»¤ „H©ã¨∞Îx, ÉèÏ~°º "Õ∞sx QÍ_ç^Œ g∞^Œ ZH˜¯OK«∞H˘x
~å„uH˜ ~å„`Õ DlѨÙìH˜ KÕ~°∞H˘O\Ï_»∞† =ã¨∞^Õ=Ù_»∞ Hõ$+¨µ‚}˜‚ fã¨∞H˘x ˆ~Ñ¨Öˇ¡H˜
áêiáÈ~Ú#@∞¡QÍ.
DlѨÙì KÕ~åHõ P ~å„u `«Å ^•K«∞HÀ=\ÏxH˜ Ti z=~°QÍ L#fl XHõ
WO\’¡H˜ "≥à◊`å~°∞. HÍh H˘`«Î"åix K«∂ã≤ ÉèíÜ«∞Ѩ_ç# P WO\˜"åà◊√§ 'WHõ¯_»
LO_»\ÏxH˜ gÖË¡^Œ∞, á⁄O_ç— JO@∂ Hõã¨∞~°∞H˘x `«Å∞ѨÙÅ∞ =¸ã¨∞H˘O\Ï~°∞.
gà◊§ g∞^Œ ^Õfi+¨O LO_ç HÍ^Œ∞, ¿ÇÏ~À^£ ^ŒO_À~åH˜ ÉèíÜ«∞Ѩ_ç. P ~å„u ZÖÏQÀ
XHõ áê_»∞|_ç# WO\’¡ QÆ_»∞ѨÙ`å~°∞.
`≥ÖÏ¡iáÈÜ«∂Hõ Jã¨Å∞ q+¨Ü«∞O `≥Å∞ã¨∞ÎOk P WO\˜"åiH˜† ~å„u
`«=∞ WO\˜H˜ =zÛ# "å~°∞ *’ÃãѶπ, "Õ∞s ^ŒOѨ`«∞Åx. `«Ñ¨CKÕâß~°∞ HÍ|\˜ì
^Õ=Ù_»∞ P WO\˜"åix â◊Ñ≤™êÎ_»∞. 'g∞~°∞ JO^Œi KÕ`« Jã¨Ç≤ϺOK«∞HÀ|_»`å~°∞—
Jx.
'=∞i D âßáêxH˜ ѨiǨ~°O HÍh, „áêÜ«∞tÛ`«ÎO HÍx ÖË^•— Jx P
WO\˜"å~°∞ ^Õ=Ù_çfl J_»∞QÆ∞`å~°∞.
'^ÕâßÅ∞ Ѩ@∞ìH˘x u~°QÆ@"Õ∞ ^•xH˜ =∂~°æO— Jx ^Õ=^Œ∂`« K≥|∞`«∞Ok.
127
lÑ‘ûÅ∞
'^Õ=Ù_çfl P^ŒiOK«x P ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏxH˜ K≥Ok#"åà◊§O HÍ|\˜ì "Õ∞=Ú
^ÕâßÅ∞ Ѩ@∞ìH˘x u~°QÆ=Åã≤ =zÛOk.— JO@∂ Hõ^äŒÅ∞ K≥¿ÑÊ"å~°∞.
=∞~À Hõ^äŒ „ѨHÍ~°O ÜÕ∞ã¨∞„H©ã¨∞Îx tÅ∞= "Õã¨∞Î#flѨC_»∞ <åÅ∞QÆ∞ W#∞Ѩ
ã‘ÅÅ∞ `«Ü«∂~°∞ KÕÜ«∞=∞x ~À=∞<£ Ãã·x‰õΩÅ∞ lÑ‘ûÅH˜ P*˝ W™êÎ~°∞. HÍx
"å~°∞ =KÕÛã¨iH˜ =¸_»∞ =∂„`«"Õ∞ `«Ü«∂Ô~· LO\Ï~Ú. <åÅ∞QÀk JѨÊ\˜H˜
ã¨iQÍæ K«ÖÏ¡~°^Œ∞. JO^Œ∞Hõx P ã‘Åx =ke "≥o§áÈ`å~°∞ Ãã·x‰õΩÅ∞. "å~°∞
"≥à◊§QÍ<Õ P ã‘Å xѨCÅ∞ Hõ‰õΩ¯`«∂ P QÆ∞_®~°O JO`å u~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ LO@∞Ok.
Jk „Ѩ=∂^ŒO Jx `≥eã≤# lÑ‘ûÅ∞ JHõ¯_ç #∞O_ç =∞HÍO Z`ÕΙêÎ~°∞.
JѨÊ\˜ #∞O_ç P <åÅ∞QÀ ã‘Å =∞O_çáÈ`«∂ Éèí∂q∞ g∞^Œ P z=~°
#∞O_ç D z=~° =~°‰õÄ u~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ LO@∞Ok. "å~°∞ QÆ∞_®~åÖ’¡ Z‰õΩ¯=
~ÀAÅ∞O>Ë<Õ Jk HõxÑ≤ã¨∞ÎOk. P =∞O_Õ ã‘Å HõxÊOzO^ŒO>Ë JHõ¯_ç #∞O_ç
"å~°∞ =∞HÍO =∂~åÛeûO^Õ.
lÑ‘ûÅH˜ ZÖÏO\˜ Hõ^äŒÅ∞ ~°Hõ∆} HõeÊ™êÎÜ≥∂, „Ѩ[Å∞ ^Õxfl ã¨∞ÅÉèíOQÍ
#=Ú‡`å~À ÉÏQÍ `≥Å∞ã¨∞. JO^Œ∞Ö’ "åix q∞Oz# "å~°∞ ÖË~°∞. 'e\˜Öò
DlѨ Ù ì #∞O_ç =∞=∞‡efl D 㨠O =`«û~°" Õ∞ `«iq∞"Õâ ß~°∞ — Jx q=~åÅ∞
Wã¨∞Î#flѨC_»∞ 'Jã¨Å∞ P #QÆ~°O ZHõ¯_»?— Jx Z=fi~°∂ ‰õÄ_® „ѨtflOK«ÖË^Œ∞.
x*ÏxH˜ P „áêO`«O ¿Ñ~°∞ 'ZÑ≤~°ãπ—. Jk 15= â◊`åÉÏÌxH˜ K≥Ok# @s¯Ö’ XHõ
ÉèÏQÆO. ^•xH©, DlѨÙìH˜ ZÖÏO\˜ ã¨O|O^è•Å∞ ÖË=Ù. "å~°∞ K≥¿ÑÊ Hõ^äŒÅ∞ DlѨÙìH˜
ã¨O|OkèOz#"Õ. HÍ|\˜ì lÑ‘ûÅ∞ DlѨÙì Ѩiã¨~åÖ’¡ Z‰õΩ¯= HÍÅO uiQÍ~°x
^èŒ$=Ѩ~°K«=K«∞Û. JO^Œ∞ˆH "å~°∞ '=∂k DlѨÙì— Jx K≥áêÊ~°∞. JO^Œ∞ˆH "åix
'lÑ‘û— J<åfl~°∞.
„Ѩã¨∞Î`«O „ѨѨOK«"åºÑ¨ÎOQÍ L#fl D lÑ‘ûÅ∞ `«=∞x ~À=∂ (Roma)
*Ïu "å~°x K≥ѨCH˘O@∞<åfl~°∞. JÖÏ Ñ≤eÑ≤OK«∞HÀ=@O "åiÔHO`À W+¨ìO.
128

18
lÑ‘ûÅ rq`åÅ∞
~À=∂ : ^•^•Ñ¨Ù "≥~Úº ã¨O=`«û~åÅ <å_Õ WO_çÜ«∂ #∞O_ç =Å㨠"≥o§
W~å<£ g∞^Œ∞QÍ S~Àáê, L`«Î~° P„Ѷ≤HÍ, J"≥∞iHÍ "≥o§ JHõ¯_» LO_ç u~°∞QÆ∞É’`«∞
rq`åxfl QÆ_»∞ѨÙ`«∞#fl "åi<Õ ~À=∂ Jx Ñ≤Å"åe. "å~°∞ XHõ „Ѩ`ÕºHõ"≥∞ÿ#
ã¨O㨯$ux Jaè=$kú KÕã¨∞H˘x rqã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. HÍ|>Ëì "åix ™ê^è•~°} lÑ‘ûÅ
#∞O_ç "Õ~°∞ KÕã≤ J^茺ܫ∞#O KÕÜ«∂e.
"≥Ú^Œ\’¡ gix QÆ∞iOz `≥eÜ«∞Hõ ~°Hõ~°HÍÅ∞QÍ J#∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞.
DlÑ≤ìÜ«∞<£ *Ïu Jx, =∞^茺 S~Àáê #∞O_ç =zÛ# É’Ç‘Ïq∞Ü«∞<£Å∞ Jx,
W„*Ï~ÚÖò ^Õâ◊O #∞O_ç `«Ñ≤ÊáÈ~Ú u~°∞QÆ∞`«∞<åfl~°x, Manichean Persians
#∞O_ç "ÕÔ~·áÈ~Ú# XHõ `≥QÆ Jx WÖÏ Z<Àfl TǨQÍ<åÅ∞ KÕâß~°∞. x*ÏxH˜
lÑ‘ûÅH˜ `å=Ú Z=~À, ZHõ¯_» #∞Oz =KåÛ~À `≥Å∞ã¨∞HÀ=\ÏxH˜ KåÖÏHÍÅO
Ѩ\˜ìOk.
x*ÏxH˜ "å~°O`å XˆH *ÏuH˜ ã¨O|OkèOz# "å~°∞, XˆH ÉèÏ+¨‰õΩ K≥Ok#
"å~°∞. JO^Œ∞=Å# gà◊§x W`«~° u~°∞QÆ∞É’`«∞Å∞, ã¨OKå~°∞Å #∞O_ç "Õ~°∞ KÕã≤
~À=∂ (Roma) Jx Ñ≤Å=@O ã¨=∞O[ã¨O Jx ™ê=∂lHõ âßG"Õ`«ÎÅ∞ Jaè„áêÜ«∞
Ѩ_»∞`«∞<åfl~°∞. JO>Ë „Ѩã¨∞Î`«O WO_çÜ«∂Ö’ LO_ç u~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ L#fl ~å[™êÎh
ã¨OKå~°∞Å∞, ֒Ǩ~üÅ∞ lÑ‘ûÖË. HÍh ~À=∂ HÍ^Œ∞. JO^Œ∞=Å# ~À=∂ "å~°∞
„Ѩ`ÕºHõ"≥∞ÿ# QÆ∞iÎOѨ٠HÀã¨O „ѨѨOK«"åºÑ¨ÎOQÍ J<ÕHõ ã¨OѶ¨∂Å∞, Ü«¸xÜ«∞#∞¡
™ê÷Ñ≤OK«∞H˘<åfl~°∞. D ~À=∂ lÑ‘ûÅ∞ „ѨѨOK« "åºÑ¨ÎOQÍ 40 ^ÕâßÖ’¡ L<åfl~°∞.
#Å¡QÍ "≥∞i¿ã Hõà◊√§, =OH©Å A@∞ì, =∞Oz ã¨fi~°O`À áê_»∞`«∂, P_»∞`«∂
LO_Õ D lÑ‘ûÅ∞ Ü«¸~°ÑπÖ’ HõxÑ≤™êÎ~°∞. "åiÖ’ Jxfl ~°HÍŠѨ#∞Å∞ KÕ¿ã"å~°∞
L<åfl~°∞. lÑ‘ûÅ „ã‘ÎÅ∞ ZO`À JO^Œ∞OQÍ LO\Ï~°∞. HÍh Ѩx =uÎ_ç =Å#
ÃÑo§ KÕã¨∞‰õΩ#fl H˘O`«HÍÖÏxˆH =ÚY=∞O`å =Ú_»`«Å∞ =™êÎ~Ú. J~Ú<å
129
lÑ‘ûÅ∞
"åi Hõà◊§Ö’¡ HÍOu U=∂„`«O `«QÆæ^Œ∞. Jk ZѨC_»∂ #Hõ∆„`åÅ`À áÈ\© Ѩ_»∞`«∂
LO@∞Ok. P "≥∞i¿ã Hõàı§ "åi PHõ~°¬} â◊H˜Î. Jk rq`åO`«O "åi`À áê@∞
LO@∞Ok Jx #=Ú‡`å~°∞.
lÑ‘ûÅ ÃÑ^•ÅÃÑ· x`«ºO `åO_»qã¨∂Î LO_Õ Ñ¨^ŒO 'F ^Õ=Öò— (Fi
^Õ=Ù_®). Jk Pâ◊Û~åºxfl =ºHõÎѨiKÕ 'Oh, my god' ÖÏO\˜k =∂„`«O HÍ^Œ∞.
PHÍâ◊OÖ’ K«O^Œ=∂=∞ HõxÑ≤Oz#ѨC_»∞ Q“~°=OQÍ `«Å g∞^Œ \’Ñ‘ fã≤, t~°ã¨∞û
=Oz #=∞™ê¯~°O KÕ™êÎ~°∞. 'ˆ~Ѩ٠ZÖÏ [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞O^À ^Õ=Ù_ç W+¨ìO— J#∞H˘O@∂
`«=∞ ѨxÖ’ x=∞QÆfl=∞=Ù`å~°∞. "åiÖ’ Hõ+¨ìѨ_ç Ѩx KÕã¨∞H˘x |uˆH"å~°∞ Z‰õΩ¯=.
"åi |à◊§a_®~°∞ x`«ºO ™êyáÈ`«∂<Õ LO@∞Ok. "å\˜ K«„HÍÅ∞
ZѨÊ\˜H© `«∞ѨCH˜ ^Œ∂~°OQÍ<Õ LO\Ï~Ú. D „ѨѨOK«"Õ∞ "åi WÅ∞¡. =∞# Wà◊§
ѨÙ<å^Œ∞Å∞ KåÖÏ Ö’`«∞QÍ "Õã¨∞H˘O\ÏO. HÍh "åi QÆ∞_®~åefl ÖÏy`Õ T_ç
áÈ`å~Ú. =∞#O ^èŒ∂o =∂kiQÍ ¿Ñ~°∞‰õΩáÈ`«∂ LO>Ë, lÑ‘ûÖË"≥∂ QÍe =∂kiQÍ
u~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ LO\Ï~°∞.
â◊`åÉÏÌÅ∞QÍ "å~°∞ u~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ L<åfl "åi P`«‡x, `«`åÎfixfl J~°úO
KÕã¨∞HÀ=\ÏxH˜ „ѨÉèí∞`åfiÅ∞ Ѩ\˜ìOK«∞HÀÖË^Œ∞. P<å_»∞ lÑ‘ûÅ∞ Zxfl ÉÏ^èŒÅ∞
Ѩ_»∞`«∂ L<åfl~À, D<å_»∂ JÖψQ L<åfl~°∞. HÀÔ~¯Å`À, HÍOHõ∆Å`À rq`«O
Ѩ@¡ PâßÉèÏ=O`À H˘O_»QÍex PǨfixã¨∂,Î "Õ∞Ѷ∂¨ Å =∂ki ™êyáÈ`«∂<Õ L<åfl~∞° .
Ü«Ú=f Ü«Ú=‰õΩÅ∞ HõÅÅ∞QÆ<Õ qO`« Ö’HÍÖ’¡H˜ x[OQÍ "≥o§, P
k"åº#O^•xfl J#∞ÉèíqOK«QÆeˆQk lÑ‘ûÖË HÍ|\˜ì, Ü«∞=fi# ã¨fiáêflÅH˜ „ѨfHõÅ∞QÍ
xeKå~°∞ lÑ‘ûÅ∞.
ZO_®HÍÅO, =ã¨O`« |∞∞`«∞=Ù JO>Ë "åiH˜ ZO`À W+¨ìO. Ü«¸~°ÑπÖ’
lÑ‘ûÅ∞ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ QÆ∞„~åÅ∞ ÖψQ |à◊§ g∞^Œ u~°∞QÆ∞`å~°∞. "å\˜x '"åQÆ<£— Jx
Ñ≤Å∞™êÎ~°∞. "å\˜x K«∂ã¨∞ÎO>Ë U"À Ö’HÍÖ’¡H˜ Hõ^ŒeáÈ`«∞#fl QÆ∞_®~åÅ „QÍ=∂Å∞
J#∞H˘O\ÏO.
"åi <åÅ∞QÆ∞ K«„HÍÅ |à◊§x ÖÏQÆ\ÏxH˜ „wã¨∞, ÃãÊ~Ú<£ ^ÕâßÖ’¡
J~Ú`Õ QÍ_ç^Œefl Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ LѨÜ≥∂y™êÎ~°∞. WO_çÜ«∂Ö’ J~Ú`Õ Z^Œ∞ÌÅ∞,
^Œ∞#fláÈ`«∞Å∞ "åi |à◊§x ÖÏQÆ∞`å~Ú. ÃãO„@Öò Pã≤Ü«∂Ö’ Ô~O_»∞ =¸Ñ¨Ù~åÅ
XO>ˇÅ∞ LѨÜ≥∂QÆOÖ’ L<åfl~Ú. HÍx D<å\˜ ™ê=∂#º J"≥∞iHõ<£ lÑ‘û
130
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'e"≥∂l<£— HÍ~°∞¡ "å_»∞`«∞<åfl_»∞. "åiH˜ HÍ_çÖÏH± HÍ~°∞¡ JO>Ë `«~°QÆx "≥∂A.
[~°‡hÖ’ uiˆQ Ü≥∞x+π *Ïu"å~°∂, S~å¡O_£ ^Õâ◊OÖ’ uiˆQ Hõ=∞‡i
Ѩx"å~°∂, ɡe˚Ü«∞O, <≥^Œ~å¡O_£ûÖ’ LO_Õ HÍ~å"≥∞~üû, „á¶ê<£û ^Õâ◊Ѩ٠=Ü≥∂Q͈~¤,
ã¨~°¯ã¨∞Ö’¡, ã¨O`«Ö’¡ ѨxKÕ¿ã Ѩx"å~°∂ *Ï#Ѩ^Œ HõàÏHÍ~°∞Å∂, U Ѩh ÖˉõΩO_®
TiˆH uiˆQ"å~°∂, HÍÖÏ#∞QÆ∞}OQÍ ~°Hõ~°HÍŠѨx KÕã¨∞H˘x |uˆH"å~°∂ JO^Œ~°∂
ã¨OKå~°∞ÖË. HÍh giÖ’ U XHõ¯~°∂ ~À=∂ lÑ‘ûÅ∞ HÍ~°∞.
lÑ‘ûÖ’¡ =ÚYºOQÍ =¸_»∞ ~°HÍÅ "åà◊√§ LO\Ï~°∞.
1. Nomadic : gà◊√§ ѨÓiÎQÍ ^Õâ◊k=∞‡~°∞¡. XHõ xs‚`«"≥∞ÿ# „Ѩ^Õâ◊OÖ’ xÜ«∞=∂#∞
™ê~°OQÍ XHõi <åÜ«∞Hõ`«fiO H˜O^Œ u~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ LO\Ï~°∞. gà◊§ <åÜ«∞‰õΩ_çx
"≥·"å_Õ (Voivade) JO\Ï~°∞. W`«xH˜ ѨiáêÅ<å^ŒHõ∆`«, K«∞@∂ì L#fl ã¨=∂[O`À
ã¨O|O^è•Å∞ ÃÑ@∞ìHÀ=_»O, áÈbã¨∞Å`À *Ï„QÆ`«ÎQÍ, `≥eqQÍ =∂\Ï¡_»@O ÖÏO\˜
q+¨Ü«∂Å∞ `≥eã≤ LO_®e.
giÖ’ HÍÅ̈~+π (Kaldaresh), Ö∫~å (Lowra) Jx Ô~O_»∞ ~°HÍÅ∞
L<åfl~°∞. giH˜ u~°QÆ@O JO>Ë =∞Ǩ W+¨ìO. KåÖÏ ^Œ∂~åÅ∞ „Ѩܫ∂}ÏÅ∞ KÕã≤
q"åÇ¨Ï ã¨O|O^è•Å∞ ‰õΩ^Œ∞~°∞™êÎ~∞° . áê`« K«∞@ìiHÍxfl, =∞~°záȉõΩO_® H˘#™êyã¨∂Î
LO\Ï~°∞. JO^Œ~°∂ Hõeã≤"≥∞eã≤ rq™êÎ~°∞.
2. Semi-settled : g~°∞ ZHõ¯_» LO>Ë JHõ¯_ç PKå~åxfl, =∞`åxfl áê\˜™êÎ~°∞.
H˘O`«HÍÅO `«~°∞"å`« "Õˆ~ TiH˜ áÈÜ«∂Hõ =∞~°Å JHõ¯_ç =∞`«OÖ’H˜ ã¨∞ÅÉèíOQÍ
=∂iáÈ`«∞O\Ï~°∞. giH˜ <åÜ«∞‰õΩ_»∞ Z=~°∂ LO_»~°∞.
3. Settled : 1830= ã¨OII #∞O_ç ~°ëêºÖ’ L#fl lÑ‘ûÅ∞, =∂™È¯ Ѩiã¨~åÖ’¡
Ãã\˜Öò JÜ«∂º~°∞. Ü«¸~ÀÑ≤Ü«∞<£ ^ÕâßÖ’¡ uiˆQ lÑ‘ûÅ∞ Z‰õΩ¯= =∞Ok JHõ¯_ç
=∞`«O fã¨∞H˘x P ^Õâ◊Ѩ٠áœ~°∞Å∞QÍ =∂iáÈÜ«∂~°∞. JÖψQ J"≥∞iHÍ,
Ü«¸~°ÑπÖ’ D<å_»∞ KåÖÏ=∞Ok Ãã\˜Öò JÜ«∂º~°∞. Ѩiã≤÷`«∞Å „ѨÉèÏ=O "åix
ã≤÷~°x"åã¨∞Å∞QÍ =∂~°∞ã¨∂Î LOk.
^ÕâßxH˜ XHõ ¿Ñ~°∞ : „a\˜+π n=ÙÖ’¡ 'lÑ‘û— Jx Ñ≤Å=@O =∂=¸ÖËHÍh,
WOw¡+π =∂\Ï¡_Õ "å~°∞ =∂„`«"Õ∞ JÖÏ Ñ≤eKÕ"å~°∞. "å~°∞ uiy# „Ѩu ^Õâ◊OÖ’#∂
"åiH˜ "Õ~°∞"Õ~°∞ ¿Ñ~°∞¡ L<åfl~Ú.
131
lÑ‘ûÅ∞
ÃãÊ~Ú<£Ö’ lÑ‘ûÅx y\Ï<À Jx Ñ≤eKå~°∞. JHõ¯_ç ^ŒH˜∆} „áêO`«OÖ’x
„QÆ#_® QÆ∞ǨÏÖ’¡ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ LO\Ï~°∞ gà◊√§. H˘xfl „áêO`åÖ’¡ 'láêÎ<£— J<åfl~°∞.
=∞iH˘xfl KÀ@¡ 'HÍÖË— J<åfl~°∞† #Å¡QÍ LO\Ï~°∞ HÍ|\˜ì.
„wã¨∞^Õâ◊OÖ’ QÆ∞áêÎh, Jã≤OQÍh, JkèOQÆ<åÜü∞ Jx =¸_»∞ ~°HÍÅ∞QÍ
Ñ≤eKå~°∞.
ɡ·*ÏO>ˇÿ<£ ~å[ºOÖ’ "åix '~À=∞<ÀÜü∞— J<åfl~°∞. „á¶ê#∞û ^Õâ◊OÖ’
lÑ‘ûÅx S^Œ∞ ~°HÍÅ ¿Ñ~°¡`À Ñ≤eKå~°∞. y\Ï<£, =∂#∞+π, ÉÁÇ‘Ïq∞Ü«∞<£ (áêiãπÖ’
¿ãfiK«ÛùQÍ rq`åÅ#∞ QÆ_»∞ѨÙ`«∞#fl ‰õΩ„~°HÍ~°∞, =ÚYºOQÍ Hõ=Ùefl, HõàÏHÍ~°∞efl
=i‚OK«\ÏxH˜ ÉÁÇ‘Ïq∞Ü«∞<£ Ѩ^ŒO LѨÜ≥∂yOK«@O JѨÊ\˜ #∞O_ç „áê~°OÉèí
"≥∞ÿOk. ÉÁÇ‘Ïq∞Ü«∂ ~åA ã≤wãπ=∞O_£ lÑ‘ûÅH˜ Letter of Protection W=fi|\˜ì
lÑ‘ûÅx 'ÉÁÇ‘Ïq∞Ü«∞<£— Jx Ñ≤Å=@O "≥Ú^ŒÖˇ·Ok).
^ŒH˜∆} „á¶ê<£û ^Õâ◊OÖ’x lÑ‘ûÅx ã¨~ål<£, =¸~ü Jx Ô~O_»∞ ¿Ñ~°¡`À
Ñ≤eKÕ"å~°∞.
W\b ^Õâ◊OÖ’ 'lOQÍ~À— Jx Ñ≤eKå~°∞. zH± JO>Ë ã¨∞uÎ. ã¨∞uÎ`À
_»ÉσÅ∞, ™ê=∂#∞Å∞ `«Ü«∂~°∞ KÕã≤ J=Ú‡`å~°∞ HÍ|\˜ì "åix lOQÍ~À J<åfl~°∞.
W\bÖ’ XHõ c~ü `«Ü«∂~°∞ KÕ¿ã HõOÃÑh 'lOQÍ~À— ¿Ñ~°∞ ÃÑ@∞ìH˘Ok.
[~°‡hÖ’ lÑ‘ûÅx ã≤O>Ë, lO^Œ∂ (ã≤Onè) lQÆh~ü JO@∞<åfl~°∞. Wk
'\˜OHõ~ü— J<Õ WOw¡+¨µ Ѩ^ŒO #∞O_ç ѨÙ\˜ìOk. gà◊√¡ ‰õÄ_® áê`« ™ê=∂#∞Å∞
KÕÜ«∞@O, Hõ=∞‡i Ѩx KÕÜ«∞@O =$uÎQÍ ÃÑ@∞ìH˘<åfl~°∞.
Ü«ÚQÀ™ê¡qÜ«∂Ö’ '|^£QÆ∞lÜÕ∞—, |ÖËæiÜ«∂Ö’ 'QÆ∞Ñ≤Η, ã‘fi_»<£Ö’
'ã≤QÀ*òh~ü— Jx Ñ≤Å∞ã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞ lÑ‘ûÅx.
@s¯Ö’ '+≤y<Õ— Jx Ñ≤Å∞ã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. ~°ëêºÖ’ J~Ú`Õ 'ã≤QÍ<£— J<Õk
áê`«∞‰õΩáÈ~Ú# Ѩ^ŒO. ~åǨ˙b˚ 'Ѷ¨Ú=∞Hõ¯_£ âßG— ѨÙã¨ÎHõO ~åã¨∞Î#flѨC_»∞
~°ëêºÖ’x Öˇx<£ „QÍ_£ Ü«¸x=i≈\© Ѩiã¨~åÖ’¡ L#fl ã≤QÍ<£Å`À Hõeã≤áÈ~Ú
"åi rq`åxfl ѨijeOKå_»∞.
<≥^Œ~üÖÏO_£ûÖ’ lÑ‘ûÅx 'áêQÆ<£— Jx Ñ≤Å∞ã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. „H˜ã≤ìÜ«∂x\©Ö’
#=∞‡HõO ÖËx"åix ‰õÄ_® J^Õ ¿Ñ~°∞`À Ñ≤Å∞™êÎ~°∞.
™ê¯O_ç<ÕqÜ«∂Ö’ '`«`åΈ~—, '\Ï~åì~ü—, JÖ˃xÜ«∂ ^Õâ◊OÖ’ Z"£y\ò,
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ɡe˚Ü«∞OÖ’ 'DlѨÙì<åÔ~<£— Jx Ñ≤Å∞ã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞.
`«∂~°∞Ê S~Àáê ^ÕâßÖ’¡ J~Ú`Õ "åix 'Ö’"åi— JO@∞<åfl~°∞. Wk
=∞# ֒Ǩ~ü Ѩ^•xH˜ KåÖÏ ^ŒQÆæ~°QÍ LOk.
~°∞"Õ∞xÜ«∂Ö’ '™ê~å<£—, ǨÏOˆQsÖ’ 'á¶ê~å"£ <≥ѶπMÏ— (DlѨÙì ~åA
a_»¤Å∞), Ѩi¬Ü«∂Ö’ 'Å∂i—, Jˆ~aÜ«∂Ö’ '*’\ò— JO\Ï~°∞.
Zxfl ¿Ñ~°¡`À Ñ≤ez<å gà◊§O^Œ~°∂ XHõ>Ë. P<å_»∞ WO_çÜ«∂ #∞O_ç
=Å㨠"≥o§# ÉèÏ~°fÜ«ÚÅ∞, "åi ã¨O`«u.
`≥eã≤# JѨiz`«∞Å∞ : =∞x+≤ TǨÏÅ∞ ¿ãfiK«Ûùx HÀ~°∞H˘O@∞O\Ï~Ú. P
TǨÏÅH˜ TÑ≤i Tk JÖÏO\˜ rq`åxfl x[OQÍ J#∞ÉèíqOz# "åàı§ D
lÑ‘ûÅ∞. ¿ãfiK«ÛùH©, ã¨=∂#`åfixH© zǨÏflO gà◊§ rq`åÅ∞.
lÑ‘ûÅ∞ XHõ Ѩ^Œúu „ѨHÍ~°O rq`åxfl QÆ_»Ñ¨ÖËHõáÈ~Ú<å, =∞# =∞^茺<Õ
u~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ =∞# QÆ∞iOz =∞#H˜ `≥eÜ«∞xq "å~°∞ `≥Å∞ã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO\Ï~°∞.
"å~°∞ „ѨѨOKåxH˜ ZѨÊ\˜ #∞OKÀ `≥eã≤# JѨiz`«∞Å∞.
"≥∞i¿ã ~°OQÆ∞Å |@ìÅ∞, "≥∞_»H˜ *Ë|∞ ~°∞=∂à◊√§ ^èŒiOz z~°∞#=ÙfiÅ∞
‰õΩiÑ≤ã¨∂Î =Ü≥∂e<£ ã¨Ow`åxH˜ J#∞QÆ∞}OQÍ J_»∞QÆ∞Å∞ "Õã¨∂Î <å@ºO KÕ¿ã
gix K«∂ã¨∞ÎO>Ë '„ѨѨOK«OÖ’ ÉÏ^èŒ J<Õk XHõ@∞O^•?— Jx J#∞=∂#O "ÕÜ«∞Hõ
`«Ñ¨Ê^Œ∞. gà◊§ <å@ºO Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ |*Ï~°¡ "≥O@ HõxÊã¨∞ÎOk. ™êÜ«∞O ã¨=∞Ü«∂#
P~°∞|Ü«∞@ „Ѩ^ÕâßÖ’¡ KÕ¿ã gi <å\Ϻxfl ZO`«¿ãÃÑ·<å K«∂_®ÅxÑ≤ã¨∞ÎOk.
"åi`À LO_çáÈ^•=∞xÑ≤ã¨∞ÎOk. =∞QÆ"åà◊√§ y\Ï~ü, =Ü≥∂e<£ "å~Úã¨∂Î
133
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LO\Ï~°∞. P_»"åà◊√§ <å@ºO KÕã¨∞ÎO\Ï~°∞. ÃãÊ~Ú<£Ö’ L#fl ™ê÷xHõ P@QÍà◊§
HõO>Ë Q˘Ñ¨ÊQÍ Kå`«∞~°ºOQÍ <å@ºO KÕÜ«∞QÆÅ~°∞ lÑ‘ûÅ∞. ǨÏOˆQi "åà◊√§ áê_»ÖËx
áê@efl lÑ‘ûÅ∞ áê_»QÆÅ~°∞.
"åi`À =∞#O W+¨ì"≥ÚzÛ# KÀ@∞H˜ „Ѩܫ∂}˜OK«=K«∞Û. ^Õxfl QÆ∞iOp
p‰õÄ zO`å LO_»^Œ∞. =∞#O HõÅÅ∞ Hõ<Õ rq`åxfl J#∞Éèíqã¨∂Î =∞#H˜ P^Œ~°≈
„áêÜ«ÚÅÜ«∂º~°∞. Ü«¸~ÀÑ≤Ü«∞<£ `åufi‰õΩÅ∞ HõÅÅ∞ Hõ#fl Freeman ÖË^•
Naturalman H˜ ^ŒQÆæ~°QÍ LO_Õ rq`åxfl QÆ_ç¿Ñk lÑ‘ûÅ∞ XHõ¯ˆ~.
=∞#Ö’ rqOKåÅ#∞‰õΩ<Õ x["≥∞ÿ# =∞x+≤x lÑ‘ûÖ’ K«∂_»QÆÅO.
qáêÊi# ^•ix K«∂¿ãÎ =∞`≥ÎH˜¯áÈ`å_»∞. ^•x JO`«∞ K«∂_»x^Õ =^ŒeÃÑ@ì_»∞.
'z@ìz=i ~˘=∂O\˜H± r=ÙÅ∞— lÑ‘ûÖË Jx K≥ѨÊHõ `«Ñ¨Ê^Œ∞.
lÑ‘ûÅ∞ Hõ+¨ìr=ÙÅ∞ HÍ|>Ëì ZO`À P~ÀQƺOQÍ LO\Ï~°∞. #Å∞ѨÙx
q∞Oz# QÀ^èŒ∞=∞~°OQÆ∞ =~°‚O, U^À `≥eÜ«∞*ˇáêÊÅO@∂ qHõã≤OKÕ Hõà◊√§, QÆ\˜ìQÍ
LO_ç "≥∞i¿ã ѨÅ∞=~°∞ã¨, hÖÏxfl q∞Oz# #Å∞ѨÙÖ’ LO_Õ á⁄_»"≥·# A@∞ì
"åi â◊s~° ÅHõ∆}ÏÅ∞.
lÑ‘ûÅ∞ ™ê^è•~°}OQÍ =ÚiQÍæ HõxÑ≤™êÎ~°∞. ã¨Ô~·# =ã¨`«∞Å∞ ÖËHõáÈ=@"Õ∞
^•xH˜ HÍ~°}O. "åà◊√§ ZѨC_»∂ #=Ùfi`«∂, `«∞à◊√§`«∂ U^À XHõ áê@ áê_»∞`«∂<Õ
LO\Ï~°∞. K≥ѨCÅ∞ "Õã¨∞H˘x #_»=@O "åiH˜ Jã¨Å∞ JÅ"å@∞ ÖË^Œ∞. 'JÖÏQÆ
ZO^Œ∞‰õΩ?— Jx J_çy`Õ '=∞\˜ìÖ’ #_ç¿ãÎ<Õ Hõ^• Hõ+¨ìO `≥e¿ãk!— JO\Ï~°∞.
‰õ Ä ~˘Û<Õ @ Ѩ C _» ∞ ‰õ Ω sÛÅ HÀ㨠O K« ∂ _» ~ ° ∞ . =∞#Öψ Q @Ñ‘ = ∞x <Õ Å g∞^Œ
‰õÄ~°∞ÛO\Ï~°∞. P~°∞|Ü«∞@ uiy`Õ `«=∞ P~ÀQͺÅH˜ =∞Oz^Œx K≥|∞`å~°∞.
lÑ‘û „ã‘ÎÅ∞ á⁄_»"≥·# ~°OQÆ∞Å |@ìÅ∞ W+¨ìѨ_»`å~°∞. ~°OQÆ∞Å`À,
ѨÙ=ÙfiÅ`À JÅOHõiOK«∞H˘O\Ï~°∞. PÉèí~°}ÏÅO>Ë "≥∂A. =ÚYºOQÍ |OQÍ~°∞
aà◊§Å`À KÕã≤# Q˘Å∞ã¨∞Å∞, HõO>ˇÅ∞ "åiH˜ ZO`À „Ñ≤Ü«∞"≥∞ÿ#q.
P ѨÓ@H˜ Hõ_»∞Ѩ٠xO_ç`Õ KåÅ∞ J#∞‰õΩ<Õ JÅÊ ã¨O`À+¨µÅ∞.
XHõ Ѩ^Œúu „ѨHÍ~°O Ѩ#∞Å∞ KÕÜ«∞\ÏxH˜ W+¨ìѨ_»~°∞. x„^ŒÖË=@O,
ѨxÖ’H˜ "≥à◊§@O ÖÏO\˜ Ѩ#∞Å∞ ‰õÄ_® ZѨC_»O>Ë JѨC_»∞ KÕ™êÎ~°∞. gà◊§H˜
ZO`« <≥·Ñ¨Ù}ºO LO^À JO`« ™È=∞i`«#O LOk.
PHõÅ~Ú#ѨC_»∞ uO\Ï~°∞. Jeã≤áÈ`Õ x^Œ~°áÈ`å~°∞† z#flÑ≤Å¡Å
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=∂kiQÍ. "åi QÆ∞iOz |Ü«∞@ „ѨѨOK«O U=∞#∞‰õΩO@∞O^À Jã¨Å∞ Ѩ\˜ìOK«∞
HÀ~°∞. Pk"å~°O <å_Õ q„âßOu fã¨∞HÀ"åe J<Õ xÜ«∞=∂xfl áê\˜OK«_»=∞O>Ë
#=Ùfi‰õΩO\Ï~°∞. 'U~ÀA ѨxÖËHõáÈ`Õ P~À*Ë â‹Å=Ù =∂‰õΩ— JO\Ï~°∞.
qO^Œ∞Å∞ KÕã¨∞HÀ=\ÏxH˜ U=∂„`«O J=HÍâ◊O L<åfl =^Œ∞Å∞HÀ~°∞.
ÉÏQÍ P^•Ü«∞O =zÛ#~ÀA, "Õ@Ö’ ÃÑ^ŒÌ [O`«∞=Ù ^˘iH˜# ~ÀA, ѨÙ\˜ì#~ÀA,
ã¨O`À+¨OQÍ qO^Œ∞Å∞ KÕã¨∞H˘O\Ï~°∞.
|`«∞‰õΩ ÉÏ@Å∞ : ™êO„Ѩ^•Ü«∞OQÍ =ã¨∞Î#fl gi =$`«∞ÎÅ∞ ÖË^• P^•Ü«∞
=∂~åæÅ∞ aè#flOQÍ LO\Ï~Ú. g\˜Ö’¡ =ÚYº"≥∞ÿ#q QÆ∞„~åÅ "åºáê~°O, =„_»Oy
Ѩx, Hõ=∞‡i Ѩx, ã¨Ow`«O, <å\ºO, =Ü≥∂e<£ "å~ÚOK«_»O, P_»"åà◊§H˜
KÕ`«∞Å∞ K«∂ã≤ J^Œ$ëêìxfl K≥ѨÊ@O, z#fl ™ê=∂#∞Å∞ QÆOѨÔH`«∞ÎH˘x J=Ú‡‰õΩ
~å=@O "åiH˜ W+¨ì"≥∞ÿ# Ѩ#∞Å∞.
WqH͉õΩO_® ѨO_»QÆÅѨC_»∞, ã¨O`«Ö’¡ =¸eHõefl J=Ú‡HÀ=@O,
ZÅ∞QÆ∞|O@¡x P_çOK«@O "åiH˜ Q˘Ñ¨Ê ã¨~°^•. q^Œ∂+¨‰õΩÅ∞QÍ "ÕëêÅ∞ "Õã¨∞H˘x
JO^Œifl #qfiOz "åix Ü«∂zOK«@O, QÆ∞„~åÅH˜ <å_®Å∞ "ÕÜ«∞@O, "å\˜
[|∞ƒÅH˜ =∞O^Œ∞e=fi@O, j`åHÍÅOÖ’ K«e=∞O@Å =^ŒÌH˜ "≥o§ P\Ïáê\Ï
K«∂Ñ≤OK«@O WÖÏO\˜"≥<Àfl KÕ™êÎ~°∞. Wxfl Ѩ#∞Å∞ KÕã≤<å á⁄@ì QÆ_»=#ѨC_»∞
U^À XHõ Ô~·`«∞x J_çy JѨC `≥K«∞ÛH˘O\Ï~°∞. Un ÖË#ѨC_»∞ 'Buy, Beg,
Barrow or Steal' J<Õ ã≤^•úO`åxfl PK«~°}Ö’ ÃÑ@ìHõ `«Ñ¨Ê@O ÖË^Œ∞.
^•xH˜ HÍ~°}O "åi ¿Ñ^ŒiHõ"Õ∞. "åi „â◊=∞‰õΩ `«QÆæ Ѷ¨e`«O ^˘~°Hõ#ѨC_»∞
¢ã‘ÎÅ∞, z#flÑ≤Å¡Å∞ aèHõ∆O ‰õÄ_® Z`«∞ÎH˘O\Ï~°∞. aèHõ∆O ‰õÄ_® Z=~°∂ "ÕÜ«∞HõáÈ`Õ,
JÖÏO\˜ 㨠O ^Œ ~ åƒù x H˜ Ѩ x H˘ã¨ ∞ Î O ^Œ x "å~° ∞ JÅ∞¡ H ˘#fl áê@<Õ QÆ ∞ ~° ∞ Î ‰ õ Ω
`≥K«∞ÛH˘O\Ï~°∞. Wk XHõ QÆ=∞‡`≥·# áê@.
'h =∂~åæÅ∞ h"Õ "≥^Œ∞HÀ¯"åe.
J=HÍâßxfl LѨÜ≥∂yOK«∞HÀ"åe.
lÑ‘ûH˜ #_»=@O Hõ+¨ìOQÍ LO>Ë,
HÍà◊√§<˘Ñ≤Ê "Õã¨∞ÎO>Ë,
Ô~·`«∞ H˘\ÏìOÖ’ QÆ∞„~°O ã≤^ŒúOQÍ LOk†
("Õã¨∞H˘x "≥o§áÈ!)
135
lÑ‘ûÅ∞
lÑ‘û Ñ≤Å¡ÅH˜ PHõeQÍ LO>Ë,
áê`«~° =^ŒÌ |∞@ìÖ’ HÀ_çÃÑ@ì LOk†
(=O_»∞H˘x u#O_ç!)
lÑ‘ûH˜ ^•Ç¨ÏOQÍ LO>Ë,
P ѨHõ¯ WO\˜ c~°∞"åÖ’ É’Öˇ_»O`« c~°∞ LOk†
(`åy#O`« `åQÆO_ç!)
lÑ‘û KÕ`«∞Ö’¡ ÃÑ·™ê ÖˉõΩO_® áÈ`Õ,
Ѩiã¨~åÖ’¡ _»|∞ƒ#fl"å~°∞ =∞ã¨∞ÎQÍ L<åfl~°∞†
( ? ? ! ! )
=Ü≥∂e<£ "å~ÚOK«@OÖ’ "åiH˜ L#fl „áêg}ºO J^Œ∞ƒù`«O. 'g∞‰õΩ
QÆ∞~°∞=Ù Z=~°Ü«∂º?— Jx J_çQÍ=∞#∞HÀO_ç. =∞#H˜ "åà◊√§ K≥¿ÑÊ ã¨=∂^è•#O
XHõ¯>Ë. 'QÆ∞~°∞Î, QÆ∞ˆ~Î =∂ QÆ∞~°∞=Ü«∂º— JO\Ï~°∞. XHõ™êi qO>Ë ^•xfl
QÆ∞~°∞ÎÃÑ@∞ìH˘x, rq`åO`«O P ~åQÍxfl =∞~°=ÖË~°∞. Jk "åiH˜ L#fl ^è•~°}â◊H˜ÎH˜
x^Œ~°≈#O. Ñ≤Å¡efl K«kq^•ÌO Jx LO_»^Œ∞. Z=Ô~·<å |Å=O`«ÃÑ_ç`Õ ÖË^•
J#flO Lz`«OQÍ ÃÑ_»`å=∞O>Ë H˘O`«HÍÅO K«^Œ∞=ÙH˘O\Ï~°∞. H˘xfl ^ÕâßÖ’¡
|Å=O`«OQÍ lÑ‘ûÅ Ñ≤Å¡efl |_çH˜ ѨOáêeû =ã¨∞ÎOk. JÖÏO@ѨC_»∞ '™ê÷xHõ
K«\Ïìefl áê\˜OKåO— Jx K≥ѨCHÀ=@O HÀã¨O <å=∞=∂„`«OQÍ<Õ Ñ¨OѨÙ`å~°∞.
K«^Œ∞=Ù =Å# `«=∞ ™⁄O`« r=# q^è•#O, ÉèÏ+¨, ã¨O㨯$u ^≥|ƒuO\ÏÜ«∞x
J#∞H˘O\Ï~°∞.
™ê÷=~° Ѩ‰õ∆ΩÅ∞ : ã≤÷~°Ñ¨_ç# lÑ‘ûʼnõΩ, u~°∞QÆ∞É’`«∞ rq`åxH˜ JÅ"å@∞ Ѩ_»¤
lÑ‘ûʼnõΩ H˘xfl ÉË^è•Å∞ L<åfl~Ú. g~°∞ U ^Õâ◊OÖ’ LO>Ë P ^Õâ◊Ѩ٠JÅ"å@∞¡,
ÉèÏ+¨ =™êÎ~Ú. "å~°∞ _»|∞ƒ ã¨OáêkOKÕ J=HÍâßÅ∞ XˆH KÀ@ LO_»@O =Å#,
q"åÇ¨Ï ã¨O|O^è•Å =Å# ZHõ¯_» L<åfl~À JHõ¯_Õ LO_çáÈ`å~°∞. "å~°∞ K«^∞Œ =ÙH˘x
=∞Oz „Ѩ=~°Î# Hõey L#fl@¡~Ú`Õ ™ê÷x‰õΩÅ∞ "åix JHõ¯_Õ LO_çá⁄=∞‡x
HÀi# ã¨O^Œ~åƒùÅ∂ LO\Ï~Ú. J^Õ TiH˜ ã¨OKå~° lÑ‘ûÅ∞ =zÛ#ѨC_»∞ TiH˜
^Œ∂~°OQÍ<Õ LO\Ï~°∞. HÍh XHõi`À XHõ~°∞ HõÅ=~°∞.
ÃãÊ~Ú<£Ö’ L#fl y\Ï<À lÑ‘ûÅ∞ "åi ™⁄O`« ÉèÏ+¨ '~À=∂h— =∞iz
136
 lÑ‘ûÅ rq`åÅ∞ lÑ‘ûÅ∞
áÈÜ«∂~°∞. JÖψQ ǨÏOˆQsÖ’x ã¨Ow`«HÍ~°∞Å∞, ~°∞"Õ∞xÜ«∂Ö’ LO_Õ ~°∞_®s ѨÓ_çÛÃÑ@ì_®xH˜ ã¨O|OkèOz# H˘xfl xÜ«∞=∞ x|O^èŒ#Å∞ S~Àáê
"å~°∞ ~À=∂hx =∞izáÈÜ«∂~°∞. [~°‡hÖ’ LO_Õ 'ã≤O\˜— J<Õ áêH˜∆Hõ ã¨OKå~°∞Å∞, ^ÕâßÖ’¡ L#flO^Œ∞=Å# lÑ‘ûÅ∞ 㨇âß# JkèHÍi P"≥∂^•xfl fã¨∞H˘O\Ï~°∞.
„á¶ê<£ûÖ’ L#fl '=∞<ÒKÀ— J<Õ lÑ‘ûÅ∞ "åi ™⁄O`« =¸ÖÏÅx =∞izáÈ~Ú,
ѨÓiÎQÍ ã≤÷~°Ñ¨_çáÈÜÕ∞ ^•iÖ’ Ѩ_®¤~°∞.
D<å_»∞ J"≥∞iHÍÖ’ L#fl lÑ‘ûÅ∞ "åºáê~åÖ’¡ L<åfl~°∞. QÆ∞„~åÅ∞,
QÆ∞_®~åÅ∞ `«yæáÈÜ«∂~Ú. "å\˜H˜ É’Öˇ_»∞ ã¨÷ÅO HÍ"åeû LOk. JO^Œ∞=Å#
u~°∞QÆ∞à◊√§ `«yæ, ã≤÷~°x"åã¨O U~°Ê~°K«∞‰õΩ<ÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ Ѩiã≤÷`«∞Å∞ J#∞‰õÄÅOQÍ
`«Ü«∂~°∞=Ù`«∞<åfl~Ú. ~À_»¡ g∞^Œ „\ÏѶ≤H± Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ=@O =Å# ‰õÄ_® QÆ∞„~åÅ∞,
"åºQÆ#∞¡ u~°QÆ@O Hõ+¨ìOQÍ LOk. JO^Œ∞Hõx "å~°∞ áê`« HÍ~°¡ "åºáê~°O
KÕã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. J~Ú<å 㨈~ "å~°∞ `«=∞ ™êO„Ѩ^•Ü«∂xfl H˘#™êyOK«\ÏxˆH „Ѩܫ∞`«flO
lÑ‘ûÖ’¡ ‰õÄ_® =Úã≤¡O, ~À=∞<£ HÍ^äŒeH±, P~ÀÌ_®H±û „á⁄>ˇÃãìO\òÅ∞ KÕ™êÎ~°∞. ã¨=∂kèÖ’ |OQÍ~°∞ <å}ËÅ∞ "ÕÜ«∂e J<Õk lÑ‘û ™êO„Ѩ^•Ü«∞O,
L<åfl~°∞. "å~°∞ U ^Õâ◊OÖ’ u~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ LO>Ë P ^Õâ◊Ѩ٠=∞`«O ѨÙK«∞ÛH˘x JÖψQ ѨÓ_çÛ# `«~°"å`« P =∞\˜ì g∞^Œ ™ê~å~Ú ‰õÄ_® áÈ™êÎ~°∞.
JHõ¯_ç "åi`À Hõeã≤áÈ`å~°∞. J^ŒO`å ™ê÷x‰õΩÅ`À ã¨O`À+¨OQÍ rqOK«\ÏxˆH. 'H˜OQ∑ PѶπ e\˜Öò DlÑπì— Jx ¿Ñ~°∞ QÍOz# "≥∞ÿMËÖò `«# ÉèÏ~°º
ÃÑo§, Kå=Ù ÖÏO\˜ =ÚYº"≥∞ÿ# Ѩ#∞ÅѨC_»∞ =∂„`«O `«=∞ lÑ‘û ™êO„Ѩ^•Ü«∂xfl =∞~°}˜Oz#ѨC_»∞ P"≥∞ ã¨=∂kèÖ’ `˘q∞‡k ÅHõ∆Å _®Å~°∞ <å}ËÅ∞ áÈ™ê_»@.
H˘#™êy™êÎ~°∞. =∞~°}˜Oz# "åi ¿Ñ~°¡`À Hõ~°‡HÍO_»Å∞ KÕÜ«∞@O XHõ ã¨O=`«û~°O
=~°‰õÄ LO\Ï~Ú. nxfl 'áÈ=∞#— JO\Ï~°∞. P `«~°"å`« =∞~°}˜Oz# "åi
=∞`«O : lÑ‘ûÅH˜ XHõ =∞`«O Jx ã≤÷~°OQÍ ÖË^Œ∞. "≥Ú^Œ\’¡ "åik Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂ =ã¨∞Î=ÙÅhfl HÍeÛ"Õ™êÎ~°∞. J`«_»∞ QÆ∞_®~°OÖ’ =∞~°}˜Oz#@¡~Ú`Õ ^•xfl ѨÓiÎQÍ
=∞`«O. `«~åfi`« W~å<£ "≥o§#ѨC_»∞ '=∞ǨÏ=∞‡nÜ«ÚÅO— Jx K≥ѨCH˘<åfl~°∞. HÍeÛ"Õ™êÎ~°∞.
Ü«¸~°Ñπ "≥àϧHõ '"Õ∞=Ú „H˜+≤ìÜ«∞#¡O— Jx K≥ѨCH˘<åfl~°∞† tÅ∞= g∞^Œ X@∞ì"Õã≤.
qq^èŒ ^ÕâßÖ’¡ u~°QÆ@O =¸ÖÏ# "åi ¿Ñ~°∞¡ J<ÕHõ™ê~°∞¡ =∂~°∞`«∂
LO\Ï~Ú. "å~°∞ UOKÕã<≤ å „|`«H\ õ ÏxH˜ `«y# "å`å=~°}Ïxfl ã¨$+≤Oì K«∞H˘#\ÏxH˜
`«=∞ `≥eq`Õ@Åhfl LѨÜ≥∂y™êÎ~°∞. =∞`«O =∂~°@O =Å# â◊H˜Î =ã¨∞ÎO^Œx
"åiH˜ =∞Oz #=∞‡HõO† ÃÑ·~°∞ =∂iÊ_ç =Å# á⁄ÅOÖ’ ѨO@ ÃÑiy#@∞¡.
=∞`«O =∂i`Õ ™ê÷x‰õΩÅ`À `«QÍ^• ~å^Œ∞. JO`å ÖÏÉèí"Õ∞ [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok.
ã¨=∂^èŒ∞Ö’¡ |OQÍ~°O : =∞~°}˜Oz# "åix LѨCh\˜`À ™êfl#O KÕ~Ú™êÎ~°∞.
H˘`«Î |@ìÅ∞ Hõ@ìɡ_»`å~°∞. ã¨=∂kèÖ’ |∂@∞¡, ã¨|∞ƒ, <å}ËÅ∞ WOHÍ W`«~°„`å
`«#H˜ W+¨ì"≥∞ÿ# "å\˜x LOz KÕ`«∞efl DlÑ≤ìÜ«∞<£ Ѩ^ŒúuÖ’ Hõ\˜ìÃÑ_»`å~°∞.
H˘xfl™ê~°∞¡ `«# =Ü≥∂e<£x ‰õÄ_® LOK«∞`å~°∞ P ÃÑ>ˇìÖ’.

137 138

19
™ÈkÑ≤Å¡ ѨÑ≤`å
lÑ‘û „ã‘ÎÅ∞ ™Èk K≥ѨÊ@OÖ’ „ѨMϺu QÍOKå~°∞. PHõ~°¬}©Ü«∞"≥∞ÿ#
=∂@Å`À Éèíq+¨º`üx K≥Ñ≤Ê _»|∞ƒ ã¨Oáêk™êÎ~°∞. =∞# Z~°∞HõÅ™êx ÖÏQÍ "å~°∞
`«O|∞~å ÖÏO\˜q LѨÜ≥∂yOK«~°∞. HÍh ZˆQ\òÉÏÖò J<Õ XHõ QÆ∞O„_»x "≥∞i¿ã
~åux, \Ï~°\ò HÍ~ü¤Å∞ J<Õ ÉÁ=∞‡Å∞#fl J@ì =ÚHõ¯Åx LѨÜ≥∂y™êÎ~°∞.
KÕuÖ’x w`«Å∞ ‰õÄ_® K«∂™êÎ~°∞.
áê`«HÍÅO #∞O_ç Ü«¸~°ÑπÖ’ P_»∞H˘<Õ ¿ÑHõ=ÚHõ¯Åx '\Ï~°\ò—
HÍ~°∞¤Å∞ JO\Ï~°∞. g\˜ ѨÙ@∞ìHõ QÆ∞iOz ѨO_ç`«∞Ö’¡ UHÍaè„áêÜ«∞O ÖË^Œ∞.
"å\˜x lÑ‘ûÖË 14= â◊`å|ÌOÖ’ Ü«¸~°ÑπÖ’ „Ѩ"Õâ◊ÃÑ\Ïì~°x JO@∞<åfl~°∞.
"≥Ú^Œ\’¡ P HÍ~°∞¤Å∞ 78 LO_Õq. „Ѩu ^•x ÃÑ·<å XHõ JO^Œ"≥∞ÿ#
ÉÁ=∞‡ LO_Õk. Jk =∂#= rq`åxH˜ ã¨O|OkèOz# XHõ JOâ◊O`À =Ú_çѨ_ç
LO_»@O =Å# P HÍ~°∞¤Å „áê^è•#º`« Z‰õΩ¯"≥·Ok.
'g∞ *Ï`«HõO K≥|∞`åO, D HÍ~°∞¤Ö’ U_»∞ ÖË^• =¸_»∞ HÍ~°∞¤Å∞
fÜ«∞O_ç— JO\Ï~°∞. P HÍ~°∞¤Å#∞ K«∂ã≤ "åi Éèíq+¨º`«∞Î K≥|∞`å~°∞† PO„^è•Ö’
H˘O_»~åAÅ∞ ^Õ=Ù_ç ÉÁ=∞‡Å∞ "Õã≤# `å\ωõΩÅ Hõ@ìx LѨÜ≥∂yOz *Ï`«HÍÅ∞
K≥Ñ≤Ê#@∞¡QÍ.
lÑ‘ûÅ∞ LѨÜ≥∂yOKÕ HÍ~°∞¤Å g∞k ¿Ñ~°∞¡ Å=~üû HÍ~°∞¤, ¢ÃãìOQ∑ÎHÍ~°∞¤
Jx LO\Ï~Ú. Å=~üû HÍ~°∞¤Ö’ „ã‘ΠѨÙ~°∞+¨µÅ∞ HõÅ∞ã¨∞H˘#fl@∞¡QÍ#∞, ¢ÃãìOQ∑Î
HÍ~°∞¤Ö’ J~Ú`Õ ã≤OǨxfl ÖÁOQÆfã¨∞H˘O@∞#fl ѨÙ~°∞+¨µ_ç ÉÁ=∞‡ LO@∞Ok.
W=hfl ZO`À PHõ~°¬}©Ü«∞OQÍ LO\Ï~Ú.
ÃãÊ~Ú<£ ^Õâ◊OÖ’ ѨÑ≤`å J<Õ lÑ‘û „ã‘Î ™È^≥ K≥ѨÊ@OÖ’ Q˘Ñ¨Ê „áêg}ºO
HõÅ^Œx D<å\˜H© K≥ѨCH˘O\Ï~°∞. P"≥∞ XHõ™êi P ^Õâ◊Ѩ٠~å}˜QÍiH˜ ZÖÏ ™Èk
K≥Ñ≤ÊO^À JÖψQ Jhfl [iyáÈÜ«∂Ü«∞@. JO^Œ∞Hõx P lÑ‘ûH˜ ZO`À ѨÅ∞‰õΩ|_ç
139
lÑ‘ûÅ∞
LOk. ™êÊx+πÖ’ D q^Œºx '|∂º<å "≥OK«∂~å— (Buena Ventura) (=∞Oz
J^Œ$+¨ìO) JO\Ï~°∞.
lÑ‘û „ã‘ÎÅ∞ ™Èk K≥ѨÊ@OÖ’ ÉÏQÍ „Ѩg}∞Å∞. "å~°∞ „Ѩܫ∂}ÏÅ∞
KÕã≤# „áêO`åÖ’¡x ~åAÅ`À ѨiK«Ü«∞O Z‰õΩ¯=. Q˘Ñ¨Ê"åiH˜, ~åAÅH˜ `å=Ú
âßâ◊fi`«OQÍ LO\Ï"≥∂ ÖË^À J<Õ J#∞=∂#O Z‰õΩ¯= HÍ|\˜ì "å~°∞ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ
J^Œ$ëêìxfl #=Ú‡`å~°∞. ™Èk K≥ѨÊ\Ïxfl WOQÍ¡O_»∞Ö’ _»Hõ¯iOQ∑ (Dukkering)
JO\Ï~°∞. '„a\ÏxÜ«∂ Ö’"≥Öò— J<Õ „Ѩã≤^Œú lÑ‘û, <åÅ∞QÆ= *Ïi˚~åAH˜ #∂º
=∂Ô~¯\ò Ç‘Ï`ü =^ŒÌ *’㨺O K≥Ñ≤ÊO^Œ@. P"≥∞ `≥eq`Õ@ÅH˜, â◊H˜ÎH˜ ~åA "≥∞K«∞ÛH˘x
S^Œ∞áœO_»¡ _»|∞ƒ, XHõ QÍ_è»"≥∞ÿ# =Ú^Œ∞Ì#∞ |Ǩï=∞uQÍ WKåÛ_»@.
~°ëêº ~å}˜QÍiH˜ "≥∂_À~ü J<Õ ~°+¨º<£ lÑ‘û J^Œ$+¨ìO K≥Ñ≤ÊO^Œ@. P
lÑ‘ûÑ≤Å¡ ѨO@ ѨO_Õ LO@∞Ok.
H˘O^Œ~°∞ lÑ‘ûÅ∞ g^èŒ∞Å "≥O@ u~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ '^Õ=Ù_ç`À =∂\Ï¡_ç™êÎO,
J#∞„QÆǨÏO Hõeæ™êÎO— (Divination) JO@∂ u~°∞QÆ∞`«∞O\Ï~°∞. D „ã‘ÎÅ∞ ™Èk
K≥ѨÊ@O`À áê@∞QÍ z#fl ^˘OQÆ`«<åÅ∞ KÕ¿ã"å~°x =^ŒO`«∞Å∞ LO_Õq.
JÖÏO\˜ "å\˜Ö’¡ XHõ^•xfl `«~°K«∂ K≥ѨCH˘O@∞O\Ï~°∞. giH˜ H˘^ÀÌ
Q˘áÈÊ k=ºâ◊‰õΩÎÅ∞ LO\ÏÜ«∞x #=∞‡HõO HÍ|\˜ì "åi =∂@Å g∞^Œ „Ѩ[ÅH˜
QÆ∞i LO_Õk. '"Õ∞=Ú |OQÍ~åxfl =∞O„uOz W¿ãÎ Jk ѨkÔ~@∞¡ J=Ù`«∞Ok.
<å =∂@ #q∞‡ J^Œ$+¨ì^Õ=`«x PǨfixOK«=∂‡, hÖ’ ÅH©∆‡Hõà◊ `˘}˜H˜ã¨
ÖÏ_»∞`ÀO^Œ=∂‡— Jx P WO\Ïq_»x á⁄QÆ_»ÎÅ`À =ÚOKÕã¨∞ÎOk lÑ‘û „ã‘Î.
JѨC_»∞ U^À XHõ |OQÍ~°∞ Q˘Å∞™È, QÍ*’ `≥zÛ Wã¨∞ÎOk P WO\Ïq_»
Pâ◊`À. P lÑ‘û „ã‘Î "å\˜x =∞O„uOz =¸@ Hõ\˜ì P WO\Ïq_»`À 'nxfl h=Ù
140
 ™ÈkÑ≤Å¡ ѨÑ≤`å
x„kOKÕ Ñ¨~°∞Ѩ٠H˜O^Œ ã¨O=`«û~°O áê@∞ LOKåe. h Éèí~°ÎH˜ ‰õÄ_® D q+¨Ü«∞O
`≥eÜ«∞‰õÄ_»^Œ∞. JÖÏ ã¨O=`«û~°O `«~åfi`« fã≤ K«∂ã¨∞HÀ. h |OQÍ~°O Ѩk Ô~@∞¡
J~Ú LO@∞Ok.— Jx Pâ◊Å∞ HõeÊOz, U^À H˘O`« WÑ≤ÊOK«∞H˘x áÈ`«∞Ok.
P Ñ¨Öˇ¡@∂i "å~°∞ ™ÈkÑ≤Å¡ =∂@Å∞ #q∞‡ ã¨O=`«û~°O `«~åfi`« P
=¸@x qÑ≤Ê K«∂¿ãÎ ÃÑ·ã¨Å∞, ^Œq∞‡_ôÅ∞ LO_Õ=@. "åi HÀã¨O "≥^ŒHõÉ’ÜÕ∞
ã¨iH˜ "å~°∞ "Õˆ~ KÀ@∞H˜ =∞HÍO =∂ˆ~Ûã≤ LO_Õ"å~°∞.
WOQÍ¡O_»∞Ö’ LO_Õ lÑ‘ûÅ WO\˜ ¿Ñ~°∞¡ b, ÃÇÏ~üfl, Ö’"≥Öò, ÉÏÃãfiÖò.
ã≤‡`ü, HÍѨ~ü, ™êìh¡ Jx LO_Õq. x*ÏxH˜ W=hfl ^èŒ#=O`«∞Å ¿Ñ~°∞¡.
|Ǩïâß P Ü«∞[=∂#∞Å á⁄ÖÏÖ’¡ lÑ‘ûÅ∞ Z‰õΩ¯= HÍÅO Camping
"Õã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï~°∞. lÑ‘ûÅ∞ `«=∞ ~°Hõ∆} HÀã¨O P ¿Ñ~°∞¡ `«=∞H˜ ÃÑ@∞ìH˘<åfl~°∞.
JÖψQ Hõ^• =∂ Ti ^˘=∞‡i ã¨∞Éσ~å=ÙQÍi WO\˜ ¿Ñ~°∞ 'J#flѨÔ~_礗 QÍ
=∂iOk.
lÑ‘ûÅH˜ H˘xfl „ÔH·ã¨Î= ã¨O|O^èŒ"≥∞ÿ# Q˘Ñ¨Ê ¿Ñ~°∞¡ ‰õÄ_® L<åfl~Ú.
141
lÑ‘ûÅ∞
20
ѨOk ^˘iH˜`Õ Ñ¨O_»ˆQ
lÑ‘ûÅ∞ ã¨Ç¨Ï[OQÍ "åi |à◊§ g∞^Œ, QÆ∞_®~åÖ’¡#∂ x"åã¨O LO\Ï~°∞.
<åÅ∞ÔQ·^Œ∞ ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏÅ∞ HõÅ∞ã¨∞H˘x Ti|Ü«∞@ á⁄ÖÏÅ QÆ∞O_® „Ѩܫ∂}ÏÅ∞
KÕã¨∂Î Hõ^ŒeáÈÜÕ∞ ^Œ$â◊ºO K«∂¿ãO^Œ∞‰õΩ ZO`À ~°=∞}©Ü«∞OQÍ LO@∞Ok. g\˜x
HÍ~°"å<£ (a_®~°∞) JO\Ï~°∞. gi WÅ∞¡, "åH˜e, ã¨~°fiO J^Õ. ^•xÖ’<Õ J#flO
=O_»∞H˘<ÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ gÅ∞QÍ á⁄~Úº, á⁄QÆ |Ü«∞@H˜ "≥àı§O^Œ∞‰õΩ Q˘@ìO ‰õÄ_®
J=∞i LO\Ï~Ú. "åi |@ìÅ∞ ZO`À Ѩ^ŒúuQÍ ã¨~°∞Ì`å~°∞. _»|∞ƒ L#fl lÑ‘ûÅ∞
"åi "åQÆ<£ ֒ѨŠK≥·<å J^•ÌÅ∞, u"åã‘Å`À JÅOHõiOK«∞ H˘O\Ï~°∞. ÃÑ^ŒÌ
"åQÆ<£Ö’ J~Ú`Õ Éˇ_£~°∂O ‰õÄ_® LO@∞Ok.
"åà◊√§ U^À XHõ „QÍ=∂xH˜ ѨHõ¯# Py#ѨC_»∞ Ô~O_»∞ =~°ã¨Ö’¡ Hõ„~°Å∞
áêu "å\˜ z=~°∞¡ HõÅ∞ѨÙH˘O@∂ Hõ>Ëìã≤, Hõ„~°Å g∞^Œ U^À XHõ ÉÁO`«, ^Œ∞ѨÊ\˜
Ѩ~°∞™êÎ~°∞. "å\˜ K«∞@∞ì`å =~°¬Ñ¨Ù h~°∞ ~å‰õΩO_® z#fl HõO^ŒHõO f™êÎ~°∞. JÖÏO\˜
z#fl QÆ∞_®~åÅ∞ ã¨∞ÅÉèíOQÍ xÅɡ@ì=K«∞Û, fã≤"ÕÜ«∞=K«∞Û.
_»|∞ƒ L#fl lÑ‘ûÅ∞ =∞Oz Éèí=<åÅ∞ xi‡OK«∞H˘O\Ï~°∞. ™ê^è•~°}OQÍ
JÖÏO\˜ "å~°∞ ã≤÷~°Ñ¨_çáÈ~Ú# lÑ‘ûÖË. J~Ú<å "åi áê`« JÅ"å@∞¡, PKå~åÅ∞
=∂#∞HÀ~°∞. Éèí=<åÖ’¡ \ÏÜü∞Öˇ\ò xi‡OK«∞HÀ=@O `«Ñ¨CQÍ ÉèÏq™êÎ~°∞. WO\˜
|Ü«∞>Ë ™êfl<åÅ∞ KÕ™êÎ~°∞.
lÑ‘ûÅ∞ Éè’[#O KÕ¿ã@ѨC_»∞ WO_çÜ«∞#¡ =∂kˆ~ ÉÏã≤ÃÑ@∞¡ "Õã¨∞H˘x
JO^Œ~°∂ QÆ∞O„_»OQÍ ‰õÄ~˘ÛO\Ï~°∞. >Ë|∞Öò, ‰õΩsÛÅ J=ã¨~°O LO_»^Œ∞. KåѨ
g∞^Õ Ñ¨_»∞H˘O\Ï~°∞.
"åi =O@ ™ê=∂#∞Ö’¡ =ÚYº"≥∞ÿ#k Kå~°∞ HÍK«∞H˘<Õ ÃÑ^ŒÌ ÉÏ#.
Jk ZѨC_»∂ á⁄~Úº g∞^Œ á⁄QÆÅ∞ Hõ‰õΩ¯`«∂ LO_®eûO^Õ. "åiH˜ "Õ@Ö’
^˘iH˜# ‰õΩO^ÕÅ∞, ÉÏ`«∞ Ñ≤ÖÏ¡ U^À XHõ^•xfl ZѨC_»∂ L_çH˜ã¨∂Î<Õ LO\Ï~°∞.
142
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PHõÖˇ·#ѨC_»ÖÏ¡ Ñ≤Å¡Å∂, ÃÑ^ŒÌ"å~°∞ XHõ =ÚHõ¯ <À\’¡ "Õã¨∞H˘x K«Ñ¨Êiã¨∂Î<Õ XHÀ¯™êi ѨOk Ü«∞[=∂x gi<Õ "≥`«∞‰õΩ¯O@∂ =zÛ 'K«zÛ# ѨOkx
LO\Ï~°∞. `«fi~°QÍ Ñ¨Ó_çÛÃÑ@ì=∞x— "Õ_»∞H˘O\Ï_»∞.
'^˘~å! g∞ˆHO kQÆ∞Å∞ JHõ¯~°ÖË^Œ∞. ѨOkH˜ |^Œ∞Å∞ Ѩk ѨO^Œ∞Å∞
ѨÙ_»`å~Ú— JO@∂ PÜ«∞xfl nqOz "åà◊√§ ѨO_»QÆ KÕã¨∞H˘O\Ï~°∞. 'Ѩiã¨~åÖ’¡
ѨO^Œ∞Å∞ =iúÅ∞¡ QÍHõ— JO@∂ áê@Å∞ áê_»∞H˘O@∂ #=ÙfiÖ’¡ =ÚxyáÈ`å~°∞
P ~å„uH˜.

=∞#H˜ ѨiK«Ü«∞O L#fl U lÑ‘û QÆ∞_®~åxH˜ ZѨC_»∞ "≥o§<å =∞#efl

x~åâ◊ Ѩ~°K«~°∞. U^À XHõ =∂Oã¨O =ÚHõ¯, Kå~°∞ WzÛ ™êfiQÆ`«O ѨÅ∞‰õΩ`å~°∞.
lÑ‘ûÅ PǨ~°OÖ’ =∞™êÖÏ Z‰õΩ¯=. Ѩà◊√§, ‰õÄ~°QÍÜ«∞Å HõO>Ë HÍeÛ#, ÖË^•
"Õ~ÚOz# =∂Oã¨O JO>Ë "åiH˜ =∞ǨW+¨ìO. Ѩ‰õ∆Ωefl u#@O "å~°∞ `«Ñ¨CQÍ
ÉèÏq™êÎ~°∞. '=∂ =∂kiQÍ U^≥·`Õ ¿ãfiK«ÛùQÍ u~°∞QÆ∞`«∞O^À ^•xfl Ѩ@∞ìHÀ=Ú—
JO\Ï~°∞. JÖψQ H˘xfl „áêO`åÖ’¡ ѨÙ@ìH˘‰õΩ¯Å∞ uO\Ïxfl ‰õÄ_® `«Ñ¨CQÍ
ÉèÏq™êÎ~°∞. ѨO_»QÆÅѨC_»∞ =∂„`«"Õ∞ =∞`«∞Î áêhÜ«∂Å∞ fã¨∞H˘O\Ï~°∞.
lÑ‘ûÅH˜ ѨOk=∂Oã¨O JO>Ë =∞‰õΩ¯=. "å~°∞ =O_ç`Õ ^•x ~°∞KÕ =∂<£ „ÃѶ· L_£ J<Õ WOw¡+¨µ lÑ‘û XHõ™êi ^˘OQÆ`«#O KÕã¨∞ÎO>Ë
"Õ~°∞QÍ LO@∞Ok. ã¨Ç¨Ï[OQÍ =∞~°}˜Oz# [O`«∞=ÙÅ#∞ u#\ÏxH˜ "≥#∞HÍ_»~°∞. Ü«∞[=∂xH˜ ^˘iH˜áÈQÍ J`«_»∞ H˘`«Î~°Hõ"≥∞ÿ# "å^Œ# qxÑ≤™êÎ_»∞.
J^Õ Ñ¨Ok J~Ú`Õ "åiH˜ P ~ÀA ѨO_»ˆQ. JÖÏO\˜ ѨOk =∂O™êxfl =∞Oz 'D „ѨѨOK«OÖ’ =¸_»∞~°HÍÖˇ·# =ã¨∞Î=ÙÅ∞ JO^ŒiH© K≥O^•e.
~°∞z~°Hõ"≥∞ÿ#kQÍ ÉèÏqOz ^•xfl "å~°∞ '=ÚÖ’¡ÉÏÖ’— Jx =Ú^Œ∞ÌQÍ Ñ≤Å∞K«∞ 1. <ÕÅ g∞^Œ ^˘iˆH [O`«∞=ÙÅ∞, =O@K≥~°‰õΩ, 2. PHÍâ◊OÖ’ uiˆQ Ѩ‰õ∆ΩÅ∞,
H˘O\Ï~°∞. 3. h\˜Ö’ KÕѨÅ∞. D =¸_»∞ Z=ig HÍ=Ù. „ѨHõ$u J=hfl =∂ HÀã¨O WzÛOk.—
uO_ç ^˘~°Hõ#ѨC_»∞ ѨO^Œ∞efl ^˘OQÆ`«#OQÍ Ñ¨@∞ìHÀ=_®xH˜ "≥#HÍ_»~°∞. J`«xH˜ XHõ P_» ‰õΩHõ¯ LO_Õk. ^•xH˜ HÀà◊§#∞ Ѩ@ì@OÖ’ =∞Oz
^•xHÀã¨O XHõ „Ѩ`ÕºHõ"≥∞ÿ# Ѩ^Œúu, hu L<åfl~Ú. `«sÊù^Œ∞ W™êÎ_»∞. „Ѩ=∂^Œ=âß`«∂Î P ‰õΩHõ¯ =∞~°}˜Oz#ѨC_»∞ =∂<£ „ÃѶ· ZO`À
"åiH˜ W+¨ì"≥∞ÿ# ѨOkH˜ q+¨O ÃÑ_»`å~°∞. HÍh P q+¨O ѨOk "≥∞^Œ_»∞H˜ ÉÏ^èŒÑ¨_»∞`«∂ 'Jk |uH˜ LO_»QÍ =∂‰õΩ „Ѩu ~ÀE HÀ_ç ‰õĈ~— Jx `«ÅK«∞
=∂„`«"Õ∞ KÕ~°∞`«∞Ok. ^•xH˜ ã¨Ê$Ç¨Ï `«Ñ≤Ê Ñ¨_çáÈQÍ<Õ, ^•x Ü«∞[=∂x =^ŒÌH˜ H˘O@∂ ZO`À ÉÏ^èŒÑ¨_»`å_»∞.
"≥o§ 'K«zÛ# ѨOkx =∂‰õΩ W=fiO_ç, fã¨∞ÔHo§ áêuÃÑ_»`åO— Jx #q∞‡™êÎ~°∞.
'fã¨∞ÔHo§ ^Œ∂~°OQÍ áêuÃÑ@ìO_ç. ÖËHõáÈ`Õ ^•x =Å# q∞ye# ѨO^Œ∞ÅH˜ P
QÍe ™È‰õΩ`«∞Ok— JO@∂ H˘O`« _»|∞ƒ ‰õÄ_® W™êÎ_»∞ P Ü«∞[=∂x.

143 144

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ÃѶ"¡ ≥∞OHÀ ã¨Ow`«O
lÑ‘ûÅ∞ J#QÍ<Õ "åi ã¨Ow`«O, <å@º"Õ∞ =ÚO^Œ∞QÍ QÆ∞~°∞ÎH˜ =KÕÛk.
=∞QÆ"å~°∞ y\Ï~ü, =Ü≥∂e<£ "å~Úã¨∞ÎO>Ë, ~°OQÆ∞Å ^Œ∞ã¨∞ÎÖ’¡ L#fl "åi „ã‘ÎÅ∞
ã¨Ow`åxH˜ J#∞QÆ∞}OQÍ ZO`À ã¨∞O^Œ~°OQÍ <å@ºO KÕã¨∞ÎO\Ï~°∞. H˘xfl™ê~°∞¡
lÑ‘û =∞QÆ"åà◊√§ ‰õÄ_® "åi`À HõÅã≤ <å@ºO KÕ™êÎ~°∞.
„Ѩu =ºH˜ÎH˜ áê_®Åh, P_®Åh LO@∞Ok. lÑ‘ûÅ∞ <å@ºO KÕã¨∞ÎO>Ë
K«∂ã¨∞Î#fl „¿ÑHõ∆‰õΩÅ∞, P <å@ºQÍà◊§Ö’¡ `«=∞x K«∂ã¨∞H˘<Õ"å~°∞. ~åAÅ∞, ~å}∞Å∞
gi <å\Ϻxfl ÉÏQÍ W+¨ìѨ_»`å~°∞. ^•xH˜ =ÚYºHÍ~°}O gi L^ÕfiQÆÉèíi`«"≥∞ÿ#
â◊s~° q<åºã¨"Õ∞.
„Ѩu lÑ‘ûH˜ P\Ï, áê\Ï <Õ~°∞ÛH˘<Õ J=HÍâ◊O, J^Œ$+¨ìO LO_»^Œ∞.
=∞# ÃÑ^ŒÌ"åà◊√§ =∞#H˜ K«^Œ∞=ÙH˘=∞‡x K≥Ñ≤Ê#@∞¡Q͆ "åix ã¨Ow`«O, <å@ºO
<Õ~°∞ÛH˘=∞‡x ã¨`å~Ú™êÎ~°∞ "åi `«e¡^ŒO„_»∞Å∞.
145
lÑ‘ûÅ∞
ã¨Ow`åxH˜ J#∞QÆ∞}OQÍ lÑ‘ûÅ∞ `«=∞ "≥∞`«Îx áê^•Å Ѩx`«#O
K«∂Ñ≤™êÎ~°∞. ZO`« ã¨∞xfl`«OQÍ ZQÆ∞~°∞`å~°O>Ë "åi HÍà◊§ H˜O^Œ HÀ_çQÆ∞_»∞¡
L<åflÜ«∂ JxÑ≤OKÕ@O`« `«∂HõOQÍ ZQÆ∞~°∞`å~°∞. JÖÏ „Hõ"Õ∞}Ï ã¨Ow`åxfl
qã¨Î$`«O KÕã¨∂Î J_»∞QÆ∞Å "ÕQÍxfl ÃÑOz XHõ¯™êiQÍ „¿ÑHõ∆‰õΩefl P#O^Œ
tY~å„QÍʼnõΩ fã¨∞ÔHà◊`å~°∞. „¿ÑHõ∆‰õΩÅ∞ JHõ¯_» #∞O_ç H˜O^ŒH˜ *Ï~°∞H˘O@∂
ã¨O`À+¨O`À K«Ñ¨Ê@∞¡ "≥∂y™êÎ~°∞. `«~åfi`« _®Å~°¡ =~°¬O ‰õΩiÑ≤™êÎ~°∞.
lÑ‘ûÅ ã¨Ow`«OÖ’ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ JÅOHõ~°} HõxÑ≤ã¨∞ÎOk. =OѨÙÅ∞,
™⁄OѨÙÅ∞, yiH©Å∞, ѨbìÅ∞ Z‰õΩ¯=. "åi ã¨fi~°OÖ’x =OѨٙ⁄OѨÙÖË ^•x qt+¨ì`«.
"å~°∞ x=ã≤OKÕ Ñ¨iã¨~åÖ’¡ P áê@Å∞ „Ѩu<À\Ï Ñ¨Å∞‰õΩ`«∂ LO\Ï~Ú.
"åi áê@Å∞ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ "åi ™⁄O`« ÉèÏ+¨ '~˘=∂h—Ö’ LO\Ï~Ú.
lÑ‘ûÅ∞ `«=∞ ã¨Ow`åxfl `«e¡^ŒO„_»∞Å #∞O_ç q#@O ^•fi~å<Õ Z‰õΩ¯=
<Õ~°∞ÛH˘O\Ï~°∞. „Ѩ`ÕºHõOQÍ ™ê^èŒ# KÕ¿ãk Ug∞ LO_»^Œ∞.
"åi ã¨Ow`«OÖ’ „¿Ñ=∞w`åÅ∞ Z‰õΩ¯=. H˘xfl™ê~°∞¡ JK«ÛOQÍ <å@ºO
HÀã¨O ‰õÄiÛ# áê@ÖË LO\Ï~Ú. ã¨∞n~°…"≥∞ÿ# Kåi„`«Hõ w`åÅ∞ "≥Ú^ŒÅ∞H˘x,
z#fl „¿Ñ=∞w`åÅ∞, |∞„~°Hõ^äŒÖÏO\˜q ‰õÄ_® "å~°∞ áê_»`å~°∞. "å~°∞ ZHõ¯_»
x=ã≤ã¨∂Î LO\Ï~À P Ѩiã¨~åÅ „ѨÉèÏ=O "åi ã¨Ow`«O g∞^Œ ZѨC_»∂ LO_ç
f~°∞`«∞Ok.
KåÖÏ=∞Ok P^è Œ ∞ xHõ S~Àáê ã¨Ow`«" Õ`«ÎÅ ∞ lÑ‘ûÅ ã¨Ow`åxfl
J^茺ܫ∞#O KÕâß~°∞. "åi #∞O_ç <Õ~°∞ÛHÀ=\ÏxH˜ ‰õΩ`«∂ǨÏÅO K«∂Ñ≤OKå~°∞.
Ѩi¬Ü«∂Ö’ LO_Õ lÑ‘ûÅ∞ JO^Œi HõO>ˇ ÉÏQÍ P_»`å~°x, áê_»`å~°x
„ѨMϺu QÍOKå~°∞. #"å|∞Å P™ê÷<åÖ’¡ =O^ŒÅ ã¨O=`«û~åÅ „Ѩ^Œ~°≈#
J#∞Éèí="Õ∞ ^•xH˜ HÍ~°}O. Ѩi¬Ü«∞#∞¡ ã¨fiÜ«∞OQÍ <å@ºO KÕÜ«∞\ÏxH˜ W+ì̈Ѩ_»~°∞,
HÍh P Hõà◊x ÉÏQÍ P^Œi™êÎ~°∞.
JÖψQ ÃãÊ~Ú<£, ѨtÛ=∞ Pã≤Ü«∂, `«∂~°∞Ê S~ÀáêÖ’ uiˆQ lÑ‘ûÅ∞
‰õÄ_® ã¨Ow`åxH˜ ¿Ñ~°∞ QÍOz#"åˆ~.
ǨÏOˆQs ^Õâ◊OÖ’ XHõѨC_»∞ É’Ü«∞~ü (Boyar) ÖÏ~°∞¤Å∞ LO_Õ"å~°∞.
"åi P™ê÷<åÖ’¡ UiHÀi lÑ‘ûÅ#∞ =∂„`«"Õ∞ ã¨Ow`«HÍ~°∞Å∞QÍ xÜ«∞q∞OKÕ"å~°∞.
lÑ‘ûÅ =Ü≥∂e<£ JO>Ë P ~åAÅH˜ =∞Ǩ W+¨ìO. „a\©+π "åi ÉÏ~°<£ (Baron)
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„ѨÉèí∞=ÙʼnõΩ ‰õÄ_® lÑ‘û ã¨Ow`«O JO>Ë =∞Ǩ"≥∂A. ÃÑ·QÍ ÉÏ~°<£ÅH˜ 'ã¨∞Îu—
Ѩ^•ºÅ∞ JO>Ë W+¨ìO. "å\˜Ö’ lÑ‘ûÅ∞ Pi`ÕiáÈÜ«∂~°∞.
ÉÏů<£ „áêO`åÖ’¡ L#flO`«=∞Ok lÑ‘ûÅ∞ =∞Ô~Hõ¯_® LO_»~°∞.
ã¨Ow`«O, <å@ºO`À áê@∞QÍ "åi =∞Oz`«#"Õ∞ "åix HÍáê_çOk. Ô~·`«∞ÅH˜
ã¨Ow`«O W+¨ìO HÍ|\˜ì "åi Wà◊§Ö’¡ ZÖÏO\˜ â◊√ÉèíHÍ~°ºO [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞<åfl lÑ‘ûÅ
ã¨Ow`«O `≥zÛÃÑ>Ëì"å~°∞. P ~À[O`å "åiH˜ u#flO`« uO_ç, `åy#O`« ™ê~å~Ú.
ǨÏOˆQs lÑ‘ûÅ áê@Ö’¡x "≥∞à◊√‰õΩ=Å∞, P@Ö’ <Õ~°Êi`«#O =∞Ô~Hõ¯_® HÍ#~å=Ù.
XHõѨÊ\˜ ^èŒx‰õΩÅ∞ ã¨Ow`åxfl ÉÏQÍ áÈ+≤OKå~°∞. JO^Œ∞Hõx lÑ‘ûÅ∞
P ™êO„Ѩ^•Ü«∞ ã¨Ow`åxfl, Ѷ¨∞~å<åÅ#∞ =~°Î=∂#OÖ’H˜ #_çÑ≤OK«∞H˘KåÛ~°∞.
P ã¨Ow`åxfl „Ѩ[Å∞ =∞iÛáÈÜ«∂~°∞. HÍx lÑ‘ûÅ QÆà◊OÖ’ ^•xH˜ âßâ◊fi`«™ê÷#O
U~°Ê_çOk. ™ê=∂#∞º_çx ‰õÄ_® =∞Ǩ~åAÖÏQÍ á⁄QÆ_»@O JÅ"å@~ÚOk.
P^ŒiOKÕ "å~°∞ Z‰õΩ¯=ÜÕ∞º H˘nÌ P ã¨Ow`«O JÖÏ ™êyáÈ`«∂<Õ LOk.
ÃãiƒÜ«∂ ã¨Ow`«OÖ’ =∂O_»e<£, `«O|∞~å, "Õ}∞=Ù Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ
LѨÜ≥∂y™êÎ~°∞ lÑ‘ûÅ∞.
lÑ‘ûÅ∞ áê_»∞`«∞#flѨC_»∞ "åi P`«‡x K«∂_»QÆÅO. ZO`À |Å"≥∞ÿ#
L^ÕfiQÍxfl Hõ#Ѩ~°∞™êÎ~°∞. Jk ǨÏ$^ŒÜ«∂Å#∞ Hõ^Œ∞ѨÙ`«∞#fl@∞¡ LO@∞Ok. "åi
ÉÏ^èŒÅx ã¨Ow`«OÖ’ ѨeH˜OK«∞H˘O\ψ~"≥∂! "åi QÆ∞O_≥ ÉèÏ+¨ Q˘O`«∞H˜ J~°úO
J=Ù`«∞O^ŒxÑ≤ã¨∞ÎOk.
WOw¡+¨µ lÑ‘ûÅ∞ <å\ϺxH©, ã¨Ow`åxH© JO`«QÍ „ѨMϺu QÍOK«ÖËHõ
áÈÜ«∂~°∞. J~Ú<å „a@<£Ö’ „Ѩã¨∞Î`«O lÑ‘ûÅ ã¨Ow`«O g∞^Œ qã¨Î$`«"≥∞ÿ#
Ѩiâ’^èŒ#Å∞ [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞<åfl~Ú. "åiÖ’ Norma Waterson, Martin Carthey
J<Õ ã¨Ow`«HÍ~°∞Å∞ =ÚY∞ºÅ∞.
Ü«¸~ÀÑ≤Ü∞« <£ =∂Ô~¯\òÖ’ lÑ‘ûÅ áê@Å∞ Gypsy Kings J<Õ ¿Ñ~°∞`À
JO^Œi Jaè=∂<åxfl K«∂~°Q˘O@∞<åfl~Ú.
XHõáê@Ö’ HÍã≤q∞ãπH˜ K≥Ok# ~å}˜ ÉÏ`«∞ DHõÅ =O\˜ "≥∞`«Îx
ã¨∞Y"≥∞ÿ# Ѩ~°∞ѨÙ#∞, qÖÏã¨=O`«"≥∞ÿ# rq`åxfl =^ŒeÃÑ\˜ì lÑ‘ûÅ =∂ki ~À_»∞¤H˜
KÕ~°∞`«∞Ok. "åi áê@Ö’¡ ~å[™ê÷<£ *Ï#Ѩ^Œ ã¨Ow`åxfl ‰õÄ_® Hõeáê~°∞.
'ã¨OKå~° rq`«O ѨÓiÎQÍ |O^£ J~ÚáÈ`«∂ LOk. WHõ lÑ‘û ã¨Ow`«O
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=∂„`«O ZHõ¯_»∞Ok?— Jx x~åâ◊QÍ L#fl ã¨O^Œ~°ƒùOÖ’ 'lÑ‘û H˜OQ∑û— "åi H˘`«Î
ã¨Ow`«O =zÛ JO^Œi KÕ`« <å@ºO KÕ~Úã¨∂Î LOk.
ÃãÊÜ∞<£Ö’ „QÆ#_® Ü«Ú=`«∞Å∞ <å\ϺxH˜ ÃÑ\˜ìOk ¿Ñ~°∞. JHõ¯_ç
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™È=∞^Õ=Ù_»∞ `«# Hõ^ä•ã¨i`åûQÆ~°OÖ’ LitHõ∆ ÖË^• =∞~°}tHõ∆ J=∞Å∞
ѨiKÕ"åix '_À"£∞— Jx Ñ≤Å∞™êÎ~°x ~åâß_»∞. HÍh ™ê^è•~°}OQÍ u~°∞QÆ∞É’`«∞efl
'_À"£∞— Jx Ñ≤Å=@O Ѩiáê>ˇÿOk.
=∞^茺ܫÚQÍÅ #∞O_ç ÉèÏ~°`«^Õâ◊OÖ’ _À"£∞ J<Õ ‰õΩÅO LO^Œx A.L.
Éëê"£∞ QÆ∞iÎOKå_»∞. ã≤iÜ«∂ ^Õâ◊OÖ’ lÑ‘ûÅH˜ '_À"£∞— J<Õ Ñ¨^ŒO "å_»∞`«∞<åfl~°∞.
"åi<Õ Ps‡xÜ«∂Ö’ 'Ö’"£∞— Jx Ñ≤Å∞ã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞.
H˘O^Œi Ѩiâ’^èŒ#Å =Å# '~å=∞— J<Õ Ñ¨^ŒO #∞O_ç ~À"£∞ ѨÙ\˜ìO^Œx
"å^Œ#. ~å=∞ JO>Ë Ñ¨i„"å[‰õΩ_»∞, JO`«\Ï uiˆQ"å_»∞ Jx K≥|∞`«∞<åfl~°∞.
q~å=∞O ÖˉõΩO_® uiˆQ"å~°∞ HÍ|\˜ì '~å=∂— Jx Ñ≤eKå~°∞. J^Õ ~À=∂QÍ
=∂iO^Œx H˘O^Œ~°∞ JO\Ï~°∞. =∞iH˘O^Œˆ~"≥∂ '~À=∂— JO>Ë P#O^ŒO WKÕÛ"å_»∞
Jx J~°úO K≥áêÊ~°∞. A.G. áêãπѨu J<Õ Ñ¨O_ç`«∞_»∞ '~À"£∞— J<Õ Ñ¨^ŒO '~å=∂—
#∞O_ç L`«ÊuÎ J~ÚO^Œx x~°∂Ñ≤OKå_»∞.
ã¨O㨯$`«OÖ’ '~°=∞}©Ü«∞— JO>Ë ã¨∞O^Œ~°"≥∞ÿ#k Jx J~°úO. HÍ|\˜ì
JO^ŒOQÍ, Ǩ~ÚQÍ LO_Õ"å~°∞ lÑ‘ûÅ∞ HÍ|\˜ì "åiH˜ J#fi~Úã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. `«=∞
~°Hõ∆} HÀã¨O lÑ‘ûÅ∞ ~å"£, ~åÜü∞ ÖÏO\˜ Q˘Ñ¨Ê"åi ¿Ñ~°∞¡ ÃÑ@∞ìH˘x uiQÍ~°x
=∞~˘Hõ qâı¡+¨}.
'~À"£∞—H˜ x["≥∞ÿ# ^ŒQÆæ~° Ѩ^ŒO '_À"£∞— Jx "≥∞ÿHÀ¡ã≤H± (Miklosich) J<Õ
159 160
 lÑ‘ûÅ∞
<åÖ’ ã¨QÆO HõO>ˇ `«‰õΩ¯= JO^ŒOQÍ<Õ LO_®e.
2. K≥@¡ #∞O_ç P‰õΩÅ∞ ~åe QÍeÖ’, h\˜Ö’
23 H˘@∞ì‰õΩáÈ`«∞O\Ï~Ú! JÖψQ
lÑ‘ûÅ ™êÇ≤Ï`«ºO ~ÀA~ÀAH© <å‰õΩ "≥~Úº =Ú^Œ∞ÌÅ∞
h #∞O_ç ~å"åe, áÈ"åe
„ѨÑO¨ K«"åºÑ¨OÎ QÍ L#fl lÑ‘ûÅ∞ "åi ~˘=∂h ÉèÏ+¨Ö’ ZO`À ™êÇ≤Ï`åºxfl
~åã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. "åi ~°K«#Ö’¡ *Ï#Ѩ^Œ ™êÇ≤Ï`«ºO Z‰õΩ¯=. "å~°∞ ÉèÏ~°`«^Õâßxfl
U<å_À =^ŒeáÈ~Ú<å =∂`«$Éèí∂q∞ ã¨∞"åã¨#Å∞ "åix =keáÈÖË^Œ∞. ÉèÏ~°`«
^Õâßxfl =ke q^ÕâßÅH˜ =Å㨠áÈ~Ú# "≥Ú^Œ\˜ ã¨=¸Ç¨Å∞ D lÑ‘ûÖË. JO^Œ∞ˆH
gix "≥Ú@ì"≥Ú^Œ\˜ N.R.I. (Non Resident Indians) Å∞QÍ ‰õÄ_® QÆ∞iÎOKå~°∞.
ǨÏOˆQiÜ«∞<£ lÑ‘û ™⁄Ãã·\© ¿ãHõiOz# 1500 *Ï#Ѩ^Œ QÍ^äŒÖ’¡
ÉèÏ~°`«^Õâ◊O QÆ∞iOz# „Ѩ™êÎ=# J<ÕHõ™ê~°∞¡ LO^Œh, WHõ¯_ç ~åAÅ ¿Ñ~°∞¡,
#^Œ∞Å ¿Ñ~°∞¡ "å\˜Ö’¡ „Ѩ™êÎqOKå~°x Ѩiâ’^èŒ#Å =Å¡ `≥eã≤Ok.
lÑ‘ûÅ x["≥∞ÿ# ™êÇ≤Ï`«ºO "åi áê@Ö’¡<Õ LO@∞Ok. W`«~° ^ÕâßÅ
Hõ^äŒÅ #∞O_ç J~°∞=Ù `≥K«∞Û‰õΩ#fl Wu=$`åÎÅ∞ L<åfl† áê@Å∞ =∂„`«O "å~°∞ 3. „Ñ≤Ü«∂! <å =Ú^Œ∞ÌÅ∞
™⁄O`«OQÍ JÅ∞¡‰õΩ#fl"Õ Z‰õΩ¯=. ѨÙ@∞ìHõ`À<Õ "åiH˜ ã¨O„Hõq∞Oz# ™⁄`«∞Î ã¨Ow`«O. h PHõe fˆ~Û Ñ¨<≥·`Õ
áê_»∞`«∂ LO>Ë KåÅ∞! áê@Å∞ =ã¨∂Î<Õ LO\Ï~Ú. "åi UHÍO`åxfl, c^ŒiHÍxfl h=Ù ZѨÊ\˜H© Ѩã¨∞Î LO_®eû# Ѩx ÖË^Œ∞
=∞~°záÈ=\ÏxH˜ áê@Å∞ J=ã¨~°=∞Ü«∂º~Ú. J^Õ"åiH˜ r=<å^è•~°O J~ÚOk.
4. „¿ÑÜ«∞ã≤
`«e¡^ŒO„_»∞Å =∞^茺 ‰õÄ~˘Ûx "å~°∞ ZѨC_»∂ ã¨Ow`« ™ê^èŒ# KÕÜ«∞ÖË^Œ∞. ~À_»¡
ZHõ¯_çH˜ "≥àϧ=Ù „Ñ≤Ü«∂!
g∞^Œ, [#O =∞^茺 áê_»∞`«∂ LO>Ë `«Ñ¨CÅ∞ `«Ñ¨CH˘x, XѨCÅ∞QÍ =∂~°∞`«∞O
~å„u WO`« PÅ㨺O J~ÚO^ÕO?
\Ï~Ú. J^Õ "åi áê~î°âßÅ. PHõe J=Ù`«∞#flO`«¿ãѨ٠ã¨Ow`« ™ê^èŒ# KÕã¨∂Î<Õ
ZHõ¯_≥Hõ¯_» uiQÍ=Ù?
LO\Ï~°∞.
h *Ë|∞ WO`« MÏmQÍ LO^ÕO?
„¿Ñ=∞#∞ QÆ∞iOz# áê@Å∞ Jxfl ™êÇ≤Ï`åºÖ’¡#∂ J„QÆ™ê÷<åxfl
„Ñ≤Ü«Ú_»∞
P„Hõq∞Oz#>Ë¡ lÑ‘ûÅ ™êÇ≤Ï`«ºOÖ’ ‰õÄ_® „¿Ñ=∞w`åÅ^Õ ÃÑ·KÕ~Ú.
J_»qÖ’ L<åfl#∞ „¿ÑÜ«∞ã‘
Hõ<≥flÑ≤Å¡Å∞ áê_»∞H˘<Õ "åi áê@Å∞ H˘xfl WÖÏ L<åfl~Ú.
Ñ≤@ìÅ áê@Å∞ qO@∂
1. 'J=∂‡~ÚÅ∞ JO^ŒOQÍ LO>Ë
L_»`« Ñ≤Å¡Å∞ HÍÜ«∞Å∞ H˘~°∞‰õΩ`«∞<åfl~Ú
JO^ŒiÖ’H˜ JO^Œ"≥∞ÿ# J=∂‡~ÚQÍ ##∞fl KÕÜ«∂e.
^Õ=`«Å∞ K«∞@∂ì`å =¸QÍ~°∞
Ѩ@ì}OÖ’ ZÖÏO\˜ JO^ŒHõ`≥Î J~Ú<å
161 162
 lÑ‘ûÅ ™êÇ≤Ï`«ºO lÑ‘ûÅ∞
JѨC_˘Hõ ™Èk Jq∞‡ J_»qH˜ =zÛOk 5. '=∂ J=∞‡ Ѩ@flOÖ’ u~°QÆ\ÏxH˜ áÈ~ÚOk
â◊s~°O JO`å =Ú_»`«Å∞, QÀ^èŒ∞=∞~°OQÆ∞ <å#fl ™ê~å~Ú H˘\’¡ u+¨ì"Õâß_»∞
P"≥∞ <å KÕux K«∂ã≤Ok QÆ∞ã¨QÆ∞ã¨Å∞ q<ÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ ѨH˜¯O\’¡ J=∂‡~ÚÅ∞ ÖË~°∞
##∞fl `«fi~°Ö’ ÃÑo§ KÕã¨∞HÀ=∞x K≥Ñ≤ÊOk XO@iQÍ L<åfl#∞!
'ZÖÏ LO@∞O^À P Ñ≤Å¡?— Jx J_çQÍ#∞ HÍ|\˜ì `«fi~°QÍ ~å"åe h=Ù
'P Ñ≤Å¡ A@∞ì, Ѩ@∞ìÖÏQÍ LO@∞Ok x#fl XHÍ"≥∞H˜ ™Èk K≥áêÊ#∞
hÅ~°OQÆ∞Hõà◊√§, QÆ∞ÖÏc |∞QÆæÅ∞ P WO\˜H˜ WO`«=~°‰õÄ Z=~°∂ "≥à◊§ÖËHõáÈÜ«∂~°∞
„¿ÑÜ«∞ã≤ Q˘Ñ¨Ê Ü«Ú=~åAx, ~åã¨∞Å∞ áÈã≤# |OQÍ~°O
'„Ñ≤Ü«∂! <å A@∞ì |OQÍ~°OÖÏ LOk HõÅ"å}˜‚ ÃÑo§ KÕã¨∞H˘O@∞O^Œx K≥áêÊ#∞.
<å Hõà◊√§ hÅOQÍ L<åfl~Ú P"≥∞ <å ^Àã≤e xO_® "≥O_çHÍã¨∞Å∞ ‰õΩ=∞‡iOzOk.
<å |∞QÆæÅ∞ QÆ∞ÖÏcÅ∞ HÍ^•! D „â◊=∞O`å h HÀã¨"Õ∞
P _»|∞ƒ áÈ~Ú<å Ѷ¨~°"åÖË^Œ∞. ~å! ™ê~å H˘@∞ì MÏm JÜÕ∞º^•HÍ `åQÆ∞—
x#∞fl ÃÑo§ KÕã¨∞HÀÉ’`«∞<åfl#∞. 6. XHõ „Ñ≤Ü«Ú_»∞ `«# „¿ÑÜ«∞ã≤x =i‚ã¨∞Î<åfl_»∞.
JO`«HõO>Ë UO HÍ"åe.— 'PHÍâ◊OÖ’ K«O„^Œ∞_»∞ Hõ^Œ∞Å∞`«∞<åfl_»∞.
=∞#∞+¨µÅ „Ѩ=$uÎ, Pâ◊Å∂ ZÖÏ LO\ÏÜ≥∂ lÑ‘ûÅH˜ ÉÏQÍ `≥Å∞ã¨∞. <å „¿ÑÜ«∞ã≤ WÖψQ HõxÑ≤ã¨∞ÎOk
JO^Œ∞ˆH ™Èk K≥¿ÑÊ „ã‘ÎÅ∞ KåÖÏ `≥eqQÍ =∂@Å∞ K≥ѨÊQÆÅ~°∞. JO^Œ∞ˆH "åà◊√§ W`«~°∞ÅO`å "Õ∞Ѷ¨∂Å∞
JO\Ï~°∞ '"Õ∞O K«^Œ∞=ÙHÀHõáÈ~Ú<å „Ñ¨Ñ¨OKåxfl QÆ∞iOz ÉÏQÍ K«^Œ∞=Ù‰õΩ<åflO— <Õ#∞ h =ÚMÏxfl K«∂_»‰õΩO_® "åà◊√§ J_»¤"≥Úã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞.——
Jx.
'KÕ~Ú K«∂_»=∂‡!— Jx Z=~°<åfl J_çQÍ~°#∞H˘O_ç, 7. #Hõ∆„`åÅ g∞^Œ áê@
'WO`« =∞Oz KÕux WO`«=~°‰õÄ K«∂_»ÖË^Œ=∂‡, h JO`« J^Œ$+¨ìO ''áêáê! hÔHÖÏ `≥Å∞ã¨∞? h "≥ÚYO KåÖÏ JO^Œ"≥∞ÿO^Œx?
WOÔH=iH© ~å^Œ=∂‡, F JO^Œ"≥∞ÿ# Ü«Ú=‰õΩ_»∞ L<åfl_»∞. J`«_»∞ x#∞fl „¿Ñq∞ã¨∞Î J=∂‡! <å‰õΩ `≥Å∞ã¨∞, ÉÏQÍ `≥Å∞ã¨∞
<åfl_»∞. h=Ù J`«xfl P~åkèã¨∞Î<åfl=Ù. g∞ W^ŒÌin x["≥∞ÿ# „¿Ñ=∞. HÍh XHõ #Å¡x WO\’¡ J^ŒÌO ÖË^Œ∞ Hõ^•! ZÖÏ `≥Å∞ã¨∞H˘<åfl=Ù?
^Œ∞+¨µì_»∞ h‰õΩ J_»∞¤QÍ L<åfl_»∞. J`«_»∂ h HÀã¨O Ѩ_ç K«ã¨∞Î<åfl_»∞. J~Ú<å „Ñ¨[Å∞ J#∞H˘O@∞<åfl~°∞
h=Ù =∂„`«O h=Ù „¿Ñq∞Oz# "å_ç<Õ KÕã¨∞H˘O\Ï=Ù. W^ŒÌ~°∞ ~°`åflÖÏ¡O\˜ a_»¤Å‰õΩ h`À "å~°∞ =∂\Ï¡_®~å? U ÉèÏ+¨Ö’! x[O K≥áêÊe!
`«e¡==Ù`å=Ù. rq`«=∞O`å ã¨O`À+¨OQÍ LO\Ï=Ù. h „Ñ≤Ü«Ú}˜‚ h=Ù D ~À*Ë "å~°∞ Jã¨Å∞ Ug∞ =∂\Ï¡_»ÖË^Œ∞!
Hõ Å ∞™êÎ = Ù— Jx ZO`À #=∞‡Hõ O QÍ K≥ Ñ ≤ Ê P ~ÀAH˜ 㨠i Ѩ _ ® _» | ∞ƒÅ∞ =∞i ZÖÏ `≥Å∞ã¨∞H˘<åfl=Ù?
ã¨OáêkOK«∞H˘O\Ï~°∞. "åà◊§ ÃÑ^•ÅÃÑ· L#fl z~°∞#=Ùfix |\˜ì `≥Å∞ã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl#∞.
lÑ‘ûÅ „¿Ñ=∞HõÖÏѨO QÆ∞iOz `≥eÜ«∞*Ëã¨∞ÎOk XHõ áê@. <å JO`« JO^ŒQÆ`≥Î =∞Ô~=fi~°∂ ÖË~°x!——

163 164
 lÑ‘ûÅ ™êÇ≤Ï`«ºO
WÖÏO\˜ Åe`«"≥∞ÿ# „¿Ñ=∞™êÇ≤Ï`«ºO "åiH˜ ZO`À W+¨ìO. Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ
„ã‘Î áê„`Õ =∂\Ï¡_»∞`«∞Ok. =∞QÆ"åi áê„`« `«‰õΩ¯=. =∞QÆ"åiH˜ Ѩx KÕÜ«∞@O,
ZQÆ~°@O, áê@Å∞ áê_»@O ZO`« ÉÏQÍ `≥Å∞™È, „ã‘ÎÅH˜ ™Èk (J^Œ$+¨ìO) K≥ѨÊ@O
=∂@Å`À W`«~°∞efl F_çOK«_»O, `«y# =∞QÆ"å}˜‚ "≥`«∞HÀ¯=@O `≥Å∞ã¨∞.
lÑ‘ûÅH˜ á⁄_»∞Ѩ٠Hõ^äŒÅ∞ Z‰õΩ¯=† =∞# =∂kˆ~. ™êÜ«∞O„`«O JÜÕ∞ºã¨iH˜
Ñ≤Å¡Å∞ K«∞@∂ì`å KÕ~°QÍ<Õ Hõ^äŒÅ∞, Ñ≤@ìHõ^äŒÅ∞, á⁄_»∞=Ù Hõ^äŒÅ∞ K≥ѨCH˘O\Ï~°∞.
1. h\˜Ö’H˜ áÈ`«∞Ok, h\˜ H˜O^ŒH˜ áÈ`«∞Ok
HÍh h\˜H˜ `«QÆÅxk Uk ? (ÉÏ`«∞ Hõ_»∞ѨÙÖ’ QÆ∞_»∞¤)
2. XHõ z#flÃÑ>ˇì, XHõ¯ˆ~ ^•x =¸`« fÜ«∞QÆÅ~°∞
HÍh =O^Œ=∞Ok J~Ú<å =¸Ü«∞ÖË~°∞! (â◊#QÆHÍÜ«∞)
3. `«ÅH˜O^ŒH©, HÍà◊√§ ÃÑ·H˜ ÃÑ\˜ì, ÃÑiˆQk? (Le¡áêÜ«∞)
4. ^Õ=Ù_»∞ Ãã·`«O K«∂_»ÖËxk Uk? (`«#ÖÏO\˜ =∞~˘Hõix)
5. „Ѩu rg x`«ºO XHõѨx KÕã¨∞ÎO\Ï_»∞, Uk?
(=Ü«∞ã¨∞ ÃÑOK«∞HÀ=@O)
6. ~åAQÍi QÆkÖ’H˜ K˘K«∞Û‰õΩáÈÜÕ∞^≥=~°∞? (ã¨∂~°∞º_»∞)
7. ~À_»∞¤xO_® LOk, ÉϺsfl xO_® LOk.
z#fl Q˘\Ïìxfl =∂„`«O xOѨÖË=Ù! Uk? (QÍe)
W\©=e HÍÅOÖ’ ~°+¨º<£ lÑ‘ûÅ ™êÇ≤Ï`«ºO ÉÏQÍ Jaè=$kú K≥OkOk.
~°+¨º<£ =~°‚=∂Å ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞O`À lÑ‘û ™êÇ≤Ï`åºxfl =Ú„kã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. WÖÏO\˜
L^Œº=∂ÅH˜ P^Œ∞º_»∞ A.V. [~°‡<À (1873–1955). DÜ«∞# ~åã≤# ѨÙã¨ÎHÍÅ∞
~°ëêºÖ’ KåÖÏ „ѨMϺu QÍOKå~Ú. "å\˜Ö’¡ 'QÆOQÍ aÜ«∂OKå— Hõ^äŒÅ ã¨OѨÙ\˜
`Àáê@∞QÍ Ñ¨^Œº ã¨OHõÅ<åÅ∞, áê@Å∞ L<åfl~Ú. N.A. áê<£HÀ"£ J<Õ =∞~À
~°K«~Ú`« ѨÙ+≤¯<£ ~åã≤# 'lÑ‘ûÅ∞— J<Õ ~°+¨º<£ ~°∂ѨHÍxfl ~˘=∂h ÉèÏ+¨Ö’H˜
J#∞"å^ŒO KÕâß_»∞.
~°ëêºÖ’ '~˘=∂h *’~å›— J<Õ XHõ ™êO㨯$uHõ Ѩ„uHõ "å~°∞ lÑ‘ûÅ
Hõà◊Å QÆ∞iOz ~åã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. 'Nevo Drom' J<Õk ‰õÄ_® XHõ ¿Ñ~°∞QÍOz# Ѩ„uHõ.
nxfl ~˘=∂h ÉèÏ+¨Ö’ =Ú„kã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. W~°=Ü≥∂º â◊`å|ÌѨ٠"≥Ú^Œ\˜ ÉèÏQÆOÖ’
165
lÑ‘ûÅ∞
KåÖÏ=∞Ok ~˘=∂h ~°K«~Ú`«Å∞ `«=∞ J#∞Éèí"åÅx ѨÙã¨ÎHÍÅ∞QÍ ~åâß~°∞.
"å~°∞ ~åã¨∞Î#fl ™êÇ≤Ï`«ºOÖ’ <å@HÍÅ∞ „Ѩ=ÚYáê„`« =Ç≤ÏOz#O^Œ∞
=Å¡ '~À"≥∞<£ =∂™È¯— käÜÕ∞@~üÖ’ "å\˜x „Ѩ^Œi≈ã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. "åi ™êÇ≤Ï`«ºO
g∞^Œ Ç≤ÏOn ã≤x=∂Å „ѨÉèÏ=O ‰õÄ_® LOk.
M.J. H“<å"≥·<£ J<Õ ~°+¨º<£ ѨO_ç`«∞_»∞ KåÖÏ ã¨O=`«û~åÅ∞ „â◊q∞Oz
J<ÕHõ=∞Ok lÑ‘ûefl HõÅ∞ã¨∞H˘x 125 lÑ‘ûÅ Hõ^äŒefl, 62 *Ï#Ѩ^Œ w`åefl
¿ãHõiOKå_»∞. J`«_»∞ `«# Ѩiâ’^èŒ#Å HÀã¨O WO_çÜ«∂H˜ =zÛ ~å[™ê÷<£
ã¨OKå~°∞Å`À H˘O`«HÍÅO QÆ_çÑ≤ W~°∞=Ùi ã¨O㨯$`«∞Å∞ Uq^èŒOQÍ „ѨÉèÏq`«O
JÜ«∂ºÜ≥∂ `«∞Å<å`«‡Hõ Ѩiâ’^èŒ# ‰õÄ_® KÕâß_»∞.
1940 ã¨OII `«~°∞"å`« „ѨѨOK«"åºÑ¨ÎOQÍ lÑ‘û ™êÇ≤Ï`«ºO „áêOfÜ«∞
ÉèÏ+¨Ö’¡ ~å=@O "≥Ú^ŒÖˇ·Ok. Ü«Ú^•úÅ J#O`«~°O Ü«¸~°ÑπÖ’ =∞Oz lÑ‘û
™êÇ≤Ï`«ºO =zÛOk. JÖÏO\˜ "å\˜Ö’¡ 'A Gypsy Searches for a place
under the sun' J<Õk XHõ =∞Oz Ѩ^ŒºHÍ=ºO.
Ѷ≤<£ÖÏO_£Ö’ L#fl [~°fleã¨∞ì HÍ^è≥i<å >ˇÿHÍ<£ z#flÑ≤Å¡Å HÀã¨O The
wanderers J<Õ Ñ¨Ùã¨H Î Íxfl 1970Ö’ ~åã≤Ok. 'The Sparkling Road' J<Õ #=ÅH˜
=¸ÅO u~°∞QÆ∞É’`«∞ lÑ‘ûÅ r=# q^è•#O.
ÉèÏ~°fÜ«ÚÅH˜ lÑ‘ûÅ QÆ∞iOz `≥eã≤Ok ~°+¨º<£ ѨO_ç`«∞Å ^•fi~å<Õ.
1962= ã¨OIIÖ’ aè‰õ∆Ä K«=∞<£ÖÏÖò J<Õ Ñ¨O_ç`«∞_»∞ [=ǨÏ~üÖÏÖò <≥„Ǩ˙
„áÈ`åûǨÏO`À Ü«¸~°ÑπÖ’x lÑ‘ûÅx HõÅ∞ã¨∞H˘x "åi r=# q^è•<åÅ#∞
ѨijeOz "åi g∞^Œ „¿Ñ=∞`À XHõ =∞Oz ѨÙã¨ÎHõO ~åâß_»∞. ^•x ¿Ñ~°∞
Gypsies - Forgotten Children of India. [=ǨÏ~üÖÏÖò <≥„Ǩ˙ `å#∞ ~åã≤#
Discovery of India J<Õ Ñ¨Ùã¨ÎHõOÖ’ lÑ‘ûÅ QÆ∞iOz# „Ѩ™êÎ=# `ÕÖË^Œ@.
'=∞=∞‡efl g∞~°∞ =∞~°záÈÜ«∂~°∞— Jx lÑ‘ûÅ∞ ÉÏ^èŒÑ¨_»∞`«∂ <≥„Ǩ˙H˜ L`«Î~åÅ∞
~å™êÎ~°∞. JO^Œ∞Hõx <≥„Ǩ˙ "≥O@<Õ K«=∞<£ÖÏÖò ^•fi~å "åi g∞^Œ „Ѩ`ÕºHõOQÍ
XHõ ѨÙã¨ÎHÍ<Õfl ~å~ÚOKå_»∞.
lÑ‘ûÅ ™êÇ≤Ï`«ºO „H©IIâ◊II 1886 <å\˜H˜ 400 LO>Ë 1914<å\˜H˜ 4,577
ѨÙã¨ÎHÍÅH˜ KÕiOk. D<å_»∞ Jk 50 "ÕÅH˜ ^•\˜Ok.
166

24
lÑ‘ûÅ ‰õΩ@∞O| =º=ã¨÷
ÃÑo§ : lÑ‘ûÅ q"åǨÅ∞ "åi ‰õΩÅÃÑ^ŒÌÖË KÕ™êÎ~°∞. J=∂‡~Úx Hõ@flO WzÛ
H˘#∞HÀ¯"åe. ÃÑo§ JÜ«∂ºHõ P „ã‘Î `å#∞ Hõ+¨ìѨ_ç _»|∞ƒ ã¨OáêkOz ^•xfl
J`«Î=∂=∞ʼnõΩ W=fi@O`À P"≥∞ ѨÓiÎQÍ "åi ‰õΩ@∞O|OÖ’ Hõeã≤áÈ`«∞Ok.
JÖÏ KÕÜ«∞QÆey# „ã‘Îx `≥eqQÆÅ^•xQÍ =º=ǨÏi™êÎ~°∞. Hõ\ÏflÅ∞ _»|∞ƒ
~°∂ѨOÖ’<Õ H͉õΩO_®, QÆ∞„~åÅ∞ ÖË^• =ã¨∞Î=ÙÅ ~°∂ѨOÖ’ ‰õÄ_® W=fi=K«∞Û.
Ñ≤Å¡efl WzÛѨÙK«∞ÛH˘<Õ@ѨC_»∞ P ‰õΩ@∞O|O K«i„`« `≥Å∞ã¨∞H˘O\Ï~°∞.
Z=~°∞ U =$uÎÖ’ Pi`Õi L<åfl~À P =$uÎÖ’ LO_Õ "åi<Õ ÃÑo§ KÕã¨∞H˘O\Ï~°∞.
Ѩi¬Ü«∂Ö’ Hõ=∞‡i Ѩx KÕã≤ |`«∞‰õΩ`«∞#fl lÑ‘ûÅ J=∂‡~Ú J^Õ KÀ@, J^Õ
Ѩx KÕã¨∞Î#fl ‰õΩ@∞O|O "åi`À<Õ ã¨O|O^è•Å∞ ÃÑ@∞ìH˘O@∞Ok. áêiãπÖ’ y\Ï<À
lÑ‘ûÅ∞ P@áê@Ö’¡ Pi`Õi# "åi ‰õΩ@∞O|O "åi Ñ≤Å¡<Õ KÕã¨∞H˘O\Ï~°∞.
ѨxÖ’ Ѩ~°ã¨Ê~°O ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞O KÕã¨∞HÀ=K«∞Û HÍ|\˜ì JÖÏO\˜ rq`« ÉèÏQÆ™êfiq∞x
Z#∞flH˘O\Ï~°∞. WÖÏQÆ KÕÜ«∞@O =Å¡ "åiH˜ ZÖÏO\˜ ã¨=∞㨺Å∂ ~å=Ù. ÃÑ^ŒÌÅH˜
ã¨O|O^èŒO #zÛ<å HÍÉ’ÜÕ∞ ^ŒOѨ`«∞ŠѨÓiÎ W+¨ìO g∞^Œ<Õ q"åǨÏO [~°∞QÆ∞
`«∞Ok.
ÃÑo§K«∂ѨÙÅ HÀã¨O XHõi WO\˜HÀ, QÆ∞_®~åxHÀ "≥o#¡ ѨC_»∞, P WO\˜Ö’
ÃÑo§ J~Ú# J=∂‡~ÚÅ∞ LO>Ë, "å~°∞ `«=∞ A@∞ì =Ú_çx qÑ≤Ê `«Å
q~°É’ã¨∞H˘O\Ï~°∞. H˘Ñ¨C ã¨iQÍ ÃÑ@∞ìH˘#fl J=∂‡ÜÕ∞ ÃÑo§‰õÄ`«∞~°∞. JѨC_»∞
JÉσ~Ú, P J=∂‡~Ú áê^•xfl `˘H˜¯ '<Õ#O>Ë h‰õΩ W+¨ì"Õ∞<å— J#fl@∞¡ K«∂™êÎ_»∞.
P"≥∞ uiy J`«x áê^•xfl `˘Hõ¯‰õΩO_® LO>Ë #KåÛ_»x, `˘H˜¯`Õ #K«ÛÖË^Œx
`≥Å∞ã¨∞H˘O\Ï_»∞.
lÑ‘ û Ö’¡ q"åǨ  xH˜ =ÚO^Œ ∞ Ü« Ú =f Ü« Ú =‰õ Ω Ö’¡ ZÖÏO\˜
ã¨O|O^è•Å∞ LO_»=Ù. H˘`«Î ^ŒOѨ`«∞Å∞ "≥Ú^Œ\˜ ~å„u "åi QÆ∞_®~åxH˜ "≥à◊√`«∂
167
lÑ‘ûÅ∞
LO>Ë Ju^äŒ∞Å∞ "åi g∞^ŒH˜ K≥ѨCÅ∞ q㨈~™êÎ~°∞. JÖÏ J~Ú`Õ "åiH˜ `«fi~°Ö’<Õ
Ñ≤Å¡Å∞ ѨÙ_»`å~°x #=∞‡HõO.
"≥Ú^Œ\˜~å„u, ÉèÏ~°º `«# Z_»OKÕuH˜ QÍÜ«∞O KÕã¨∞H˘x P ~°HõÎO`À
Éèí~°Î `«Åg∞^Œ ~å¿ã ™êO„Ѩ^•Ü«∞O ^ŒH˜∆} ǨÏOˆQsÖ’ LOk. HÍx L`«Î~° ǨÏOˆQsÖ’
J~Ú`Õ W^ŒÌ~°∂ `«=∞ KÕu ~°HõÎO fã¨∞H˘x XHõi Z_»=∞HÍeH˜ =∞~˘Hõ~°∞
ѨÓã¨∞H˘O\Ï~°∞. =∞O„`«Q`Æ Å
Î≥ ∞, KÕ`|« _ç, HÍ"≥∂nÌÑ#¨ ÖËÇ¨ ºÅ∞, `åg^Œ∞Å∞ =ÔQ~· åÅ
g∞^Œ lÑ‘ûÅH˜ #=∞‡HõO LOk.
QÆ∞_£ÅH± ÖË^• J^Œ$+¨ìO HÀã¨O „¿ÑÜ«∞ã≤H˜ "≥O_ç<å}ˇO WzÛ ^•xfl
=Ú^Œ∞Ì ÃÑ@∞ìH˘O\Ï_»∞. "≥eyOz# H˘"˘fi`«∞ÎÅ∞ PiáÈ`Õ JѨâ◊‰õΩ#OQÍ ÉèÏq™êÎ~°∞.
JÖÏO\˜ Jâ◊√ÉèÏÅ∞ `˘ÅyáÈ"åÅO>Ë „Ѩ=Ç≤ÏOKÕ h\˜Ö’H˜ =∞O„uOz# HÀ_çQÆ∞_»∞¡,
Ü«∂Ñ≤Öò HÍÜ«∞Å∞ qã≤ˆ~™êÎ~°∞.
lÑ‘ûÅ∞ áê\˜OKÕ PKå~åÅ∞, ™êO„Ѩ^•Ü«∂Å∞ XHÀ¯™êi z„`«OQÍ
LO\Ï~Ú. ‰õΩÅO #∞O_ç "≥e"ÕÜ«∞@O J<Õk gà◊√§ áê\˜ã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. Ѩiâ◊√„ÉèíOQÍ
ÖË#ѨC_»∞, W`«~°∞ÅH˜ ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞O KÕÜ«∞‰õΩO_® L#flѨC_»∞ ‰õÄ_® ‰õΩÅ|Ç≤Ï+¨¯~°}
[~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok.
tHõ∆Å∞ : "åiH˜ L#fl z#fl `«QÍ^•Å∞ Jhfl ™êÜ«∞OHÍÅO „ÉÏOn `åQÆ@O`À
=∞~°záÈ`å~°∞. lÑ‘ûÅ∞ `«=∞ "åi`À ZѨC_»∂ J|^ŒúO K≥ѨÊ~°∞. áê`«~ÀAÖ’¡
JqhuH˜ ÃÑ^ŒÌ tHõ∆Å∞ "Õã¨∞H˘<Õ"å~°∞. H˘~°_® ^≥|ƒÅ∞, XO\˜g∞^Œ <åÅ∞QÆ∞KÀ@¡
QÆO@∞¡ ÃÑ@ì_»O, =Ú‰õΩ¯Å∞, K≥=ÙÅ∞ HÀÜ«∞@O ÖÏO\˜q LO_Õ=x Ѩiâ’^èŒ#Å
=Å¡ `≥eã≤Ok. W=hfl ÉèÏ~°fÜ«∞ Hõ^äŒÅH˜, ™êO„Ѩ^•Ü«∂xH˜ ^ŒQÆæ~°QÍ L<åfl~Ú.
168
 lÑ‘ûÅ ‰õΩ@∞O| =º=ã¨÷
„ã‘Î #∞O_ç q_®‰õΩÅ∞ fã¨∞HÀ"åe J#∞‰õΩ#flѨC_»∞ ™ê¯\òÖÏO_£ lÑ‘ûÅ∞ XHõ
qO`« PKå~åxfl áê\˜OKÕ"å~°∞.
`«Ñ¨CKÕã≤Ok Jx J#∞=∂xOz# „ã‘Îx XHõ QÆk֒ѨŠLOz JHõ¯_»H˜
XHõ QÆ∞„~åxfl `≥™êÎ_»∞ ѨÓ*Ïi. P QÆ∞„~°O J_»∞QÆ∞Å Hõ^ŒeHõÅH˜ J#∞QÆ∞}OQÍ
f~°∞Ê LO_Õk. P"≥∞ J=∂Ü«∞‰õΩ~åÅ∞ Jx x~°∂Ѩ} J~Ú`Õ P QÆ∞„~åxfl
JHõ¯_Õ #iH˜ áêˆ~™êÎ~°∞. P"≥∞k `«Ñ¨C Jx `≥eã≤<å 㨈~ P QÆ∞„~åxfl #iH˜"ÕÜ«∞@O
ã¨=∞O[ã¨OQÍ ÉèÏqOKÕ"å~°∞. JÖÏO\˜ „ã‘Îx Z=~°∂ ÃÑo§ KÕã¨∞HÀ~°∞. ǨÏ^Œ∞Ìg∞i#
ѨÙ~°∞+¨µÅH˜ =∂„`«O =∞~°}^ŒO_»# LO_Õk.
#=∞‡HÍÅ∞ : JO^ŒiH˜ =∞ÖË¡ lÑ‘ûÅH˜ ‰õÄ_® H˘xfl #=∞‡HÍÅ∞ L<åfl~Ú. "å~°∞
ZHõ¯_≥Hõ¯_» uiy<å, ѨK«ÛÉÁ@∞ì =∂kiQÍ #=∞‡HÍÅ∞ "åix =^ŒÅ=Ù.
'Z=Ô~·`Õ H˘O_»Ö’¡ HÀ#Ö’¡ Z`≥·Î# Ѩ~°fi`åÖ’¡ u~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ LO\Ï~À,
Z=Ô~·`Õ "≥#∞HõK«∂Ѩ٠K«∂_»‰õΩO_® =ÚO^Œ∞‰õΩ "≥à◊_®xH˜ W+¨ìѨ_»`å~À "åix
K«∂ã≤ =∞$`«∞º=Ù Ãã·`«O ÉèíÜ«∞Ѩ_»∞`«∞Ok— Jx #=Ú‡`å~°∞. JÖÏO\˜ ^è≥·~°ºO
WKÕÛ #=∞‡HÍÅ∞ "åiH˜ LO_»|>Ëì WO_çÜ«∂ #∞O_ç =ÚO^Œ∞H˜ ™êyáÈ~Ú
LO\Ï~°∞.
"åi ^Œ$+≤ìÖ’ ^Õ=Ù_»∞, =∞x+≤ ÉÁ=∞‡x =∞\˜ì`À KÕã≤ ‰õΩO_»efl HÍeÛ#@∞ì
|\©ìÖ’ "Õã≤ HÍÅ∞™êÎ_»∞. JÖÏ XHõ™êi |\©ìÖ’ "Õã≤# ÉÁ=∞‡Å∞ H˘xfl Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ
HÍe #Å¡QÍ JÜ«∂ºÜ«∞@. "åiH˜ h„QÀÅ∞ Jx ¿Ñ~°∞ ÃÑ\Ïì~°@. Ô~O_»=™êi
=∞s `«fi~°Ñ¨_ç, HÍʼnõΩO_® f¿ãã¨iH˜ Jq `≥Å¡QÍ<Õ LO_çáÈ`Õ "åix WOw¡+¨µ
"å~°∞ J<åfl~°@. =¸_À™êi ã¨iQÍæ HÍÅxzÛ ÉÁ=∞‡efl |Ü«∞@H˜ fâß_»@
^Õ=Ù_»∞. JO^Œ∞Hõ<Õ Jq =∞Oz QÀ^èŒ∞=∞~°OQÆ∞Ö’ L<åfl~Ú. "åi<Õ lÑ‘ûÅ∞
(ã¨Ô~·# =∞#∞+¨µÅ∞) HÍ=Åã≤O^Œx P*Ï˝Ñ≤OKå_»@. HÍ|\˜ì JÖÏO\˜ ~°OQÆ∞
"≥Åã≤áȉõΩO_® LO_®Åx x`«ºO u~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ LO\ÏO Jx K≥|∞`«∞<åfl~°∞
H˘O^Œ~°∞ lÑ‘ûÅ∞. "å~°∞ QÀ^èŒ∞=∞~°OQÆ∞Ö’ LO\Ï~°∞ HÍ|\˜ì, "åˆ~ D Hõ^äŒx
ã¨fiÜ«∞OQÍ JÅ∞¡H˘x LO\Ï~°∞.
^Õ=Ù_ç QÆ∞iOz# #=∞‡HÍÅ∞ KåÖÏ L<åfl~Ú giH˜. Lˆ~‡ (Urme)
J<Õ ^Õ=`«Å∞ =∞x+≤ Éèíq+¨º`ü x~°‚~Ú™êÎ~°@. "åi [Å^Õ=`« ¿Ñ~°∞ x"åã≤.
Éèí∂q∞֒ѨŠáê`åà◊OÖ’ ^•y L#fl ^≥Ü«∂ºÅx Ѷ¨Ù"åãπ (Phuvas) JO@∞<åfl~°∞.
169
lÑ‘ûÅ∞
=# Hõ#ºÅH˜ "å~°∞ ÃÑ\˜ì# ¿Ñ~°∞ ˆH™êe (Kesali). gà◊§H˜ XHõ ѨH˜∆^Õ=Ù_»∞ L<åfl_»∞.
J`«x ¿Ñ~°∞ Hõ~°}. QÆ~°∞_» J<Õ Ñ¨^•#∞flOz D Ѩ^ŒO L`«ÊuÎ J~Ú LO@∞Ok.
"åiH˜ L#fl XHõ Q˘Ñ¨Ê #=∞‡HõO U=∞O>Ë 'D Éèí∂q∞ JO`å Pk ^ŒOѨ`«∞Å∞
lÑ‘ûÅH˜ WzÛ# Ѷ¨ÅO— Jx. giH˜ ÃÑOQÍ (Penga) J<Õ ~åA ‰õÄ_® L<åfl_»x
#=Ú‡`å~°∞. ã¨fi~°æO #~°HõO L<åfl~Ú. J"≥∞iHÍÖ’x lÑ‘ûÅ∞ ѨO_»QÆÅѨC_»∞
KÕã∞¨ H˘<Õ Hˆ H±û eOQÆO PHÍ~°OÖ’ LO_ç =∞#^ÕâÑ◊ Ù¨ â‹=· =∞`åxfl `≥eÜ«∞*Ëã∞¨ <Î åfl~Ú.
`«=∞ r=#O HÀã¨O lÑ‘ûÅ∞ JѨC_»Ñ¨C_»∞ z#fl `«Ñ¨CÅ∞, á⁄~°áê@∞¡
KÕÜ«∞=Åã≤ =zÛ#ѨC_»∞ "å\˜x ^Õ=Ù_»∞ Hõ∆q∞™êÎ_»∞ Jx #=Ú‡`å~°∞. ^•xH˜
`«QÆæ@∞¡QÍ z#fl Hõ^äŒ ZѨC_»∂ ã≤^ŒúOQÍ LO@∞Ok.
~À=∞#∞¡ XHõ lÑ‘û HÍÔ~ÊO@~üx Ñ≤ez '<åÅ∞QÆ∞ pÅÅ∞ `«Ü«∂~°∞ KÕã≤
W=fiO_ç— Jx K≥áêÊ~°@. HÍh P lÑ‘û JÅ"å@∞ „ѨHÍ~°OQÍ XHõ pÅx
^˘Oye™êÎ_»∞. tÅ∞=x =¸_»∞ pÅÅ`À<Õ "ÕÜ«∂eû =zÛOk. HÍ|\˜ì „H©ã¨∞Î
Ô~O_»∞ HÍà◊§#∞ HõeÑ≤ XˆH pÅ H˘\Ïì~°@.
JѨÊ\˜ #∞O_ç 'J=ã¨~åxH˜ g∞~°∞ ^˘OQÆ`«#O KÕÜ«∞=K«∞Û— Jx ^Õ=Ù_»∞
lÑ‘ûÅH˜ J#∞=∞u WKåÛ_»@† ÖËHõáÈ`Õ WOHÍ Zxfl á⁄~°áê@∞¡ [iyáÈ`åÜ≥∂
Jx ÉèíÜ«∞Ѩ_ç.
lÑ‘ûÅ∞ `«=∞ rq`åÖ’¡ H˘xfl xÜ«∞=∂Å∞ áê\˜™êÎ~°∞ HÍ|>Ëì D<å\˜H©
"åiH˜ =∞Oz J=QÍǨÏ#, SHõ=∞`«ºO LOk.
lÑ‘ûÅ∞ W`«~°∞ÅH˜ ZѨC_»∂ Ǩx KÕÜ«∞~°∞. W^ŒÌi =∞^茺 `«QÍ^•Å∞
=zÛ#ѨC_»∞ #_»∞O H˜Ok ÉèÏQÆOÖ’ H˘@ì~°∞. q^Œ∞~° hux áê\˜™êÎ~°∞. =∞x+≤
=∞~å‡OQÍÅx J==∂xOK«~°∞. "åi ã¨O`«u PyáÈ`Õ ã¨Ç≤ÏOK«ÖË~°∞. ÃÑ^ŒÌ"åà◊√§
Q˘_»=Å∞ KÕã¨∞H˘O@∞#flѨC_»∞, z#flÑ≤Å¡Å∞ [@∞ìQÍ U~°Ê_ç â◊„`«∞=ÙÅx ~°HõÎO
H͈~@@∞¡ H˘~°∞‰õΩ`å~°∞ QÍh ~åà◊¡`À H˘@ì~°∞.
JO^ŒiH© ¿ã= KÕÜ«∞@"Õ∞ "åi Pâ◊Ü«∞O. JѨCÅ#∞ =ã¨∞Î~°∂ѨOÖ’<À,
_»|∞ƒ ~°∂ѨOÖ’<À f~°Û@"Õ∞ "åi qkè. "åiH˜ ÉèíÜ«∞=∞<Õk ZѨC_»∂ LO_»^Œ∞.
ZO`« Ѩ~å~Ú ^Õâ◊"≥∞ÿ<å ~å„`«#Hõ, ѨQÆÅ#Hõ u~°∞QÆ∞`«∂<Õ LO\Ï~°∞. PHõe
f~°∞ÛHÀ=\ÏxH˜ Zxfl QÆO@Öˇ·<å Hõ+¨ìѨ_»QÆÅ~°∞.
#=fi‰õΩO_® LO_»@O "åi ^Œ$+≤ìÖ’ =∞ǨáêѨO. `≥Å¡x ѨÅ∞=~°∞ã¨
170
 lÑ‘ûÅ ‰õΩ@∞O| =º=ã¨÷
HõxÊOKÕ q^èŒOQÍ `«=∞ ã¨fiK«Ûù"≥∞ÿ# =∞#ã¨∞ûH˜ J^ŒÌ=∂ J#fl@∞¡QÍ x`«ºO „Ѩã¨#fl
=^Œ#O`À HõxÑ≤™êÎ~°∞.
The Book of St. Luke x "≥Ú^Œ\˜™êiQÍ '~À=∂— Ö’xH˜ J#∞"å^ŒO
KÕã≤#ѨC_»∞ *Ïi˚ÉÏ~À =¸_»∞=O^ŒÅ HÍÑ‘Å∞ =∂„`«"Õ∞ "Õâß_»∞. "å\˜ Hõ=~°∞
g∞^Œ tÅ∞= ÉÁ=∞‡#∞ |OQÍ~°∞~°OQÆ∞Ö’ =Ú„kOKÕã¨iH˜ P HÍÑ‘Å∞ "≥O@<Õ
J=Ú‡_»∞áÈÜ«∂~Ú. Jã¨Å∞ q+¨Ü«∞O U=∞O>Ë P |OQÍ~°∞ J@ì L#fl ɡ·aÅ∞
"åix KåÖÏ™ê~° ∞ ¡ HÍáê_ç O k. ZÖÏQÆ O >Ë lÑ‘ û Å∞ U^≥ · < å `« Q Í^•Ö’¡
W~°∞‰õΩ¯#flѨC_»∞ D ɡ·aÅ∞ g∞^Œ „Ѩ=∂}O KÕã≤ '"Õ∞=Ú „H˜+≤ìÜ«∞#¡O. D |OQÍ~°∞
ɡ·aÖË =∂‰õΩ ™êH˜∆— J<Õ"å~°∞. „ѨÉèí∞=Ù "åix ZѨC_»∂ ~°H˜∆ã¨∞ÎO\Ï_»∞ J<Õk
Ü«¸~ÀÑ≤Ü«∞<£ lÑ‘ûÅ #=∞‡HõO.
Z~°∞ѨÙ~°OQÆO>Ë "åiH˜ KåÖÏ W+¨ìO. Ç≤ÏO^Œ∞=ÙÅH˜ ‰õΩO‰õΩ=∞ ZÖÏQÀ
"åiH˜ Z~°∞Ѩ٠JÖÏO\˜k. Z„~°x ^•~åxfl ‰õÄ_® "å~°∞ Ѩq„`«OQÍ<Õ K«∂™êÎ~°∞.
J"≥∞iHõ<£ lÑ‘ûÅ∞ ѨÓlOKÕ '^ÕÖò— J<Õ ^Õ=Ù_çH˜ Ñ≤Å¡Å∞ ÖË~°@.
=∞QÆ"åiH˜ ã¨∞xÎ KÕã¨∞HÀ=@O JÅ"å@∞ LOk. 'ZO^Œ∞‰õΩ JÖÏ
KÕ™êÎ~°∞?— Jx J_çy`Õ '"Õ∞=Ú ZѨÊ\˜ #∞OKÀ JÖÏ KÕã¨∂Î =ã¨∞Î<åfl=Ú. Wk
=∂ PKå~°O— Jx K≥|∞`å~°∞. =Úã≤¡O ^ÕâßÖ’¡ "å~°∞ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ LO_»@O
=Å# P JÅ"å@∞ =zÛ LO@∞Ok.
^≥Ü«∂ºÅO>Ë ÉèíÜ«∞O LOk. Z=Ô~·<å Pã¨∞Ѩ„uÖ’ KÕi#ѨC_»∞ JHõ¯_çH˜
"≥o§ '=∞=∞‡efl Hõ∆q∞OK«∞— JO@∂ "Õ_»∞H˘O\Ï~°∞. ZO^Œ∞HõO>Ë á⁄~°áê@∞#
J`«_»∞ =∞~°}˜¿ãÎ ^≥Ü«∞ºOQÍ =∂i Ѩ\˜ìÑ‘_ç™êÎ_»x ÉèíÜ«∞O. „ã‘ÎÅ∞ Hõ+¨ìOQÍ
„Ѩã¨qã¨∞Î#flѨC_»∞ '^≥Ü«∞ºO =zÛO^Œx #q∞‡ ^•xfl =^ŒÅH˘@ì_®xH˜ QÆ∞_®~åÅ
K«∞@∂ì`å xѨCÅ∞ K«∂Ñ≤™êÎ~°∞. „ã‘ÎÅ∞ 'JѨiâ◊√^ŒúO KÕ™êÎ=∞O@∂— ɡkiã¨∂Î
J~°∞™êÎ~°∞.
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lÑ‘ûÅ ~å*ϺOQÆO : JO^Œ~°∂ J#∞H˘#fl@∞¡QÍ lÑ‘û "åiH˜ ~åA J<Õ"å~°∞
Z=fi~°∂ ÖË~∞° . 'H˜OQ∑ PѶπ e\˜Öò DlѨٗì J<Õk "å~°∞ K≥¿ÑÊ JO^Œ"∞≥ #ÿ Kåi„`å`«‡Hõ
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#∞O_ç 100 =~°‰õÄ LO\Ï~°∞. JÖÏO\˜ =Ú~îåx '‰õΩOáêxÜ«∂— JO@∞<åfl~°∞.
^•x ÃÑ^ŒÌx ~À"£∞ÉÏ~À (Rom Baro) JO\Ï~°∞. J`«x JkèHÍ~åxH˜ u~°∞QÆ∞
ÖË^Œ∞. J`«_»∞ Ü«Ú=‰õΩ_Õ J~Ú LO\Ï_»∞. Z=i =Ú~îåH˜ "åˆ~ ~åAÅ∞.
H˘xfl „áêO`åÖ’¡ WÖÏO\˜ "å\˜x 'qëêì— JO\Ï~°∞. ^•x ã¨OѶ¨∞ÃÑ^ŒÌx
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Ѩ^ŒqÖ’ "≥·"À_Õ rq`åO`«O LO\Ï_»∞. J`«º=ã¨~° Ѩiã≤÷`«∞Ö’¡ J`«x `≥eq
`Õ@Å∞, ^è≥·~°ºO ã¨OѶ¨∂xH˜ ѨxH˜ =™êÎ~Ú. D Ѩ^ŒqH˜ Q“~°=O KåÖÏ Z‰õΩ¯=.
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'„H˜ãπ— (Cris). „ã‘Î ã¨=∞㨺 =zÛ#ѨC_»∞ =Ú~îåÖ’ ÃÑ^ŒÌ =Ü«∞ã¨∞#fl „ã‘Îx HõÅ∞ã¨∞H˘x
Pq_» ã¨ÅǨÅ∞ fã¨∞H˘O\Ï~°∞. P"≥∞#∞ 'Ѷ¨Ùs^•Üü∞— Jx Ñ≤Å∞™êÎ~°∞. Dq_»
=Å# „ã‘ÎÅ, z#flÑ≤Å¡Å ã¨=∞㨺Å∞ K«Hõ¯QÍ Ñ¨iëê¯~°O KÕã¨∞H˘O\Ï~°∞. `«=∞‰õΩ
H˘~°∞‰õΩ_»∞ Ѩ_»x ã¨=∞㨺 `«ÖˇuÎ#ѨC_»∞ =¸ÖË (Mule) J<Õ k=ºâ◊H˜Îx
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ã¨=∞O[ã¨O. „Ѩf f~°∞Ê J#O`«~°O qO^Œ∞Å∞ LO\Ï~Ú. JO^Œ~°∂ HõÅã≤áÈ`å~°∞.
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ѨC_Õ. D ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’<Õ "å~°∞ `«=∞ ѨiK«Ü«∂efl ÃÑOK«∞H˘O\Ï~°∞. L=∞‡_ç J^Õq^èŒOQÍ =∞^茺 J"≥∞iHÍ n=ÙÖ’¡x ǨϟO_»∞~åãπ (Honduras) Ö’
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„ѨHÍ~°O =ÚQÆ∞æ~°∞ "Õ∞sÅH˜ ("Õ∞s ã¨Ö’q∞, "Õ∞s *ÏHÀa, "Õ∞s =∂QÆúÖË<£)
¿ã=‰õΩ~åÅ∞QÍ LO_Õk âß~å ^Õ=`«.
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Ѩiâ’^èŒ# KÕÜ«∞|>Ëì "å~°∞ ÉèÏ~°fÜ«ÚÅx `≥eã≤Ok.
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(Frans Listz) J<Õ Ç¨ÏOˆQs ã¨Ow`«HÍ~°∞_»∞ „ѨHõ\˜OKå_»∞.
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HÍ~åÊuÜ« ∞ <£ , <À=∂_ç H ± , Ǩ Ï Oˆ Q iÜ« ∞ <£ ,
"åÖÏzèÜ«∞<£ lÑ‘ûÅ∞ J<Õ S^Œ∞ ~°HÍÅ "å~°∞ L<åfl~°∞.
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J~Ú<å 㨈~ "å~°O^Œ~°∂ K≥ѨCÅ∞ ÖˉõΩO_®<Õ u~°∞QÆ∞`«∞O\Ï~°∞.
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ÉÏxã¨Å∞QÍ LOK«∞H˘<åfl~°∞. ~°∞"Õ∞xÜ«∂ S~ÀáêH˜
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Jx ¿Ñ~°∞. "åiÖ’ ZÅ∞QÆ∞|O@¡#∞ P_çOKÕ"å~°∞
Z‰õΩ¯=. "åix L~åûs (Ursari) ÖËHõ Bear Leaders
JO\Ï~° ∞ . ~° ∞ "Õ ∞ xÜ« ∞ <£ lÑ‘ûÖ’¡ "åiH˜ Q“~°= O
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Jx ~åâß_»∞.
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ã¨÷ÅO ˆH\Ï~ÚOzOk. D ã¨O`«H˜ „Ѩu ã¨O=`«û~°O 800 |à◊√§ HõO>ˇ Z‰õΩ¯"Õ
=™êÎ~Ú. "å\˜Ö’ P^èŒ∞xHõOQÍ LO_Õ "≥∂\Ï~°∞ "åǨÏ<åÅ∞ Z‰õΩ¯=. Ãã~ÚO\ò
âß~å ѨO_»QÆ `«~°∞"å`« "≥O@<Õ =KÕÛ =∞~À ѨO_»QÆ ÖÏO\˜k D ã¨O`«.
Si+π Hõ=∞‡i Ѩx"å~°∂, u~°∞QÆ∞É’`«∞ KÕu=$`«∞ÎÅ "å~°∂ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ
=™êÎ~°∞. D ã¨O`«x HÍáê_»∞H˘O@∂ ~å=\ÏxH˜ lÑ‘ûÅ∞ ZO`À „â◊q∞OKåeû
=ã¨∂Î LOk. ѨÅK«|_»∞`À#fl áê`« Ѩ^Œú`«∞efl "≥ÚO_çQÍ xÅɡ_»^•=∞x "åi
„Ѩܫ∞`«flO.
ZO`« ^Œ∂~åxflOz J~Ú<å 㨈~ "å~åÅ `«~°|_ç „Ñ¨Ü«∂}ÏÅ∞ KÕã≤
D ã¨O`«‰õΩ KÕ~°∞H˘O\Ï~°∞. PÜ«∂ =∂~åæÖ’¡ LO_Õ á⁄ÖÏÖ’¡ lÑ‘ûÅ∞ QÆ∞_®~åÅ∞
"Õã¨∞H˘O\Ï~°x ÉèíÜ«∞Ѩ_ç# Ô~·`«∞Å∞ 'D á⁄ÅO JO`å q+¨O K«Å¡|_çOk— Jx
É’~°∞¤Å∞ ÃÑ_»`å~°∞. ^•xÖ’ x[O ZO`À, [QÆ"≥∞iy# lÑ‘ûÅH˜ `≥eÜ«∞^Œ#∞
HÀ=@O P Ô~·`«∞ =¸~°ö`«fiO. P ~å„uH˜ `«Ñ¨Êxã¨iQÍ JHõ¯_Õ Py =O@Å∞
KÕã¨∞H˘x P_»`å~°∞, áê_»`å~°∞.
183
lÑ‘ûÅ∞
"åà◊§ |à◊§x QÆ∞„~åÅ∞ ÖωõΩ¯O@∂ áÈ`«∂ LO>Ë "å\˜ ѨHõ¯<Õ
#_»∞K«∞H˘O@∂ ZO`« ^Œ∂~åÖˇ·<å „Ñ¨Ü«∂}˜OK«\ÏxH˜ lÑ‘ûÅH˜ qã¨∞QÆ∞ ѨÙ@ì^Œ∞.
"å`å=~°}O ÉÏQÍ LO>Ë ~ÀAH˜ 40 H˜Ö’g∞@~°∞¡ ã¨∞ÅÉèíOQÍ „Ѩܫ∂}˜™êÎ~°∞.
`å~°∞ ~À_»∞¡ Z^Œ∞~°=fiQÍ<Õ "åiH˜ `«Å<˘Ñ≤Ê =ã¨∞ÎOk. J_»∞QÆ∞Å∞ `«_»|_»`å~Ú.
ÃÑ·QÍ W+¨ì"≥ÚzÛ# KÀ@ PQÆ\ÏxH˜ gÅ∞O_»^Œ∞.
JÖÏ #_»∞K«∞H˘O@∂ ã¨O`«H˜ KÕ~∞° HÀQÍ<Õ ZO`À ã¨O|~°Ñ_¨ `» å~°∞. JHõ¯_»
Z@∞ K«∂ã≤<å QÆ∞„~åÅ∞, QÍ_ç^ŒÅ∞, Q˘„Ô~Å∞, Ѩâ◊√=ÙÖË. J"Õ∞‡"å~°∞, H˘<Õ"å~°∞
KÕ¿ã ǨÏ_®=Ù_ç`À JO`å ѨO_»QÆÖÏQÍ LO@∞Ok. JHõ¯_» Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ [iˆQk
=ã¨∞Î =∂iÊ_ç. WOQÍ¡O_»∞ =º=™êÜ«∞^•~°¡H˜ ѨxKÕ¿ã QÆ∞„~åÅO>Ë =∞Oz „¿Ñ=∞.
D ã¨O`«Ö’ =∞Oz QÆ∞„~°O Ys^Œ∞ 500 áœO_»∞¡ LO@∞Ok. JO>Ë ^•^•Ñ¨Ù
40"ÕÅ ~°∂áêÜ«∞Å∞. =∞Oz QÍ_ç^Œ J~Ú`Õ 100 áœO_»¡H˜ `«QÆæ^Œ∞. ã¨O`«Å
ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’ K≥ѨCH˘<Õ XHõ *’H± „ѨHÍ~°O 'PHõÅ~Ú# lÑ‘û `«# ™⁄O`«O J#∞‰õΩ#fl
„Ѩu^•xfl J=Ú‡`å_»@—. Ѩk~ÀAÅ ã¨O`« JO`å ZO`À ã¨O^Œ_çQÍ LO@∞Ok.
Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ "ÕÅO áê@Å∞ J=Ù`«∞O\Ï~Ú. H˘<Õ"å_»∞ `«# ˆ~@∞K≥Ñ≤Ê QÆ∞„~°O
Ü«∞[=∂x KÕug∞^Œ H˘\Ïìe. JÖÏ áê@ ÃÑiyáÈ`«∂ LO@∞Ok. =∞~°Å áê_ç`Õ
=∞àϧ KÕu g∞^Œ "≥∞Å¡QÍ H˘\Ïìe. Ü«∞[=∂xH˜ #zÛ# ˆ~@∞H˜ Z=~°∞ áê_»`å~À
J`«x KÕu g∞^Œ Ü«∞[=∂x H˘_»`å_»∞ z=~°Q͆ JO>Ë J`«xˆH Wã¨∞Î#fl@∞¡QÍ.
H˘xfl ã¨O^Œ~åƒùÖ’¡ J"Õ∞‡ =ºH˜Î, H˘<Õ =ºH˜Î XHõ #Å¡ HõO_»∞"å#∞ `«=∞
KÕ`«∞Å g∞^Œ HõѨCH˘x ֒Ѩe "Õà◊§#∞ Ѩ@∞ìH˘#@O ^•fi~å ÉË~°O KÕã¨∞H˘O\Ï~°∞.
'h QÆ∞„~åxfl <åÅ∞QÆ∞ "ÕÅH˜ W™êÎ"å?— Jx J_»QÍÅO>Ë Ü«∞[=∂x KÕu "Õà◊√§
<åÅ∞QÆ∞ Ѩ@∞ìHÀ"åe. J`«_Õ"≥∂ H˘<Õ"å_ç J~Ú^Œ∞ "Õà◊§#∞ QÆ\˜ìQÍ Ñ¨@∞ìH˘O\Ï_»∞†
184
 qq^èŒ ^ÕâßÖ’¡ lÑ‘ûÅ∞
'<å QÆ∞„~°O J~Ú^Œ∞ "ÕÅH˜ `«QÆæ^Œ∞— J#fl@∞¡QÍ. Z^Œ∞\˜ "åà◊√§ q#‰õΩO_®,
K«∂_»‰õΩO_® WÖÏO\˜ "åºáê~° =∂~°æO HõxÃÑ\Ïì~°∞ lÑ‘ûÅ∞.
Z‰õΩ¯==∞Ok Ü«∞[=∂#∞Å∞ `«=∞ ™⁄=∞‡O`å "≥O@<Õ |OQÍ~°OÖ’xH˜
=∂~°∞ÛH˘O\Ï~°∞. Jk `≥eã≤# |OQÍ~°O "åºáê~°ã¨∞÷Å∞ =zÛ JHõ¯_» ã≤^ŒúOQÍ
LO\Ï~°∞ P ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’.
lÑ‘ûÅ∞ `«=∞ _»|∞ƒ`À Ys^≥·# =ã¨∞Î=ÙÅ∞ H˘O\Ï~°∞. Ѩiã¨~åÅ∞
^Œi„^ŒOQÍ, =ÚiQÍæ L<åfl "åi "åQÆ<£ JO`å JO^Œ"≥∞ÿ# Ys^≥·# =ã¨∞Î=ÙÅ`À
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K≥·<å Ñ≤OQÍ}© =~°Î‰õΩÅ∞ lÑ‘ûŠǨÏ$^ŒÜ«∞O `≥eã≤# "å~°∞ HÍ|\˜ì
`«=∞ ã¨~°∞‰õΩefl lÑ‘ûÅH˜ JO^Œ∞ÉÏ@∞Ö’ LOK«∞`å~°∞.
lÑ‘û Ü«Ú=‰õΩÅ∞ ÉÏQÍ `«Ü«∂Ô~· ™ê÷x‰õΩÅ`À ~°Hõ~°HÍÅ P@ÅH˜
=ÚYºOQÍ E^•ÅH˜ ~°=∞‡x KèåÖˇO*ò KÕã¨∂Î LO\Ï~°∞. giH˜ ZѨC_»∂ F@q∞
LO_»^Œ∞. ZO^Œ∞HõO>Ë JO^Œ~°∂ Hõeã≤ P_»`å~°∞ HÍ|\˜ì. pHõ\˜ Ѩ_Õã¨iH˜ JO^Œ~°∂
Hõeã≤ P@áê@ "≥Ú^ŒÅ∞ ÃÑ_»`å~°∞.
Ü«∂Ñ≤Öòɡ· ã¨O`«Ö’H˜ ~°OQÆ∞ ~°OQÆ∞Å |à◊√§ =™êÎ~Ú. "å\˜ JÅOHÍ~åÅH˜
JO`«∞ÖË^Œ∞. Jq Ü«¸~°ÑπÖ’x '~ÀH˘HÀ— Ü«ÚQÆO <å\˜ z„`åefl QÆ∞~°∞ÎH˜ `≥™êÎ~Ú.
"åiH˜ H˘`«Î _ç*ˇ·<£ JO>Ë W+¨ìO. ~°OQÆ∞ Ѩ@¡
"≥∂A Z‰õΩ¯=. JÖÏO\˜ H˘xfl "åQÆ<£Å
g∞^Œ "å\˜x `«Ü«∂~°∞ KÕã≤# HõOÃÑhÅ
J„_»ãπ, á¶È<£ <≥O|~°∞¡ ‰õÄ_® LO\Ï~Ú.
P ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’<Õ K«∞@ìѨHͯefl
HõÅ∞ã¨∞H˘O\Ï~°∞. áê`« ÉÏH©Å∞ =ã¨∂Å∞
KÕ ã ¨ ∞ H˘O\Ï~° ∞ . „¿Ñq∞OK« ∞ H˘O\Ï~° ∞ ,
ÃÑo§à◊§H˜ =ÚǨ˙~åÎÅ∞ ÃÑ@∞ìH˘O\Ï~°∞ ‰õÄ_®. ~Àg∞ÅH˜ W+¨ì"≥∞ÿ# ÃÑ^ŒÌ =∞K«ÛÅ
ÃÑ·ÉÏÖò¤ QÆ∞„~°O ^˘iˆHk D ã¨O`«Ö’¡<Õ. 'QÆ∞„~°O ÖËx"å_»∞ lÑ‘û HÍ^Œ∞— J<Õ "å^Œ#
qxÑ≤ã¨∞ÎOk WHõ¯_».
=Ü«∞ã¨∞ =∞o§# QÆ∞„~åxH˜ ~°OQÆ∞ ѨÓã≤, L„^ÕHõѨ_Õ =∞O^Œ∞Å∞ uxÑ≤Oz
"å\˜x ‰õΩ„~°QÆ∞„~åÖÏ¡QÍ =∂iÛ, Z‰õΩ¯= ^èŒ~°H˜ J=∞‡QÆÅ KåHõK«HõºO WOQÍ¡O_£
lÑ‘ûÅH˜ LOk.
185
lÑ‘ûÅ∞
'Ü«∂Ñ≤Öòɡ·—x =¸ã≤"Õ^•ÌO J<Õ PÖ’K«# „ѨÉèí∞`åfixH˜ LOk. „Ѩu
ã¨O=`«û~°O ~À_»∞¡ W~°∞‰õΩQÍ =∂iáÈ`«∞<åfl~Ú. MÏmã¨÷ÅO Hõ~°∞"≥·áÈ`«∂<Õ LOk.
'ã¨O`«Å∞ =¸ã≤ "Õ™êÎO— Jx áÈbã¨∞Å∞, „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO lÑ‘ûefl ɡkiOz#ѨC_»ÖÏ¡
"åi QÆ∞O_≥Å∞ "ÕQÆOQÍ H˘@∞ì‰õΩO\Ï~Ú. 'ã¨O`« ¿Ñ~°∞ K≥ѨCH˘O@∂<≥·<å uiˆQ
J=HÍâ◊O fã¨∞H˘O@∞#fl =∂‰õΩ, ^•xfl =¸¿ã¿ãÎ u~°QÆ@O ZÖÏ ™ê^茺O?—
JO@∂ ÉÏ^èŒ Ñ¨_»∞`«∞<åfl~°∞ lÑ‘ûÅ∞.
áêiãπÖ’H˜ „Ѩ"Õâ◊O : Jk „H©IIâ◊II 1427= ã¨O=`«û~°O† ZO_®HÍÅO. á⁄ÖÏÅ
=∞^茺 QÆ∞O_® U~°Ê_ç# |à◊§ ÉÏ@Ö’ QÆ∞„~åÅ∞ ÖÏQÆ∞`«∞#fl <åÅ∞QÆ∞ K«„HÍÅ
|à◊§ a_®~°∞ XHõ\˜ "≥∞Å¡QÍ ™êyáÈ`«∂ LOk. "å\˜Ö’ ‰õÄ~˘Û#fl „ã‘ÎÅ∞ ~°OQÆ∞Å
|@ìÖ’¡ ^èŒQÆ^èŒQÆÖÏ_»∞`«∞<åfl~°∞. z#flÑ≤Å¡Å∞
U_» ∞ 㨠∞ Î O >Ë , "åix 㨠= Ú^•~Ú㨠∞ Î # fl
`«Å∞¡Å∞ *’Åáê@ JO^Œ∞H˘<åfl~°∞. "åi
=∞QÆ"åà◊√§ á⁄_»"≥·# Hõ„~°Å∞ Ѩ@∞ìH˘x |à◊§
=ÚO^Œ∞ #_»∞ã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. K≥=∞@∞¡ Ѩ\˜ì# "åi
XO\˜H˜, ˆ~QÆ∞`«∞#fl ^Œ∞=Ú‡, ^èŒ∂o J`«∞‰õΩ¯
áÈ~Ú =ÚiH˜QÍ `«Ü«∂~°Ü«∂º~°∞. J~Ú<å
"åi Hõà◊§Ö’¡x "≥Å∞QÆ∞ `«QÆæÖË^Œ∞.
WO`« Ö ’ "å~° ∞ áêiãπ #QÆ ~ °
á⁄e"Õ∞~°Ö’¡H˜ KÕiáÈÜ«∂~°∞. JHõ¯_» L#fl
ÃÑ^ŒÌ ~À_»∞¤Ö’H˜ "≥à◊√`«∞O_»QÍ, ~°Hõ∆HõÉèí@∞Å∞ PÑ≤"Õâß~°∞. JO`å ˆHHõÅ∞, Q˘_»=.
KÕu Hõ_çÜ«∂Å∞, ÃÑO_Õ~åÅ∞ â◊ÉÏÌÅ∞ KÕã¨∞Î<åfl~Ú. H˘`«Î"åi HÀ@∞H˜ L#fl "≥O_ç
QÆ∞O_ôÅ∞ P ZO_»Ö’¡ `«à◊√‰õΩ¯=∞x "≥∞i™ê~Ú. "å~°∞ ÖÏ\˜<£ Hõeã≤# „ÃѶOz
ÉèÏ+¨Ö’ áêiãπ ^•fi~°áêʼnõΩÅ`À U^À =∂\Ï¡_»∞`«∞<åfl~°∞.
'Z=~°∞ g∞~°∞? ZHõ¯_» #∞O_ç =ã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞?— J_çQÍ~°∞ Éèí@∞Å∞.
'e\˜Öò DlѨÙì #∞O_ç =ã¨∞Î#fl _»∂ºH±, J`«x 120 =∞Ok ¿ã=‰õΩÅO—.
'W@∞QÍ ZHõ¯_çH˜?—
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'ZO^Œ∞‰õΩ?—
186
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ZO`À q#Ü«∞OQÍ K≥áêÊ~°∞ lÑ‘ûÅ∞.
'J~Ú`Õ =∞i J#∞=∞u Ѩ„`åÅ∞ K«∂Ñ≤OK«O_ç!—
'WkQÀ K«∂_»O_ç! „á¶ê<£û ~å*ˇ·# U_»= KåÔ~¡ãπH˜, 5= áÈÑπ =∂iì<£
~åã≤# J#∞=∞u Ѩ„`«O!—
'J~Ú`Õ =∞i JáÈlÖò QÍi 'Ѷ≤+¨~ü=∂<£ ã‘Öò— ZHõ¯_»?— D™êi Éèí@∞Å∞
HÍã¨Î =∞~åº^ŒQÍ J_çQÍ~°∞.
'WkQÀ!— JO@∂ K«∞@ìQÍ L#fl XHõ `ÀÅ∞ á⁄\Ï¡O fã≤ K«∂Ñ≤OKå~°∞.
^•xfl W`«~°∞Å∞ ã¨OáêkOK«@O Hõ+¨ìO. Jk K«∂ã≤# "≥O><Õ ˆQ@∞Ö’
L#fl QÍ~°∞¤Å∞ "åix PǨfixOz áêiãπ ~åAQÍiH˜ P "å~°Î#∞ "≥O@<Õ Ñ¨Oáê~°∞.
™êÜ«∞O„`åxH˜ qâßÅOQÍ L#fl ã‘<£ #nf~°OÖ’ QÆ∞_®~åÅ∞ "Õã¨∞H˘x
<å@ºO "≥Ú^ŒÅ∞ÃÑ\Ïì~°∞. áê`« ã¨Ow`«O`À qã≤yáÈ~Ú L#fl áêiãπ „Ѩ[ÅH˜,
L~°HõÅ∞ "Õã¨∞Î#fl D H˘`«Î fQÆÅ ã¨Ow`«O ZO`À #zÛOk. H˘O^Œ~°∞ lÑ‘ûÅ∞
ZÅ∞QÆ∞|O\˜x fã¨∞H˘x Tà’§H˜ "≥o§ z#flÑ≤Å¡Å#∞ ZH˜¯Oz uÑ≤Ê, _»|∞ƒÅ∞
ã¨OáêkOKå~°∞. H˘O^Œ~°∞ P Wã¨∞Hõ k|ƒÅÃÑ·# ã¨~°¯ãπ KÕâß~°∞. JÖÏ JO^Œ~°∂
"åiH˜ `≥ e ã≤ # q^Œ º Å∞ K« ∂ Ñ≤ O z „^•Hõ ∆ ~ ° ã ¨ O , ~˘>ˇ ì Å ∞ 㨠O áêkOK« ∞ H˘x
~å„`«ÜÕ∞ºã¨iH˜ <≥QÆ_»∞ ѨHõ¯# q„âßOu fã¨∞H˘<åfl~°∞, "åi QÆ∞„~åÅ∞ ã¨H˜eã¨∞ÎO_»QÍ.
JѨÊ\˜ #∞O_ç WѨÊ\˜ =~°‰õÄ „á¶ê#∞û^Õâ◊OÖ’ S^Œ∞"ÕÅ=∞Ok „Ѩ[Å∞
x=ã≤OKÕ „Ѩu #QÆ~°OÖ’#∂ lÑ‘ûÅ∞ QÆ∞_®~åÅ∞ "Õã¨∞H˘O\ÏxH˜ XHõ á⁄ÖÏxfl
ˆH\Ï~Úã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞.
ã‘fi_»<£Ö’ `å`«Îˆ~ : „H©IIâ◊II 1512Ö’ ™ê¯\òÖÏO_£ #∞O_ç =zÛ# lÑ‘ûÖË ã‘fi_»<£Ö’
ã≤÷~°Ñ¨_®¤~°∞. 1914 <å\˜H˜ JHõ¯_» L#fl lÑ‘ûÅ∞ "≥Ú`«ÎO 200 =∂„`«"Õ∞. "åix
'`å`«Îˆ~— Jx ™ê÷x‰õΩÅ∞ Ñ≤Å∞ã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. "åiH˜ WÅ∞¡, "åH˜b JO`å QÆ=~°fl"≥∞O\ò
U~åÊ@∞ KÕã≤Ok. JO^Œ∞=Å# H˘`«Î"åix ~åhÜ«∞‰õΩO_® K«\ÏìÅ∞ „Ѩ"Õâ◊ÃÑ\Ïì~°∞.
JO^Œ∞=Å# lÑ‘ûÅ∞ Z@∂ "≥à◊§‰õΩO_® JHõ¯_Õ LO_çáÈ"åeû =zÛOk. Pq^èŒOQÍ
1954 <å\˜H˜ "åi ã¨OYº 740H˜ ÃÑiyOk.
ã‘fi_»<£Ö’ LO@∞#fl lÑ‘ûÅH˜ Ѩiã¨~åÖ’¡ L#fl ¿Ñ^Œ ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏÅ`À
ã¨O|O^è•Å∞ ‰õΩki, "åi`À<Õ q"åǨÅ∞ KÕã¨∞H˘x ÉÏO^èŒ"åºÅ∞ HõÅ∞ѨÙHÀ"åeû#
187
lÑ‘ûÅ∞
Ѩiã≤÷u U~°Ê_çOk.
WHõ¯_ç lÑ‘ûÅ∞ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ 'ÃãiƒÜ«∂— "åi =∂kˆ~ Hõ=∞‡i Ѩx Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ
KÕ™êÎ~°∞. "åix HÍÅ̈~+π JO\Ï~°∞. ~åy, W#∞=Ú Ö’Ç¨Å`À Ѩx KÕÜ«∞@O
"åiH˜ W+¨ìO. giÖ’ H˘O`«=∞Ok '@∂iOQ∑ \˜"Àe— J<Õ q<À^Œ HÍ~°º„Hõ=∞OÖ’
áêÖÁæx ã‘fi_»<£ JO`å uiˆQ"å~°∞. HÍh WѨC_»∞ Jk áê`«|_çáÈ~ÚOk.
ã‘fi_»<£ lÑ‘ûÅ∞ `«=∞Ö’ `å=Ú =Ú^Œ∞Ì¿Ñ~°¡`À Ñ≤Å∞ÛH˘O\ÏxH˜ Z‰õΩ¯=
W+¨ìѨ_»`å~°∞. WO\˜ ¿Ñ~°¡ LѨÜ≥∂QÆO `«‰õΩ¯=.
=∞QÆ"åiH˜ H˜ÖÏ, Ñ≤HÍ, |OQÀ, „H˜zÛHÍ, q∞~À+π, >ËÜ≥∂ J<Õq =Ú^Œ∞Ì
¿Ñ~°∞¡. J^Õ HÍx J=∂‡~ÚÅÔH·`Õ [QÍ, ™ÈÖ’q∞Ü«∂, @∞>ËHÍ, <å<å, ɡ~üɡHÀ
J<Õq W+¨ìO.
W^ŒÌ~°∞ lÑ‘ûÅ∞ HõÅ∞ã¨∞H˘x q_çáÈ=\Ïxfl, K≥_»∞QÍ ÉèÏq™êÎ~°∞. P ÉèÏ=#
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`Õn# JO`«~å˚fÜ«∞ ~À=∂ â◊√Éèík<åxfl [~°∞ѨÙH˘O\Ï~°∞.
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ã¨=∞iÊOKåÅx ã¨OHõeÊOKå~°∞.
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'We Belong to India, we are the sons of Rama' Jx ~åã≤#
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„Ѩ^è•xH˜ JO^Œ*Ëâß~°∞.
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WOQÍ¡O_£Ö’x b_£û Ü«¸x=i≈\©Ö’ HõOѨӺ@~ü Ü«∂x"Õ∞+¨<£ K«^Œ∞=Ù
`«∞#fl P_»"£∞ûH˜ D "å~°ÎÅhfl Web Magazine ^•fi~å JO^ŒQÍ<Õ ZO`À ã¨O`À+¨
Ѩ_®¤_∞» . ZO^Œ∞HõO>Ë `å#∞ ~À=∂ HÍ|\˜.ì =∞s =ÚYºOQÍ `«# ÃÑo§ ~å[™ê÷<Ö £ ’x
z`ÀÎ_£QÆ_è£Ö’ (WO_çÜ«∂) KÕã¨∞HÀ"åÅx QÆ`« Ô~O_»∞ ã¨O=`«û~åÅ∞QÍ J#∞H˘O@∞
<åfl_»∞. J=∂‡~Úk ‰õÄ_® ~À=∂ ‰õΩ@∞O|"Õ∞. `«#`Àáê>Ë K«^Œ∞=ÙH˘O@∂ LOk.
¿Ñ~°∞ q∞ëê¯b.
P_»"£∞û P"≥∞H˜ D "å~°Î K≥ѨÊQÍ<Õ ZO`À ã¨O`À+¨Ñ¨_çOk.
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'ÃãO\ò Ѩ~°ûO\ò ÉËc!—
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fã¨∞ÔHà◊§@O =∞iÛáÈ=^Œ∞Ì!—
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K«^Œ∞=ÙH˘#fl „Ѩf ~À=∂"åiH˜ WO_çÜ«∂ "≥à◊^•=∞h, JHõ¯_» H˘O`«HÍÅO
u~°∞QÆ∞^•=∞x LO@∞Ok. `«=∞ ѨÓsfi‰õΩÅ áê^Œ=Ú„^ŒÅ#∞ J<Õfi+≤OK«@O
"åiÔHѨC_»∂ W+¨ì"Õ∞.
P_»"£∞û "åà◊§H˜ "Õ∞ <≥ÅÖ’ ѨsHõ∆Å∞ ѨÓiÎ HÍ=@O, E<£ <≥ÅÖ’
Ü«∂Ñ≤Öòɡ· ã¨O`« "≥Ú^ŒÅ∞ HÍ=@O K«HõK«HÍ [iyáÈÜ«∂~Ú. "åà◊√§ H˘<åÅ#∞‰õΩ#fl
|Ǩï=∞`«∞Å HÀã¨O ã¨O`«H˜ "≥àϧ~°∞. QÆ∞„~°Ñ¨Ù |à◊√§ ÉèÏ~°OQÍ, H˜~üH˜~ü=∞O@∂
â◊|ÌO KÕã¨∞H˘O@∂ ã¨O`«Ö’H˜ =ã¨∞Î<åfl~Ú. JO`å ÃÑ^ŒÌ L`«û=OÖÏQÍ LOk.
JѨÊ\˜H˜ ã¨O`« "≥Ú^ŒÖˇ· =¸_»∞ ~ÀAÅ∞ J~ÚOk. z#flz#fl ÉÁ=∞‡Å∞,
^Œ∞"≥fi#Å∞, ~°Hõ~°HÍÅ ÖËã¨∞Å∞, ѨÓã¨Å∞, QÀbÅ∞, Ñ≤Å¡ÅH˜ W+¨ì=∞ÜÕ∞º KåÖÏ
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ã¨Oz Ѩ@∞ìH˘x P"≥∞ "≥#HÍÅ #_»=@O =∂„`«"Õ∞ P_»"£∞û =O`≥·Ok.
JÅã≤áÈ~Ú P ã¨O`«Ö’ XHõ K≥@∞ì h_»# \© `åQÆ∞`«∂ L#fl gà◊§H˜
Z^Œ∞~°∞QÍ XHõ H˘`«Î=ºH˜Î =zÛ "Can you tell me the way to the transport
office, please?" Jx J_çQÍ_»∞ KåÖÏ =∞~åº^ŒQÍ.
P_»"£∞û 'Ü«∂º— JO@∂ `«Å TÑ≤ J`«xfl XHõ Hõ∆}O ZQÍkQÍ K«∂âß_»∞.
#ÅÉèˇ·H˜ ^•\˜# =Ü«∞ã¨∞. Pã≤Ü«∂H˜ K≥Ok# =ÚYO. Éèí∞*ÏxH˜ ã¨Oz,
"≥∞à’§ ÔH"≥∞~å. @∂iãπì J~Ú LO\Ï_»∞ J#∞H˘x ''JkQÀ J@∞QÍ, Over
there—— JO@∂ KÕ`ÀÎ K«∂áê_»∞. JO`«Ö’ P H˘`«Î=ºH˜Î 'SÜ«∂"£∞ â◊OHõ~ü, „Ѷ¨"£∞
WO_çÜ«∂— JO@∂ ѨiK«Ü«∞O KÕã¨∞H˘#@O`À P_»"£∞û ‰õÄ_® ѨiK«Ü«∞O KÕã¨∞H˘x
KÕ~Ú Kåã¨∂Î 'It is a pleasure to meet you' J<åfl_»∞ #=Ùfi`«∂.
x*ÏxH˜ WO_çÜ«∂ ¿Ñ~°∞ q#QÍ<Õ P_»"£∞û =ÚYO ã¨O`À+¨O`À
qáêÊiOk.
'WHõ¯_çH˜ g∞Ô~O^Œ∞H˘KåÛ~À `≥Å∞ã¨∞HÀ=KåÛ?— J_çQÍ_»∞ P_»"£∞û.
'<Õ#∞ Éè’áêÖòÖ’x ~À=∂ =¸ºlÜ«∞OÖ’ Ѩx KÕã¨∞Î<åfl#∞. =∂ HõÅHõ∆<£
HÀã¨O Old Gypsy wagon J=ã¨~"° ∞≥ ÿ ^•xfl ¿ãHõiOKÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ D ã¨O`«H˜ =KåÛ#∞—
K≥áêÊ_»∞ â◊OHõ~ü.
'H˘<åfl~å =∞i?—
'T, x#fl<Õ H˘<åfl#∞. HÍh WOHÍ Ö’_£ KÕÜ«∞ÖË^Œ∞. JO^Œ∞ˆH D "≥·Ñ¨ÙH˜
=KåÛ#∞.—
'^•xfl ZHõ¯_»H˜ „\Ï<£ûáÈ~°∞ì KÕÜ«∂e?—
'e=~üѨÓÖò =^ŒÌH˜ KÕi¿ãÎ KåÅ∞. JHõ¯_» áÈ~°∞ìÖ’ =∂ HõO>ˇÿ#~ü LOk—
'ɡ · k ɡ · , â◊ O Hõ ~ ü Q Í~° ∂ ! =∂‰õ Ω H˘OK≥ O ã¨ Ç ¨  Ü« ∞ O KÕ Ü « ∞ QÆ Å ~å
WO_çÜ«∂Ö’— JO@∂ "åi Hõ^äŒ qxÑ≤Oz, '=∞#k ÉèÏ~°`«^Õâ◊O HÍ|\˜ì <Õ#∞
=zÛ#ѨC_»∞ =∂ =∂ºˆ~*ò Ѩ#∞Ö’¡ HÍã¨Î ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞O KÕÜ«∞\ÏxH˜ g∞‰õΩ JÉèíºO`«~°O
ÖË^Œ#∞H˘O\Ï#∞.— '`«Ñ¨Ê‰õΩO_®. P_»"£∞û. q`ü ÃÑ¡[~ü! g∞~°∞ WO_çÜ«∂H˜ ZѨC_≥·<å
~å=K«∞Û. JO^Œ~°∂ g∞‰õΩ ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞O KÕ™êÎ~°∞. WOHõ PÅ㨺O ZO^Œ∞‰õΩ? ˆ~ѨÙ
<å`À<Õ |Ü«∞Å∞^Õ~°O_ç =∞#^ÕâßxH˜. You are heartly welcome—.
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PÑ≤ eѶπì J_çy „Ѩܫ∂}˜OK«@O) ^•fi~å WO_çÜ«∂H˜ =^•Ì=∞#∞H˘O@∞<åfl=Ú—
q∞ëê¯b JO`å qO@∂ =∞ø#OQÍ LOk. JѨC_»Ñ¨C_»∂ ѨHõ¯#∞#fl
lÑ‘û QÆ∞_®~åÅ #∞O_ç |Ü«∞@H˜ =KÕÛ =Úã¨e"åix á¶È\’Å∞ fã¨∂Î LOk.
'=∞Oz^Õ, J~Ú`Õ <å‰õΩ H˘xfl =∂~åæÅ∞ `≥Å∞ã¨∞. U ^•iÖ’ g∞~°∞
=^•Ì=∞#∞‰õΩO@∞<åfl~À `≥Å∞ã¨∞HÀ=KåÛ?— Jx J_çQÍ_»∞ â◊OHõ~ü.
'Ü«¸~°Ñπ #∞O_ç WO_çÜ∂« "≥à§ı "åà◊§O^Œ~∂° ZѨÊ\˜ #∞OKÀ XˆH ÉÏ@Ö’
„Ѩܫ∂}O KÕã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. J^Õ ^•~À¡ "Õ∞=¸ =™êÎO— JO@∂ ÉϺQÆ∞ qÑ≤Ê =∂ºÑπ
|Ü«∞@H˜ fâß_»∞ P_»"£∞û.
K≥@∞ì H˜Ok h_» ^Œ∂~°OQÍ ™êyáÈ=@O`À ZO_» g∞^ŒH˜ "åeOk.
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"≥à◊§=Åã≤# „\Ï<£ûáÈ~°∞ì PѶ‘ã¨∞H˜ WOHÍ >ˇÿ"£∞ LO_»@O`À "åi`À HÍ¿ãѨÙ
QÆ_»Ñ¨\ÏxH˜ W+¨ìѨ_®¤_»∞. QÆ∞_®~°O „ѨHõ¯QÍ =∂Oã¨O HÍÅ∞ã¨∞Î#fl "åã¨# =ã¨∂Î
LOk. |*Ï~À¡ K≥@∞ì H˜O^Œ QÆ∞„~åÅ∞ QÆ∞OѨÙÅ∞QÍ xÅ|_ç ã¨H˜eã¨∞Î<åfl~Ú.
'q∞ã¨ì~ü â◊OHõ~ü, WÖÏ K«∂_»O_ç. Wk WOQÍ¡O_£ Hõ^•. WHõ¯_» #∞O_ç
„a\˜+π Kèå#Öò ^•\˜ „á¶ê<£û KÕi, <Õ+¨#Öò ÃÇ·Ï"ÕÖ’H˜ "≥àıÎ P ^•i [~°‡h,
Ü«ÚQÀ™ê¡qÜ«∂ g∞^Œ∞QÍ |ÖËæiÜ«∂H˜ áÈ`«∞Ok. JHõ¯_» W™êÎO|∞Öò =O`≥# ^•\˜`Õ
@s¯Ö’H˜ KÕ~°`åO. J^Õ ÉÏ@Ö’ =ÚO^Œ∞ÔHo§, @s¯ g∞^Œ∞QÍ W~å<£, PѶ¨…x™êÎ<£,
áêH˜™êÎ<£ KÕi P `«~åfi`« WO_çÜ«∂ KÕ~°∞H˘O\ÏO. HÍÅ∞ `«_»=‰õΩO_® ÅO_»<£
#∞O_ç WO_çÜ«∂ áÈ=K«∞Û. Ѩk¿ÇÏ#∞ "ÕÅ H˜.g∞. ^Œ∂~°O. fiQÍæ Jhfl K«∂ã¨∞
H˘O@∂ ~åQÆÅO.— QÆ∞Hõ¯uѨCHÀ‰õΩO_® K≥¿ÑÊâß_»∞ P_»"£∞û.
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^•xÖ’ ã¨=Ú„^Œ „Ѩܫ∂}O ‰õÄ_® LO@∞Ok. g∞‰õΩ #K«∞Û`«∞Ok. g∞ Ü«∂„`«
H˘`«ÎQÍ, ~˘=∂O\˜H±QÍ LO_®e Hõ^•!—
'q∞ã¨ì~ü â◊OHõ~ü, [ãπì "≥~Ú\ò. JÖÏO\˜ =∂~°æO <Õ#∂ XHõ\˜ PÖ’zO
Kå#∞. ##∞fl K≥ѨÊx=fiO_ç Ñ‘¡*ò!—
'P_»"£∞û You are in a hurry. â◊OHõ~üx K≥ѨÊx=fiO_ç— Jx q∞ëê¯b
JO@∞<åfl P_»"£∞û q<Õ Ñ¨iã≤÷uÖ’ ÖË_»∞.
'You see q∞ã¨ì~ü â◊OHõ~ü! Ü«¸~°ÑπÖ’x U =∂~°æO ^•fi~å J~Ú<å
@s¯ KÕ~°∞H˘x JHõ¯_ç #∞O_ç <Õ~°∞QÍ |„™ê F_»ˆ~=ÙH˜ "≥o§ +≤Ñπ fã¨∞‰õΩO>Ë Jk
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F_»ˆ~=ÙH˜ KÕ~°∞H˘O@∞Ok. W^Õ Hõ^• g∞~°∞ K≥áêÊÅ#∞H˘Ok?—
'HÍ^Œ∞!— JO@∂ â◊OHõ~ü z#flQÍ #=ÙfiH˘x, P_»"£∞û KÕuÖ’ =∂ºÑπ
fã¨∞H˘O@∞O>Ë 'g∞~°∞ K≥ѨÊO_ç â◊OHõ~ü QÍ~°∂, Uk =∂‰õΩ ÉÏQÍ LO@∞O^À—
Jx q∞ëê¯b JO@∞O_»QÍ<Õ, â◊OHõ~ü JO^Œ∞H˘x '_çÜ«∞~ü „ÃѶO_£û, <Õ#∞ ~À=∂
=¸ºlÜ«∞OÖ’ Ѩx KÕã¨∞Î<åfl#x =ÚO^Õ K≥áêÊ#∞ g∞‰õΩ. JO^Œ∞=Å# g∞
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PÖ’zOKå#∞. g∞~°∞ H˘OK≥O FÑ≤QÍæ q#O_ç— JO@∂ "å~°∞ WO_çÜ«∂H˜
"≥à◊§=Åã≤# ^•i QÆ∞iOz q=iOK«@O "≥Ú^ŒÅ∞ÃÑ\Ïì_»∞ â◊OHõ~ü.
'=ÚO^Œ∞QÍ g∞~°∞ e=~üѨÓÖò F_» ˆ~=ÙH˜ ~°O_ç. WHõ¯_» #∞O_ç +≤Ñπ
g∞^Œ Ãã~ÚO\ò _ô–ÖÏ–"Õ∞~üH˜ "≥o§ JHõ¯_» lÑ‘ûÅ∞ P~åkèOKÕ Ãã~ÚO\ò âß~å
^Õ=`«x ^Œi≈OK«∞H˘O_ç. WkQÀ D ^ŒH˜∆} „á¶ê<£ûx P#∞H˘x LOk K«∂âß~å,
J^Õ.—
'=∂ <å#fl Ô~O_»∞™ê~°∞¡ JHõ¯_»H˜ Ü«∂„`« KÕâß_»∞ q∞ëê¯b—— Jx P_»"£∞û
QÆ~°fiOQÍ K≥|∞`«∞<åfl_»∞.
'JHõ¯_» #∞O_ç— â◊OHõ~ü H˘#™êyOKå_»∞, '+≤Ñπ g∞^Œ ~À"£∞ f~åxH˜
~å"åe. ~À"£∞ #∞O_ç ~À_»∞¤ g∞^Œ „Ѩܫ∂}O KÕã≤ É’Ö’QÍfl g∞^Œ∞QÍ Ç¨ÏOˆQs
KÕ~°`å~°∞. Wk g∞~°∞ "≥Ú^Œ@ K≥Ñ≤Ê# Ç≤ÏKüÃÇ·ÏH˜OQ∑ ~°∂\òÖ’ HõÅ∞ã¨∞ÎOk.—
'Wk H˘OK≥O K«∞@∞ì u~°∞QÆ∞_»∞ÖÏQÍ LO^Õ!— P_»"£∞û J_çQÍ_»∞.
205
lÑ‘ûÅ∞
'ǨÏOˆQs KÕ~°QÍ<Õ g∞‰õΩ ZO`À=∞Ok lÑ‘ûÅ∞ ѨiK«Ü«∞=∞=Ù`«∞O\Ï~°∞.
~°∞"Õ∞xÜ«∂Ö’ ZÅ∞QÆ∞|O@¡x P_çOKÕ L~åûs lÑ‘ûÅx K«∂_»=K«∞Û. "åix
ã¨~°^•QÍ g∞ q"åǨxH˜ PǨfixOK«O_ç. P `«~åfi`« |ÖËæiÜ«∂. JHõ¯_» JO`å
=„_»OQÆO Ѩx KÕ¿ã lÑ‘ûÖË HõxÑ≤™êÎ~°∞.
JHõ¯_» #∞O_ç JO^Œ"≥∞ÿ# W™êÎO|∞Öò „a_ç˚ ^•@∞H˘x @s¯Ö’H˜
„Ѩ"Õt™êÎ~°∞. @s¯ #∞O_ç Ps‡xÜ«∂ =~°‰õÄ <Õ~°∞QÍ XHõ>Ë ^•i. P ^Œ∞=Ú‡
H˘@∞ì‰õΩ#fl ~À_»¡ g∞^Œ „Ѩܫ∂}ÏÅ∞ KÕÜ«∂eûO^Õ† U"À „áêp# <åQÆiHõ`«Ö’¡H˜
„Ѩ"Õtã¨∞Î#fl@∞¡QÍ LO@∞Ok.
P ^•i <Õ ~ ° ∞ QÍ W~å<£ Ö ’H˜ "≥ à ◊ √ `« ∞ Ok. P Ѩ i 㨠~ åÖ’¡ fQÆ Å
"å~Ú^•ºÅ g∞^Œ áê@Å∞ áê_»∞H˘<Õ Å∂i lÑ‘ûÅ`À ѨiK«Ü«∞O J=Ù`«∞Ok.
J@∞QÍ ã≤Onè „QÍ=∂Å∞ H˘xfl =™êÎ~Ú. |ǨÏ~åOQ“~ü ѨiáêeOz# „Ѩ^Õâ◊O
W^Õ. WHõ¯_çˆH "≥Ú^Œ@QÍ WO_çÜ«∂ #∞O_ç <å@ºQÆ`≥ÎÅ∞, ã¨Ow`«HÍ~°∞Å∞ =KåÛ~°∞.
Wk ^•\˜`Õ PѶ¨æx™ê÷<£. P `«~åfi`« áêH˜™ê÷<£. g∞~°∞ JHõ¯_» #∞O_ç
HÍ|∂Öò "≥o§ _èçb¡H˜ ÃѶ¡·\ò ZH˜¯`Õ `«fi~°QÍ KÕ~°∞‰õΩO\Ï~°∞ WO_çÜ«∂H˜. JHõ¯_ç
#∞O_ç <Õ~°∞QÍ Ô~·Ö’¡ z`ÀÎ_£QÆ_£ KÕ~°∞HÀ=K«∞Û. U=∞O\Ï=Ù P_»"£∞û?—
'ZHõûÖˇO\ò! KåÖÏ ÉÏQÆ∞Ok. q∞ëê¯b D Ü«∂„`« =∞#O KÕÜ«∂eûO^Õ—
JO@∂ `≥QÆ ã¨O|~°Ñ¨_ç #=Ùfi`«∞<åfl_»∞ P_»"£∞û. ã¨O`«Ö’ Ѩ~°∞QÆ∞Å∞ fã¨∞Î#fl
ÃÑ·ÉÏÖò¤ QÆ∞„~åÅ _≥Hõ¯Å â◊|ÌOÖ’ "åi #=ÙfiÅ∞ Hõeã≤áÈÜ«∂~Ú.
'=∂ ѨÓsfi‰õΩÅ∞ Ü«¸~°ÑπH˜ =zÛ# ^•~°∞Ö’¡ QÆ∞O_® =∞=∞‡efl
WO_çÜ«∂H˜ ~°=∞‡x K≥ѨÊ@O ZO`À ÉÏQÆ∞Ok â◊OHõ~ü. I like this adventure—
P_»"£∞û P#O^•xH˜ JO`«∞ÖË^Œ∞.
'=∞i D Ü«∂„`«H˜ H˘OK≥O Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ Y~°Û=Ù`«∞Ok. ZÖÏ KÕ™êÎ~°∞?—
â◊OHõ~ü J_çQÍ_»∞.
'=∂ <å#flH˜ HÍ~°¡ "åºáê~°O LOk. Ѷ¨~°"åÖË^Œ∞. WÖÏO\˜ Ü«∂„`«ÅO>Ë
PÜ«∞#H© W+¨ì"Õ∞. XHõ Q˘Ñ¨Ê ~À=∂ Ü«∂„`å=∂~åæxfl Pq+¨¯iOK«É’`«∞<åflO Jx
K≥a`Õ PÜ«∞<Õ <åHõ<åfl Z‰õΩ¯= ã¨O`À+≤™êÎ_»∞—
'â◊OHõ~ü QÍ~°∂! WѨÊ\˜ˆH g∞‰õΩ KåÖÏ PÅ㨺O J~Ú LO@∞Ok.
Thank you very much. D „Ѩܫ∂}O =∂‰õΩ KèåÖˇO*òQÍ =∂iOk. =∞=∞‡efl
206
 ~Àg∞Å „¿Ñ=∞Ü«∂„`« lÑ‘ûÅ∞
ZѨC_»∞ |Ü«∞Å∞^Õ~°=∞O\Ï~°∞?— KÕ~°∞H˘O\Ï=∞x *ˇ·Ñ¨Ó~ü #∞O_ç P_»"£∞û á¶È<£ KÕâß_»∞, QÆ`« ™êÜ«∞OHÍÅO.
'g∞~°∞ #=O|~°∞Ö’ |Ü«∞Å∞^Õi`Õ Jhfl K«∂ã¨∞H˘x =KÕÛã¨iH˜ [#=i JO^Œ∞ˆH `«fi~°QÍ Éè’áêÖò #∞O_ç |Ü«∞Å∞^Õi =KåÛ_»∞ â◊OHõ~ü ZO`À ã¨O`À+¨OQÍ.
=ã¨∞ÎOk. JѨÊ\˜H˜ WO_çÜ«∂Ö’ ѨO_»∞QÆÅ∞ "≥Ú^ŒÅ=Ù`å~Ú. K«Å¡QÍ LO@∞Ok— `å#∞ K≥Ñ≤Ê# Ü«∂„`å=∂~°æOÖ’ "åiH˜ ZÖÏO\˜ W|ƒOk ÖˉõΩO_® „Ѩܫ∂}O
K≥áêÊ_»∞ â◊OHõ~ü. [iyOk HÍ|\˜ì J^˘Hõ P#O^ŒO.
HÀ@ „ѨHõ¯# xÅ|_ç J@∞QÍ =KÕÛáÈÜÕ∞ "åǨÏ<åÅ∞ Jhfl FÑ≤QÍæ
ONDON
OF LEEDS, L K«∂ã¨∂Î LO_çáÈÜ«∂_»∞. QÆO@¿ãѨ٠QÆ_»z<å "åi JeH˜_ç ÖË^Œ∞.
UNIVERSITY
ROMA K«Å¡QÍe i=Ùfi=∞x H˘_»∞`«∂ LOk. XO>ˇÅ |à◊§"åà◊√§ XHõ ѨHõ¯#
ishkali
Adams weds M Py U"À ™ê=∂#∞Å∞ ã¨~°∞̉õΩO@∞<åfl~°∞. „\ÏHõì~°¡ g∞k Ѩx"åà◊√§ U"À áê@Å∞
02
January 14, 20
rh, India JO^Œ∞H˘O@∞<åfl~°∞† JO`« K«eQÍe gã¨∞Î<åfl.
Chittorga
m a and Indians
Welco me to all Ro WO`«Ö’ XHõ QÆ∞„~°Ñ¨Ù|O_ç â◊OHõ~üH˜ Z^Œ∞~°∞QÍ PyOk. ^•xÖ’ #∞O_ç
W^ŒÌ~°∞ ~å[™ê÷h „ã‘ÎÅ∞ kQÍ~°∞. "å~°∞ ™êO„Ѩ^•Ü«∞ ^Œ∞ã¨∞ÎÖ’¡ L<åfl~°∞. HÍ¿ãѨ\˜H˜
'~À=∂x™ê÷<£ „Ѩ[ÅO^ŒiH© WÖÏO\˜ Ü«∂„`«Å∞ ZO`À W+¨ìO. "åi
=∞~À"≥·Ñ¨Ù #∞O_ç ѨÓÅ∞ JÅOHõiOz# QÆ∞„~°O g∞^Œ XHõ ÃÑo§H˘_»∞‰õΩ Tˆ~QÆ∞`«∂
HÀã¨O <Õ#∞ XHõ Web-site `≥~°z D <å Ü«∂„`« QÆ∞iOz `≥eÜ«∞*Ë™êÎ#∞.—
JHõ¯_çH˜ =KåÛ_»∞. JO`å ÃÑo§ ǨÏ_®=Ù_ç. ÉÏ*ÏÅ∞, Éèí[O„fÅ`À Ѩiã¨~åÖ’¡
'Jk ‰õÄ_® KåÖÏ ÉÏQÆ∞O@∞Ok. <å‰õΩ „\Ï<£ûáÈ~°∞ì PѶ‘ã¨∞H˜ >ˇÿ"£∞
L#fl K«eQÍe ã¨^Œ∞Ì=∞}˜yOk.
J~ÚOk. â‹Å=Ù fã¨∞H˘O\Ï#∞— Jx â◊OHõ~ü "≥à◊§É’Ü«∂_»∞.
P ÃÑo§H˘_»∞‰õΩ, Pâ◊Û~°ºáÈ`«∂ K«∂ã¨∞#Î fl â◊OHõ~ü =^ŒHÌ ˜ =zÛ '#=∞™ê¯~°O—
'"Õ∞=¸ JHõ¯_ç =~°‰õÄ =™êÎO. PQÆO_ç, q∞ã¨ì~ü â◊OHõ~ü!—
Jx K≥áêÊ_»∞, KÕ`«∞Å∞ *’_çOz. JѨC_»∞ =∂„`«"Õ∞ â◊OHõ~ü P_»"£∞ûx QÆ∞~°∞ÎѨ\˜ì
'JHõ¯_» g∞ˆHO Ѩx?—
KÕ`«∞Å∞ Hõeáê_»∞.
'WkQÀ =∂ ™ê=∂#∞ WO\˜H˜ ѨOáêe Hõ^•!— K≥áêÊ_»∞ P_»"£∞û.
"åiH˜ q∞ëê¯b `À_≥· `«# =Úã¨∞QÆ∞ fã≤Ok. '#=∞™ê¯~ü â◊OHõ~ü ÉèíÜ«∂º!—
'D ™ê=∂#O`å Uq∞\˜?—
JO@∂ #=Ùfi`«∂<Õ LOk. P"≥∞H˜ `À_»∞QÍ =zÛ# ~å[™ê÷h „ã‘Î â◊OHõ~üH˜ JO`å
'Jq "Õ∞=Ú WO_çÜ«∂H˜ fã¨∞‰õΩ=KÕÛ ÉǨï=∞`«∞Å∞.— q=iOKå_»∞
q=iã¨∂Î, WÖÏ ™ê÷xHõ ^Œ∞ã¨∞ÎÖ’¡ =zÛ `«#x Pâ◊Û~°ºÑ¨~°∞^•Ì=∞x "å~°∞ J#∞H˘#fl
P_»"£∞û.
q+¨Ü«∂Åhfl K≥Ñ≤ÊOk.
'JO`« „â◊=∞ g∞ÔHO^Œ∞‰õΩ. <å HÍ~°"å<£ |O_ç`À áê@∞QÍ "å\˜x ‰õÄ_®
P<å\˜ QÆ^Œ∂eÜ«∂ ֒Ǩ~üÅ∞ z`ÀÎ_£QÆ_£ HÀ@ #∞O_ç U ~°Ç¨Ï㨺
=ÚO^Œ∞QÍ<Õ WO_çÜ«∂H˜ „\Ï<£ûáÈ~°∞ì KÕ~Ú™êÎ#∞. ~°O_ç "≥à◊^•O— Jx "åix
=∂~°æO ^•fi~å `«Ñ≤ÊOK«∞H˘<åfl~À ^•^•Ñ¨Ù J^Õ „Ѩ^Õâ◊OÖ’ ëêq∞Ü«∂<åÅ H˜O^Œ
fã¨∞‰õΩ"≥o§ `«# |O_ç`À áê@∞QÍ "åi ™ê=∂#∞ ‰õÄ_® ѨO¿Ñ U~åÊ@∞¡ KÕã≤,
P_»"£∞û, q∞ëê¯bÅ „¿Ñ=∞ q"åǨÏO P#O^ŒOQÍ [iyáÈ~ÚOk.
J„_»ã¨∞Å∞ =∂~°∞ÛH˘x 'I will wait for you in India. Bye Bye' Jx K≥Ñ≤Ê
â◊OHõ~ü `≥zÛ# q∞~îå~Ú`À áê@∞QÍ, P_»"£∞û ѨOÑ≤# |Ǩï=∞`«∞Å#∞
â‹Å=Ù fã¨∞H˘<åfl_»∞ â◊OHõ~ü.
HõeÑ≤ JO^ŒiH© ѨOzÃÑ\Ïì~°∞.
✰ ✰
â◊OHõ~ü =ÚO^Œ∞QÍ<Õ U~åÊ@∞ KÕã≤# z#fl XO>ˇ^Œ∞Ì QÆ∂_»∞|O_ç "åi
[#=i 14 (2002)= `Õn# â◊OHõ~ü z`ÀÎ_£QÆ_£ KÕ~°∞H˘<åfl_»∞† P_»"£∞û
=^ŒÌH˜ KÕ~°∞H˘Ok. P ~À=∂ „¿Ñ=∞[O@x |O_çÖ’ ZH˜¯Oz HÀ@ Ѩiã¨~åefl
"åà◊§ |Ǩï=∞`«∞Å`À ã¨Ç¨. P ~ÀA L^ŒÜ«∞O ã¨iQÍæ Ѩk QÆO@ÅHõÖÏ¡ JHõ¯_»H˜
207 208
 ~Àg∞Å „¿Ñ=∞Ü«∂„`« lÑ‘ûÅ∞
K«∂_»=Åã≤OkQÍ HÀ~å_»∞.
â◊OHõ~ü "åi #∞O_ç â‹Å=Ù fã¨∞H˘<Õ =ÚO^Œ∞QÍ '„ÃѶO_£û, I wish you
happy married life. <Õ#∞ K≥Ñ≤Ê# Ü«∂„`å=∂~°æOÖ’ g∞ „Ѩܫ∂}O ã¨∞YOQÍ
™êy#O^Œ∞‰õΩ <å‰õΩ ZO`À ã¨O`À+¨OQÍ LOk. g∞ ã¨∂ÊùiÎ`À WOHÍ KåÖÏ=∞Ok
~À=∂ „¿Ñ=∞Ѩ‰õ∆ΩÅ∞ P ÉÏ@Ö’ „Ѩܫ∂}˜OK«QÆey`Õ J^˘Hõ =ÚYº"≥∞ÿ# Ü«∂„`å
=∂~°æOÖÏQÍ =∂iáÈ`«∞Ok— Jx K≥áêÊ_»∞.
'â◊OHõ~ür, g∞~°∞ K≥Ñ≤ÊOk x["Õ∞. =∂‰õΩ =∂„`«O =∞~˘Hõ¯™êi W^Õ
ÉÏ@Ö’ WO_çÜ«∂ #∞O_ç ÅO_»<£H˜ „Ѩܫ∂}O KÕÜ«∂Å#∞Ok† HÍh [O@QÍ
=∂„`«O HÍ^Œ∞.—
'=∞Ô~·`Õ XO@iQÍ<å?— Pâ◊Û~°ºáÈ`«∂ J_çQÍ_»∞ â◊OHõ~ü.
'HÍ^Œ∞, =∂ Ñ≤Å¡Å`À ã¨Ç¨— Jx P_»"£∞û K≥ѨÊQÍ<Õ, =ÚQÆ∞æ~°∂ ÃÑ^ŒÌQÍ
#=ÙfiH˘<åfl~°∞.

P XO>ˇ^Œ∞Ì|O_ç QÆ∞Å∞QÆ∞Å∞=∞x z~°∞QÆO@Å∞ "≥∂yOK«∞H˘O@∂

=ÚO^Œ∞H˜ ™êyáÈ~ÚOk. H˘O_»Å ѨHõ¯QÍ ÖËz# ã¨∂~°ºHÍOu Z`≥·Î# |O_»ÅÃÑ·
Ѩ~°∞K«∞H˘O@∂ áÈ`«∂ LOk.
U\˜g∞^Œ HõÅÅ∞ HõO@∂ `ÕeáÈÜÕ∞ QÆ_ç¤Ñ¨Ù=ÙfiÅQÆ∞uÎ =∂kiQÍ "åà◊§
QÆ∂_»∞|O_ç, Ѩiã¨~åÖ’¡x Ñ¨Öˇ¡Å "≥·Ñ¨ÙQÍ Hõ^ŒeáÈ~ÚOk† "åi ѨÓsfi‰õΩÅ
áê^Œ=Ú„^Œefl J<Õfi+≤ã¨∂Î.
❍

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 lÑ‘ûÅ∞
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Kodandam
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American Study Centre, Chennai.
British Library, Bhopal. NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC ARTICLES
American Institute of Indian Studies, Benaras. Gypsy cave dwellers of Andalusia, May 1957
National Geographic Society, Washington. When Gypsies gather at Appleby Fair, June 1972 by Bruce Dale
Hungary : changing homeland of a tough romantic people, April 1971

P.S. : '~Àg∞Å „¿Ñ=∞ Ü«∂„`«—Ö’ "≥Ú^Œ\˜ ÉèÏQÆO "åã¨Î="≥∞ÿ<å,
~Ô O_»= ÉèÏQÆOÖ’x „¿Ñq∞‰õΩÅ∞ – ÃÑo§ HõeÊ`«"∞≥ Oÿ ^Œx,
J~°ú=O`«"≥∞ÿ# =ÚyOѨ٠W=fi\ÏxH˜ =∂„`«"Õ∞ KÕã≤O^Œx =∞#q.
M.A.
WEB SITES
wysiwyg://31/http://encyclopediaindex.com/c/tbisp10.htm
http://www.boldstrummerltd.com/gypsy2.htm
www.geocities.com.paris/5121/patrin.htm
europeanromarights.center.erre.org
http://www.nationalgeographic.com
gypsies@nationalgeographic.com

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