'.a.

g~

,Ps.yehology , .. , , - _ .. , .. _ , , _ , .. ,.... 11

~ograp.h,Y •......... _ , , , _ " .•.•.• ,.,., 1,9-

P,ara.c.l!n~~e Jll:m.jiiIi:tiI,I!;' •...•..... , .. __ .".,. r ...••..•.... _ ·rr···· · r··.... 27

FlIli'Sl Ajd _._, n.' ....•.••••.••• _ , - .•••• " .••...•.•• - ,'rn,,"" •••. _ _...... ••• 35

SJhe!t:en"$ " , __ ._ """ _ _ r ••• ' ••••••••• _ ••••• _., r ".. ••• 51,

Si~s; _.,. __ .. 1111 ••• III •• ... ••• 111 ... 111 .... " •• , • " •• ---- IIII .. .... ••• -r ••• IIII ,, ••• __ • II-I &; 1

Fire M~UlOO:s ,' "., . , , ...........•... , , .. _. __ :.. 9' J:

Hu:JItiag' aud Fis.hmg ,',., ,_ _." ,"", _ .. _ ....• , " , to I.

::F~ and W'al.e£" _. _ ......• , •............. _ _'" ••...... _ _ ....•.... e ,......... I'19

Care ,CI't Eq1.lipmltJid . _ ... _ .. _ .• " ••...... _ .. _ -'r.'" ••••..••••••..••••••......• ,., .. _..... .••••••• VU'

Travel --- ._ --"1111 •••• _ •• __ •• ~ ••• .11111 '"". n. _,,_. 111 .. ,IIoJ.I __ __ ._., '11111 _ ISS

••••• __ --II' 11 _ •••• __ ••• -_ I' I M • I _ .

175

I:Jiesen Sarvl al , " _ '" , . ,,' '" 1 S1

Tropfcal SUir",iv-.d __ _ ..• _ ~ 1:95'

Knots ::fIEld Sp:Jic,e-s ". "........ 201

S,URV'VAl PI,SYC,HOlOGY

:rs'YCHOINGICAL ASPECI"S o.F SiVRVIV A

INI1RODUrnON

HI. (Ct:-tl::l!it ~iirn :ma1l'1lY advance.s: have ~!lI. made i.n tbe d'e.'ll'it:l~m-eDt. :a:f" ~. equi~I'iIU~-nt. ~OO ratieas tOIi iIJ,It'''ltj'lilal. aIld of 'ibcllniq~es fo.r. tlu:ir' 11Jtse •• H(lw~¥t:t., Ji'~g.iiF~.le:ss; tOf hil)!w .~O!i)(jj' eqlJ!i~eDI i.$ Q.V how gQoi1'ioljJ. the. l~iliql];C..s f.or its: 'U~ are i tlle m,an faced wll:.h. a. $Um'M'a:i :siit-Wl!timI. :&tin :h~ hi:mgeH: ~O' d~;,al 'wim~ .Matt":!!; ~ho.J.og.i.c:aJ. rea.c~~m.5 W the stresses cl' :sur-vi~ olrem lm.:BLke iIlim ll.DSJ·b1e· to l!U:.iJize bi:i Bi.Vl.lila!b1e Ireso'Uru~,!.t.

~ imi!lllnm.mi.oll 3i'l,;';jJilab~:e in th,i!$. .field! [5 fat)" fr-l'fln -L;Qm;pldi:, bur ~ugh b65 ~III dolre. [0' giYII:: ~tL ·unde:l'St:.u:tding !ll.f $Om:~ of 'toe m.a:joir :p's,y~~.ogi\ea] 'fa;t;tor-s i'-n.voh~ in Slln'i.1iI3li. While m~b 'Oi.f this, mform~tio_q !t.Oij1d be 1 a:beUcd oommlD'Dl sense. i:t: S.iU::rild'd 'be remembered. 1:h31 iXl-mmom sense :is 'based on. past expefiel"i~$ 'whim have 100 to ~~I :ad.justIne~;rrs ~ ''Il'ari~u,s ~'W'a'ni(flM and t!ti;l't i1i1:j:!jldlity' to use common ~nse U:Dd1:!1' stress bad led'(o tbe ~Ih$ 0'[ mall}' '!i;'eJ')' abm.e, ap;:!areTrlU~ se.mjb:le pusom..

OllC ~f tbe: 'mOst lmtpQrt~lIl~ ]l!s-yclJolo.tti~ ricquir,.-cme:ots fur snnival .i~ the Jitrilltj" 'If!! ~-,(:pl immedl:ate1y 'me ~,e~ality. or a II!I:eW em~ilJcy and ~~d. ~'proJ!r.iiately to it..

Stuwes base dem,-an$trate.d lhal StU"vivai infQ~rnatiog. c.O.ll:J!lriltUltt$ ~IJ! a ~liing IIJf co.Dfi&n-ce- in o,ne':s: abilily 1(1 S1!JJVi'Y~, Sinre ~U'-(:li;lood-e:6Ce is: im.~'l'Ll .nm ~HUldling fear [and p:mi~, 51Jrvi.l':M. iMo'i.ma:mio'p. should 'sell'Ve ,to, fUJi:nilTlIl£e ,fe;;tl.'" .an.d .1P:J:'ievem p:tili-c.

SUrnyal t.ntining :shoold have lrn h some elemiM.Jit$' of 'Wiililism lib: 'l!t:ame r-oocnl.a.tiQII'~ bur s.alfe,~1!.Iard:'> mast 'De 'mea ,~_g~i:j!5t the ,p:rodudiotiJ of ca:su3!l11L~_ Men m:ust (eel lbat they have IiXImr= lliro~8b real danger bnt ha'\"e [¢$C3JPfd !oil oh.a::rm-tilL

Fear is a very normal r:eacltion tnr :my milllR faeed with aD e.me~geru::y whk::b 'U!lUa.1eDS HY' of ~i.8 i.mp¢lra..~Di :n~. Feu im:tuelll.re-5 man's "lbe:h.a ",kr.uI 'iicod '~hu:5i his chn:~"S: fer] :5l!rn.va!; fc:ar may rnln Il~ chances: er

mav :adUaIly i:!ni1pWViC tb:c:m. Tbe.re is. [tQ ,a;d'Yan~e in. 3!\I'oidiDg 'fClU' by d_~.ying 11i!il;: a-i5f~ of dimger. 'Ib.cn:: is al'waytii ~$(Jmclh.iD,g· 1:bal cag 00 oom: t.o [mpwvc l~~ situation.. Ac~¢aoce of' f~ as 8i !1!Uilhlm ~ioll. ~o a ~eDii9g siru:atIDD win kad to Pll1"p05i1l'c tiilj~T dlaill rWlldOOl beha.riour :8IDd. in !!his way will EUaUy .in~r,;e ~ces for sv.nri'V3L

How a :rernom ri.I ~l itQ fe.ar depemi'i' more on himself' than. on ~ sima,ti'DD .. II. .isI!i''r. ::iil.'!,lo;a¥s dBE: phy.sic:all1y strong or ba.ppy-go--lu_d.}:r .pe.rso.n who most &r~~'\'~IY li'I!mdles. {ear; timid. or ,a:Iml'Ctll$ :~rwm may ~d MOn: e'DQ~b !IDa dlf'C:U"'~]Y uader mess; with a :re:s.nitlDg better' dhance for &'UrV1'1o':;3li. Fear m.'Irusl be. l['ecli;J!~d. lived. ~ • .and :hf p!)5l5iible. 'miI±red m .a,d'1oi.afltag,e.

Faemrs i~eff~:5iQg: f~a.J" are m.::rimly bel,lesm.ess ::D'!Id haperes.smess_ Some. of the· faesors '!T!(Ji$l :frequenlLY !t~:r\cd 10 decrea.s;c: or he'lJ:1I eentrol f~

(;a) .having ooude.nce; 1111 yc:m:r c'iuipmmt;

(b) ha .... ing oonfikm:~ in tM ~li.qiAD ability (If 'V,(1t1lr lmmediatl'!' SUperiClfli~; and.

{e) ~ Tbim lisl ~tbcr C'DmlY II){ ~- ,Evm. 'w~1le1l tilirst. i!i !I;!;O~ extreme. it ~ dU:JIJ ,;o.1Jt mind. As with paiD aD!! ootd, iOOf1't earru be ~l f_gotteD d the. wiD. 10 i!Qni\¥e. m. §cmg enou.sb~ II is .als!l:t im:pMtant 1:01 ifit:m:t.lllbe:r not til) depr'iY¢ ·oo.ese:lf iIiI.~ s.uill!y.' ,of' ·waw. Serious deh~on may ~r' in a s.tIr'riW ~l'tlation even wlim ~.is ,!tn', 'ell ~tt:t availaMe..

(d) HUII.-r. Hun~X' is dange:rolJ$ b«'ause o-f U)c, ~ :it caD ba~~ on the mimi, p-rlmaNy 'in lessenirPg the pWiiOn"$; ability for ranolll~ .t~.aggbt., BoClli"! t~t and. h~ge.r ~ a PC;r.sGD·S. ,~.ptlb.iLity tllt ~ wak.:ewmg clc;ets of: roli.. paio.." ,iHld :ic.u ~

fe) Fatigu'¢. EVElD a vc£}" mod_e;~ amOl1l1l Qf' fa:a;[ga~ ~$O matierid.y Ji!Cdooe menw ablliD:y. Fatip cam maltl~ yon '~l~jir ~t:S, .maeasll:1g~".· easy Uli adapt me .fmq or just ,~ cariIlg:. 'Th:is is IHl.e of 'tb_('; bJg"gW dM.rn .in .~rv.i.loI\aJ. ~ w~. 'ii:mtimtl ~ :[a-llp.; 31IId e~ ex:pegdiiture M'e. dinctly 'KlaWJ m!iJ' k: ~omi~Le: for many &'aths in .s:m;vj .... aJ. situ mom. omamty, 'were ~ :Ii. HaJ d~.f. of. o.y·tr~&"liQ~ IbUl!. f~e m~y ad1I!IaU;y 'be d~ WI ho:pe.]~I!JC:§~ laCk or a goalj. di~a.tisfad.ioo.. ir,1astratiGo:" or ooJiWI1)tIiL F,a.tig,ue: msy Rprese:nt. iliq ;:;soape from. a. ~ri1Ua1ilio[], wIDd!L has kC!!J.mc· too diffia.ili:. It: ~'OO recopix 'IDe da:!:!i:,p:r5 of lit, s:imation. -Y0UI e.aD oRen summon the m~ngW to 8(11 OIL

(f) Boredom Iloa wncl[nc:ss_ 9cO~d'o.:m 3lId ~cru!lio::~ ~ moO, of Qu;: toughest ,e.:~l1lmies of Sl!lt¥j\';gl. Tbey aTe: vad .m~y beeanse 'IDe)" an: UM._xpo~-(:d. .~ Ilotlting !happens. "",,~b~D. someih:iin;: ls U.peered ~Gd doesn't eome ali'. Whe'D YQQ mwt :$m'y still quiet.

9:11111: ~(lime. th~ f~~' (:'W';cp up IOn ~\il}U:" -

are.:

''ain.,. roM, Urinf, bill D.g~l". fa1]gI!.Ie., boredcm, arid lo.c;eJ:i·f'Ib~'Ir"¢[Jone ba=s e .. xpeflwttd these bur re1i.' baJv.!: brown ~ I.(!I ~ eX'~llt mat they billl.'!i'iC. 1]n:eat~1R!:d ,!~'I,I'.a.t In U~e snl"\d,,~ siU!l$.1iQIJ.. the fe!i6ngs. of ,aiD., !D¢l~d. ete., a,.r;=- M· di'ffc:re.ltu:, trom Ubios.:' lI:~pcrlellOe:cd clse:whm-e- "lb.e'y arl~ olllJ! more ~\lc:re :aJild mQre da!.rJgefil:IIU-S·. Whh. lilhese :feeli~'n~ .M 'With fear. the: more ~.(;l~ know a:l:J.c.\JJI I:b~m and th.eir eftl~ iO!;! YlOtl, the 'liJ.et:mr ',00. wm be able to control 'Lhc::m. :ratheT tham I.ettiing 1lIi:m oontrn~ you-

{a) Pa;:1L "PaiTll is Na;tuJ;"¢"~ 'W~Y' of maik..mg YIi:iU :p-3Cy a~~liI:tioR to semethl!1i1:g lh.:su is ·wrrOJl.~ with you. BIH N.a'Oll.tt: :e[:!iO '00s 'Ways: ~.f hoM-· iug ofJr p-ai.n if 'fOil .:Me. ~M l;nt!iY ~QimR $'IiJGN,'tirln.g else ito p:r.I!f" att~1Itinli1 [0 ~e i nj'ury iri.g:l!u [hen. PaL'rl may go UlIin·cnie~d. if ),OI.lU" mind i$. oc(:ll,Jpi~ 'wiU1 plans fol' SlJnri.'V3.I, On ml: ~!r haod~ II;mo:~ gi .... ~1'1 i'li! t:o, :paiD will. 'Wle:ake.!D tl:I'II!: drive to .s~.ve. P,a]n can let the best of you. if YOIl let. ii, CrV(:11 jf it lsD·I RriOU!5lO.T' 'Prolonged. A special e.ffo-.rt :m.U$t bE: mad~ to keep M,pes. U;p aDd to keep 'Ii/i.'orkiDJg.

(b) Cold. Cold. is a m.:uch. grea1~l' iL.h~a~. t(1J :stiT"l'I'!I'iBll than it 'SOIll~ U ooE oruy 1.olVCI:$ 'Your ab iliily ~.o ·thn.nk.. but .i3iIso t-end~ 10 ]~T YOBI" will '00 iill.o R:oyt.b.mg bn~ gl!'~. w-arm ,again. Col" i:s. ;3:0 insidious ene.mr., aI th,1l! sam.E: tim.e ~al .il Dlimbs th~ mind. amd !he 'OOm'y. h Innmhs, ~ wilL fuCMJ.Se it ij$ bind [0 move and you want to sleep" you UD. fo:r~: yolU go.a]l •••• to $ur.vive.

While some attiu.uJo!::s .a!rC' acru:ill),' rt$:$eJ1ltta] I:(iI ""iv'aI, {bcrc Iar'f:' ot'ht::C'~ w,b-kb greall':y :end angel" chances c.f .$JJ.IF;!o'i.voit 'for ,exam,lc.. th~ 'mental attitude mal '"'i1 em"t happc::~ Ito me" C.a.:D bli"r1d ycm. lQ. the C-.eill!.lilY of 1iI!e ~:i:t.'llati(ln.a.tJd make appropriate' na:ction in ~ face (lif ~JJI.efrgeDtj' jm,lXiSSiIbI,c:, _ Muehi iO![ ith.e a'!la:iJ:ablf. evide.itl~ dtmoustr1iites the: :trn~nee 1M b& .... ·~ [D\&: ... a "'preparatory a['titllik" {Oi whLever m1er~y' maf OC:Cl!r:. This ~~ds lID prepenrtr.on and ![che.ar:sall for all l~m~&~nc}' :possiltdliti~. SUrv.I"·~ IJru:l:.n!clicut5', given, .lthnJ.ggb. pos:ter:5~ movies, lectum. etc, have ~D fOl!md 10 PTOOUI;:'t: 1P:ue:paraxOTy 3iUi ~I!;tde.s :to;r surviv.i!l! v.'ilkb later serve as .gu~d~s (-0 gc:ti..O'ti. Eimer s-ene:raI or spe:c:inc info.l"m2llioD may serve ithis purpose'. aita. ~w~~ gf the .it'xpr:~enoe' o~' othe:r~ bas altO ~rved as p~tion .fe-.,f apt~OJI •. 11., ~n;:a[ uUlImber CtI g tlc.id~lIt~ b.a,-,o·t:: be.eo ![" .. ~'OOI'd_ed 'w'hi'~h iocHcate:

Ithat PTe'!;\'~, re.he;ar~:o booth m~"ta! ;amd a.:t;t·uaJ; of !itm..erg..e:ncy procedW'e;!I In;a¥ -o,pemk as p'jj'~'parati(Jil!. l'e.s:uiting ii.D. au(omal.ic actiOD.

n' The most f'requrl:I1I'ly e~lnte il'·eda,lti1.ud~ ~Ild !i:ng~i n~' i5:WlIvI.v:a]i is 'Ill:i!!' _ n ~ ean1( b :;!ippe:l:lJ !l:Ji:t me:" acu:itud'e:.. Thi!S i~ the ltIlp>pesite of [h~ preparn.:tory aUj.:tufiiiL

n

F:jllJIlw-e ~fo 'have. am attitude tali" ii.U.J:'\ij,-yaD IDay alse result rn "p:iiJri.ic. e:V"etII ill. perSUDSi wbQ ~ to he. exuemely calm uDde.r normal wR(IlrljQ~"

K~']l=flp andi :Il'eoensaJ of' 5tlffl'lP'm 11100 e:m;of.1!:~ti:t;.i' Fl"wedur:e: .111\]1 oo1y bri~S' .a.baLIt: a :feetkig ltit:( !CQT'lfu:lcnce 'anil'H, Prq'iWillltiOD fol" snrn.\'~ but ~"Y CD oper.ate even \ll'hoe:n: :£hI: SlI[V,i."'o.~ is ~[I. ,iii; s;Ulite of SIl:rni..;Q!)n&:;~ dtlF1l1g an ernt:f:f:;(::t!(:;Y.

(c) CbKUo,g, Eq:Wfjmf'nt. JIll :o:IU1 mare ~ lhan w,·U ever. u :tmo'W~ fail1lte ~D 'cbscl;: e.qwp:mi~[ mu~ie~ bI' [aj]1i[~ w mni'ive.

UJ iSu!nre)'im\g the $i~II!~tio.n 'The neee:ssjl.'y fer !K!~lf"Io'e1"q !thI;. sUCui3ilio:D 'is, ~ idely '~¢'gl]iHd in problem sotvinl. Frequeti"l!y.' the "thiljg$ 'Pl(l!$1 E~ ~ Ilaosoe :in.\'li)'I""itil:g 'UK;: iJ.Jlnlno~ SW"'."'ey.,ing :ilIllie: f-lwatmn ""e5 to l:Iemoy~ m-oSCi lIJiJiknowm :jJ.n!;l 1"Q' set. :D!JJ ~wmess ~n of adjmlmeM.

ts:) Surn"¥a] KnowB~ BlId StrJ[ls. Rese:lirW bas shf.lW'tL iha,t. <:0.9- ftdena: in one'S aldli'ty to, sUl'vi,\'f:: i~, i'~sed boy, ~:l!ii.ring sun';"31.1 i:now]ed,ge and 'skiIh:.

(,b) Reaclimll ,%tel;:d. In SW"'I'il';al ~rgenciu. fI~1,'iQu:d}' w;aib]r$~ed, r.ead.io:m pM'tc:rm are i~pQrbi!;]IG in enablin;' '~he. group l·@ re-m lIl'ui~y., h is: claimed '~al one mdl.inJ. lPiIlfP08t ~f" :stI!l'\I'i .... :a1 training is: 'w, ;dOf"d alii, o,ppontlJnhy. {Oir' ·tf:lolj,lOii'l1lg aoo ~n4l:x5'a'III"OOi'D,g, ~ e:spomes !iiJe~ !IUld gn-o-up$ :n-e~d 1.0 ~'Iuiq-..:. Wid I, estab~!i$bc:d, ,paUem!!j, of U5pD~ m~y 1j;Ipc:[a;~e: e\''e.iiI 1j;i,.'~]JI me"re: i~ shoel and .paDi!:!.

Gmu,p "Bcim:riou' Stin'ival

(i'.fOOp OrgMliizaoon.. A H'e'l,lj,l"S d't:!ili¢e':£ (If ·~rri"'ns depe.mi ]~el:y OD, its abi1i!:Y to' o~i$ oE:rJ"!!i1,Y. An emcrg~y does mL w.eld a cr~ toge. me r; :r~ . .th~I. ~hc: mo:r:e dJifficult 3iOO dlis:ordered, '~e: tjtuatiOIIl, 'the gr:emti" are the Q,l!'J0"Xga:oi:zed erew's pra'b"iems. This iSi,~ioclg.'lady true. 1[1 the: f~ of ,c:omm.'i:):]] da.ng<er. 'IiioiheiJ: '~e-m- tan ~.ult in ,pa.rut:ra1ller thatli G(mCI!:I"!~ti:Qn..

Gr.oor, Mornl~~ Higb g'fOOp mll:l'.rale.. exists wlR:!ili aU !U:r;;w .mmbe.rs. feel ilIemselvc$ pm of the erew rather m:ban ~]'Idi:ridtnus. and are: p;roud 'EO be m,e.m~, of that erew. lIi!;h gJ(lil,!:,P morale has ma.IJiY 3id,'Ij,'at;qe5..

(;;jj) The llodivltiual feds 8!1lc:ngth.:ne.:dl and protected $:En~ 'he realizes

dla~ his: 8~n+' .. al depends on others: 'Wh(rrn ~ ~~IiS,

I( b ) The gtO\!P ean meet failure "",jinh !!lr~2tr:r' pl:rsi.s'ti:l1CY.

(c) TIle gnJup can IormuJaJie goals ~o help each ether face. the f.uture-

High £lI.1lOraJe 'IlRI:J!Sit come from inlerl!l'91 .coo~hl;C:nc;S.S ud not m.ereEy

aBimup <exl!.e;~1 '~l]rE:g.i[J.lHfe:r. eertaiToi cOOlditkrms, moodls and aUml:J,J(f~ become ~~~-dI~. coma~iolJs.. P;~i.'C iiJiftem ,mial}' be prevem'Od by oon.~dilJ'U$. ~eIl-p]af:rn~d org;mlz-.atiQrJ i!iIl~ ~!:-adersib.ip 'an !t!1e' :b~ of ~dqar~d Of shared 'lftSpOIEisiMUty., eombrfl1ed with f.aHh. i~ U!~ g:r'rlm,p and .r~aI:.iz2ltio~, of tl!Ii_c me-d for eQ;·op¢:~io:m:.

ImpariaDC Factors 'in Su~ GroUiP Snlrvi al

(a) o.rpTlIizatiotl, ,of ma.11IpoWI!'Ii_ Oi"ganj~d aciien, when crew m_,embe.r:!i. ·ik:f!.'¢,W w,li1~t '=)0' dq. :u!d wh(;'r1I ~Q do :it, both 'Under o "lillia,o' (:j:n;!Jm~tlcc:s and hi emergeaeies, is. ene geed ~y ,of wmbiltilli panie, AD .impo.lUnt techniq~e for achieving cf,:s;aniud action In survival is [0 keep t.he crew \\'"f: 11 brie fed.

(b) Sc k:.c:li~ illS!: of Pc[oonnet. llJ we-n-orgmJi:H:d gtOl!]~~ ~Il~ person ohc:n does th~ job Ihal m.om: cHoseiy '111:8 obi! ~r~ q~.alffica1iom.

(e) ,Acceptanre IOf ,!:h.ligJ;~~lirtm,s and Critit:.~ AltbolJ~b 'OOmJe: ,~~ _pe.tSO:i!li.. tilllcli :8Si Lh~ ~'[1;ti.ilift ~cmn-llande.T, must a~o~t n:spo.[].:5ibi]ity f,Qf :t1n:d &cis.ioM. be still can ·m.ate good, use af others' !I!.lSS't::$.HQ.~s and cri~ids..m~,.

(d) COlliICef'alion, of A Vi! mlabl~ Time. HUlldll"eCs of Siurr-viiva] S'~orics inc [.cat'e tbialJ[ there is r:3lfdl' 'Unlimit~-d tiim'e iii!l *h~li::h itO' m~t.c: decislom. On-tb:e-spOil Clc:ci~ion:swh Lch musl be act~ upon imm'E!'diiatel,' usl:JaUj! dl~~II"fnI.l"IiI~ S'Qi;r'!olj ... ai :ru~'f:e~.

8l!1F'1!'i~ may' dc;pend more cnlJKf-n 'perwOON)" thruj 'Ll;pon t~e ~, W~I. ~~. or '1mi!:il.l!D? ,ef th~ c:mergency .. \Vbdher f-ear wi)] kacl, to pimic: iIlr act as: a !:p-W" 'tQ grC3l~e'r sh~U:PDess, wbettitCT 'fatigue wi]] ;tiVl:'J'COn'I:e'

.tb.e p!in61!11 Of' ~ea, e bim, able til) lak IEfle ~~~ ~tioi'l 19· :aJ!rv~~" evee

'~_the.r ili)f' !!Jot 11. : wm ,b;3!"~ 'fr'(fIs.t-bjn~VI (eet, alJ] are" to a brg.e ,;:~tc'Q:t,

~Ddel!ll mlj)J'!~ OD the perw.m tli:il§11l Olil the s,il-ua.tiO!\. Qualitie.s, ii'.li a JIIIHHIi 1iin;r.m_f"~lIlt to $"W"VI,V.a) iU'c iJ$ f>ill1]Jo.-ws.

(a' He can maik:e up h~ 'oDd, (b) fie I~ im~rQ\1'ise_

(~) !He'·~ Ii vc: with :h:i:mge.l'f. SQ.~ pe.-JjJ!ple ear.l,'! 51;alm:d. b.ei:!!li~ al<o!f.!tC:. ha\"t to 'k!o. c'nte.nai~dl. ''::;:J;,!. O~b.ers. an U!iR ~are of 'lli~mseh'es. m3lkc: !i1 poo thing ~l!l't !C!f ,:1 "b:ad one. keep ~be.~:r ,000Di ~nd o~lten" s.pirits '!!I.p..

h~l) He. cam adlap't to th~ 5irua~iofJ. Sm:li'l!f:: p.eopI'e.' e.;:m~t ~tHU!;gi: tbem·

se]v'l4. I1.Q ,ma.1U!;i how' rnu,d'l U:lei.r Sl:ltbbomn.e:ss eoSi!~.

(e.J H~ 'e.Hi iee-p CQ.OJ:. ~lm, ~nd c.',QU~c1edl.

(0 ,H:f: hopes iG:rt, Lbe :be.m, but :P«:PBl"~ 'for ibe ~O:J[$"L

(g) He bas patien«.. Som~ ])eO'Pie must do everyU:l'irfi! right ~'.

OIllI!J'~, are a~le to waJl1 unlil. lbey :biJ,'I;\~, a ':)1;II,rer 'C::ban~.

{b.) ,He ean [m;k' j't. Few ~lt: know hDw mur::b '~ii::Y Ci!!'D ,really ~ab:, 'WI. el;:pcctim!t thin~ to hi: t01.ligh o.r ttllpl.ea:s~rrt 1iIelp8 ani' of us lQ11 'be P-R~~ to meet tne worsl, lO1l1 .t.oo h~ppellL

(j), He eaa i~m::' {!jut ~ o.ther ,man. Sorm: P1~ ~ on !:Y~"s tees, while' OIlhii~I"S ~ to keep fU':actiesJI~' e",~ ,baIPY., TI:u~ :prlimcipllil ~D (hai 'I!hj~, ~ gt"'O'LJ,P of m_m ls ~ ::;n~M ,~, dJia'~ ~ ~ :a'h~'aY5i awar~: (lI:f' ~. fee~ ~,m~ or i)~r peo:jJlc:. 'Thi~ abruty. ito, l!Ind:e~ lJdi~T p:g;ptc:' aDd m :pndi:C~ what tJrey are going 1i~ ,dQ, is ,impOrtaDt to ~,a1

(l::) He itm)~"1; iWb~i'1;~ :his, ,$pECial tears aodi ~D:liE'i~ >OO:DJ,'¢; hum •. AM, I!liif iI~ bd ~_idellIt5:, seares, imd! WGf,J'iMl, w'bci!JI ''WC< WeN. ,eliiiliMn, ~.t: stiU, H'tb.er u.s. Utrt.der ~,g.e~o-v:s '$~'V'a!: OODI!lTI~ ~ :ma.lt eaase ~~e, bn:[ if::t, lDiiIi! bows, ~e 'ljbey came, fz:~, m: eaIII tfa ~~i~£ illl ,oolillr-,01: 'lb.em.,

,SUR'VI'VAl GEOGRAPH'Y'

(j) He can fipre out the other maD.. Some: DIen step OD, everybody's

t'n.Pc' _..:L:1_ others ~"I"!Iii""'1 to k' .... ., ~~~ (il 'ry~' .... ~~v

.~ w'Uuc: I •.. · .,..,.,..... .. .. a...a.~~ . ' .'. .~_r.l'. ~ ..... a)ly eve ..... .."...w_,.. ~.P ~.J.

The principal reason that this secoud group' of :men is so snccessful is that they M'E alwa,ys awan: of the feelings aad moods of otber peeple .. This ability (0 tlndentand~ other- people Bod, 10 prcdEt wbat they are g-oiDg to, do is :importaort to sunivaJ ..

(k) H~ knows where his :special fe3J'S- Ql1d worries come from,... AD of us had accidents, scares, and worries when we, weJ"e dJildrea that still bother us .. Under' dangerous survival oom:lilians~ tbese mary cause trouble; but if a man knows where Ibey came from, he can do sometb~ng to control, them.

SURVIVAL GEOGRAPHY

16

SURVIVAL GEOGRAPHY

INTRODUCI 'I ON

Geography in, tbe survival sense must be somewhat restricted in scope, Dis is because 'a survivor wil] be interested only jn the aspects of geography that directly pertain to him, The survival concept of ,gcogra,pby ma,y differ also from lhat of the botanist oc the cartographer. For example, t.be Arctic is commonly considered to illclude e.ve~tl1iJ1g north, of the A:rctic, circle, j .. e., everything above latitude 66 0. 32' wbeTeas the survi val definition of the Arctic includes everything north of tbe tree-line.

The aim of survival geograpby is. to teach the survival student what 10 expect from the Iand, wherever he may be, A survivor woo knows what to expect wiJI find that his. problems are great]y reduced, for he should 1hen know what to do. Once a survivor settles down to impr'oviDg his SillJalioll, he will also improve his- morale and strengthen his wi]! to live ..

Topography affects temperature, humidity, Bind water sheds which in tum in.t1uence the plant growth .. The plant grO'Nlb largely determines. the animal 1ife wbkh can exist in: any geographic region .. The carnivorous predators, iD their turn, depend on the seed and p]ant eaters and they consequently live a somewhat precarious existence which m.ay be terminated b~ a change in any one of 'a number of factors,

The fQIIlo~ing map shows a simplified division of Canada's forested BDd non-forested regions, The break-down is made into eight parts, font of which are part:icular~y important from a. survival pojnt of view. The remainiJlg four paris are covered in order to fiji in the background with additional infolrmation tbat may be useful, The, emphasis is OlD northern smvi "W al because of the strategic and economic dev'r:]opmenrl: of and tbe ever jncreas.ing amount of ftyiJlg being done over Canada's northland,

It ma,y be readily seen, that the Boreal Region jSJ the largest forest :region in Canada, This region occupies a major part of the Canadian Shield, a massive formation of eroded, palaeozoic rock, sparsely covered "tNith, a poor I.OPS03]!i wbicll is unsuuable for agriculture but highly sarisfac:tory for the growth of ceTtain trees. A large pOTt~on of Canada's forest

]9

weallil .occupies, tbe Cauadian ShieJd aDd tbis great forest u,giOD snows remarkab1y litde variation hom one: coast to tile otbec·- This Is because tbe :fact0IS which iDfiue.D£e' forest growtb .and develo,mcDt .. , such as SOIl" IemperatBrC ... humidity, and suolight~ remain rela~i\'e1y constant across this emtire region. When one factor, e.g .. ~ temperature, does vary ~ it wjill be foulld that another factor, e ... g .. ., humjdity~ tends to -compensate and the net Jcsult is the same or a similar 1ype of growth ..

Local1 varia.lions will be foumd, however.. and chaoges win occur, in !be pJimt life wilh~o regions. The changes may be caused by such lrungs as li~~ disease, cutting, and even normal growdJ .. In any event, the plart. eatins iroseds", birds .. and aoimals WIl! be affected by such variations, and the predator poplll1ation will also vary according to the mcrease or decrease io the number of the 'I31riODS types of plant eaters .. ,

Bearing iu mind .. , then, that. loca1 variations are inevitable"l the following geaeralized jnfa~atioD which necessarily omits much dct9il,. is oftered as. a guid1e (0 survival geograpby_

A.cadiaa (,Maritimes and Newfouu'diaDdl)

Topo,graphy and soil-iocludes part of the A'ppalacbians; pi eturesque, roDiag lJills;, wi6e river val.1eys-.

Watersheds··scattered smal1 Jakes. weI] drajoed b1y extensive networks of moderately ftowiog streams a.Dd rivers,

C1imate and bumidity-a:vera_w=s S5 inches of rain a year; temperatures m.oderate; few extremes except in inlaJld areas ..

Plant life sproce.. balsam" yel]ow birch~ maple, end pine; Vel'y simil .. to the Boreal R.egion ..

Wdd life-trou1:. salmon, shad, ale-wife, eel, sucker, and chub; red sqnirre~ varying hare, pore up ine , muskrat, beaver ... weasel, mmk.:t otter. fox. lyux, _paIIrtD.eJ":Il black bear, deer ~ and moose; pheasam, partridge, grouse, duck., hawk,. ow]:!' eagle, gu11~ crow, and raven ..

Great Labs ami St. Lawrellce

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0 ~ m:: a:I i-- Topography and soil-mostl.y peneplain; Canada's bjggest fruit and ve.getable gJ"owi08 district.

Watersheds--short, moderately' Howing rivers drain into the Great Lakes, aDd 5t. Lawrence ...

Climate and humidity--q,uite bumidlJ mostly over 50 inches of rain a, Year; "temperatures not very extreme,

Plant life-w'bite and ['ed pi:ne ... spruce, yell,ow birch, and maple ..

Wild ]if~r, grey aDd black squirrel., cotton-tail rabbit, jack. rabbit ...

PGrcupiae"ll fox, racoon, and musk-rat; bawk!l owl.. and pheasant; turtle, pike.

smel+- ~h wa1lleve' I-II!'Ii.ros Jf"Ial,.cS~I· and ''!IiIT·p

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Wild Iifc-fish iu most lUes and skeam5:; mice, red ~. varyiaa hare. poTCUpme. mrusk-rat. whit£; Iai] deer, JnOOSe,. weasel, miD~ martca (:5slrer J,. otter ~ wolverime~] fo:!:. wolf.. lYnx,] and black bear; parbiOle. .ndIcd. grotI5C:r duck, bawk, owl~ and eagle"

NartllexR Tnnsitioual

Topograplly_ and soill-thc same as the Boreal Region except for some pe:l'"mafrost; CODsldeT3.,ble muLSk:eg~

W'artersbedS--tbe same as the Boreal Regioo.]

Climate and Ilum.id.ity-somewhat less precipjrtaticQ th~n m the Boreal

n_o!.nn .... -~ r,n11.... • .. a.... L_rt

A~~ n:mt ~Iuer. WIIB SUlJ ner summers,

Plant I1fe-scrubb~' spruce and jack-pine,

W'Ikl life-.fisb; Fed SQUirrel. varying hare, fox, polecat fL"!!ily • .aDd wolf; spruce partridge,. ptarmigan, and aretie owl_

Topography and soill-the Great Plains are mostly very ftat: and· haYe. except fOci Moken up bad landS" is the: south-west COII"'JIer:tJ extremely deep soil.

Watersbcd5-imm.meIabl]e scattered sloughs and small lakes; slow' tIowiog rivers in deep] coulees; often wide valleys ..

a III d b ~..:II:- .... _..I.., ... 10 =---1-- f .... _ .L~ t to

,'.Jma(c an]· I UDUwiy----....u.,j' cunt3rte~, 1 ,I ~s 0 I ram ID ~ 1fICS' ] ••

20 iocJies in the east; Ole lempenrue varies to extremes ...

Plaut life. , grrIS8e$. sedA buRn'shes, aDd bushes.

Wtld life-porcupine., gopbetr!t' prairie dOL rahbi~ hadger" coytWe. deer, aldelope), and elk; prairie: chideu_. hawk. owL, dlK:~ and geese;. pike. jackfisb., trout, and wbire~fish_

Redly- MouDtaim:

Topograpby and soil-moun tail nous, with SOllle plateaus iD tire: interior;.

----- L .. rth .oIL _! d~u ""ill

.~y WI' I', DUrn. saD., i~J so.

Watersheds mow-kd lakes ami streams; rapid roD. oft' in the spring; swiftly tlowing rirvers.

Climate aod humidity~plCcipirtation as high as 100 inches. ill Ibe

high · iii ad L, ~..:I:-'

.•. ner areas; eztreme vananee m temperateres a~. lLIuml,wty'.,

Plant lUe-EngtlmallD SPnJCC:. lodgepole piae,] cedar, h~ bm:b .. and popLu ..

Wild life-porcupine~] hoary manuot!t, squinc:L rablJil, sbeep" ~ moose, deer, pautber" and grizzly aed black bear; trout, aud DO iJirds.

West Coast

TOpogJapb, and soil-wide fel1ile river' vaHeys smroundcd b,. moullwlWUS lopograpb, ..

W.". ... -'L.-...:III_. - .... 1'11 .:1- .. --....1 b· .. · :81 __ ... -Ill ,j.___ .... L.._ Pacilllltuoll. b'" b

-g-NlA,l, £w~, tJ.[:a1ncu I ,1 nvcrs I ,vwlllg m..ul lUC- ". " I 'iw;:;. W lie •

feud, to ftood during tlte spl"mg: run. oil.

Climate: and htmUmtJ~very bumid; bigb. raiDfall; mild cl;mal~

A·• .rdir

TOJJograpily and soil

(3) Eastern .ArctilC-bigb rocky. shal10rw sod, permafrost, 10ng fiords

by the coast;

(II) Mainland barrens-1ow lyiDg terrain;

(e) WesfelU ArcbC-1mv lying hut rD][mg terrain;; .and

(d) Ardi'C IslandS . eastern. islands mou([lrtamom~ wes1em., islandS flat.

Wat-el"Sileds

fa) Eastern Arct:ic-_gLacier-fed riven which dwindlle in S'W:UIIler;

(b) Mainland banens--ene.w:ve muskeg, innumecable sbaUow lakCii. slow shallow rivers;

(c) Wesfe1n Arct..ic--few Iakes or riven except north of die mainJand. barrens ..

Plaut life Douglas fir" western, heml-ocl.:t. western, red cedar .. aDd Sitka spruce.

Wil~ lifC-porcupine, marmot" rabbit grouse. and bear': Uolrt~ salmon", various cod, and ftoundel"' ..

Bolieal Region

Topop-apny and so~l--]ies an the: Canadian Shield; shallow,. _poo~ soil; ovcrlyiDg rock; To~ling. terrain.; hummocky ..

Watersheds -extensive muskeg; innnmCl"able Ides];. fairly' fast lowing streams; most drainage to the nOl1b ..

Climate and humidity~precipirtalion variable 10 iaches .iD the west to 10 :inches m the east; c.oId, winters; short hot summers,

PlaDt life-spruce,] balsam. white bUch~, poplar,] j'ad:--pmc,] and

. CUmate and humidilY-kmg winters of darkness, surprisin,g1y 1ittle

~ extreme dry coJd: sea :boileD from mid October to June; short SWJ:mters of compIete day1ight, se1dom hotter than 50 !OF and lasting Ibroogb JtJ1y amd early' August ..

_ Plant 1ife--scrub wiDow In sbeam beds and protected plaees; masses. li'~ ""~7 ~ ~ ft'dl be rries

~~] a..u.. . , .. ,I.": ... ~. ' ..

.. WiJld life- abbndant in fish; Imming, grotmd squirre1. arctic hare,

fco:. Vig(f. polar bear. seal, w~ whale,. caribou ami musk-ox" dnck ~ Ptannigan... aed sea birds on the coast. ~ !,' ,t

tamaraeK_

22

23

PARACHUTE

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JUMPING

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PARACRurE lUMPING

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There is some evide,Dce that Chinese acrobats used paradmte-Iike devices in 1306 ..

Lcona.rdo Da Vinci prepared a sketch and DOtes. for a rigid pyramid.sbaped PaT3CDute approximately 1500~

Modern parachutes were evolved from the erode canvas devices used to descend from hot air baIJocms, in the !,ate 18th centmy and dming the ] 9th century.

J.., B. Bl3Dcbard :made the first recorded successful we of a par.achu.te When be dropped a dog in 1785. He, hirmself~ deseen&d safely in 11!J3 ..

During the latter part of the Cd-eat War. German avjators used the p.uacbu.t~ althougb it did not prove too successful.

1m 1921 the British and Americans experimented with a seat type of parachute, one that could eas,ily be carried by airerew. To achieve perfeetio~ more tban ! ,500 trial jru.mps were carried out ..

PYoper Fdtiag of Ib:e: Harness

lbe harness is designed to distribute the ope.oing shod: even]y through-. out the bod[Yjl if proper fit bas been attained .. A poorly titted harness may cause badly wrenched shoulders as we11 as. severe injury to the crotch area Ensure that you are properly fitted before you accept yaUT safety harue5S.

Dailr.J Iasped:iollS

Once you have a parachute on Joan it is recommended that you. cany' out the fo1WwiDg daily inspections,. If, whell using these inspections as a &Wile, YCllr chute, harness, or travelling bag is faWry', return it immediately for repair and reissue. 0[" replacement ..

(a) Packing Date.. A pocket on the underside of the pack, contains an inspection sJip which, indicates, the date packed.~ by whom, aDd the ullit where packed, The packing cycle of a11 man,-carrying, parachutes is 60 days ..

27

(b) Genua) Coodition of Ihe Pad.. ~ because: of _miWDiI~ the pad is, mis-shapen to' the extent that opera1ion mary be impaired .. return it aud draw anotber ODe.

(c) Acid... An area alfectcd bl,. acid appean ligIJter- in colour and fray. read~ly wben scraped with a finger-ma;]. H aay part of yowr asscmblty should become oontaminakd~. isolate it immediately and :ren:rm it as soon as possible-.

(d) Grease, Oil~ aad Dirt. R.etum equipment as soon as poss,jble if any traces are found.

(e) Tears.. lteport even the smallest teals.

(£) Rip-cord Pin~ CIIecl for eotxosiom 2nd ensure that tile pins are not bent.

(.g) Safety Thread. The safety thread ads as a seal and if it is fouad broken, return :the chute imme.·d.i.ately .. ,

(h) Bands and Pack Opening. Impect for cooditioD ami security.

I, ill Fn!e Fd

Tha"e are at least five good .rea SO lIS fo:r immediate body stabiliutioB after baiI-out or after separation fnxn the ejedion seat.

(a) The face and body pamllel to dIe earth position diminates. Ibe possibility of: body _int'erfereoce wiIh the proper' deploJmCDt RqrDeDCe of the paxadJrote.

(b} Orientation with reference to the 8JOUDd is immediate and

..

coDlIDnous ..

(c) There is a reduced rate of deseeat, aod therefore, Jess chmce of iDjlJries on deployment ..

(d) The- limbs~pread, face-to-earth posilioa reduces the possibility of violent spiiming in either' a horizontal or a Iateral plane.. which can f'esuk iD confusion aad uneooscioumcss...

Sfwag~

H the- following storage procerhtte is carried ~ the chances of (b) • (c J '1 (d) • and (e) occmria!: in yom assembly will be ...... 1.1............. .......~¥I.II! reduc:ed.,

(a) Store in a dry place awary from sua1igbrL

(b) Store in a clean place awaY from acid~ grease, oil, and dirt..

(c) Keep the assemblry- unde.r lock and key preferably in a metal Jock.~.

NOTE. You an: advised to use dlese SlDmge met&od.s wi1h aU your persona 'I , equ.ipment-bando1eers, Mae West, etc.

(e) If byl chauce you have fmedl to hook up ,'our automlanc parachute opening device you can in a stabie position r'ea,dljly' dD.cerD whether it is functioning at the proper altitude. Any' aircrew member with a few hours air time can immediatdy tell the difference between, 15 .. 000 and :5,000 feet.

BiIJI Allilllde Bail-out at a.Jtitu.dcs wme oxygen is required ,reseals speciallltll-aIT'dS as it is _ to delay openirng of the. parachute as lODg IS pos5l~h: to avoid:

(a) loss of consciousness through lact of c_xygem; (b) excessive parachute opening shod[; and

(e) frost~bite ...

-.

1m mlediately' after separation from the ejection seat the arms should be s.pread out at an angle slightly ahead and above the shoulders and at the same time the legs spread as far apart 3.8, possjbie:. the head held baek, and a strODg arch in the back.

Nou.. Bending forward at the- waist causes a bact to earth position.

If spiDfLing tales place, it can. be corrected by drawmg the arms: in paral1ei to the sides or by assuming a "fun tuck" position then slowly re-spreading the arms. This spread position should be maintained tbroughout tbe free fall,

.. iii

BaiI--ouI:s a.bove 30,.000 feet require oxygen a baJl-out bot1fe IS a ~ty-

PuDin- ft" of the rie-eord should be delayed uDtil you are approunaldy S~OOO to l~OOO feet~:~ the pond Ievel 01" until you call identify :srouo4 features in reUel

NoTE. It ta.kes a body ~tely 32 minutes to faD .65.000 ~ wiIh a parachute and four miQUtes to cover- the same disl'aoee without a,

paradmrte.

Body Positioo Duriag Rip.cord P'uII

In the stable spread position yoDl" rate of descent w:i11 be approximate1y 100 mph. and you are In the ideal position for an. automatic -deployment of the parachute ...

If you are operating the parachute manually, simpJy root. at the r.ip..oo£d, grasp it with your right band, and at the same lime place youe

left arm across: your waist. Then while pu1liog the .rjp>-colli from its housing. bring your legs together .iUld hold YOUT chin dOWlL

If you free fal] in a closed position your rate of descent C3.n be as bigh as 260 mph. at big1ler altitudes and ISO mph at ]ower altitu.des.

28

-

I

29-

Canopy Check .. When, yom chute bas blOssomed. look llpl at dte canOPly to check for tears or lirneovcrs.. If you. detect numerous holes in the canopy yOW"' rate of descent wiI~, be mmelt faster and yon can expect a harder laDd.iDg~ In case of a lineover, where Que or more lines are caught orver the ~:r your rare of descent will increase cODSideraDly .. , At the same time ynu will not have too mueh OODrbnJ over your parachrutc .. If YDur ~igging lines are twiSted yOIU can speed up the Wl,windmg b~ kicking against the twist+. Thf:n carryon with, 1he folJowicg procedure,

Orientation .. While you .still bave altitude check the swmnnding terrain fo~ habitatiou" lakes" rivers, or' aDrythiDg that may assist -you, irn surrirvaI~

Check: Drift. Slight between your feet. ThiS is necessary if' ynu wisb to have a proper- landing position. Ascertaill, your altitude b" looking ahead at a 45' degree angle, 00 a SUDI1,Y day' watch yom' shadow., Never look directly at the ground wbeo approaclliDg it. Your tendency to reacll for the ground wi] straighlen your Je2s thus inc:y~as.ing y'our chances of injury ..

Oscillation (S11riDgiOg bact and forth). This. caD be reduced wirth a steady p1lll 011 one riser or two or- tbree of the lines.

Planing. For chutes with four risers, to pllaDe forward puJJ on the two front risers. To reduce fOrlYard drift pulJ dOWD on the rear risers .. For planiDg right pu]1 on the .right risers, and for planillg: left on the left. ODesL.. F10Ji chutes wjtb. two risers, unless you c.a.D grasp, the shroud. lines, you will be limited, to right and left places on]y· ..

Pua~mc' Tetlmi*lues

When. nearing the ground, assume the proper lauding: posi:tiol1. By Ihis; time you should have checked "your- drift, dampened oscjllati~D~ and carried out any necessary p1iamrn,g,.

The following are the correct Dositions for various types of terrain,

(a) Open Terrain

(i) chin on chest, (ii) back rounded,

( iii) bands OD rise rs !I elbows. forward, (j v ) knees slightly bent,

(v)l tum feel off at a 45 degree -angie. as taught. (vi Ji present the balls of your feet tOI the: groUlld,

(vii) g~ into YOWl roll, as taught.. and.

(viii) spill your chute by- £urnrUng around it or by pwli.og in tWOI or tnree of the lines which are closest to the 11 ouod.

1

3

4

3{)

31

(b)1 811811. When llarndtirng in wooded ~I c:rany -out the same pmcedare wirtIJ the exceptioD., that y.ou. must Pl"o1ect your f.ace with your anus aod have more ben. in yDm" bJces· .... Above: all keep your feel teFtbe~.

(c) Water. Do not attempt (0 judge: yam:- height when approacbing open water

(i) turn toe qui-ck release bo~ so that the red mark. is in the up'

II .•

poSlboll.J

(ii) place yOW" bands OVeJ"' tile quick release box, ready to dep~ess it.

(iii)1 keep your legs togedlel' and your head ereet,

(iv) WheD your' feet come intol COBtact with, the water (and Dot before ) press t}e .quid. release, clear Y1'-m' .leg straps., and, swim .away from the chDte~

(v) infble your Mae West", and

(vi) jnftak: YGlD' dinghy and get into it.

FIIRST .

1,' •• ' AID

NOTE., Tbe inftatioD of the life: jacket, just prio~ to water enrtrY'!I panicularJy for' ncn-swimmers, is recommended. If this, pnt1iee is followedl, the oral inflation 'Val ve sbould be unlocked, to facili.tate bleeding: off excess air' in case the pressure between body and harness becomes

,.

too great ..

~ I~"""""" II Ii:NIPP.qI' ..... au.r'll

When, yeu are expecting a su,ppl~ dnl~ belpl the drop cre,w out. by placing prcper signals in, a cleariDg wme they can .readil,y' be -spotted from the air,

You can spill these chutes by pll~6D1 the: apex into the wind: 0[" by grablb in g; ODe! or two JiDes at, shoulder height and dragginl the ehute Into the wind ..

32

CHAPTER 4

FIRST AI.D

Defi.1Iitio

First ai.d is immediate assistance rendered tOI the injured cr suddenly ill person, in the absence of adequate medical care ..

Purpose

To prolong life .. to preserve existence and vitalitYll and to pr-evenrt fDrtber injury t,

GeDeral Rules

Cb,cck bleeding and blTealhil1g ..

Do not get excned but act qu.ick1y after yOlu decide whic1h of the injuries needs snention first ..

Do not move the patient unless he is certain to bemcfit as a result ...

Keep the patient comfortable and warm; reassure him 3Q,d avoid baving bim see his injuries jf possible ..

Do DOl touch open wounds or bums witb YOUlf Degen or other objects ..

Do not give unconscious patients liquids.

SHOCK

•

De&lIitiOll

Sbocl: is .a cond,jtion which is caused bf the loss of' an declive YQllume of bJood circn1alill,g in the patient's blood vessels, It may be- caused by different factors, sucb as:

{a) actual Joss of blood from wounds;

(b} loss into the tissues such. as in a broken 1'higb -, as much as two

quarts may poo-l jn the fractured kg; (e) interftal bleeding into body cavities;

(d) Joss of other ftui.ds such as serum, and PI]asma in borns; and

(e) massive loss of flujd throu.gb sweatiJ18, vomiting, and diarrhoea ...

SignS" 01 Shoe"

The skin is pale, cold, and clammy, the pulse is fast and weak, and the breathing is fast and ma11ow ...

35

(b) if the palienrl js coughing blood as from a d ami aged, ]ong~ sit bim. u,p with his head supported; and

(c) jf the patient is, ¥omjring blood as from a damaged, stomach" bend his knees, make him, as comfortable as possibJe .. and ensure that his air passage is clear ..

Protect the wound:

(a) remove for.ei:p bodies from tbe surface; (b) db not probe tbe wound;

fc) app]y a sterile dressing;

(d) dress an.d splint fractures; and

(e)l -applly hot sterile compresses to oomb,at imectioD.,.

Control bl~dio.g!: (a) external sigos

( i ) arterial-s-bright re~purt:ing~,

(ii) 'VenollS---dar'k red m"pid fiowiDg~ and (iii ) cap~l]ary'_steady oozing; and

(b) iurtemaJ signs

(i) lUDgs chest pai'ns-brigbt fro1by' blood from the meuth, and (ii) abdomen-s-stomach iojury-vomiling bloed of cofiec ground

co .101111""',

- . . 11.lLl •

Stop bleeding by a pressure bandag~ at the site ... Complete rest is essential.

Facilitate or restore; brcathiDg: (a) by artificial. respiration; or

(b) b·y gi'Yillg O~. if the aircraft su,ppl,y is available ..

Control pain .. Sever' pain must be relieved .. Pain: can often be eased by keepiDg an iojuJ"ed person quiel aad w~ carefully -ciIJmgi:o.g bis position to keep bim. comfortable, siplinting an irn.jrnred arm or leg~ and bL3JKliog bim gently' at all times, Give 222s in accordance: with instructions when a severely injured person, suft"-el'iDg acute: pain, has to be transferred tOI a safer' Ieeatioe, or whell severe pain C8DDDt be controlled by' an, other means" Never give; them to a pa1ieurl: who is uneonseions or sleeping, whol hz a severe head injmJ':. or whose rate of: breathing is twelve respirarioms: or Jess a minute.

Prevent additional i'nj'ury: (a) PI"01ect the: iajrury;

(b} sp1inl au, fractures before moving; and, (c) handle portly ..

Ieplaa- ftuidS.. Give hot sweetened drinks, PreveDrI exposure:

(a) Pf"01ect uncles the patient as well as on. top;, and (b} do IlQt over-heal ...

The head should be lOwer ChaD the feet.

ResIS.N~ the Patieet

Complic:a£ed WGuods

Chest wounds ... Make the WQrt10d air-tight .. Abdomical wortlnd5:

(a) place the pabeJIl in a comfortable POSirti{]D; (b J give nothing bly mouth; and

( c) app]y a large binder type dressing,

T~...III:_ I· f F ....... ___ QlUIII:8 llODS 0'. . ra"::1.1U1:

The fo]Jowing are indications of fracture: (a) an audible snap;

(b) pain, a[ the site;

(e) Joss of power' of the affected 1imb; (d) defonnjty;,

( e) tenderness;

(f) swelling;

(g) discokJration; and (h) crepitus ..

General. treatment:

(a) admimstr:r sedatives;

(b) immobilize the fracture and neighbo~iDg joinb,; and, ( c J avo~d COlilamination.

Special: Fradures Fracture Ol! the Spine:

(a] Indications.. Pain", tenderness, or deformity at tbe site of the fracture and possible par.a1)-sis or loss of sensation be-I-ow t1te site of the hac:tu:re.,

(b) Treatment .. Fractures oli the spine' shornld be treated with, great care because of the danger of injrury- 10 the spinal cord .. If the back is allowed tD hllmpll the bEoken bone may cut the spinal cord ..

Expose to det-eJ briDe the exte!lJt of the injury .. Stopl bleedmg~

(a) apply a firm, pressure -dressing and 1:0. extreme bleediDg cases apply a tourniquet (die tourniquet should be used onlV as a last resort);

36

37

Fractured Ribs

( a) l'n die a bOllS.. Paia, especia1ly on breathing or c'Oughing.. The oo-oten rib is lender and the break can sometimes be felt .. The patieJlt usulaJly bOllds his hand tigl1tly' over the break, If the lung is punctured be may cough, up bright red frotby blJood ..

(b) Treatment .. Tie a :fum bandage round tile lower ribs" Fracture of the Sku]l

(a) Ind,icatiolls- Unconsciousness, swei]ing~ or lJac-eration of the scalp; bleeding m- leakage of spinal -fluid from the nose, mouth, Oir ears; a difference in the size nil the PIUpl~~~ \.11. mhe eyes, b~ac:kenln.g; of the tissues under the eyes, and paral-y'sis or. twit-chiog of the muscle s,

(b) Treatment .. Treat 85, for 5DOC'k- Keep the patient at RSt. in a semiprone position ..

Fracture of the Lower- Jaw ..

(a) Indications, There may be. pain on movement of the jaw; irregularity of the teeth" inabliljty to ta1k: or swall~w in some cases, and bleeding from the mouth.,

( b) Treatment. Clear the nose: and keep the mouth closed, immobilize u sj iii g ban da ges,

Fracture of the Collar Bone"

(' a) J'ndic3:tians.. The. iOljuTed shoulder Is at a Jortll'Cr Ievel tham the uninjured ODe. The patie:1I1 is unabl)e to lift his arm above: his shoulder, and be, supports the elboYl of the invollved side with tile opposite hand_ The fractured ends can nsual]y be felt under the

skin ..

(b) Treatment, Use a T sp1lin[ or figure eight. bandage wirh the centre, -of the eight between the shoulder bIades" and sma11 arm sling tOI support the shoulder on the injured side ..

DjS]bcation.s, S1:rain~ and, Sprains .. Dam:age to ligameDrtlsl tendons, .andl muscles. Treat as for fractures,

ASPHYXIA

This .is unconsciousness from lack of o,xygen .. Treatment;

(a) remove the cause or the patient fl0m the cause (protect yourselfl);. (b) clear' air passages, Ioosen clo1'mDgrtl and remove false teeth;

(c J administer artificial FespiJ'3tioD and give o:xygen, jf avai1able;

(d J live no sedatives (depressants) or alcohol; and

( c) treat for shock,

HEATI STaOK!!: - SUN STROKE

The temlperartnre reguJaring mechanism 01' the. body fails and the body

temperature rises to dangerously h.iigh levels,

Siglls Mid, symp1oms. 01£ heat stroke:

( a) s kj'a :H ush ed I hot, and dlr:f;

(b) headache;

( c ) dizziness:

(d) irritabjJity';

(e} visual disturbances; and. (f)i nausea and vomitingt,

Treatmem;

(a) cool the patient quickly f particuJarly ab.out the head, area: fbi) gi\''C salt sollrutions by mouth; and

( e } ,gi ve no -Slim.wants.,

FROST BITE

BURNS,

Sig.··ft~ .... -,"'"~ ~1I"t~r·

'"~ A..U.\L w~ ..... -.i.P ....... ~._ .. ~l~

(a) the: skill: assumes a dUll wbitish paDor;

(b) there is; a feelillg of Drumbness or prickJing associated wirth the formatioD of iee crystals in the tissues;

(e) wirth deep freniDg the tissues are solid and immovable; and

(d)1 prolonged exposure to' oold causes: I he person to become numbl amd. drOWSY':l1 his eyesight fails, be becomes uDconscious~ and his respi:ratitlD IDa¥ cease -e

Treatment.

(a) Do Dot rob..

(b-J If the hireD part Is on tlte faeel1 ears, or trunk, covee it wirth the warm UllglOved, haQd~ If a hand is iDrvol"¥edl~ insert: it within the shirt. UPI against -tbe body., If a foot is irnvolved'>Jl remove the shoe and sock: and place the foot within the shirt and against the body of another man ..

(e) Treat as a barn, wnp ill sterile dre:ssiog, cover \QmJJy~ and put at cDlll.Ple1e rest ..

(d) Remove the patient. frnm eX,posure: and. sive warm driDb,.. food, md clothing .. Anificia1 resp.i.ra,tion2, stimularnts"l and oxygen may

be necessary m cases of proJoogcd. ex,posure'.. .

Burns are extremely pain.ful and the resultant shock is more severe tban, that encoustered ill most other injuries..

Treatment:

(a) treat for- shock: (b)1 give 222s;

(c) ·avoidl cODtamjnation of the burned, surface;

( d ) OOIVeJ"' the injury with sterile vaseline impuBDated gatlZ;

(e l over this place a thick. layer of sterile puz-e: dressing O~ similar sterile padding; and

(f) bandage firm1y.

38

39

FORBIGN BOD11ES

To dislodge a foreign body from the .ear, syringe the ear' canal with lukewarm water .. , Be SUFe. to direct the: BOw of the water alollg the side of the canal, If the obiect does not come: 01Jt~1 db not try to dislodge witb

.. ~ ~

pIDS~ W1JTeJ ~',"1I1

Nose

This usually presents nc immediate danger, The -D1bject can, generally be disJodged by stoppjog the unaffected, nostril and blowing the nose .. AIl,Y attempt to dig the: object out w'jml cause more swel1i.ng and lodge: the olbject m()r.e secure1ly ..

El''5

Do not attempt to remove the foreign object with the fin:gers OF' 1:0 rub the eye,

r a) Close the eye for a few minutes until the spasm of irritation is over, then grasp the lashes of the upper lid,. and raise the 1id .. Repeat this process a" few times, In m~any cases the obje'C1 will be washed out b¥ tears,

(b) WbeD this method fails", a search must be made under the loweT Iid, Place the ,·hlllJmb below the eye and pUlll down.. This exposes the under surface of the lower lid for' eXaminal:io'n.. The· foreign. bodty if seen can be picked off with a cotton tipped stick, If the foreign body is Dol seen .. examine the: upper 1id- Have IDe patient look down, place 3, match across the uppe[l Iid, and then. with the other band grasp and raise the lashes, turning the 1!id back over the match, Liift out the fOl"eign body with, a cotton tipped stick .. Place some eye ointment on the inner surface of the lower lid ..

(c) If tie object is embedded jn the eye or Ijd or if there is difficulty removiDg it, close the eye and app]y an eye pateh held in place by" sbi,s of adhesive, Do not use a knife~ toothpick.1 pir.t.1 or my similar object 10 remove foreign bodies; from the ere.

T rianlular Bandage Foldt.d as :a era,"",at

•

TJianguJar Bandage Ap_plied to die Head

INSECT BITES

M:osquitoes. black fljies~ deer f1ies~ and midges bite" Bees, W35IPS, and hornets sting.

TNabDeut

(a) Prnen1ion, is; the best cure to!' insect bites. Keep y'ourself protected at .all times; with head nets, doves. 1ighrt. coloured clotbing~ By re pellents, etc.

(t. J Soakillg in warm water' is the easiest. and best all around treatmcnrt fOf' bites.

(-c:) A paste of clay and water will reduce ahe sting of the pests ...

T'ria~lJtular Bandage U·sed as a SliDE

401

41

-- - ....... 1

~ I

~ I ~l

I

t

Hand Bandage

........

I

Foot Bandage

DoUghBW, Bandap -or

Rmg Pad

Fraclure of'lhe Humerus Immobilized by Bi(Dding to the Chest WaD

42

43

J

')

I

(

\

I

\,

Staninl the Reller Bandage. -

(Hold t:he roll :GIl the right hand .. loose end OD the bottom .. )

Spira] Reverse Bandla.ge

(For tapered surfaces---over1ap eaeh tum OJl~ tnud .. )

~ \..

\

Anclhoring the Rol~er Ba:nd3gt. (Make a. fl~ (urns. in the same Spot.l)

Recurrent Bandage

) 1

FtileUJI the :Rolerl 01" SJriral Bandage

.. 1_::11 ,,;;_.

(Tear the end mto two tJUJ.~ ~. a

mOl, caD)' one tai] m dle O:PPOSlte di recti on. and tie .. )

Simple Spiral BSlldage

<. Used in buda pDa c Y BDdl rica] pans;; O'Verlap tach tum ODe tJili-dllJ)i

Paddin.g; a, WIQoden Splint

Start of the Re(urrent .andage

Appi.yillg a Splint

45

snlM FOR FOREARM

--- -.;.. ......... - "

,

..... _._ ~_I _ ...... -.

t\ '" \.

I . 'J
1
I f
~
( .., "

Sticks Rolled in C]olb. to Form an Im~r.ovj'sed Spmt for the Forearm,,"

T Splint fer Fradure of the Clavicle"

-.

- ._

Mdbod. 01 ImIlll!Obili7.ins the Clavjde. Use two bd1s D .figure eiPt fashion~ Pads: sbould be pl.ad over c1avicles and, under arm·pirs beneath bela

Sti~ks RoUed, in Blankm:1:s to F-onn 3D Impl Q vised, Sp1inrt foJ' I»e Leg~

CH.4.PTEIl 5

SHELTERS

INTRODUCTION

Once first aid, has been administered to the injured it becomes necessary tOI provide a comfortable form of shelter .. , There are many' types of shelter that are q~ckly and easi1y constructed and the selection of the one to build depends OIl circumstances, sucb as the availa,bljlity of materials, season, geographic location, topography,. etc .. A few of the recommended types of shelters are:

(aJ Jean-to;

(b) suspension tepee; (c) cabin, or para-cabin; (d) natur-al shelrer:

(e) aircraft; and

(f] arctic sb e1re rs,

The Leaa-to

A pole framework is covered with a thatching of parachute silk, evergreen boughs, rushes, heavy grasses, slabs of bark, or split wood p1a.Dk.L When constructing the lean-to, find two trees seven to nine feet apa.rt wirth fairly level, £JD1 ground between them. The distance between the trees willI be the length of the opening of the lean-to, a1tbough jt is

pos·sib1e to incorpor-ate Variations. The number 011 people requiring shelter should determine: the size, Whe.n constructed for one man jt should be made long enough for him to sleep across the open mouth 011' the shelter, wheJ"eas for more than one it sooluJd be planned for them tOI sleep JeDglh.'\Vise .. One or both ends of the :cid~ pole may be supported by a pole biped or tripod instead of utilizing stan,ding trees, This leaves the builder a wi.&r cho.ice of sites .. It should be remembered that the steeper the slope angle of the roof the better jt wiD sbed precipitatioa and reflect beat from the fire. A 45 dqree sJope angle is generally considered a suitable eompromise be1w'een available interior space and rain shedding effectiveness.

SI

Once the framework has been constructed, proceed widl the, covenDgll Spruce. boughs make an e:o:ellent natural covering, although the branches of any coniferous .and of ma.ny deciduous trees wilt do, They are p]a-ctd on the lean-to in the same manner as slringies:: OD a roof. the first row. at the bottom .. The brash ends of the boughs are placed down, or¥er]appmg the butt ends of the previous row"," This method, of tbatching ensures thart raiD wi11 be shed more read iIYIJ C'oDtin,ue~ tOI Jay rows of boughs in this fasbron UIlii1 tbe top 01"1 back roof Olf: the. lean-to is covered .. Then repeat die thatching procedure until the em.rtire roof is covered to a depth. of at least six. Inehes ... The triangular' sides are filled in with 1aq;e boughs set burtt end UPI as :itn tbatcbirng~

1

Tie

Cmt(:h

4

T.ripod

Ccmsttuction of' Brush Lean-1D'

Lean-.to

The lean-to is 3D excellent shelter even in winter since it permlilS. the utilization of any desired type of fire, With a low mouth, a depth no greater than the wjdl1h of a sJeepiJlg bag" alld die full 1blglh of the body npDsed to the fire, a person, can be surprisi'ngly co nfortabJe: in the coldest of weatberll 1t is possible to build a shelter of tbi's type to house: several people, burt it is not nearly as eamfortable sleeping with either head, or feet to the fire as ji is sleeping crossways.. Two lean-res may be constructed facing each other to share a common fire but it is difficult to arrange tbe meIrters tol avoid drawing smoke bad, into one or' the ather of them .. You may succeed at fiirsl. on]y to find that a sl.igbt wind sets ull eddies which male the smoke unbearable. TWo lean-tos :facing each otber and joined at, the to Pi will make a p1lt? tent ..

The Suspeasiou Tepee·

This is a simple -q uiclUy erected tepee, CUt 111e shroud lines; of your pnBcbure about two feet. fram the peripheJy:t1 lie a rope or piece. of shroud line around the cordis :in the apex of the chute. and throw tbe rope overan e:ueuded limb of a tree. a crossbar between two trees. or the apex of a lripod made from poles of at least fifteen feet in length.. This done, secure the canoPY' at the desired height and stake out the periphery wilh pegs, rocks, orr sod, thus fOTIllilllg a conical tent, The circumference: of the

.. ' --...I

Parachute silk: or wimg covers provide excclleDt lean-to toYumg mw

can be used eimhtr in. lien of O~I in oon.jfuoction with evergreem 'bousbs .. , If [be temperature: is 'Wery low~ pllace t1JJe: falbric: OD. the f:ramewol"k :first. and tben Ilmtch with boughs: OD top_ 1be Ight colOred cloth on the mOde ef the shelter will. reflect sbe heat from the, fire aBd provide greater w.armth. If there are hea'IJ rains or melting snow1 put the boughs: OD the: framework first and the cloth. on the topll This will aid iIll. keepinl tbe sbeher dry -al If available, a do.mle lay-er of fabric is ad:visablc.

53

tent win be determined by die: number of inhabitanlts and in, most cases several gores of sill will be surplus, If there is a need for additional silk fo.r other purposes, these extra gores may be cut out, or they may be Ieft loose 101 form the entrance ..

If it is planned tOI build a fire in the sbe:1ter ~ it is necessary 10 provide an adequate 'Vent before elevating the ca.nopy.. In. wooded. areas." where winds are generally not strong, the bol~ in the apex is too small for proper venrilarion aDld il is necessary to slit the canopy a fc':Y inches down along the centre channel of' a gore seam, Keep the vent bole open b1y tying in a cross. of sticks the: desired ppening: size, Build the fire in the centre of' 1he tepee, directly UDder the vent hole ..

S ., T

llJ1 spension . ell ee

Another type of tepee, similar 10 thai used, b,y tbe Plains Indians" is shown below,

I

\

--

0"

\, , - .

...

i

"" i

/

.I'

- I

-

1:

\

Smoke-filled Tepee

When mosquitoes. black flies,. and other insects are B1lI11CT01l5l- a smoke-filled tepee may prove to be less objectionable than the bloodthirsty mlyrjads; outside,

Centre Tree

54

S5

ClalJin or P'ar,a-l£abiD

This shelter requires a -c:ornsideT,3b1e: ameunt of work and, when completed wilt have a degree of permanency ~hat (be, previously .mentioned shelters do not have, When building a cabin, particular attention should

be paid to the choice of location. since the cabi~ wiU 1lIOt )'e. port_able. Choose an Mea close to a water' -SIUPlPIY'"t1 yet nol In a valJey-'" The ridges offer much more comfortable Jiving; ccndjtions, freedom from Insects, and SOlon .. The area chosen should ails 01 offer an abundant sUPJ'I.y of long straight logs. four toO eight inches in diameter, !he sUnpl~t method of construcuon is to build four walls log cabin fasbion to a helgbt of about three feet and then build a framework of li.gill polea to support .a CO'Y'eTjng of parachute material.

Para -cab i n

To build a cabin withQurt the use of paracnwe material it is necessary to construct the walls to the desired beight and to add a sod D.{Ii thatched roof. Do not make BOY attempt to' build an eJabOJ1lte: gable roof, A Bat roof' wirth a slope to the rear is al1 that is required ... De lowell' the: roof" the easier it js to beat the cabin, ..

This type of' sheller requires some form 01£ stove for oookimB ami beating as the "¥entilaticD wi] I, Dot be sufficient for an open fire 'ODder

I Rd·, .,

DOrma. eoa I. Jrtlons ..

Natural SJle1'rl!lS

CaYeS may be encountered, pa..rtiaJlarly in, hiD,y or monntainous- areas aDd. by the: mores of rivers, lakes, and, seas .. Caves shonJd, Dot 'be overblkc:d . as potential shelters but one must remember that caves are: fre.quently dampl and are sometimes alread,yoccupied. The base: of a large O'¥erb3Dgjng.rock win sometimes provide sufficient: protection from the elements ..

A reasonabl]Y' 1cngell f'aileD tree, if lying in a secure positiorr, can be de.ued out Wldemeath and closed, in by' laying boughs or some other. sjd'mg material over the protruding branches .. Care should be: 1?aJren !bat ~ -oD the undCrside of the fallen tree, whilCb may be leepiDg it off: the grouDd, are nor removed... The base: of a wge: tree with th~ck Ibw' braoches can also be used,

From (his stage it is. a simple matter to tale a parachute and p1ace il over the framework with the apex of the chute at the top of the roof, 10 form. a finished shelter. H is preferable .to empl,oy a dlou~le _ layer_ of fabric witb an air space between, "When poSSible", to improve the insulating and water shedding qualities. of the roof..

56

57

The Fig'ter Trench

J n warm weather ~ the aircraft fuselage, jf sufficiently intact, and; portions of the wing and tail can be made jnlto a comfortable shelter. ~e main consideration wi~t be the danger of spilled gas and fumes, The asrcraft fuselage does not mlate a good sheller during winter because the m-e: t al wi]l conduct what iiltle heat is generated a,way from the shelter. If' emergency tents can be salvaged from the wreck, then the survivor needs only tal pick 3, good location ..

If time does not permit building an igloo, the survivor should {'or the first Bight erect 3 fighter trench. It can be built easily and quichly with minimum work for the resuh achieved,

H a Jarge drift of mow at least three feet deep is available,. the sheker can be made b}< cutting large vertical blocks frmn a trench just wider than the sleeping bag and long enough tOI accommodate 1be 011e: or tWOI builderrs .. The snow blocks are stood on each side of the trench ..

AI't:tic SII elr ers

T ools, The com blinalio n SlIOIW saw-knife i n ~lOlllr SUE V ival kit or a snow knife is essential to survival n.orth of the tree line. With it you, can, cut snolw blocks to build yourself a shelter.

Snow Saw-Knife

.

\

"._

--..

Material., The SJlOW from wbich the snow house is built is in .3., fi~mly' packed and frozen for-m which, bas several characteristics not etten encountered south, of the tree Iine .. II is solid enough that a cubic, foot block will support, the weight of a man, yet it can be cut, sawed, or split with ease .. Even in the Arctic ouly a sma11 percentage of the snow is suitable for snow house. buil din g'_ First. look. around for an area wbere mow-drifts are deep enough tOI permit cuttjllg S1l~. blocks from a vertical face. This wi11 require a depth of nearlv two feet. The snow shoul,d be firm enough to support your weighlt with ornly slight marking by' footprints, Probe into the snow with your saw-knife or a long: quarter-iaeh rod, Try to find a place where the resistance to the probe indicates an even firm struemre, free of harder O~' softer ]a.yers .. Wllen you, find a spot, probe around. to ascertain whether enough go.od snow is available .. It is wel~ worth hunting for an, b,OUT' to finrl proper SIlOW as -you wil~ sa .... e the time· -during snow house building. If snow of sufficient depl.b to cut verticam. blocks cannot be found it wi11 (be necessary 10' CDI diem from the fiat. surface: olf the .snow, This iSI time consurning and requires a much larger' area of snow ~ and the snow house wi]l have 1:0 be: bui]l hjgh~r, beause il cannot. be dug jntol the drift ..

Cll,tl[ng: the. SIlCW Blocks.

When the trench, is cornp)etea a noteh is. cua along each side to provide nom-sup support for the SlIOW block roof ..

Th~ End Block

The T rene-h.

A triangular block is placed at. one end of tile trench as a, support for the first snow b]ock of the roof ..

59

The first roofing: snow' block is out shorter than the others, in, order that the succeeding blocks wi!] Of¥1!7'1a.P!I each supporung the next,

If DOl deep snow drifts can be: found, a trench stY'1e sbelk.r can be erected by building a wall of blocks -tDCJosjOg the shelter .area .. This wall is :then roofed over witb Iarge slabs which are: bollowed slig!Jdy OD the i:oside~ after erection, to form an arch,

~-+I' - ,- __ - I ...... ~_....,; __ ~

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. '

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Commencmg the Roof

The remainder of the roof blocks are placed in a similar manner .. In a two man trench an entrance door is placed balfway down the trench, opening into a roofed over square pit wbich allows room for CDOlking and remorving CJOtiJiDg: before ent.ering the sleepiog bag. Be sure to cut a '1enrtilaling bole in the roof and have a good. snow blfod haud, to close the entrance at night. If' snow depth permits, a pit or "cold well" sbould be dug out just inside the entrance to p~or¥ide a lower heart level. This wjl] also ease the problem of dresslug' -and undressing.

_.-

The fighter trench wbile a good emergeDCY me1ter is too cramped, to permit much movement -without diSlodDng the frost on. your clotlJio.c and sleepiDg bag..1 and In :mime you will become dampi wirtfJ.nurit a good means of d.ryiQg OG1"'1 This is why you should begin yOlD' iBloo as :soon as ynn caD.

Tbe~ 111001

The word "igloo" is of Eskimo origi'D~ and in that language it, is a

o·..n .--1 W" erd f' or' .. 'bo use' !Ii 11.111.- t.. 'Jt ,.II! I II; 'L" , aJl 111ft "n be d

a'W.u .... :r-iU ,V."I· . , ' ., I " "I .' .' or" :BIeer ..n, mlS m anD . J I 'WI I, . '.' . use I , I to

mean the domed snow home. similar to that used by some &l:imJol groups parlicuJu1y in the: eentral Arctic .. ,

The .Eskimo iglOoI is tbe idleal winter sbelrter in. the Aretle. It is s-Q1li£t sDund-proof~ and wind res.istant. and i:t is ]argc enough for. comfort, There are a few building techniques whicbl DlD5t be mastered but no one of these is. partiCularly difficuIL, Once lbe method is learned, the igloo win almost. invariabJy be~ the sheila' used io an emergeocy ..

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The Finished Fighter T reach

61

When, you have fOIUD,d a good, snow-drift, 18,Y out the floor plan .. The Eskimo does; this, by eye, but he bas had, a, lot of practice. Draw a, circle: centred on. the best snow 1 with the approximate diameter as follows:

Two man

-

8 feet 91 feet 101 feet 12, feet. 1.3 feet.

/ /"

,/

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/

/'

/'

/'

./'

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.--r /

One: man

Three man

--

Five man

Now, begin to lay in a supply' of snow blocks, Cut them. from the face of a trench, laid out as shown.

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Sbapioa dJe Block.

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Begin cDtling blocks by digging out a clear vertical face at A-B., with a wid.tb of about 46 inches and a depth of about 20 inches .. Smaller blocks are Dot much, easier tol cut, and Jgloo construction is slower 3D.d more difficult with them,

Wirth, yourr snow' saw-knife, cui a slot at each, end of the block, about

two inches wide and tbe: full depth of the block ..

_ 1 Next. score a groove parallel to the face, marking: oft' a block .about

s IX me hes thick,

62-

2.

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. . . '. row fca~1CS Ihe mow block ~~ a'· .,. 'b, ,~, .' .k •

"ed.' •. U ~I r- .mow 'rlOC ". U

replIl8C ," .. m.ll to permit the waUl to' be sateD aaoss iL' .. '. .

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Commencmg to Build

If' YOll have a snow saw-knife saw alOD-S this mar'~ breaking off tbe block wilh it firm jab ill, the cemre. If yell are USiDg a snow knife" deepen the groove by running the point back and forth, then bee or four gentle stabs and a firm central stroke: wi1l break it off,

Lift. the snow block to one side and begin another, When. you, have about a, dozen cut, then )"OU may begin to build .. ,

x:« u...

Note the sl~pe of' (be: tint row' of: blocb.. .AD end joints are fitted with [aces radial to lhe igloo eeetre ...

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Caning: the Spiral

Correct Slope

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Incoll"!ect Slope

Don't make this mistake" O["~ you are heading for trouble.

When the first row is 6nishedf begin the spiral wbi~b will end. at the key block: .. If yom are right handed, cut away· alny three blocks diagoDa.lly, stOPling dOlwn from Iefs tOI right.

CommeJICing the Second Row

Jf you are a sOlurtllpalw1 CUlt the slope the other way.,

Now fit the next block, LeaDing it inward sa thai its lDoer fa.a: is :rougbJly tangential to the dome ..

66

E,¥en at this ear]y stage:" the blOc:t misht tan m. except dial. it is sup.POJ1ed by :Ilbc face of the: notch and. the: top- of' the pre.vious, bIOds~

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The t~ -rlIa-w.frlt~ 10 rotate iU·iD.fll!:lir.d: ..... --- 1 I-~ I A' 'D: ... : ..... .• ' .• ~. .... I.u ......'. '

~: ' , . 1-.-.'11&&1 , G.luuuu. ,~D IS reus~ V~' pressure

1M:twun ~ .19PU third of Ibe faces of die BCW block ud aac ~ blOck. ~ face must be Adial to lite ialoo c:eatre, or the, prm .... bIact may be displacecl,

, ~ ~ttiog _mow bIocb on the A-B-C metflod dcscribed. • block ~~ be lifIed toto positiou. aad the joint fitted mugldy" with tile faces

m eeataet ~~d' 1IrL.., b·1..,.._'L :S'lilipp'~1 by. ..."L_ 1-6 'L ... _..... H

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.II!' -r'I'1"Ii1l'lil . between tb' 'e new blc 'k d tile ..

..... I.Ii ...... I".,.J .,'1 . ." .. ' .. ',' '."

,,' " .","" '.. ,.,'; 1 oc. all' I I", prevlOU5 ODe aad the .ted pushed:

~~ then a ~ UIldCrcut om the UDder faa: at Ibe eed nearest d2c IftVlOns block wtll leave the jaiElt SIIppOl"kd. at A aDd C o.ol}r.

The block must bear only at areas A. B" and C., It should not bear' at D or E or it will pivot md slip .. , All blocks from this poiat OJ], until the key block. are set in this manner ...

Centlaue CUlting blocks from, within the igloo circle, 6111mg them, as yau 1,0 .. Don't use b10cb less than three feet long O~I eighret:ft inches wide if you can help it. Lay small blocks aside for- Iater use in scow bcDCh and dtoolWay bu:il_d.illg~ The slope of the block 11 w'bich of course gpycrus the shape "If the igloo, is estimated b~ eye .. The block is raised into place and the joints are trimmed until the block settles into positiOD"

WbCD the third row is under eenstruction, the, slope wjll be great enough tOI make careful fittilll essential .. Each block bears ill the same three Jl()sitiom QlIJ1y' .. The remainder' 011 the jaiot can gape wide~ or .almost touch, but these three: faces must carry' lhe load to jam in the block.

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~ Inrr.nrd Press U re Be3Jiing Surfaces

68

69

A firm tap downwMd at C as, slwwn b, the anow win dTirve 1he block into fina] position, sea1.iug at A, B" and C~ wben it Deed. DO longer be sopported1l

Carry aD bbilding~ block by b1od. Yon will fiBd tbat the inacasiug slope of the j,gloo' wan wiJl of course iDcrcase the teodeacy for die b_t, to fall ia, but tbris is compensated by tile ilICreasiog 3Dgle between, the A-B axis of Ihe s1IQXssive bLacts as tbe diameter of' the openjrng deereases, Bui1d.ing actuaRy ~OD1es easie~ toward, the linish~ as tIJc blocb will jam firmly joto pJ~.

~.... Vft1!l11 run .ft. .... , of :on..n.1lDI bloc' L, .... de ... ,'L-._ .., I--._ .I"I'~ • ....:...,....1'11l1li1..1' .... .I.5J!,L ~ _...... I', I vu:t. I , '5...., _. • ' . ,.,'.. SDOW' mst~ i.UIi;:: IIJ.UVIII .....a.u uu:ua... ~,:

cut a Imall door as far dOWD tbe wan 35 you eaa, t.Duelling uBdc:ruea.bl to mate coough space for the oulSide wa-kers to push in more buildirng

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15

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Try to keep the CDTYC of the walls symmetrical and. aT'oid a pointed isJooll because the high ceilieg would reaclJ the lim~riog warmth before the sleeping bencb gets ds share of beat ..

..

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........... 500.

40° 32°

Fntmg the Key Bloct

Ibeaned

The bole should be ]gnge.r than it is widc!f. to permit passing th,e key block liP through, Ibcn juggljng it into positionl., This Is tlicky, brut., no one ever- seems to fail, By' ju,dicious use of y'our snow knife,. curt away the block"l le[ling it settle sIow]y into position .. You bave bui1t your igliJo!

It Is surprising how' Bat an ar-ch caD be built!l- u.siag the spiral technique.

The last few blocks willi ire alm,OS! hOriZOl1tal" but if yon remember the A-B-C fit" they won't fat.l ..

When, the remaiDing bole ill the Toof is sma1l eBOugh to pe.rmi't doing so, a key bJock js fitted.. After wbat you have been dGinl~ this is easy II The edges of the hole should be 'beve11e-d at about 15 degrees from the 'We rtic.al ..

M IU' ..... _, I"a.,... r._L'" .... 1

,.JI~lIg.1K ~~ .DiIWitau.le~

Across 'he floor!" about one thu'd, of 1be W3,Y back from] tbe door, build a snow waD about 20 inches nigh to conserve warmth,

70

7l

The Snow W'aD

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ench

SI •• ping shelf

Door

HOLE

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20"

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Fill

Door

This is die kircl1en and heating area ... It must be: reasonably dose 10 the bcodJ to permit the cook and lamp teIKkr to reach it without rising from the sleepmg bench ...

Child the dome of the igloo -carefully wirth powder SDOW11 whicb w~ Packed firmly into the open seams wiJl soon harden and stop loss of W3ml air from the j,gJoo- If' y>ou plam at, SDort SIlaY'!I" chinl only the outer' &nt for a better job -do both iMide and outside joinb.

You. may tDrow Ioose powdery- snow on top. .of' the igloo 10 act as dJiDking. but not so much as tOI add to the weight. of the roof,

Yoa may' bank the bottom row' of blocks tOI pl"eYellrl wind driven SQOW' from camiog erosion,

This will form the front of your sJeepmg shelf, whiCh will raise you into the warm, air trapped above the door ..

Shove .aJl tbe loose snow in tbe igloo behind the wal] 10 fo:rftl the sbelf ..

Bruit'. up lum.ps and blocks tOI soften the bench and to provide belter iJDSUicatinD., Level the bend top carefully ...

At each S-ide: -of the door leave .oc erect little benches; aDowiog about 2(1 inches of' leg room between the sleepin.g sbelf and beech,

72

73

bankin. 1 Itlolck high

o

15 chan ••

Igloo Cross-section

All snow' and frost must be removed from hides, bedding'" and clothing before they' are pJaced on the sleeping: bench ..

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A. Suggested Floor Plan of' the Iglool

If a high wind is blJorwing't' the drif1ing SDOrsw can, erode the: wa11 of the igloo very rapw.~y· .. A snow wall, should be erected to act as a wind-break, and anry broken blocks can be piled against the windward. wall to protect it from the cutting effect of the drift,

Now, with the igloo ehiDled .. the door cut in and. tile sleeping beach complleted,. all you need to do before moviolg in is tOI clear out an, loose snow'.. The bcm::;b. is first CO¥eJed with caribou skins (or odleli insulatioD,) and the slee:ping bags: are then uarolled and placed; heads 10 the entrance" side by side ...

Pets can be suspended from pegs driven, tiTmly jnlto the: waI1s above fbe_ fat lamp (.kQodlik) or tire prjmus stove,

Drying racks made by forcing sticks into the walls above the heat sources wi1l serve the: io1Iowin:g purposes..

(a) Dryillig of clolhing from which all SDQW, ice, and frost have first :been scraped. Never melt snDW on garments always scrape it off ..

[b) Thawing of frozen rations which do not need cooking. This requiTes quite a ]ong time ...

(C)I Protection of the iglool wa1ll and roof from melti:ng ..

14

7S

II the gaoup &odS the ig]oo cluttered with oeMs and endS, not needed at the moment" a mi'niature iglbo can be built: agaill5l the outside waD" and a doorway cut through to, form a cache .. Keep the entrance lDw to avoid loss of heaL

Now tDat "'ou are in residence, tlJe igloo will wum up rapidlyor' If the Inner walls stan to daze, form ice, and drip, you are overiJeating. Take corrective action before icing develops; ent dOwl1 the heat if you must.

FIJing~ bakin&l orr br!Ji1iog have DOl place m. igloo Jjving .. BoiliD8 and stewi:n.g are easier and pro~e very ntid"act-oQ'. Canned goodS, ma,. be

beated in the can b,r bringing them, unopened to, a boil in a pot of water wbicb complel-c:]y covers diem .. Use the pressure cooker 0,,", a tiglatly covered -pelt to avoid steam""

N'ever place an unopened can, 0lICI" dDeel heart! This, makes: a fine bomb, or grenade" and even a fool rare]y makes Ibis. mistake twice!

Two, gnoo mealS a day, breakfast and the maiD meal in the eveDin&, avoid loss of the working day .. A SDack. at neen will not brmg adiwty to a bah for more thart an hour or so. Body heat is dtrirvedl from food iatatc" SOl eat all your ration and supplement witb fish whenever possjb!e~ Eat fats; rather than, bum them if the supp]y is low., A diet of" meat is gnod fOr' yOU., despite some stubborn superstitiOD, to the contrMJ"_ Vilbj.almur' Sldamson Jived for a, full year on meat mODe to, prove this point If' j'Qt1 are forced tal ]i:ve solely on the products ot the chase, yon, must eat :flail, fat" IjverJ .and eVe7Y edibJe part 10 ensure that you donltt suffer from dietetic deficiencies..

A, mow bJock (Ko~ik l ma" be kept OD the lloor for use as a, chamber-pot after' the mew· block dOotr is closed for· the DiJlJt~ De user is :r-cspomible fol' irs sauitary diSposition ..

_. __

Persons elilrtering the igloo fDro· a stay' of km.~r IhlClD aD hour or se, after removiog mukluks and snow (rom garments, shouJd get up on tire sleepmS bmcf:J, our of the W3,Y.

The eook, uslla.H;!' -2t the right.-band bench" has the primus stove ..

UIIdu' wDicb is a piece of card,baud from. a rati~n bc1rx to prevemrt it from melting mm the shelf and, lippitD.g~ He may also bave a kood[6k:. if fat :is availalJle~ fur slow cookiDg..

One man should be responsible for adequate 'Yen1i1ation-teepmg the vent boles, in the dome and door open enough to avoid risk without fieezing the DCCU, ants. Cu'bon monoxide: is; i'midi:ous and da.ngero'DS~

During the dary the: door is I,eft open .. At night it is closed by a snow bilOct_ wbiCh sbould be cbinked and a ventilation bote sDouJd be bond through the upper pan .. The more fumes bejllg generated, the large]" must be the aperture. DOD'! wai[ until tile ]ampl wou't bum pToper1y· and. you begin to feel groggy before letting in air. It, is dangerous. and it DD·t necessary at all_ If t1t~ roof hOlle does JH)t dlraw properly because of wind!l .a, snow chimney can 'be made by setting: a perforated b1od: over the hole ..

The: Ieft-hand me 11, remain OD, the, bench, assisting in, cooking and maintaining their koodlik .. If' tbis ]amp is: burning animal fal. i£ reouires only moderate attention .. Lubricating oil is not SOl easily used" as the flame smokes easi]y and the wick needs more frequent attention, A 1ittle animal fat dissolved in. the 1ubric3ung oil makes a big imprOivemeDt in the flameol

. '. . .

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The Koo.d]ik:

76

71

The Estimo fat burning lampl, or kood I ikll, has provided Ileart fur£:omfort aad cooking: for thousands .of' yeaTS,1 girviog a. qrniet and pleasant tight and WaJT.Dth to the Dative, heme, Properlry' tended it doesl DOt smole: or smeU:tJ and it can be controHed to give more or less heart. OR demand., It was carved laborious]y' from soap-stOlle ;in, the faml: of a sha!1Ow pan of half--moon shape. The straighf edge of' the lamp was bewlJed to sup_port lhe wick" made of aretic cotton or moss, Seal oil or' caribou, fat was used as {u-:l., To arvoid its melting inrol the snow shelf and to keep it warm enough (0 reader fat I] it was supported 00 short sticks: drirven into the shelf.

SIGNALS

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011: : at

Optional Damper

Section Through Tin Can Koodltl

You can improvise a, fat Iamp out olf any filat pan, such as a :ration can. If you have fat, to burn, all that is required is. a piece, of hell"¥}' cottoa, linen c1btbi. OE absorbent oottOD for a wid[ and a sloping ram, to support it .. You can bum lubricating oal in a fat Iamp, but 1he Harne will smote: more readily, and the wick wjl] have to- be trimmed mOTe carefully to keep the flame be]ow the smoking point, Wben the Ievel of the oil drops. tbe. flame may folJow it down the wicitl causing further smoking, A -siml:pJe dam,per!l made of the tin foil from a tallow candle or a piece of sheet metal, will prevent this, and wi~l permit closer eontrol of the. flame., A few' drops of aircraft fuel used wirth caution will aid in 1igbtio.g the wid .. Neve[' try to bum a vDIa.tile fuel in tbe kood1ik-yortJ would be far too' successful, and yon miig1lt find yourself in trouble.. Doa't be the first man to bum. dOWll1 an igloo!

SIGNAI.S

Try the J13d~o as SOOD as possi'ble~, Conserve :the battery and be sure all switches are off after use. Power mAY be had from.:

( a) eogi'nes.;

(b) batteries in wjnter:. wrap the batteries in a paracbute and keep close to a fire to keep from fteezing; and

(c) tbe APU'-remove from tlIe aircraft because of the danger olf 2- tpark ipjtiag possible BIS fumes.

GiIJsoa Giwl. (AN/CRT'3J

It is carried in multi-p]ace aircraft, Follow the instrncticlDS OlD 1:be set ...

Power is by hand cranking, the uml held between tbe knees. Frequeneies are ,5'00 keg and S~64 kcs ..

On manual", th.e set transmits onI,. on 500 kcs . ., On automatic the set

trsDsmIls six groups of SOS foDowed by a. 20 seeond toae, and cha.Dgts antomatica11Y from 500 kes to 8364 kcs every 40 to 50 seconds .. On "Jight't' signal must be k,eyed manua11y- There is no radio transmission, Wbe.D th.e switch is at the signa.l li,ghl.. The maximum range, on 500 kcs is from 200 to 300 miles, on 8364 kcs from 700 to 1~500 miles .. The operating times are from 15 10 18 mio,utes and -45 to 48 minutes after- each hour.

SARAH {Searcb and Rescue aDd Homing)

A compact, rn.gged,. automatic: sipal device", it :is effective at any tim,e and. in aDy weather and iDclu.des a VHF transmitter (beacon) compl]ete with flexib1e antenna, a transceiver far voice oommuDieatioD~ 3Dd. a. battery wbich wilJ provide a minimum of 20 hours continuous beacon operation under extreme conditions. Continaous voice operatioD will ["-educe the blattery 1ifc to a.plp~oximarte1y ODe hour. The assembJy' weighs

8]

only 3~ lbs, and is- designed tOI be carried on the person, It is sometimes included as· a component in the Ijfe preserver ...

To operate, pu1l the toggle ring 0]1 the top of the, beacon portion of the: transmitter, The' beacon operates on a frequency of 243 mal. Keep the face clear of the beacon, unit whelli pulling the 1ogg1e as the antenna spriDls a:t,\r3y from. its homing with considerable force, and oou1d cause serious iIlljury to the face and eyes, Once. the antenna, has been released, you. Me ready fo commence: tramsmiSSlOO,," This is done by' puJ]liog the pin on fhe battery, and the: toggle 011 the antenna housiug., To' stop, replace the pin_ Operating times and, procedures are clearl,y marked on the battery, Follow accurately' tbe procedure applicable to y~W' survival siluatiolD_ Do not expose the battery- tOI 10w temperature, Keep it inside the ciothing in winter ..

Keep the antenna vertical for best results, Under normal! cond~tiom, an aircraft equipped willi the special receiver can receive signals up tOI 710 om: at ~ 0,000 teet, A normal, SARAH search wit be conducted 011 a 25 mile ot~i:sibilily" partern, It can be carried 011, day OT night and is of course not restricted to visual fii#ht conditions. One search. aircraft can cover 30,,000 square miles in four hours .. Opttate the beacon from. elevated terrain, reflective surfaces=-keeping the antenna vertical. Use voice onlyl when a search aircraft is seen ..

To 1igbt='" remove the end cap under the waterpEOtlf'tape and. strike the flint. against head of the fusee, The spike at the other- end :is to stick into a vee or the .pDund ... It bums 5 to ]0 minrutes brjght.. red. bUI wi11 not bum. if 100 wet.

SMOD AND UGlffI

Fire aad Smoke

These an; natural signals, easy to use and very useful, Smoke is excellent -011 clear fair1y ca.1m days but works aD,yt~ Fire and smoke

will• provi ..... e 2.41 hour servi t""'IIIi

" ~':&" j IU:'l . 'J I I, I ... ~'./ ,~.

MilDflue .p'roiedor PyrotftIlDi£!I HaDd)

When fired.. -a singl.e red star type: flare ascends 1:0' an altitude of apP1"oximate1y ].s0 feet to 2.00 feet. and, burns appro1a::im,ate1y 5 to 8 seconds,

To operate, retract the thumb piece on the pencil-like projector andl engage it in the safe position notch, hold the projector with the open end pcinrl!:ed, in a safe direction, and screw the cartridge intOI the PlfOj-ectO(['· ..

To fire, hold the projector at arm's length pojnting it upwards, tben move the thumb· piece f,om the safe positioD!! retract fu11]!1:r and release ..

I'YROTECHNICS,

Very Pi5ta1-1 f Iacll

This is. standard equipment in most military aircraft ..

AP' Day/Night Signal

This flare has two sigDa1s--orange: smoke on one end for day and a brig}1t red, Hare on the other end for nilgb,t.. Co]ound smoke should not be used! to COJ,OUf' smorw unless more than enough smoke is availahlle. Use it OD~Y when an aircraft n sighted, The smoke end may be used at night also; just light the smoke jn the fire and jt wil] produce: a brilliant 1igh,t_ To operate, remove tile plastic cap and fracture the seal by' twisting the

D"Iing~ Once the seal is fractured. a sharp pull DID Ihc- D"'ring wlill ignite the Sigilli].

- ~

T66 rarxllurte FJares

Wbeo fired", a rocket. ascends to all, altitude olf from 1 !f,20a to 1 ,SOD] feet" Whe:n at maximum altitude .. a flare ignites and bums fer. a period clf from 20 to 25 seconds, The flare is suspended by' parachute, Operating inS[ruclions are clearly prjnted on the inner container t; FOl11ow the dHec,. tions careful]y - Hold the rocket nrm]y with one hand, plliltioig the rocket eDd slyw'ard_ A steady pull Oi[ll tile Dvring which is lied to a string will

activate the firing mechanism - Remember a firm, grip on the .... ocket and a steadry ]luI] Dn the D]-ring" Do not jerl.~

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82

Method

(a) Ia aecordamce wirth the diagraal7 make three signal. fires at least 100 feet -apart if p:lSSib1e'1 aad grouped in a tria. Three fins. or signals in gr'oups of three. are iDileinatioaal distress caDs.

(b) AIo.ag a creek banlk or rarvioc. duee fires ill a Ii.oe. work..

(c) Build signall fires in an open ~ a kId, marsb, 1fOUDd~ or OIl rafts- out on a lake or pood.!IO if possible,. am'd close to your -sbdtcr so a quid dlash can. be made to lisht them when an aircraft is heard.

(d) Have fires protected from rain ami an ftadly to liaht with :&y feather slicb aDd spfudcre.d kindliDg in Ibe centre .. Plate larger

6;:- -- ~- ._ ... ,.1iI_~ ..... - .... :-d]i-... ....

s~ aruwru Un;; AUI·. q 111 tepee: fashion and tDid'ch with peen

boogbs or moss, Keepl atitional fuel. green boughs, m~ and, _gra1S bandy es emcrgeacy imuraucc.

(e) If Y'ou are aear the crashed aittraft, robber- aud oil from it make good black SDl,oke ..

(f) SmokE; signal fins earn be. lit ooce a, day to attrad aa~ )lOSIib1]e lOcal people in the- an:a-forest raaser:ll C8lmpers .• and rescuers, wDo may see your. smoke dUriog the dary or fires at -night. aad iDvestigate.

(g) CoIrt:imuous buIDiDg ts lmnecasuy and wasteful on wood aDd eDe~gy.

(h) If a lOw invasion above keeps the smake in layen close to IDe grouod,. it is genel'aUy' possible to get the smoke abov't it by buiJdiog a larger fire prior to ad~iDg the smoke .. matmg m;rteria]. This applies to tlIick wooded, areas, Find 8, good clearing awa,. from trees if possible..

(j) I'f a thin, cloud layer emts. night tHes wiD be diffused and not so readily spot:ted from the air, It is generally a good idea to keep you~ s,ignal tm:s gomg ua.der :such condirtiom anyway_

(k) AlwaJ's be careful with me and ensure that precautions :ue taken against your fires spreading.

rd) ATound tb,c base of the tree prepare a ba(J1rfir~using feather sticks, dry splintered wood, bark, and any combustible materia] (lite gas "3Dd oil f:rom the aircraft if .available).

(e) Tbis bonfire will bmn aDd ipite lbe "bird's. nest" which kIps tire up the wbole tree making it a gigantic torch visjble to, airc.r'afl and a.DYOoe for many miles around.

(I) Prepare- this signal in a.dv'aoc.e and use precautions against getting the kindlio,g wet or- spreading fires,

Flam Fire .. If gas and ail are available, use ocly when the aircraft is :sight=d~ PllUr the fuel on the grouDd or saturate pieces of' fabric and ]jght lbem when, needed .. Tate fire p:recantioos-

Hdiograpib Mirror. A very useful .. , important, and easy to carry' piece of equipment, this device has pl"obably been responsible for elIecti1lg more rescues than other methods, n is in DearJy all types of survival kits, Follow the instructions OD the back of the. mirror ... It can be seen man,y miles: away on a clear suuny day. If you haYe no mirror, implrov.ise with a p.ieee of polished metal .. II'Ibe side, of a ration, -CaD makes a good usable mirror. Careful]y cut a cross about 1 inch ]Wlg in the centre of the sheet with tile point of your knife wh.ile the m.e1a.l is lymg on 3, :Rat surface, At night a flash-light or candle ligJJt directed at die bcliograpb mirr-oc may be dfedi'V'e_

Aldis Lamp. StiH carried in some aircr'aft~ it can be operated from the aircraft power supp]y ..

Aircraft Landing Ljghls. Usc these jf' tlJey' are sti1l serviceable. Airc:raft Parts, The aircraft. jtself_, is an excellent signal .. Cut down uearbf trees and shrubs, rhat may conceal it from tire air. Keep it clear of SIIOW. ShiDy pieces of metal from the aircraft 1aid on the ground will reflect the SUDJm

SHADOW AND COWUR SIGNALS

Shadow

.... ~m.. Is· .uc~ ~d.~

AnIY form of lig111 can be used, CamPi fi:res~ :8asb1Iigbts., cmdia, etc; m.ay be spotted flOm (be air at night. A good trick is to employ 1ight imide a tepee which 1igbts up like a giant Jap.auese Iantern,

Torcb Tree

(a) Select an evergreen tree with thick. foliage ... that is isolated. from other trees to mi.Dimize the rist of fOrest fir'e.,

(b) ID wiuter-!- shake- the tree 01"' hammer the base and remove as much SDOW and ice as possible ..

( c) Build a "'1lird'ls nest" in (be 101'Wer branches of the tree. using branches of other trees. with dry kiDdling and baTk, mixed with them.

Sbadow signals are quite effective when built iII a clearing and of .sufficient size and contrast. In Canada a cross with arms running NE SW and NW SE win catch maxi'mum SUD shadow.

G .. .

Com true bOD

(a) Ar-ctic Winter- snow block. wall-line the blacks along the trencb from wha, the snow blocks, were cut ..

(b) Arctic Su.mmer-sod! stones. sand, or d,)"iftwood. walls.,

(c) Bush, Winter-tramped in the snow; ta)" green, bough signals in the so,ow; 01'" better still stick. them itO :snow 3.nd build a wid] of brush and 'boughs around them.

(d) Bush Snmmer-rock p1ile signals dead wood-bush, 01r Jogs for 1ettcfS" Use fresh peeled Jogs and bark, or sod blocks: ..

84

8S

GROUND TO AIR SIGNAlS

In kits He red or orange :sigoallimg clorh strips 8 i'ncbes by 10 feet which can be: pinned to the open groUDd as an X or other' emergeD£.}' ground4ir signal as sbown OD die plastic emergeacy' parachute cards wbich most airc:rew carry in their _aIk:ts;_ Tbese cloth stYips may also be warved from the bighest pomt around if 3D aircraft is hear'd. Snow can be coloured with sea Oluter- dye Dr smoke from an AP Day jNigiJrt Si:paI_ flare.. 00 water sea marker =dye- is .dective ..

Use strips of fabric, pua-churtes~ peeled Iogs, stoD~ :SO&; ... branches io snow .. Try to provide maximum contrast, An ~ should be at Ieast 40 feet Iong,

KEY

CODE

These can, be used to .some effect amoug aircraft Clew separaled from each other during bail-out amd hdp to guide a ground party to you or to guid'e a bamer back to camp .. Avoid firing three shots unlCss in trouble O~ effectiDg a rescue. Doo1: waste ammunitioD .. K.ee:]J .shots regularly :spaced, and in groups after ten-minute Of' lODger periods, Shouting .and wbi:sU:i:og mal" help guide rescuers 10 yoU'l

1 Require Doctor~ Serious Illjuries ~~

2 Require Medical, So,pplies _r·" __ ~~._ ••• _.,

INFORMATIVE SIGNAlS

Leave a writteo note for a search party jf you: leav'e; the crash scene or last can.pl site .lInd are on the move .. Write perlinent facts: datel d.iR:ctiOD 1nveDiug81 number and COlI.dition Oil' the party, etc, Leave the message in a botlle or' ean, if poss,ib)~ aDd .smpead.ed from a, tree or tripod or undera rock c:airL A ago v.isible from, the air shouLt be laid out aliso to give

.. be direction of travel. For yourself and sesrcbers, blaze a trail.

NOtE"" Check travel notes, fo~ blazing trails and Jea-viDg messages"

C01NCLUSION

3 Unable to Proceed ~.,~_.,- __ ,-~._~,~ .

4 Require Food and Water .~_~, .... _., ~

Establishing comact with OT aUrae-tiDg the attention of searchers and rescuers should be your main. objective as. soon as your vital survival muds have been taken care of,

Ca) Have- your signals all ready' and show them eftecnvely"

(b) P'repare as, man,y types of signals as yOlJ can at the. best possible $,ites.

(c} Protect. signals and equipment from, moisture and co1d ..

(d) Remember that any unusual si.gu or c'olonr contrast is 'W'isi.ble from the air" even a sl:ogle trail :in the snow ..

(e) Use pyrotechnics and gullS spariog1y and with cau1ioD-thc sutlply io kin. is limitedtl

(f) Smoke and a mirror are your best signals when. no radio is "I ble

aVaI 18 . e ..

(g) Care for your signLalUng equipment---learn 10 use it and be found ..

..

bon _-Il_ ••••• •••• ~--- - _.: ...

5 Require Firearms and Ammumi--

6R " M and

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eqwre ap .. Compass ... _.,.,_~ ..

7 Require Signal Lamp with Bartery,

and Radio 0<; ._~ •••••• ~. " ••••• __

86

87

g Indicale Direction to Proceed ~ 1-., _

:9 Am Proceeding m. tllis Direction H'

FIRE METHODS

101 Will Attempt Take-Oft"

11 AD-aaft' .' Serio- I D~

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13 R - F I d Oil

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18 Requjre Engineer

81

CHAPTER. 7

FIRE METHODS

IPJI1IODUcnON

Fire is ODe of 1'1Ie survivor's basic needs. With. it he CaD keep warm .. cook,. dry C101hiDg~ and signa] for help ... No one should. By without haviag a meaes olf lighting a fire Jn an emergency ..

REQ"

F'OR FIRE MAKING

SPD:k

The usual sequence for lighting a fire is from spark to tinder to fuel, The spark may be pr.-oiY·ided in one of lhe follOwing ways ..

(3) Safety matches "these should be carried by all airerew, Remember to stow a, striking strip witb the matches if they are packed in a waterproof container. "Strike Anywhere'" matches are prohibited in aircraft.

(b) Cigarette Jigb-rer-a good. source of spark as Iong as the flint and fuel ]35t.

(e) Flint and steel-e-an easy and reliable method of' fire lighting.

If the sparking metal flint on the bottom. of tbe fire tablet case is availabl1e .. use a, kDife 'blade or similar piece of steel to scrape a spark from the flint into a tinder nest of cotton batliD_g~ scraped cotton cloth,~ or scraped paper ftluff~. A drop or two of gasoline 'Wi]l provide instant Harne. If gasoline is not ava,jiable.. be SUTe that the tinder nest is large enough to ensure 1hat the resuhant fire, will ignite to the kindling ..

(d) BatteTY-·aD electric arc can be produced from, the aircraft battery to ignite a fuel dampened rag, Don't do this in or near the aircr aft,!

(e) Pyrotechnics " an excellent SOur-ce of fire. Caution must 00 exercised in their use, and you. must beware of needless waste, A railroad fuzee Of' the night end of the AP Day lNight Signal will produce an instant fire ..

91

(I) MagMfyiq glass-focus the suo's rass on a good tinder ... De lens, from a camera. biol.lCWlan,_ IW reJlector gun si.gh.~ or' any £ODiV'CX Iens should aid in fire slmtiDg~

true!

In going from the tinder to the fuel stage jo fire IightiDg~ it must be borne in mUtd that luge fue] materials require groater heat 10 ignite; tberefol"e:,- it is essential that some fOTDl of kindling be used to Dm1ure the fire uoti it .is hot enough to igarite larger fuel .. A few suggested fOI.lIlIS of kindling are:

(a) &y f dead:t evergreen twigs;

(b) birch buk~ sD3Vin,gs, wood chips, or fiDe spliDters of resinous

W~·~ .. ·

IIL.iI!I,JIU '",

- .

( c ) feather sticks (dry sticks shaved 00 the sides in a fan shape); 1)1" (d) gasoline OF oil impregnared Wood ..

A good supply of fuel should be gathered prior to attempting to light dle tiader in order to maintain tbe fire. Different types, of fuel are desirable fOT a variety of requirements. Use w'hat is availsble, bearing iD mind that all woods bum. better when dry and that pit-cbry woods 01' wet woods smote. De filler the wood is spl]it the Jess smok" the fire -wilJ be .. lbe denser the dry wood. the hotter the fire and umaUy the sJOweT bumiog..

Green wood will burn, but requires a hot fire to start. Split green wood fine end start with drry wood ..

D.Ier

The first starter should be fiae, d:ry~ highly~' ftamma.ble: maleJ"ial such

(a) COU<m, fuzz; (b )1 paper fuzz;

(C)I absorbent cot1on;

(dJ aretie oot1on grass tops;

(e) gasoii'ue: impregnated rap;: Of' (:f) dry' dead grass or witcb,'s haa.

VenlilstiOD,

A me requires O_xygeD~ Ensure that the: fire is we11 veDtilated ..

Fea ther St.ict

Fire La~out

The ideal Campi tire site is DII mineral SDi1 or solid I"OCL Forest fire: h223rd is aJwa.ys present with fires on muskeg, dry grass, leaves. evergreen needles, or dead roots. A handy water supp]y O~ sand is useful for ex ti ngu isbill8 flameslo

If the ground is dry. scrape dbwn to bare earth. 1D wiDrter dig down to solid grunnd, trample the Sl1OW.1 or' dig: OUrJ: an area around: Y'Otl[ shelter and fire area, H the SllOW is exceptionally -deep a sm.all fire may be maintained by' 1ighting it ~Il: top of a layer of green logs ..

A eootiug fire on the trail is ideal if buih en a grave] bar. presentmg DO fire hazard.

A void bu~ldjng the fire. in a depression because IOJig logs may be bridlged up out of the hot coals.

Do not build a fire directly und.rI a tree because of the danger of snow slides or ignirtjng the. dry humus and Ieaves,

A reflector is of little OT no value unless, il is burning, Large Jogs roDed on the back of the fin: make an exceJlent burning: reflector.

Four common mistakes in fire 1ightjng are:

(a) poor selection of tinder and fuel;

fb 1 fUIUfC to shiel,d the match from: the wind;

(c), Jightjng tllre fire from d~wnwi:nd (or the ]~ew3rd J side: and (d) smotherjng the newly' lit fire with 100 much fuel, too "500]] ..

NOTE. Tinder absorbs moisture readily from the atmosphere ud may be least eif«1irve WhCD. yon. mast urgently requl:re if ..

Keep YOUF Tinder' Orr'!

92

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If you become soaking wet and r.eq.uire 3D immediate fire there is a da.Dger that water from the clothing will run down and put out the fire, so hold the: tinder' high to keep! it &y' ..

The pr-essure stove can be used to 1igltrt damp kindling. Pick. a fire Jocation sheltered from strong winds.

Bewan: of using rocks aroamd a fire.. Some rods -ill explode when heated ..

Guard against :lying embers. You could lose all y,our eq_uirpmcoL Covel! your sleeping bag: wirth para. fabric: or wool at night to prevent .sparks f.rom burning the: bag ..

Bank the: fire at oigbt, to permit easy lightiDg nom the embers in IDe morning.

Follow instructions carefully' when using pressure stoves, Re-fuel outside, away from open flames. Guard against carbon IIlOIlOXide build-up.

- -_

There is a lack of natural fuels io the Aretic other than the odd piece of drift-wood Q~' 51tllDied willOw, and these are buried in wiurter .. Fuel and stoves must be carried or- improvised ..

SouF-tes of FueJ

Oil (Engine ).. In ool.d weather drain oil from the aircraft before it ccngeals=-on the ground if necessary as it may be used in the so1id state, A simple stove Dr fat lamp may be: manufactured as in, the diagram. A wide may be improvised from cotton material, surgical gauze, or parts of clothing. Oil should be primed with a few drops of de-icer fluid en- gasoline.

Gaso1iue or Kerosene, The :remaiDillg fuel in the tam will burn in Pl"imliS stoves or a sand or dirt filled can. Gaso1ine. may be mixed with oil to Iast Ionger ..

De-icer Fluid, Burn in a, simple wick type: 1 amp, A wick is. placed thl rough a tight: fi.ttinlg Iid ..

C'31ldles .. TalJow candles are in the emergency kit_

Seal OiI-Blnbbe~J'L Seal. 0[1 O~ fat of other' animals can be used as a fuel. Make a simp1e fat Iamp, using: gascline Or de-jeer fluid 101 start Jil:ndering fat. (See Arctic Sl1elters.)

Insect Repellent .. A small tray of repellent witb a s live [I of wood[, or match stjCK as a wjcl wjlI provide some bear. Do Dot waste; repellent in summer ...

Petrolatum Gauze Dressings, These are in the first aid kit., Open at the centre, pull up a small piece as a wid, prime with a few drops. of insect repellent" and. light. Mler it has burned dry .. Ibe wrapper may be used. to cook small pieces of meal or :6511_ Fold the container air .. tight, A grilll may be manufactured by bending the wire splint in tile first aid kit to any desired shape.

-

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-

.

Clamp Fire SbDWing' the Refiec.1o[ 101 principle

SugpstiOus

Carry ample mat-ches always.,

Keep matches dry .. If damp, rub them through the hair OF back: and. fartb. between the palms of the bands with, the: match head protrudi'ng' sJight1y.

DOD't waste marches use sticks from the fire for lighting smokes .. Collect adequate tinder and fuel for the next day and keep them, under d~ cover.

If the forest is wei use dry standing wood. Spl]it the wood, Make feather sticks for starting tbe fire ..

94

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Pressau-e SIoRs

The Primus (model 96) is the standard pressure slave in mil itary

sUrYill'lal equipment at tbe present time .. Its component parts are:

A F'i11er cap B Spirit cup C Air yalve

D Pump (with self ]ockillg valve) E, Head o(peniDg

K Head

L F1ame cup

M Vaporizing plate X Plug holder

In assembling. be sure that the head (K} is screwed tigbtIy into the tank.

This stove is bujlt to blum coal oil (paraffin or kero,sene) but it fUDC-1 tions with many' types of Iiquid fuel .. Never fi1l the stove orver three-quarters of irs capacity and do sal outside the shelter as a precaution against fire, If il is set en a piece of meta! o:r waterproof cloth OIDe avoids wasting any o¥.erflow. The head (K} has to be pre-heated in order that the foe] will '\fapOTize 1,0 bum properly, This is done by fil1ing the spirit cup witb a readily combustible liquid {a1coho~ naphtha, gasoline), which is. ipite.d aDd allowed to bum almost enrtirely" At this time, the air' valve (C) js

Bene lin or aluminium. .and _place illl the koodlik to support the wit;k.

Diagliam of a wire splint Slo~-e_

Flatten the lop of the wire splint, stove to make a tla[ cookin~ surface, Wrapl meat or fish, in foil f.r-cm a candle.

Bend tin, OT alumimum and p]ace im the koodJik, to support the l¥'id.

"

left open .. When the starter fluid is almost expended, close the air' valve pump a few strokes (D) and the. stove wji] ligbt~ If the starter fluid has burned out before the stove ignites. apply a 1ighted match at the top of the burner o.r bead (K). If pumping is commenced too soon Ibefore the head is: wamJed). the stove win fIla.me up. Increase. the Blame- by further pumping:: decrease the flame by opening the air valve (C). To extinguish leave the air valve open,

Waming. When fuel, such as: naphtha or nigh octane. is being used, place a sbitld of cardboard,. tiln:t ete ... between the head and the air valve before opening the latter. If this: is not done- the flame will jump from the head to- the escaping fnmes at the air valve and this; can result Jn extensive fire alii d p 058 i b 1 Y exp I os i on 0 f the: stove It

If the Harne does not increase after pumping or if the ftame is streaky or nat atmospheric blue. clie.ao the openin,g (E) \l'ith tbe needles provided. Keep a Iigh1ed match. neal" the bead (K) when doing so in order that stove wiD .re-light once tile needle Is removed, Handle the needle gently, especially in cold weather-it is easily broken. This cleaning process shoukl be done as soon as it is noticed that the flame is: not DOImal-if not, carbon monoxide can buiJd up in an enclosed shelter ..

WlIen using the stove fw- frying. beating; a shelter. or drying cloddD8 it is advisable to place a. piece of tin 0£" other lig!J.rt meta] on the 'tJ.pri.cJ;Irts over the ftlame .. This diffuses the heas,

The: stove operates and 1ights best out of a wi:nd or draft,

Carbon monotlidc: will be formed when jnsuffiE:lenrt o,xygen remains in the air, Maintain venfila1ion.,

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HUNTIN.· .... A, vu

FISHING

98

HUNTING A.ND flSmNG

INTRO DU'C lION

The survjvor must -COD5eliVe and supplement his emergency rations in every way' possible .. so tl1at he wi11: 110t starve if rescue is de1ayed. In Canada this wilJ be best achieved by bunrning a 00, fishing. Fish and game are usually 8.vaiIable:t -and if some basic 1:ecboiques are mastered the smviVQ[ can defer use of his survival ratiolls fori an indefiDile period"

To the majoritY'~1 hunting im,pijes the use OIl' the gun, 'but there are other pJ'oouctive methods of' taking game .. The SUYVIvO-f should p]an to use every means at his disposa1:t favlouring those which will require the ]cast effort to achieve satisfactory results-

Snares., traps, gj]1-ne1s, aud set Iines wi1l work for- you day and might .. Get them into operation as soon as possible, Utilize any available marterjai and imprO¥ise.. Scout the area olf your landiDg early to learn its pm_e potential, Tackle the job sys.tematic.al]y_

Before departio,g estabIisb a base Iine or check poimts by wbic11 y'OD can always orient YOlUs.elf in relation 10 your camp, This could be a river, a Jake shore... a hi11:t or even a bJazed trail north and south of :you r camp.

The fonowing general ru]esl may prove useful to the hunter. {a) Walk as quietJy as possible.

(b) Mo\'e slowJy:t' stop frequently, and listen .. (e) Look around.

{d} HUDt upwind or crosswind whenever possib1e.

( e) BI,end with terrain features as much. as possible." i.e~", do not stand against the skyline or- break from colver without lho~·ough observation,

(f) Be prepared--p.mc frequeotJy start1es the hunter or catches hnn oft gua.rd~

Walch for the fol1owing.

(a) The animal itse1f---don't get excited when you see jt~ 'Very often ir isn't sure wbat ),OU are and will remain 5tiJ1" Make all movements :slo'Tly and make the first shot count.

{b} Trails-usuaUy beaten down. through heavy usage. If recently used, trails are excellent for setting snares,

Ic] Tracks-, may provide a wealth of ini0ffil3tron. such as: the type" size, age. and sex of the beast: the direction taken; the age of tracks; whether the animal was frightened; and SO 00.

( d ) Droppmgs--tlJe best indicalioo of what animal has passed; will sometimes reveal f'av'otllrite Toosting spots of birds ..

( e ) Feeding grounds, .... -ater-bo11es, and salt -lid~ locations fer hunting In ear1y morning or eVe1IIi:og:. Trails leading in to 'SUch places may be suitable sites: for locating: snares or Uap(l;.

(f) Dens, holes, and food stores: good spots for seumg snares.

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DeB.!!! s.ncls may be- ~.edl int:(E lbc ITCUnd ro pl'dc., lila!: :r'3bbil(. ~o thl! ~I.M".

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CDmInon It.:aMit SMTe (Usi~ Win:)

S~LL, GAME

De mainstay of the s1:uvivolf", partiruJar]y If he has no rifle, wjU prollab1y be small anitnaJs. a:nd birds. These are well distributed tbrough the Canadian hiuterJalld and roa,y be taken wilnoUI[ fiJeal"ms.

'Tb.iJ. e nd ~w be ~.t 4, Ibi. bnrwrtel" tban. Uk: Oolb.tli" mdl., ~r:: ~'imJ that Oie: bill moe pole will lif.t rille: till.~i[ tlc.w -of the pot& .. d .. ,

Ceoeral

Rabhjt

There are several species- oommon in Canada, In woodlands they frequent heavy thickets. They are taken in snares: set on their ['U1lWalys, ,refenMy where the width of the runway is restricmed by natural OJ'" man made obstacles, The balance pole snare and the common rabbit snare are shown, in the diagrams ..

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~ bb.iq sn ucs mould: ~all"l be -Ci- indtc:i ::i:mJ ~~r !led !J E:n~l .firOQl, C:!c ,JIiCUPd'\,..

103

Squoll 't' .. B.e.13

Mice and Le.mmmg

These are edible and shou1d not be overlooked by the survivor ..

These are common throughout Canad:a'ls forests- They store their food ill tree cavities, nests, OT holes in the ground burt tbe.ir provender is :seldom suitable for huml,n consumptiolll. cocsisting maiDly' of pine and spruce cones and the occasional mushrt1O.DL The leaDing polle mare is a simple and effective method of taking squirrels, It should be employed near their food caches or nests. Three or more snares to a. pole are de.sirabJeIi since squirrels are food of the company of other sq,uirreJs.

Porcupiae

Tbe porcupine is foond jD most forested areas .. Walch fOT tree with, the bark stripped off fair])" bigh above the ground .. Its main 1000 is gena'ally bark f.rom trees. It can easily be kill,ed] with. a c]ub, or spear. Be careful in bandJimg pick it up by a froD1 foot. To skin'l open the bide along the bell,y aDd peel the hair back over the top of the qnills, WOTk from 1.he Inside as mucb as possible to pre 'JeD I eoneact witb the qu i1 is ..

Sq l"J i rrci Sna re

Mink, Marte .. am othe.r CmnivonJus Flu BeaRlS

These tie not rated as table delicacies but i'f you can shoot, trap, Ott" mare them put them ill the pot.

The musk-rat is fou,nd ill pond, sJougb, and macsh areas; the beaver along streams and lakes passing througO poplar' or willow COUDlry (watch fOT dams). They may be soot while swimmiD& and the best, rime ;is ear]y' momiDg or 1arte evening.. Beavers and musk ... rats mmntain paths and ruuways where snares can. be tried, Any evidence of these creatures coming out from, under the ice in the Iate fa11 or early -spring should be checked; you may cut Ollie off from the safety of the wate(.

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LJDK

Seldom. .seeD, even when they' are plentiful.] except by hrunfters employiug t~acking dogs, the lynx, is tile most palatable of the c am iva res 11 The meat is not Wllike tender I leaD YOUl1l; port ..

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These are seldom seen except when emboJdened by hunger .. However their presence is often revealed by their bark or bowl Fox CaD be .captured by a bait snare, In, the Arctic, fox -can be captured in a baited beehive trap; Joe'ate the trap on a hlah painl as the fox usually travels over ratber than around hills,

104

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The Common Jar Se a 1.1 found along most of the arctic coastline, is an animal whjch the s,u"irvo~r may capture and from jt obtain: food and fuel (bIJubbex- ) - It generally swims undo-water and, comes up every minute. OF two to breathe, If frigbtencd it wjl] swim several hundred yards before surfacing, From the end of A.ugDSt to June: it wil] fioat: hence, if wit'hin range it can. be shot In the bead and retrieved" During the remaiuing dnee-month peri~d jt wi11. sink, if shot, due tal its Jean body condit jon and the decreased salinity of arctic il1sflDU coastal waters at that time, In

.open, water =- it is quire curious and will come in close to iRffes1igate a scratching 01 tapping sound.

During the winter the Common Jar Sea1 lives under the ice and maintams ope'D breathing holes, which are usually covered with mOI'W., These bo1es are not easily found bly' the novice, .as they are us.ua1Jy located in pressure cracks off points of 1and.. The seal is captured here by w'ailing: withorut motion until it surfaces and then shooting it. in the. head or by setting a seal hook at the bottom of the hoJe (underside of the ice) OD wbich it wjl] catch itself upon div~Dg ..

In the SPiring the Common lar Sea] can 'be stalk.ed as. j I suns itself on the icc. It wiIl raise its. head every minute or se, and at this time the stalker should remain motionless. If white clothing is not available for camouflage, the stalker should crawl and slith.er within sboo(ing range,

Wc:iDt-RI D& .a.m. 19- mo. IiC IIWl bur.. ..ill fIO[ .I.and 01:1 iL i"'Jr~ of 'tht perdl.

Ll ,'Iand Game' 1Ii:nb:

Growe and partridge are most often found roosting in tbill;kets!t, snnning on side slopes, or feeding on the gronnd, aJlhoragb they are occasional1y found in trees, roosting or feeding 0:0 buds. Silence in hUtDting them is not essential. Normally these birds w'ill not fiy 'liery far wbeD {lightened and, therefore, it is better to :Hush them out and wait for- them to 1and before shooting ..

The spruce grouse in the woods aDd the ptarmigan in the Arctic frequently remain motionless thereby seeking to avoid detection .. This habit otlen plays them ill10 the' hands of even the most ill equipped huDrte.r .. They are DOlt difficult to take with a catapult, manry' are tined by thrown sticks and rocks, and the spruce grouse is easily' garrotted, at times, bf a wire noose. OD the end of a pole ..

lilt :Ia:'E~ .&ad ~ -1IIi~ tic I'OdIdl « ~Uilliltr Ltl ~ .. thl .pa1M11: m~ t.: "~Ii Ole: lap i.1Di (he ~r·il'l • ...._.-t ar 'I.k' ~.

~~: Jl.ftUaI _ perdi ill ~ mdl dte luKIilll _d ~ tbr pn~b.. ~ns .. ~ 10, ... die: laot ......_ tbt I~ lILLI$ U:IID"nC me- !!tl'd ,~ die. fed in tIM: :zIIIaK.

WateT Fowl

Birds such as ducks, geese, and coots are Dm'mally more di:fficult to approacb than upla,nd game. It is therefore advisable to shoot them on the water ~ taking into consideration the way the wind and current wi11 take them. If geese are found in their nesting areas during the DlOll~ting period, it may be possible to run them to the ground, Do not overlook 'he. eggs or the YO'UR.g. If any w'aterfowI takeD are suspected of being fish eaters, it j's advisable to skin rather than pluck them .. This, of course,. depends upon your' tastes wbicl1 will, be infiuenc'cd by Yotlr appetite ..

Geaenl

A big game animal wi11 provide food for a prolonged period, but it wiD. require a suitable gun and some skill,. .and it DOrJIl.Il1ly entails. a. relative'!Y large expenditure of energy to secure one, Iff when scoutmg the area, you. encounter fresh signs of b~g game you may plan a hunt ..

Most big game is ab,road at darwn and toward evening, The dawn hunt is best foc the Sllrvi,¥'M. If he loses his bearings, he wil1 bave aU d.ay to find his way back to camp. If he gets game, he win, have daylight to dress it and bcgiu p!"es~va,ti,on of the meaL

OdJer Bink

All Canadian birds are edible and most are: palatable, but do not. expenc valuab1e ammunition for Iittle gain. Gu1ls ""iJI often. take a. baited hook. An Ojibwa Bird Snare will b~ quite dfe'c1iIYe jn, capturing the Canada Jay (Whiskey Jad 01" Camp Robber) wbich will. visit most woods camp sites, and a few of them can be made into a stew. .

~ Deer Family

Deer and moose are fouDd tmonghout Callada~s forest zone while elk and woodland caribou are most common m \Veste.rn Canada,

In summer" fo[law ridges ovcrlookiDg open country II but avoid showing fOOrse1f agai es t. a. :skyline .. L-ook for salt-licks and wallows .. Flies and ticks torment these beasts during hot weather, and at times their frantic sp1a.sbmg can be heard at a distance, Watch game trails, because most aDimals prefer to use them when lra.vc.11ing., In winter, the deer, elk, and moose

108

109

tend to ~~ard up' in ]OW lying she1lered places, such as cedar swamps, willow clumps, alder swales, or pop1af thickets ..

When sta1king game." bunt upwind or crosswind .. Avoid any noise, and stand motionless frequently, scanning the area, Mmil game is seen wbile, the bunter is standing still ... Don't go crashing across country' ..

Still bu,nling requires Jess energy and is often productive, Wait quietly' and remain motionless ill :spOI'S overlooking meadows, game trails, saltlicks, and waJlows, preferably crosswind from the: area, under observation ..

If all aDlimal suddenly starts up ahead of you, do not give chase jmmcdiately .. It may not have known wh.at YOIU are and curiosity may brjng it back tOI check, If' yOIU remain motionless and keep watching on ai1 sides, you, may get a good opportunity to shoot it .. Deer, especially mule deer, do this qru.ne frequently ..

Should yDIU wound ODe of these animals, do nat fo11ow it immediately.

If it knows it is being followed it may rna for miles before it drops, but if y'OD wait five or ten minutes 0[" ]ong enough to smoke a cigarette. it may 1ie down after a short run and either bleed to death or begin to stiffen up~ If you wail too ]ODI the animal may regain its wind and depart before you arrive ..

The 8111 region is usua11y messy but is not to be overlooked if DO othc["' shot is a;yaiJable.. The wounded anima] may tra v el for miles, leaving DO bllood trail, before it dies ..

When game is taken, bleed, clean, and cool it at once tOI avoid spoi]ag~.l

Snares set on we11 WorD trails may save man~ tedious bours, of walk i ng 0(['" wailin g'.

A S,DaIe of cable OT heavy w'ir'e 24 inches in diameter and suspended app~oximateJy 18 incbes above the gJ ouad shoul,d produce good results, If the scare is well anchored, the lDimal, wi'H probably k.iJl itself in a

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!ViM time.

Where to Shoof your Big G'8IDe

The head or neck area presents a small target unless the 311imaJ is close, It may move its head and neck as you shoot,

The heart and lung area is the best. shot for most hUDteTS. It is quid. and certain, and the animal will DOt gOI far ..

A Method of Soaring AD!I~red Game

Use a strODg, dry' po1e about 10 feet long and sd inches in diameter ..

APKiae Foot 1ioare

The Apache foot snare is another effective 'Snare that may produce results when used 08 a weB travelled game tr.a.il ..

A hole the same diameter as the ",,~idI1l of the game trait and about

6, inches deepl is dug in the game trai.l .. A rectangular piece of bea-vy paper or cardboard or thjn aircraft sk,in w'jlh a, i,2 .. jncb cross (X) cut in it is. laid over 1ru: hole, A snare made of shroud Ijne is p]aced over the cardboard and fastened to a heavy log. The set should then be camouflaged with light sprinklings of leaves and earth ..

]1.0

111

The cardboard or paper wil1 ensnre tbart th,e snare remains OD the animal's foot unrliJ it Is drawn taut. The animal will be able 10 drag the log until it is exhausted, then it can be caught and kil]ed~

MountaiDl Sb~p aIId Mountain Goat

These are found omJy at high altitudes., If an opportuuity of hunting them is presented, a·PPFoach them from above, Often these animals are shot bot J05t through faDing from a precipitous Iocation, When skinning mountain goat 3'Y'oid ha~ling the hair ranch, the meat-it wiI] taim: il.

FISHING

-_

NeltiDI

A gjll-n,et is most effective in still water, C .. g .. , a lake' (near the il11~t a:od out1et are ,good locations l or back. water in a Iarge stream (for survival dontt hesitate tOI b10ck the stream). Nets can be constructed using 1be inner cords of parachute shroud Jines .. The floats on to:p and the weights on the bottom are to keep the net vertical in the water, Wh.en ice is OlD the Jake, the fish, are In.dined to stay deeper, The smaller the mesh, tile sraaller the fish you can catch, but a small mesh will still entangle a large fuh ... A mesh of' two and ODe-half inches is a good standard.

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Once the herd is Iocated, the caribou, are usua11,y easy to shoot, particularly when migratinG.. Approach them low and upwind; even after a sho[ is fired tJley will often flank you quite. c]ose]y' to discover what YOll are.. When, gr'aiilllg jn small. herds. u:sua11y in the valley bottoms, they watch the horizon; when buntiog them do not tOPI hills qruickly in, .an, upriglJl position, Caribou meat is dei.j.cious ..

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BeaES

Most bears are not dangerous unless il1jrnred or provoked. Bears do become irritable with age. howe ver, particularly grizz]y bears, and the survivor who bunts them shou]d be well armed and cautious .. Be on gll&Td if you spot cubs as tile mother will se1dom stray far Irom her YOll.mJg5lers and she will fiercely resem any intrusjoD UpeD her dom,estic afi'airs ..

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MlI5k-ax

M usk -0" rna y be encountered on most of the Arctic Islands and portions [llf (he Arctic main Iand, When danger approaches they face O,IUt ina ring around the calves. A gun is required. Approaching e'x.lincti,on, .. they should not be molested except when in. dire need.

112

]]3

Here are two methods of setting a net witb,ont the: help of a raft or boat.

Summer-setting the net out from the shore with the aid of a long pole.

AocllOT Line-s-Pulls the net into place ..

Clear water is a requisite, Refraction can be counteracted by keeping the tip of the spear in tbe water while w.aiting. AJoag the arctic coast the arctic char can be attracted witbin spear range by bobbling a shiny object up and down in the water.

SDariDg

The snare consists of a loop of' wire attached to a long: pole .. The loop is passed over 1he fish"s head and the fish is then jerked from the water.

Gill Net Set fOl' SUmmer Use

Rook 3IIIl Lme~t LilIes

This is an effortless method of fishing which, does not require the presence of the fishennan.. Njght Jines mar be set! using as many baited hooks as possible. Insects. WOml~l parts of' fish {eyes, fills:- head, or strips of bel1y) or whole hloody fish, and red meat are all good baits, One method of selecting a bait is to check the stomaclJ of the first fish caught to discolve.r what it has eaten ..

Winta-settiD8 the net by CUttiD8 holes jn the ice on a lake .. Bnsure the met is set several inches below tbe ice to prevent it honl freezing.

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TroUiug' or C.tiag

Keep the bait (SpjlD1~5 or- w'obblers) moving; it attracts the fish more readily .. Jjgging through the ice is another technique, Here. a, short stick, a fishing Iine, 310d, a shiny object near the hook are employed=-the last beiu.s kept on the move to attract the attention of the fish.

Gin Net Set for Winter Use

Wjth a pole s1ight1y longer than the distance between lhe ho1es in the ice, attach .a line to one CDd and, starting at bole A,. Boat the pole. to B, to C., and remove from the water art c. Attach the net to the end of the line and puU the net throup. A unti1 it is set", as shown .. Ensure that the line is. tied. to botb ends 011 the net, to assist in checking and resetting ..

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114

liS

FOOD AND

FOOD Al\D WATER

Food is not", as many people think, an immediate requisite of survival Man can exist for some time en nothing but water and his own body fat.

The dai.1y caloric requirement of a person varies considerably, depending 00, age, weight, sex, etc. II but is ,a]ways directly proportional tol the amount of energy expended by the body, II is likely that the daily caloric requirement of an average person doing an average job would be somewhere: in the nejghbourhood of 3.1000' calories ..

Experiment indicates !bat a healthy person can subsist for a considerable period 011 time on 500 calories a day Without harmfuI effects ... The aircraft emergency ration pack, when used according to directions, will provide the survivor with approximately .500 calories a day.

Vitamin C cannot be stored by the body but fortunately it is usually obtainable tinder- snrvival conditions. It usually takes several weeks- of improper dieting; to bring on scurvy symptoms.

Under -conditiOIDS of strenuous exertion or cold additional caloric

'II

inrtake js needed to maintain body temperature, The. rat jon pack. is. inade-

quate for this purpose, and food should be suppJ em en ted in any way possible, Jf game is readily obtained it is possible to subsist indefinitely in good hea1lh on a diet of meat, fat! and water, When other foods are availab1le. use them in preference to the emergency ration whi:ch should be r-egarded, as a last resort ..

WATER

W'aler is more necessary to human existence than food. About one pi'nt (two cups) is considered to be: the normal minimal daily requirement .. Obtaining good water should present no problem in any of the sparsely settled areas OIl' Canada, There are no known sources ofl deadly poisonous -ater. Contamination is normally found only in, the vicinity of human habitations, wb~'e the practice of survival, techniques is seldom required.

119

Do not thiDk sea ... water_ It wilJ increase yOdI thirst and may cause {'uJ"tber Joss of body fiuids through diarrhoea and vomjDng ..

SUIIlIDeI" Wate["' SOUK6

Spring w'ater or fast running water (s best but any running' water or that from properly drained. lakes in isolated areas will be safe ..

Standing water- of sloughs and muskeg areas can be used with, careful bailing .. In mus']teg aulas wbe're the growth :is in mounds of varying heights. you wjil often find small pools of good water around the bases of' the mounds,

Sometimes when surface: water C311.not be procured, water can be obtained "by digging: down jDto moist soil (us,ually in the low ground of depressions, gu]l_ies~ etc .. ).. Muddy water may seep in but it wilt become clearer if allowed to settle ..

Sea-water call be wed if a desalter kit js available.

Pools of good snow water can be found on the sea Ice in late sprjng.

Other sources are the sap Iayer of trees such as bir-ch and maple in

5pring~ &:w on plants, and rain-water ..

bod, jf the SIlOW is excessively cold.. IT heat is not available melt -small quantities ill y'ou.r hand b~ sqneezing and b(f'eatlting on it before con-

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summg J

)turikatiGn of Water

Boil three to five minutes aDd shake af'lerward to restore oxygen and

el.imioate the ftat taste ..

Use Ha1azon.e tablets as directed, Use nine mops of jodiue a quart ..

If there is considerable sediment in water, lise :fi1rerjng O£ sellJjRg pt"ocesses.

The flavour· of safe but unpalatable water may be impToved, by'

adding charcoal from the fire and alIo,wjng i1: to stand avel"nigbt.

FOOD

Win,ter Vi atel" S.arces

If open water can be found or water obtained tbrough ice, it :6 to be preferred to. ice or snow as. no heat is required,

It requires .approximately SO per cent Jess fuel to obtain a giv'en quantity of water from ice than it does from snow,

A pomted instrument is best for breaking; out ice--a number of ]ight taps to start a crack, then one sbarp tap to break off a cb,ullt of the size required, On a large. surface of a lake or stream, cut toward a crack which is already there in order to avoid getling on1ly splinters and, spray,

Icebergs frozen in arctic sea ice are tile 'best source if obtainable.

The thin layer of frozen salt water s]L'ray outside should be chipped off. There is mually dangerous tbin ice or open water around icebergs caused by tides and currents acting on the bulk. of the berg whicb is below the water.

Salt-free sea ice can, be fOUDd where the ice has summered and, frozen in agaim-usu,allly along the tops of ridges wh.ere the sa1t has leached. aut. It is bluish with a, crysta11ine structure in co:mpuison with salty ice which :is grey and opaque,

Snow which bas Jain 001 sea ice fOT' a period of time usually CODtains salt.

Hard packed snow yie1lds more water than ffuffy mow ..

If .fiuffy snow must be used. then pack it doWll into the cootainer. In either case once the container :is over heat work the snow wilh a knife or other such instrument until there is more water on th,e bottom than will be absorbed by the SIlOW above it. This will prevent the bottom of the container from becoming dry and bmning orat and also the- resulting water from having a burnt taste. Do not eat snow, It tends to dehydra,te the

~ RatioII hd:

The carbollydrate ration is recognized as a ulmversal surviva1 ration.

It p~ovide.s, tbe SUJ"ViVOI witb approximatel.y jOO calories a day.

It is desigrxd to place a maximum amount of the test universal survival ration m. the 1imiled space p~olvidedl irn jet cock.pits .. The tum "best universal stlrvival ration' means In2t the most palatable ration which caD be eaten with 1ittle OJ" DO water and whicb still produces adequate eueru to keep the body' alive with few' Ill effects if a minimum of eftor.t is expended. A glance at the foDowiug information should cle31r]y ill,1Dtrat-e "thy the earboh,ydrarte. ration has been adopted ...

One gram of' protein (p]us water)

One gram. of fat ('plus water}

but

One gram of carbohydrate (when assimilated bf the body)

yie1ds a.pproximately four calories of heat e~'gy.

yields, approximately eipt calories of neat etlergy ..

yi.e1ds four eaJories of heat energy ( plus w.a. ter) ..

The entire raboln shou1d be consumed in, accordance with the instructions enclosed in each can .. Drurjng the, fi~.st day ll"ben no food is taken, energy will be derived from body fat stored from preY'ions eating. It is ad'W·.ab1e tOI do as much of the ph~iea1 work" such as boildiDlg shelters. collecting fuel, layjng sigJIal fires,. etc., as soon as possible during the first day when. max'jmum energy is available ..

De ration is mainly carbohydrate, but there is 5uli.e.iemJt fat to trigger juices which will eounteract the stomach contractions which, produce the sensation, of bunger. The ccntainers eaD be used, to melt snow or ice, mak.ti

eoftee, etc., and some are :provided wilh wire bandIes for such purposes ..

Commandiug offieers of ftying units bave au!horjly to pJace on their aircraft any foods they wish to have carried fOT emergency use.

121

N'afural Foodl

E,very effolfl should. be made tOI discover' and obtaia natural foods with:in. the crash area before the emergency rarions are expended, This. search is, olf course, going to be in direct ratio to availeble eDergy-t1 Naturally the two sour-ces are: plant and animal life.

Plant Life

It is djfficu~t tOI provide comprehensive instruction on plant recognition. in a short period of time .. He-re ODly the general rules and. plants to be definitely avoided will be covered,

M'ost green, plaats are a potential source of Vitamin. C-rose hips (the: buds of the wild rose), tea made: b~' pouring boiling water over' labrador tea Ieaves, spruce tips, wilJQW lips" d.a.ude1i.on. leaves, etc ..

Aftytbing that is DOl bitter or anything eaten by birds and animals. is probably, but nor necessarily t; safe to eat. If doubtfu], take minute. quantities at first and wait 24 hours for a reaction. Gradual1y increase the quantities, using' the same test period, ull.liI certain,

PIOiSODCDS P1ants .. There are no poisonous plants north. of the treeIine, However south of tile tree-line there are three which can be mistaken for edible pJanlS and can cause d eat b,

(a) Water Heroiock. Two tOI four feet tall, it is tbe most poisonous plant in Canada.. It is; a, member' of the carrot family' and bas toothed three-part purple streaked leaves which emit a dis ... agreeable odour when crushed and hollow tuberlike roots which em~t. a parsJ1iplike odour. It could be easjly confused with Cow' Parsnip wbich is edible,

Air or Wafer Pockets

Leaves and Flow'fiS

]22

(bl) Death Cnp Mw-nroom .. This is. found in the wooded areas of

northern Canada, It is; i:ndjstingu~sb3ble wh~n -young but in. ma1u:rity has a soft white cup-like formation at the base and a broad, eollar-Ijke )"Ing pari way up the stern, Avoid a1l mushTOOmtS having: this structure and also young: mushrooms in the button stage. It has- been confused with the common edible: mushroom b7 same ..

Death Cu])1 Mwb£oom (Amanita Phalloides)

'usual~y 4 to 61 inches la1J when ma [Ill re )

.I

.1 I ~Il ,

Water Hemlock (Cic:uta Mac'keDZiena}

Note the basal cup

Over mature mushroom

Marture mushroom

(c) Baneberry .. This is a bushy perel1nia1 two or tbree feet tal] with small while flowers in a short (]lick terminal c1]us1er. Red cr white berries replace the flowers and resemble d Ol! Is.' eyes jn appearance. The root-stalk is subsfali1rtia]~1 Avoid berries growing in elu sters 0 f t bi 5 t.y:pe..

123

Nme the cbaracterislics terminal cluster of berries,

(c) Liebens, These are dry seale-hke plants, nmally found on rocks or old stumps in both the Arc:tic and woods .. They can be boiled and dried, then ground ioto a powder and stewed for use as a soup thi,dem:r-. gravy' base, and mi1d seasoning, A oommon edible lichen of the Boreal RegioD is the Iemon liched_

(f) Mushrooms .. Although some mushrooms are edible, delicious~1 and :filliD&1 they are oct particu1srr]y high in DOlurishment and since 'SOJDC are e:xtreme1y poisooou~ they shou1d be left strict1ly alone unless positively i.dentified as- being emblc ..

(g) Leaves. The leaves of ]am-ador tea, a shrub-like gYowdt found on practically a11 muskeg areas in, Canada, can be steeped to produce an aromatic 5Dmu]atiDg beverage .. These leaves. are boat shai'ed witb a, brOWD pubesce.l1rt underside .. This; infusion is quite high. in vitamin C ..

{1J} Trees .. Sap from mallY trees, such 35 the maple" bass-wood, biKh:tJ -and pop1ar tJ is a source of water with some food value particularly duriD, the spiring of the year .. At other times the cambiu.m 01"' 5lJrCCUIent new grawth between the wood and l.he bark of such com.mon trees as poplar and jack pine can be scraped i010 a cODtainer~ this pulpy residue is tasty and nourishing and contains

.'. "'\... C "Yltamm ' ..

Edible, PbDb

(a) Flowers of most plants in Canada are safe to eat either boiled or raw ..

(b) Greens such as dandelion leaves will provide roughage and vitamins, These Call be eaten raw' 0[" stewed. Some delicious edible greens are: bracken fronds or fiddleheads, the lower tender inner twelve inches of cat-tail or bulrush stalks, cow parsnip, y'oung green, mi1k.weed pods, young water-lily' seed pods, and, pigweed ..

(c) Roots such as cat-tail .. wild carrot, JiquoJ'"ice., etc., wilt provid,e starch and, protein .. Cat-tails are an excellent source of starch since they are found in most. parts of Canada and are obtainable in both wjnter and summer. They are best boiled. Some ether common delicious edible roots of Canada are: bracken roots, vetch roots, tiger-lily roots, 1ady's slipper roots, and the tubers af the arrowhead pJant. Wat.cr·li1y roots and jack.-in-the-pulpit :roots are edible brut must be. boiled in two changes of water to remove the acrid flavour ..

There are many verses and rules which supposedly differentiate between poisonous and non-poisonous berries and mushrooms but none are com_p]etely' true, The safest rule is for the survival student to become familiar with a few planrts which can, be used as variations in diet and a supplem,eDt to !he emergency raliar.ru.. The best place to do this is on field trips. On1y those wbo make tbis .a. 1ifetime study can, "hope to exist satisfac:to[j~y for' a prolonged period of time on plants alene ..

For illustratitms. of edible plants see Appendix A to this chapter ...

.·efts;

Grasshoppers OT Iocusts are considered to be a de1icacy jn mallY' C01mfr:ies .. It is best to remove the wings and regs and toast the body on a stick. The ftavour is not at an objectionab1e and :is said to be nut-like,

Grubs, the white wood burrowing Iarvae of beetles, are usually found

..

III rMhng Jogs or stumps .. Toast or boil them.

Ants. are delicious, especially the large black: type often found in rotten !cgs. Remov-e: the head, thorax, and Iegs and eat, The eggs are edJole if enough can, be procured blBt are dry and tasteless ..

(d) Berries, The edible berries of this country are too numerous. to Iist here, B1ue and bl1ack. berries not in clusters ere generally safe" Red berries are more lit.eJy to be unsafe and white berries. should be avoided un1~Ss. positivel.y ideDtified to be safe.

Both aquatic and terrestrial snails are an excellent source of nourish ...

IDeM When obtaiDable ..

124

125

Earthwonas

The large t.ypes particularly are eaten in many countries.

BUTCHERING

Re·~r, pU.Les

lizards. frogs, snakes, and turtles are al] exceptionally tasty. whether boiled or f[jed ..

Gam"e. Meat

A11 Canadian birds and animals are edible except the livers of the polar ben and bearded seal. These have an excessive vitamin A content which produces a toxic reaction,

Dressmg Game

Some birds" such as ptarmigan and the various species of grouse, can be skinned, using the fingers only. Break the sUn on the breastbone and work around tile body-Sea birds such as gulls I fish-eating ducks, etc., should normaI1y be skinned to- diminisb the fishy taste, The craw or first stomach should always be checked as the content is Dot di:gested an,d may provide nutritious foods, such as buds, berries. seeds, etc., which can be eaten ..

The following diagram will provide a good general pattern for skinrning most animals. When the animal :6 too bjg' to elevate, skin off ODe: side to the centre of the back, then spread that skin, out on the ground to protect: the meat while you r'0]1 the anima] over- and skin the other side, All internal organs of game should be removed immediately to prevent b]oating~ Big game is usually bled out by the bullet which kills it; however, it is advisable tOI cut the Jugular vein right after' killing to assure thorough bleeding, hence better- tasting and better keepmg meat, The removal of internal organs from small game and birds may 'be left until, return to camp ..

Big game is more easily utilized when it has been butchered i!nto manageable chunks as shown here.

3

.... ,

4 l

1

" .,._ ... ... - - -1

• I

" \

I. Rump 2.. Round 3. Loin, 4_ Ribs

5.. Chuck 6. Neck 7: - Flank 8.. Short Ribs 9. Sh~U[dex 10. Shank ..

Stic:ting point {for bJetding)

Heart, liver" and kidneys of a1] game can be used (except. as indicated above) and the eyes, brains, tongues, stomach ]iJJing~ and even the. stomach content of hooved animals CaD be consumed for roughage and vitamin content, Marrow of bones is also good .. Be careful not to break the gaH sack when removing the 1i'l;CT., Incidently" there is no gall sack iu deer or other antlered game .. In hooved animals all p'arts can be eaten, The same: role appJies generally to small game.

A Remove the· head

B Extend the cavity cut to A

C Cut the hirdle the shortest dis.tance from the cavity cut to CCut oft' the legs at C.

COOKING OF MEAT AND FISH

This is the best method of plT'eparing meat for buman consumption" It U easy, it requires tess fuel than other methods, and, if you drink the r'esu1llaDt b~o(b as wel1~ you get the ful] food. vaJue. A sma21 quantity wil! f~d a number of people and there is no waste .. In order to assure at] m,eat is p(folperly done~ have the chunks of equal size ..

]27

Meat shonl~ be lreld to dte side of hot coals DOt over tbem I AYOid IIDOte

aDd .. Use a rca:ptac:1e to CdCh drippim.;p.

.PJan,k tim or meat on a split Jog with pegs.

-_

A simp.lc' medtod of su,spendin. lbe ]JOt D¥'et' the firl: ..

BORING

Use a weight on the butt of tbe poJe .if Ilecessary .. The pole can, "be rotated to baste aU, sides -of the meat.

Frym..g aDd DoiJiag

These can be-done if the utensils are available and if there is; su1ficieDt food .. A certain amount of the food value is wasted, and above the ~ Iine, where you may have on1y a limited quantity of fuel, y-oo will waste fuel ..

Caotiug It,- die Lcme 51. ilDor

For the lone SUrviVM:t who may fied himself wjthout cooking nteDsib,1 baking. st,eammg, and barbecueing are good methods to use,

To bake, ho11ow out a snal10w pit and line :it witb rocks, Place over them a S:ood bed of coals and, on it p]ace the food wrapped in sticly clay Ofl mud. Mea~ fish .. and tubers can all be cooted b~ Ibis method; the first should be in small pieces, e .. g~, a Tabmrfs leg. Over the fOod p1lace

n

more hot coa1s and cover the whole wifb a few inches of earth .. Leave

far an hour or SOl until cooked. The pit does not have.to be lined, with lOcks:. burt foods cook faster and more thoroughly. when they are used,

To Sieam~1 use. tbe same rock Iiaed pit but after burmng the me to achi£.ve the bed of coals, scrape the cuds onl and replace them with wet or' green grass, The food is wrapped as before (tiD foil from rations is 1Ood- even dampened parachute material) and covered with a second layer' of grass, then earth .. Punch a hole down to the food level aDd pour

II

lID. a .small qUlantity of water .. Then block the hole and leave for- an bolD'

OJ" SOl to Jet the steam from die water on the hot rocks coo1k the food,

Barbetueiog Or Roasting

. This is an easy method and often produces the tastiest results though it causes the most wa$Ie. Clean the fish or small animal and spike it on the end of a green stick elevated beside a hot fire, which produces as 1irue smoke and Hame as. possibJe. H necessary tum the meat OIX3Sioually to assure jt -is: thoroughly cocked. A great qUaJ1tity of nutritious juices is lost by this method and there is considerable shrinkage. However tbis can be partiai1y coun,teracted by' either pJacing the meat very close to the fire at first to form a .bard crust Om the outside which will coatain the juices, er 1lal'ing the meat suspended at one end of the fire wi'lh a shallow plate underneath to catch tbe dripplmgs, ..

]29

It .is iaad:visatilc fOT the mnivor to eat meats and mil raw 'mkss there is a complete lad: of heat, Fish and DgDY animab ma,. he: diseased or hoses to bpe~ _flUbs,. ete., which would be ha.rrmful to hmnaM .. iJtJt thorough oooting. e.g., boiling foc 20 miouD:s. will .kill almost any

disease germ arnd an parasites.. .

500D moWld .. Do not 1hmw moul~y meat away; cut. or ~ oj( the mould aad, cook as usual In arctic and tnoora areas dig to the: pcrma-frosl wilbia. a foot 01'" two; DO additional cooling :is necessary ..

~'~~

Food in '------:-

wrap

Hot Co·al

The out-of-doors itself. sun, wind .. de. can. be used to preserve. Larger pir.ca of meat cao be sus_pellded in trees above: the :By Jiae (the line above whicb imects -are nsuallIy not :fowtd due to air turonJenee) and the alder layer wiD dry' infO a bard ernst wbich scab and, pJ"Oteets the inllCE' meal. In using tills method be: SU7C that separate pieces of meat are DDt .cn. '.· .. ~~m~ "1:' ea~ otb·, ;.~ as···· ~nD ~1F p_...... ... e.·DCe: "'ll1IjI1U' p[ace -~,-~, ~~~ ~iI .• ~

... vlJl,;,O ,.' . . . . ' ......... , . ..I Vl[U-o W IJ.l IWIW'IIi.Q:3iI.I . 1IiIo.Ii.I.J" '.. , 1ft ~ t:r -u.u:;; .......... UW;-L

. .

1MI'faI::e is 1101: completely exposed. FiSh and meart caD be filleted aod spread out on wiDow racks, 10 be cured by tile -SUI! and wjnd.. This is c,a]llcd ajl:rkirng" and is declive om,. jn bright. SUIIDY' weatfre~ .. Meat: can be best

j&:rb:d by cutting U: into strips about five inches by two inches by a quarter inch (or tinDer) ..

10 warm or damp weathcs when meat amd .fish deteriora,te _mpidly it may be advisable to preserve Ihe meat by smoke-eming. Smoking DOt only preserves, U1C- meat brut a1SOI deters, flies aftd like 'Ijerking-n' it deh,ydratcs .and. reduces wei'gbl ..

( a.) Lay strips of leau meat. one-quarl!7 inch tbickJJ on a green.-wood grarte tin'ec to' four aDd a, half feet above: a slOW-burning filC~,

(b) WillOw:. alder, poplar ~ bIrch I aDd dwarf bircb arc suitable: smokiog ~~ Resinous- woods, snch. as spruce Ot' pine~ shouJd DOt be used, as they will blackeD the meat and give it a disagreeable fiaVDm.,

(c) A tepee: can be used as a smoke house to obtain a concenrtratioD, of smoke ..

(d.) Avoid excessirve heat and smoke, Do, DDt let the; heat cook the: meal or draw' out the juices, A sod-bank tunnel is a means of isolatiug the fire: to provjde .. cooler slIPp1y of smote ..

(ell C10Drtinue smoking unti] the meat is; brittle ... It can theD, be eatea I"aw O~ cooked as, desired:. but arvoid ea.tiog raw:f smoked fresh water fish as they' mary contain parasites,

PRESERVING OF MEATS Alm F1SB:

To ban a supply of' food in eseess af dai1y amsumptioD is the objective of tile 5Ul'\i'l1'OJ' and if achieved. he must lake sUps to maUJta-.in the supply by aVDODg spoilage and! theft by muB animals.

F .-n ........ ':

_..: .............,

In the winter tllls is DO great problem; the food is, frozen solid amd stored In a place DOt aecestiblc to animals. ODe thing to remember is Hmt meat -m spojil jf thawed and re-frozea, panicuJarly if this happens a munber of times. Defoe fIeezing cut it into pieces of a si2 that can be used at one 1Dne and keep i: frozen mHil ready to use,

Coeliag

In the summer ~ smaJJ quantities whicb are to be kept for mdy a day or so, sboulld. mna:rn. as cool as possible. Jf a metal contamer with a. lid is al\l'811 able. set it in water 401' bl.1lfY it in -damp, earib" preferably in a shaded locatioill .. ODe me1hod of ooOOftg which bas been snceess:fuZ is diggiog -3. bole in a river bank. Jake shore, or hill side and bloding the em1l"a:l!lr;e with Ii mRC Peo:: of sod. Added coWling can be .achieved b:r replacing the sod blocked dam with a CUJt.ajQ of tIHc: heaviest pow"bJe material This is saturated with water each. momiog .amJ the eva!POn'tion

process dwiDg the day will coo] the chamber bclJind. The meta1~ Of' even woodem!~ container is: to keep rodents from the food---the contaiiner should be ventilated. Remember that if it is excessively damp~ meat wiU

1.30

131

TUm:J.C'J co~ I.':LXn,lc:1eJy by hlsb 01' sod.

..

...

'Ii.. ...

iii M'-II!.. _...IiI r Sm \: - •• _... 'r:' ... IIl.. . .n_ .. I!;.LmUU 0 I ~CLI!QI ~: or .r-1311

A :semi-isolated tree is less .attractiYe to small climbers_ SusJllCltd the- meat above the .fty line and out of the reach of leaping: 3!IlI.irJnaIs. A p.iece of 1W'aclmk- material. will protect the meat from the: elemems but learve it loose eJ10UBh 10 allow free .a.i 1"' fl:u-culartion.

Serplus food and supplies should be cached, There are numerous methods of doing this. The best is to suspend the meat by rope, away from trees or- updghts. The main tbreat to }'OOl" cache is: animals,. from

the bear- to the mouse. The cache should be bigh. enough to prevent attad: from. the ground. teo to fifteen feet, and far enough out from the uprights that climbing and springing animals will have diffic:u1ty reaching: it.. Squirrels and Canada Jays are the nuisances. Food can be covered to ward oft meat-JlIlllgTy b-irds, "but from the presenratlon. point of view jt is .advisab1e to have the cover fit loosely :50 that air can circulate around it. To db this have the COVet abo suspended bf the rope and hangiug around the. meat. Have drying: racks fairly bigh and if possible wrap the uprigbts wilh metal to stop climbers .. Avojd ovcrhangi'lIg branches ..

APPENDIX A

Car-tail (Typha Lalifolia)l

Grows m marshy· or wet Itound_, The fiowe.ring hlead is edible wben, young aDd gJJCCn. Boil like: aspaaralUS,.

The wbite wceulem mBa" portio:D of the lOwer 12 to IS lnches of slem, is widely used as food, Boil.. Of' eat raw.

Roots may be bdedll boikd~ {lr roasted. If woody, chew' and: swal~ow the .starcl:a,. marEcri'a]~, Spj I: out die residJue.

Nutgrass

(Apms Apios 01' Apjm Tubemsal

..

Has a lhrc:e-ang1e-d stem a.nd &TOWS m

low gronnd. neu' water.

Pee] the root and eat raw' or boiled. (Better' bojkd.)

The Ground Nut (:APfJd Americana) may be med in a simrilar m~nner ..

13l

Leens:

There are many' varieties of Jichens which can be eaten, Some: ean be Dibbled. raw bat they are geDeJaDy acidic 300.. should be soaked ig. w.ater fOr several hours then removed, dried., and crumbled .. ] before boiliDg to a gelatinous consistency, May be used effective]~ in thickenill.g 'SOUPS,1 s1CW5,. etc., or as a broth,

..

.. d Moss.

. ·eer- ":, .•.

(Cladoma-R.angifcriDa)

A greyisb", co:r31l-lih :plarnrt Can be powdered and :mned with 1IOllTI1 ox boiled to make: soup ..

Dandelion

(Taraxacum OJ6cinale)

The leaves are an excellent gJl5ClL The dried, g-rDWl~lIp] room make a sDbstitnrle fOF f:hicory which is a sob.stittlrf.c fOF coffee.

-

1.]4

Cow Parsnip (Heraeleam Larm13ltum)

BIack-en {Pteridophytes}

Young leaves 2L.:nd ftower stalks mat~ a, :sweet greeD. Eat :raw' -or boil ..

Fid,nehrads or },OOlD(g curled. UPl fern flioJldS make a delectable ,green wben boiled ..

The~ epithelium or- tender 2JiDwin,g PDf-' tinn art the base of the 5tem is good eithe r raw or boiled ..

RnotstaJks ale nutritious woody... Roast or boil.

but

..

quite

Liq~ aria: R.oo~

{H(: dysarum Al pmllml)

A ~ tch -Illite pianrt foumd. in Ihe. ncrlhl!Tn forests 3m d on I be: tundra.. T1M How~rs at e pink,- purpll'&h and look somewhat like pea b~05S0m5., The roots are quil-e subs [3:nrt~ 31 and c IlGl be- fa ~ n III W' Ol' b.ai~d_

136

117

Woo]l~y Lousewort

(Pediculaliisl Lanata)

Tile roots aJ1d YOUDg fiowering sterns m13Y be. eaten raw or boiled, A common perennial of the- arctic nmdra, up to eight inches in heiPL

, Siver-weed

, (~--" .. "1 TI _.,, -= __ )'

I, .[-t.IIl£:u una ~uIiL,

B'as widespread diStribution.. The roots are- a ;pcdectl' :acceptable food wDm., boiled or roasted.

Lamb's Quarters o~ Pigweed

(Cl:teIlopodium Album)

Common tmoughom: Nonh America. The young lea¥es of this plant malke .an cx'celknrJ: green... Boil lite spinach.

Stingi_ Nettle

(U:rtiCa Dioica)

]be Ieaves of the yourog plant make an. excelIenrt greeD,. The b ristle.d leaves an d 5t~S of lhe mature neltle lJlJodUce a rash upon eontaet wilb the skiD .. Cruslt-ed dock leaves make 3D effective nmedy for neltle stinDl.'

Lady's SJtirpper

J (CyPf"ipediUDl Acaule)

The roots ma~ IJc bailed orr eaten raw .. ,

138

1]9

•

- J II _.-

i' .~:J. fI'':1'i: .;

,~- ~J~,.~: J,!;

Ii II • j i-

• 'I

• I '

!". .

- 1

Labradm- Tea

(Ledum 01,,' " )

Tiger-Illy or Turk's Clap Lily'

(Lilinm Su_perbum)

Has a brown spotlodl"al .orange flower'., Aller pecJing,1 the: roots m~y be boiled: or eaten 1 a.,w ..

Pond Libr

{Nuphar SpecI'es}

Widely distrjb1lted .. , lhe roots m3lY be eaten jif peeled and boiled... De seed, Dods are best "Wlhen mewly i'armed. Boil io twa cbanges of Water.

Wi:de~ dislribuled. Leaves make ;MIl

.. ha' I·k Ch"

aromanc beverage somew I . • t J ,':e I • 'In-'

ese tea, D J"y' the leaves ove I" fire in, a pan unti~ they become crumbly. The infusjon, is, prepared by pDlltFing boililn., wa,t~r Dyer the leaves, The resultant brew

., h . "'" 1- ~ .' , , .. ",iii C' 'UI

]15 ' '. ~.'" m 'Vlrf3lDln "'.

140

141

CARE OF

EQUPMENT

~ .
1"1
i ~
II

\


..
I
~

I


~ 'II
\
,
• •

J. t
r
.. , J
I

!
~ II •
I
\ 'L
t

~
'" -:

CIHAPTER 10

10 the survivor's batt1e of man against nature. the- odds greatly favor Ihe maD who :is able to utilize his avai1able -equipm,eot to the full and tDows how' to care for it ..

It has iJeeu, found 1ll~t some persons have fa.i1ed to survive, even 1IIIder re.asonab1y good conditions, nat from lack of equipment but from failnn: to care for' it and usc it 10 the best advantage, Here are some m&ges1ioos for- the proper care and use of the various pieces of equipment fourwl in your survival kits", together with some suggestions fOIT the fabrication of further survival aids.

ThE is one of tbe most important pieces, of survival equipment, and also one of the most abused. Properly used it CaD simplify your' survival plobJem" but misused, it can become a means of c.rippijng yourself to such an extent tbat survival becomes impossible.

If your axe does nat have a sheath, make one from all,Y suitable materi.al available, and keep the axe in its.. sl1eath until it is required for 1l2. Before using II make the following checks,

(a) Check the head fOT t.iptnes5 of the handle, If it is Ioose either drive the wedge further borne or make a new wedge using baniwnoo .. Soaking the head is] another method but it is not recommended for winter time, -as ice may form on the handle and inside the head, 811owing: the head to slide off and cause possible iDjury _ To drive the handle further into the head, strike the: end olf the: handle not tbe head of the axe ..

(b) Check for sharpness, A -du~] axe can be dangerous for- two reasons, First it will not bite proper]y and wilt tend to glance off the wood being cut, Secondly, when blunt it is necessary to use. mOT'C force, "Which, usually means a sacrifice of control, ..

]45

(c J Check Ula[ the halldJe is not cracked OE sp1it.. A serious cut. or sliver- mig]].rt be: received ..

When carrying an axe. be sure that die sharp edge is bdd away from tile body. In the el'eol of a fall, there win then be less chance of jnjury~

When fel]i'ng a tree, I'be.se procedures should be followed:.

(a) Before beginDing, clear the tree of Jow'er Iimbs, and remove the uJJderbrusll from around the bottom of the tree: .. This is to] ensure that the axe is not. deflected during the swiag,

(b) Check }'001" distance from the tree to avoid underreaehing or overreaching, Overreacflling can :resu~t in breaking tile axe handle: underreacbing jn a cut foot.

{c) Take U!p a comfortable stance, mal:ing SUre thai both. feet .are firmJ:y set ..

(d) The first C1I!t should be made on de side of the tree facing the direction. of the desired falltl often, decided by the "Jean" of' the tree, This cut should be not more than half-way through the tree. The back cut should be commenced sligh.fly above and opposite: the first cut ..

{e) It is safest to, cut the tree oft not over a foot above the ground.

Always; keep the axe handle low" i.e .. , paralld to the ground w'he.re the blade strikes the cut. When llsjng short handied axe'S or hand axes 'bend: fu]~y at the hips or :k. nee I, Oln one knee ..

-when finished with the axe", clean the, head can:fully" replace the sheath:" and. store in. aa t)lpright position, It is permissible. t01 store by 51idmlg it in a dry' stump, but green wood should never be used: for' this purpose.

A i:wa ys; stick your- axe in a 10]g or stump

When sp1itting wood~ do not lay the piece to be sp1it 00: !be ground, but support it as iilIustratcd~ This Dot only prevents the axe from ehopping jnto the ground and becoming blunted, but may also prevent injmy to the legs ox' feet.

......._u

_111,,[1:

As wirtll the axe, UJe knife should be kept sharp and carried in a stout sheath, Return it to the sheath immediately after use .. Always; position the: sheath, on your belt towuds the back of the hip.] since with the knife in a fOrw-am, position it is possible that a fa1! could drirve lhe knife into :the

...

gn,m~

Guard against loss by attaching; a COEd from tbe bandle of tile knife tal yam' belt or belt ]oop.. Never throw your knife, It is ineffective when

~ . 1,_..-..1 od I iJ;] b b I b ...z:._ I"I'lCIo..:l] l·t

au' nus~ -al it WI pro I 81 y ee uama~ or OS: ..

V_anus

To, the survivor who has. had experience in the handling of' firearms aDd has acquired a degree of proficiency j'n their use" a rifie O~' shotgun caD be an in:valuable asset. Practice. firing on a range: is the; best method

of getting: acquaimed with the weapons used in the service, and facilities -exist at most units fOT sueb practice. It is recommended that at1 aircre:w tate advantage of these facilities and become: as proficient as possible in the handling and 6rinlg: of mearRl6..

146

14,1

Good bygieDe is of course essential and the clothes on your back: JDay be

die- only ones yon have till you are pjcked up. . _

Use your clo1hmg wisely~ makiDg every dfort to keep It clean .and

. drY at :all times. If your clothes become wet,. dry the~ as .so:m as poSSlb1e..

Socks and mitts particu1arly should be kept -dry. These win ns:-aUy ~ damP during a daTs wmriog. Unless too damp they can 'be d~ qwte ef&djveiy by placing them in your sJreping bag before retltlog and

reayjog them there for the Di!bL H a ho1e is worn in a sock, tum the

:sock (),¥'e.£ to prevent a blister 00 the- heel: ..

In wioter~ dress lightly wbeo exerting YOllISelf. and bave extra

clothing handy to put on when sitting around idle.

When warking in a parka. it is wise to -drop the hood and allow the warm ail" around your body to escape. The hood can be raised again

when wock. is compieti!d ..

In the Arctic" damp clothing can be Jeft to freeze and the moisture

beaten out of it when frozen.

.. 10 the bush, clothiug may he dried by the me.. Take the foUowiog

precautions,.

( a J Never place clothing nearer to the fire than you can comfortably

ho1d your hand.

(b) Never Ieave clothiJlg by an UDtended fire.

(c) When dryjng leather foot-wear. tum it and work. the Jeather periodicaDy to keep it pliable. When almost compJete1y dry ~

apply a good coating .of dubbin or fat, working the grease wen iDrto the seams and pores of the leather-Do not heat Ieather,

Ru1es for the. proper care of your weapons are as. follows.

(a) In cold weather.,' store your. firearms in a sheltered co'ld spot.

Avoid mmring between the warm shelter and cold outdoors as eventually, because of the condeusation of moisture on the metal parts, the protective bluein,g wiJI break down and aD.ow the metal to rust. Also remove grease and oil from the weapon and replace them with non-freezing. o~l or graphite. If neither is available, the moving parts can be rubbed wjth a pencil OI the gun C'.3n be 'Used without lubricatiolO ..

(b) Keep the barrel clean at all times. A pllngged barrel may cause a firearm to ~plode:. wirth serious injury to the user.

(c) Always prove your weapon w'ben. storing it 0(" picking it up .. ·&;Emply,rt< gnns have caused many fatalities"

( d) Stowe gum and ammun~tion in, a safe dry place.

111 arctic sunrival, the: snow saw-knife is ODe of the: most useful tools in y'our possession, Guard against loss by stickiD,g it: upright in the SllOW wD~n not in, use, At night take it iBto the shelter with yOll, because it may be necessary to cut your way out in the morn.ing._ Av'oid, chopping ice or frozen meat with it; under extremely cold conditions this can chip or shatter the blade,

I C' ~eI

U .UD.,

As with all edged t001s,. it should be kept sharp. The sectional bandle should be checked for rigidity befolre use, and the joiulS sbimmed where necessary ... If a cord Ioop is not supplied, make one and attach it to the end of the bandJe, ~ooping it oyer yQIUT wrjst when uIsrng the chisel, This wjl] guard against 10Ss. when tbe chisel breaks through the ice ..

In summer, keep it dry! air it when weather conditions permit, and shake it daily. Ro1l t1lp ligbtJy when not in usc.

In winter, keep it free of snow.. Open it completely every morning and gently beat .off any fT05t which may have formed during the nigbt., Roll the bag, up lightly and cover ill to protect it from the' m01w when not in use, Air your' sleeping bag as often as. weatber wiIl permit, sbaking it gently to restore resiliency to the feathers. If using wood fires for heat ... guard, against spark. damage .. If a hoJe should occur in yOUy bag repair it immediately. Considerable loss of insu1atioQ w'i11 result if a hole is not repaired when first noticed ..

Equipmeat·

Your tit wili contain many small items which can easily become lost if not. looked after. The following rules appI~r to such pieces of gear which are not usually carried 0111 the person "but are used by everyone

• 41-1.._

m we pa·JtY4

(a) Have a designated place for the equipment, and return it~ after

use. Have this loc.a.tion well marked, and make everyone In the

party aware of its: existence ..

(b) Never lay equipment down on snow, spruce boughs. or ground.

Put it iD your- pocket or bang it in a conspicuO\JS- place.

{ c) Locate your equipment in an accessible place, so that yo~ can reach such items as your signal flares. at a moment's nonce.

(d) Small item~ such as compass. match container. etc., sbould be tied to the person whilie 1ravelJiDg to avoid loss.

CJotIJiug

It liS even more important to. keep YOlur clothi,ng clean and in good repair while on survival than it is during your e:Y'eryda,y Ijfe in 1he cit,y ..

Other General Rules

Do not cut rope or twine unless. absolutely necessary Ii as you may need. it later in its miginaI ]ength ..

]48

1.49

Make sure your' -cooking is done on level solid ground to guard agJlinst tippio~

Fill your Primus stove, JaDtem, etc., away from YOUI' shelter, and O"I'U some utensil that wiD, catch spills, tbus reducing waste and eliminating the fire hazard.

Male a habit of tying knots which can c3Sl1y be undooe~ such as the bowline, clOw'c hitch~ ete., parhctJ1:u-1y in cold weather ..

Do not throw away scraps of cloth, bits of twine,. metal. and .so OD.

You may find a use for them later.

Keep your cooking and eating lItemi]$. clean, Aoy abrasive material,1 such as sand or wvod ash or a combination of both, makes a good substitute for- soap,

During the arctic spring (April to Jnne) and in wiDter hush snow cenditious, sun-glasses, impcr:-ovised. or otherwise, shmLIld be used eontilluornsJy. As long as the sun js up, especially on sJight1y overcast days there is: a danger of S,IkJW hliDdness. If your glasses become stCUDed Dp' whi1e wormg, do- not discard them but try to provide mace ventilation.~ Scow b1infiness can be serious ..

(c) clothing;

(d) sleepjDg robes;

(e) sails;

(f) ¥ir3ppers fOf" meat and fish; aDd

(g) bandages ..

The shroud lines have a woven case and seven tw'~d t~'~s.,. each thread consi5tiag of tlJree smaller lluea.ds~ 'The complete Iiae wlllilft about

.soo pounds .. They caD be used b:

(a) saa.res to catch anythiDg frOD. a ~OOIC to .. m'ouse;: (b) fish lines ODe tbrea~ waxed.;

(c) fish nel:S-WOiVeD, from tbrcad5.;

(d) ropes... liaes,. ICwiDI; ~ttad and! m.lUtrcs; (e) lifelines and lasbilJgs~ and

(f) snow-sboe webbin~

The pack an p£ovide:

(a) knapsack;

(b) foot-,wear, mit~ aod bead,geBr'; 3,Dd

(c) ase mid knife hohters.

Impnwised Eqaipmeat

There will be a Dumber of tools 0[" applianees wwch wonl,d be most useful. but which an: n,ot contained. iD ",'our sUl"YlvaI kit. W'itb the use of sal:vaged material such as metal wire from the aircraft, f.abric'~ cord, .and. webhlng nom the parachute and. harness, and I:he .Datum! mateJ:iao around yO~, yon are limited oaly by your- _bille, aod iDlgca.uity iD the pr:-oduction of :gadgets to make you:rse1f mor'e ccmfortablJe.

Here are a few .ideas which harve been developed in the past ..

(a) needles from bone or metal parts of' the aircraft;

(b) fish ]ores from varieus combinatioas of wood. metal" aild brightly coloured cloth;

(c) snow knives from wood, metal, or -bone;,

(d) water bott1es from bark, the iDtema1 organs and skim of animals,

and watetp(["oof materials fr-om the airTCTaft;

(e) good whisk brooms from WiDgs of' hirds;

(f) eating, utensils from bone, wood, or meta]; and (g) eye snow sbields fr'om wood 0[" from cloth .. ,

The bow drill princip1e can be used for drilling holes in objects.

Tile Parxlmte

The parachute is probably' the most useful .single item available to

the survivor, if he is ing-enious eOmI:gh to utilize it fu11YII The canopy caa provj~e:

(a) sbe1iers,;

(b) signal strips;

MisceilaMOlls

Item

(d) Steel p1a.tes, (chest pads) (e) Bungee cords or pack bands

Fish spear Fish books

Belts, pack: straps, and tump-

lines

FaD- qua1ity koives

Catapolts

(a) Wire frame

(b) Release Pins (c) Harness webbing

1.5(1

151

CHAPTER 11.

TRAVEL

INTR,ODUCDON

A .survey of sunivaJ jncidents both iD the Canadian Forces and USAF .. as indicated that travel is not to be recommended except under' conditions, when the aircraft has 'been forced down in aa area -where survival migllt PlOW- difficult -or dangerous. Under' th.ese CDcums~ travel should be omly as far as is necessary' to JiDd a _good safe dry focation for YOUE'" camp.

Ir'":'-_ ~b SU' mal· ft,./""< -Il_...:l-l bll"'n1NJo"Uer '.. L -. CO ... .ro;.,..iI .... ...,;~..... TPD~i d to -rf'D

r .. ._ I : [11'., ... ' 1 .......... :us;u, "U-'-" "'" .. ' ' ,1,,1 DlUa....~: ,'. ~ftD; .. ~ ...... ..;UL ..J_~T :]...,

OWD specific pl"OO~ 200 the decision as to w'h~ther or DOt to travel most be: made ~ you~ the survivor, 3.00 made quickly .. H J'OU do decid~ to travel, JOU mrost tta,'FIe] wb,i1e ",'OU .dill llav'e strength,

nere are five basic requirements for travel, If anry one, of these cannot be fulfilred. 10 your .specific situation, tbe:D don't travel,

(a) Know where you are and where you are going. If you dO mot lmolw wbere you harve Iaaded, :rOB can rarely pilau a route to safety. Stay put~

(b) Have, a means of setting an,d maintaining direction, If you have a ha:nd compass and klIDW how to use it, you shouJd be ab1e, to :maintain a planned course. If you, harve DOt, then yon will have to use the Big Dipper and pole-star !I or the watcb-and-sun method, which will be described 1ater' .. If yon have no sure means of

.." --+---!_;_ d - - - "L. ..... ad... .. - ftl "I f

'Ul;H:;.£.u.r.nuug an I, ma.mtaaDlog .a .uc .... lU_g--:Slt tIsdt-

(c) Most people are iDclined to over-estimate their' physical capabilities ..

Even if you are athletically inclined". able to waJlk five or six miles round a, golf course in balmy summer weather:tl it js no indication of bow far you are litely to travel tbrongh boggy country or hip deep mow_Be very very' careful when trying 10 estimate your physical stamina, and if in., doubt--don1t start outl

(dJ CI01hes make the man .. This is particularly 1rue. in survjval when the p!"IOpeT clothing can mean the difference between life and death .. Proper clothjng is im,],ortA-nt fOE all seasons of the year" as it a:lfords protection not only against the elements but. also against the "almost inconceivab1e torture from bites by' the hordes of insec1ts

155

that abound io Canada's summer northland .. Adequat.e foot-wear' is po-haps the most importaot item, of crothi~ Wet socks can cause grave discomfort and may completely incapacitate 'it maD .. Wind-

r& ,11 1-., ... - • III 1.... ..."L. __

proo.l cJot.u.lng IS a neccSSJty lIB COlO. wea~' .and shoraJd be wo.rn

over an insuIatiug type ot Doderclotbiog sn~b as woolJeD under .. wear_ Unless your- clothing is .sufficient to protect you from .any conditions which yon may encouDtersit and wait!

(e) Food, fuel, shelter- and signals, must be considered in l"eJation 10 the type of -couo.try and the season .. The emergency raoom aonnaIly carried itn. aircraft will be of tittle help as 1hey are DOt designed for active survival. They provide much less than the caloric intake required for travel and must be supplemented, Fuel is no prublem in bush counlJy=, but travel on the tundra, especia11y in winter, wi1l mean transporting mHicient fuel, A sma11 misealculation could be faW... It is adrvi,sable to carry -sufiicieml materials to construct a basic me]ter. A piece of parachute cloth or tarpaulin is all that is required .. A sieepiDg bag should be carried during all seasons .. Signalling aids are a necessity for the survivor and constitute a ddimte requiJ'emeDt while travelling.. The he1i,ograph mirror and pyrotechnics should be carried in Y'OlJI' pocke.ts or- 00 the top of Y-OWI pack,. where they can be put to use at a moment's notice,

The: iolJlowiDg' equipmclJt is suggested for most situations; sleepiDg bag~ faMie for shelter, wa.terp["oof match container (full), food, candles, cooking utensils=, axe, knife, gun. .:md ammunition, fishing gear to maps, compaSS:r extra CJot.biDg, first aid, kit, sewing kit, sun .. glasses, signal mirror, and pyrotecbmics. These are ail small items, imt considcrinlg them together in relation to (c), it is enough to make you pause and recensider, Remember, if it looks like a rough go you will be far better off to remain where YOIl are .. ,

Ridgs oBer drier .. more iasect-~ ttarvel thaa bottom land III There will usuaDy be less: underbrush and as a result it will be easier to see and

be seen... .

Larger river- crossiDg shou1d be attempted only wheD absolutely neces-

$Iff. If tile water is deep remove aU clothing, pJaciug it iD a buDd.k, ~ :rep1.aCX!- yom boots wilbout socks, Boots give ~ footing OIl the _ n~ bottom aDd prevent injury 10 tbe feet. druciog aosslD~ If forced to SW·mJ1 .. fast Bowing :riv~ start up-stream from your proposed Janding place and Jet the CDI1'eDt drift, you down, to it. When. fordmg a fast shallow $Ib"eam use a pole m bdp maintain footing" by p1aciDg the butt-eml down on the up-

stream side.

Decide whether to cross or gOI arouad eacb lake ... If it is decided. to cress, use a. raft or tIoataticm gear to assist. Swimmmg co1d waters can be

risky. Play' it safe ..

Deadf-all aDd swampsi sbDu1d be a.voided. Deadfall CaB be dlafllg~llS~

because of the ever present danger of slipping and injury. 51wamps can also be d.aDguous~ but their main problem is the steady sapping of S'Il"engtb. because of difficu1t waIkiDg CODd.i1iom. Go aroued them ...

Moulltain areas have their own particular p~oblons. Watcb for over-

bead threats. sbale sJides. etc, When crossing shale slopes, it is ad-visable. to rope dJe party together" ami send one man at a time. across the slope, USlDg the remainder of the party -as aD anchor against a possible slide. In :early spring, cross mountain streams in early morning to avoid tJJ.e greatest: volume of water, which occurs wheo the sum startsl mlel,1iDg the snow ... When crossing snow dopes. jn summer. it is Jess. dangerous to cross them ear]y in

the morning when they will have a hard crust,

BUSH TRAVEL

W-mter

Game 1]'aih~, especia11y if bea'YiJ"!l used,. will save walking through deep 'SD.OW;I but you mu.st avoid be:mg 1ed off your geocrall1eadljng ..

Streams and rivers will pr'ovide jour best. method of travel, being the highways of the canadiaD 00Tth. There are however, dangers ill wj~ river travel which must be carefully watched for and aVDided\. In certain places alMS the river" weak ice will be fou~ and it is best to bow in advance

where to Iook for' it.

(a) Stay away from rocks and other protrusions, since. ice formation jD these localities will have been retarded bry eddies ..

(b) Wa1k on the inside of carves, since em the oolSide of curves the river current bas an et"odi.ng effect on the. under side of the ice

surface ..

Take to the bank or walk on the opposite side of the river at: the jan.ction of two rivers, because the C-UJTeDIS from both rrvers

bold up the formation of the' ice through turbulence, .. II

Stay on dear ice wben possible since a deep layer of snow WillID~

sulate and retard freezing, aDd erosion by' the river may Ieave only.

a saow bridge.

(e)

Bush travel in summer is relatively easy, if the foUowing rules are fo!1owed_

Before any biUsh, tIip~ climb a hi,gl1 hill or large tree. to orjent yomsellf with the surrounding area and possibly discover- human habitation.

Game trails provide an easly pal'h through bush conntry, The mai.n game trails fo11ow the ridges and river flats and arc connected, by a network of trails- The danger in following these trails lies in the fa,ct that, unless you keep a. careful check on direction, you may wandler eft your heading~

Streams may be fol.lowed to Iarger FIvers or Jakes, along die shores of whi,ch you are mo~tJy ];kely to find habitation_ Generally, it is better to io1low tile drainage pattern than: to cross it ..

Rivers may be fOI]low'ed along the bank, but the wiooin,g nature of rivers usually means 1'ravellj11g about four times as far to get frnm A to B as opposed to ridge travel. Unless the waler-w'ays in. the survival area Me weU known to' the survivors, .. raft building is not recommended ..

(d)

157

(e) Carry a, pole for testiog ice and for IISC in .supporting your weight if you, break, tInougb.

(f) Be p~epared 10 get rid of your pad: if you should fall through

the ice. .

(g) Before bcgiurning' any trip on ice be. certam that a good waterproof' fire starting kit is immediately availab1e and will not be lost.

(h) You may eDalunter o¥erliow under the snow .. Wet, feet will freta rapidly ..

SEA ICE TRAVEL

BARREN LAND TRAVEL

Flood. in, the form of seal~ fox~ and polar bear is more readilry obtained on wilder' sea ice dian on barren JaDd. U'Bless serious injmy p£eYents travel, do DOl spJit UPI the party as :lbere is geaerally notbing to be gained by amyone wJao remarirns behind AD sh,ould travel at oeee,

Tk pro1Jlcms of narvigation are identical Mth those 00 the barren lauds with one 'Very great exception. The polar ice pack is in cODR8DiJ: motion .. 1bis is caused by cuneDt aDd wind .. Therefore, determinatioD of direction may be particnlarJy diflicalt. Abo one rarely travels in a straight liDe~ blurt foHows dIe smooth goillig and a,voids the rough ice. Landmarks in the form of high, press1Uc ridges and, hrommocks, are usable. ouly over sbort distances" since it may be that they are Iocakd on other floes which, are changing positiOfL,

--

AM, to this the fact Ibat the magnetic CQmIPasS :is -.err unreliable in high

latitudes and the necessity fo~ constaDl directional checks on the san and stars becomes obvious..

The, ice in the very high Iatimdes is comparatively' solid in winter ... As the SUD returns -tlne icc recedes and there ~s open water aloog the entire .aic coast. Aloog the nmd:J coasts- ice lies off sbores, and with stroug north or west winds JIoes are. often driven ashore, Rid.mg one of these floes is defiaitcly a t.ast resort procedure,. siaee there is DO guaran.tee that the wind wilJ continue until the ftoc- grounds. Ice Does in tbe fall are less dangerOtls as they' will usually Dot travel too far before l'hey freeze in, again..

The summer ice is covered with Jakes and water soaked snow~ wb.ich gradualJy drain oft as the ice dcve]ops boles and cracks .. There is ~acticafly :111)' dry swfac'e anrywhcre.. Fogs abound and misting rain is frequent, All thart bas heeD said about wiDter:- travel appljes to summer travel .. Survivors shouki leave the ice and get tOI I.and if this is possible, Travel should otbeT--, 'Wise.. be restricted to a minimum since it will avail JittJe and it is dangerous aud 9b'.IINingll

Cracks in stationary ice, t.,I .... OR sounds or bays, de DOt pose any great, problem duriag the "Mntert and in lbe spring and summer they are readi1y' .seem and. barye to be: -cDcumuaivigated. via ftleir narrow end, Cracks in moviDg' iCe can be, opened all,d -closed quite sudaenly by wind and tide; pressures

3Dd one should be 011 the alert for them at all times, using bo1b eyes and ears ..

An, icebergs frozen in the ice- are li.ke1y to have open water in their 'V'icinity. This is because of the force exerted by the current on the greater mass of the berg belOw the surface, lceber,gs driven by the: currents have beeu kBOWD tOI cra.sb through, ice several feet in thickness, Toweriug icebergs are always a danger in open water .. The area be:JQlw the- surface melts faster' than tbat iD the air, Wb.eD the berg's equilibrium M upset, it topples over, and the ... joining area is no place for man or beast, The resulting tidal waves dbvw the. surrounding smml ice pieces in an, dired.ions.., Therefore, sta,y away from piDnad,ed bergs .. Seek. out lOw', fiat topped bergs for sbeher at. sea,

Ridges may giye easier walkj'ng conditiom as they do not usually bavo the same amount of snow as the valleys...

Mountain areas, in wjnter:t, can be particD1ar1y treacherous, with the possibility of snow' slides, uncertain footiDg and suddeD storms. Snow' sJides wi][ occur. from natural causes, but care should be takea to avoid causing them through carelessness,

Deadfall is even more dangerous In 'IFAtinrter than in summer sieee a lot

fl I, "n b b ..

o it WI I, ee covered .':y snow .. making walking cood.itions extremely treaeh-

erous,

Snow--shoes and skis are not essential on hard snow ... On the Arctic Islands and barrens east of the 142nd meridian, walkiog: conditions are normally good, in winter. In some localities freque:Ol gales are eaeonatered, There- is nOI shelter except tbat provided bf scattered rugh hanks and wiD,ow 1hickets. ar-ound lakes and along stream 'beds, .. Game is very scarce and fires cannot be maintained fOO'" 1on,g on the fuel genera1ly to be found in the dead, of winter .. The survivor cannot aftor'd to fo1low the slTeams w'bic~ because of their winding Dalure., doub1e and quadruple. the: distance tOI be covered .. The compass is not reliable and Jandmarks are fe,w and far between .. One man will ba ve difficu1ty steering a straight course by' himse1f. Two CaD de a Iittle better but three are required to navigate when, visibility is Jew.. It is recommended that any extended travel over barren, land or sea ice be deoe b, a. party of at least three far- this reason ..

The spring break-up, summer'~ and the fall freeze present far greater travel difficulties than does the wiDter' season- Equi:pmeul must be r'acked on the back. The masses of :soggy vegetation on the tundra cause the traveller to slip and slide, Lake systems must be either crossed 0[" circumJlavigated .. Care must be taken in crossing sand-bars and mud flats at the mouths and junctions of rivers, and Iake and Iagoon outlets. QuicksaDds or bottomless muck, may trap you, If a life raft is a"Y'ailable,. it is preferable to BOat dOWD a river rather than attempt to travel across country, The months of July and August are about the best summer mODths. for cross country travel .. Because of the prevaJence.. of :.tisll in a,]l streams or Iakes, a. fish net is OBe of the best pieces of equipm,ent tbe traveller can, carry ... A rifte may provide game for a Dumber of meals ..

158

The larger rivers ill the ictericr of Alaska and Canada are main fiDeS of sommer and wimte.r ttav'cl ..

Usc- :dIe topograph,y t,OI the best advaDtage. Travel with, dr'amage

JiBes not across them, particularly in sum mer t,

A,void clUnbing' if possible...

_... ..-_I

~

Tale it easy. Conserve energy. If yon are tire~ stopl arut, mate cantp. Cany adequate but only necessary eq .. :ipment. Don't overload .. Keep yom equipment in good amdioon; guard agalimt, losses; aDd, protect f-ood

from prOlMlill8 animals,

Be prepared to sigoaJ passing planes,._

Don't travel alone if it can be avoided- Mark the b'ai] aadl lea-ve messages whe-re¥cr: pessible,

To folJow a straight line cheese t.wo- easily visible points ahead :in line along the route .. Then travel keeping the tWOI points in line, Looking: back occasionally will also- help to keep you in line with yom tIieparttue poiDt~

Plot, your course on, a map~

Improvise travel aids such as sDOw-shocs,I sleds, rafts, and packs. K,eep a log-book .of your travels..

Take care of your feet ..

10 Summer

Dense vegetation, rough terrain, insects, soft ground, swamps, ]akes~ an d Iarge rivers are all sl acles to foot travel,

Cross glacier-fed streams in ear]y momillg to avoid the maxim1!m volume,

Travel on ridges and game trails is the easiest :me1hod-maintai'nl constant direction checks.

In WiIIler'

Soft deep snow, dangerous river Ice, severe weather and a, scarcity of natural -food are major obstacles jn winter travel,

Don't travel in a blizzard or during extremely cold weather .. HOle up and save yo,ur strength,

When travelJing 011 frozen rivers be wary of thi.D ice, orveJiiowsl b:eavy snow, and air pockets. Use a. pole or ice chisel for testing ice. Rope together wben forced to cross dangerous, ice,

H yon do break tbrough ICC get into shelter and start a fire, Guard against frost-bite,

Mesage5

These should be left at ev'ery stop, with tbe initial message heing left act !be crash scene, A message should also be left at any point at wbic'h a cbaDge in, plans is put into etJe.ct. The .essap should c.0D1ai0 1be foDowi:o,g informa1iou :

(a) date of ]eavmg the crash scene; (b) destination and route;

(e) estimated leD.gth of the journey; (d) number in, the pmy;

(e) physical CODdition of the party; and

(f) any other pertinent data regarding SUpplies. etc.

Make certain the message. is Ieft in a :readily accessible place. Lacking a ~pen 01"' pencil!l messag-es may be writ,ten with charcoal.

U_ Dr Conqaass

The Silva Prospector is the compass packed in Canadian Forces :lurvivaJ til); at tbe present time. It may be used as a protractor' or as a compass ..

Usblg the CO'mpaLS5: IJS II P,o/MeIOF

Draw a, straight line aJong your desired direction of' travel indicatiIlg A as the present locatIDIl and B as the i.I1tended destination .. This line is

your required tract.

Place the compu,s alOllg this tract as shown in Figure 1.1

Figure, 1

f t

1m MouDitains

In tbis region, routes should be chosen to ]ead you:

(a) out of a dangerous ]ocation to a, more sheltered area; (b) 10 the seacoast;

(c) tOI a major river: or

(d) 10 some knowD point of habitation ..

Travel on a, trail, down a river, or- a]oDg a seacoast will usually lead to a cache, a cabin, or a settlement ..

:I & :l

..

I

-

.

160

161

Rotate- the campass homing uutil the alD!paSs meridJalD. llilcs on the transparent compass face an: parallel to the meridian iines of the

map and :north (N) points to Iruc nortb on the map as in Figure 1.

The compass face is marked off 1lllJUlld the perimeter in 2 degree mrterv.a1s represented by a short line. a largu tine every 10 degrees, and

Arabic numhen: every 2(J degrees. The nmnbcJr 2 represeDls 000 degrees .. aad number 4 represents 040 degrees, number 26 represellb; 260 degrees, and so on with north (N) represe:ntinJg 360 degrees,

Now read oR ,-00[" required track opposite the index pointer~ In Figure 1.. your- required track would be approximately 040 true.

F4Tiatian

You now have the required. track true, In order to travel along this required track, you. must allow for ioc-al magnc:tfu. variation.. 10 other words.. yan must compe.nsatc for the- -aDgle: between true north and magnetic north. Variation will be eillicr- ealstedy or westerly and is: .always indicated. on topograp!Jic maps,

A good, ru1e for applying variation i5~ Variation east~magnetic least; and Variation west-magor:!ic best,

EXAMPLE. Figure 1 indicates that your reqaired track from A (0 B is 040 degrees: true. Let us assume 11Iaf the local variation is: 20 degrees east. Therefore. a«o:rding to OUT rule, we would subtract 20 degrees: easterly variation from our required track true of 04-0 degrees. TIns gives

115 a magnetic ~n, of 00:0 degrees: wbicb is set on the compass opposite tbe lJlde1 poil1~er_

the .. 4-

With, the magndic heading established and set OlD compass ]1 IS DOW

ready for travel. . ..

Wjth, the eompa ss held in 'Your hand tUlJD yourse1f around untJI, the

-aed End"" or north seekiog pore is pointing to north. (Ni) -:m the compass face and the magnelic needle is parralJel to tbe tWOI lumIuous lines.

Figure :2

Figu[e ].

Silhbng the COmpass

The compass is now pointing' alODg the req,uircd track. and a sightiDg line: may be: obtained as illustrated in Fjgure 3 ..

The mapetic needk is read between the two lu~mous ~~ss ~nt. me Iiues by its:reHection in the sighting mirror. In USIDg the S1gbting: m~ror~ you can see that. wlJen the needle is orieBiIed between 1he two parallel hoe, it appoan 10 be -closer- to one line rhan it is to the other. TIns wouJd give the ~ that it is not exa.ctlY in -the centre (Fig:ore 4). However. ~is is easily explained. The mirror, s]anted as it is art a 41 degree aQg)r~ irnH~ Ihc: rdkdion according to the Jaws of par aU ax. In. using the sighting: msrrer, Ihcret~ paralld the needle with! the -orienting line which a:ppeaTS ne~51 to it aDd accurate results wjI] follow]_ Be sure tOI ]cveJ the: compass wblle uaq the -Ughtjog mirror' __

163

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112

CHAPTER 12

SEA SURVI.V AL

To have tD survive a bail. out OT' ditching at sea is probably the most formidable experience -one can expect to be faced with, Man's natural enrrironmCllt is land and every action be must 'Perform in a sea survival situation, must be learned either through study or practice.

Wb.en ODe considers that approximately 1'1 per cent of the ear th" s sarface is covered witb salt W3ller aircrew can expect to fiy DYer salt water for a, 4nge percentage of their service career .. In the event of au emergene}'., when ftyillig over the sea, j£ win probably not be possible to reach shore prior to having to bail, out or diteh the aircraft,

Survival art sea is undoubtedly the most severe survival situation thaI man can be exposed to.. To survive for any reasonable lengltb of time, trieD. in tropical waters, one must have protection from exposure! water to drink, and protection from various dangers of the sea, In short, one must bave survival equipment in the form of :ftJotation equipment, a means of protecting nirnself from the elements and other danger .. as well as drink .. inC water .. or a means of procuring it if survival is gO~Dg 1.0 be successful .. In ad,ditiOIlI .. a survivor or survivors at sea. must have artificial methods of attracting the attenliml of search aircraft or vessels, if rescue is, expected, A life raft at sea is very difficult to spot from the air paTticu.1ar1y jf' there are waves and/or jf the area one may be down in has Dot been -pinpointed .. For airaew the life preserver, life rafts, and ancillary equipment available provide: these hfe support aids. However, having, the equipment alone is DOt sufficient-one must mOlw bow to use the equipment properly, how to take care of jt and how to g,et the most out of it :if one is to survive until rescaed,

Preparation for Sea Survival, as for -any :SUJ'YirvaJ,. must start ]ong belme the emergency arises .. This includes being aware olf the possibility' ~ an emergenc'Y:t l:now'jng what survival equipment is available, its Ieca .. tieD in the aircraft, and a hove al], knowing your bail out procedures -IDdI 0[" dit~lJ ing drill ..

. . , The Sea, like tbe Arc:tic and desert is unforgi ving; any. serious mistake '1110 pmba~ly be your last ..

175

Imruedia~e Actiom After Dik IDa g,

The Ijfe raft should be "boarded. di rectly from the aircraft, if possible ..

Step inoo the Iiafl-dol not jump ia, If the, raft inflates upside down one man should enter lhe sea and right j(.1 If it is necessary fOT a11 survivors (0 get into the water before boarding the raft, one man should board the raft first~ then, assist any injured personnel aboard. Ditclling' suits should be worn by all to if available,

Roll should be' t:al~ed or a head count taken, before cuttjng locse from the aircraft to ensure all personnel are accounted for and to make certain a]] survival e<Jluipm,ent is on board the raft.

The raft should now 'be cut adrift from the aircraft and paddled free befnre the fuselage sinks, If more than one life raf'1 is used they s1louldl rendezvous and tie~ the rafts together with, a piece of line approximately 2:5 feet Iong, This will prevent the rafts from rubbing together and wi11 also prevent them from jerking with the wave action w'hich, could result in, damage to the rafts .. ·'AII equipmlenl should now be Iashed to the :raft and one occupant of each raft should attac~ himself to the raft witb a 1e.nglh of ljne, Thiis iis; a precaution to prevent the raft from drif'tin_g out. of reach in the event it overturns, Check the ballast pockets to ensure they :fii~l with water and stream the sea anchor" This line should be adjusted so thaI[ the sea anchor will remain in the trougn of a wave or swell when. the raft is a1 the crest.

Administer fiF~t aid as required as sooa as possible.

If weather is adverse, erect the canopy or if your raft has a self i nfla.ting canopy close the side curtains. Check the raft for- damage, tOil UJl !he buoyancy' chambers if not firm enough, These should be firm but not drum tight ..

Bale out the water. finishing off w'jth the sponge, With patience jt is possjblle to eliminate a1J W3{er from the raft in (his manner. If' clothing is wel!l1 it should be removed and wrllng 31S dr}f' as possible, then put back on prior tOI tina~ sponginlg of the raft Hoolr ..

You should JlOIW prepare all of your signa lIing' devices and have them available for immediate use. Use YOUlf emergency radio in accordance with l nstructions and at the prescribed times ..

AC1iv3Jle the desalter kits and solar stills, if available, in accordance w'i~h instructions,

A ddiniile plan of action should De taken.. Normally't' the aircraft captain lakes charge but he may elect tal delegate: someone more, experl .. enced .. Good leadership is of utmosr importance.. Duties should be a110cated to all unjnjured personnel ..

iog one shroud line to the edge of tile canopy, Clear all, shroud lines from y'OUF legs and other possibl]e areas where they may' be entangJed and slwjm. alway from, the canopv,

If the wind is; blJolwing so' strong as to keep the canopy inflated, it will undoubtedly pull you through the water if you have not either released your Capewell ~eases or activated the quick: _rel~ box a~ cleared the leg: straps.. If this shouJd happen. to prevent drownlDgtl ~nd if you are not already on your back; rollover.., bend sh.arp1y at the: waIst and spread your ]egs. This wil] put you in a p1aning posilioll to prevent YOI[J from porpoisjng: tbrouxh the water .. At this time, take the necessary action to release yourself from Ihe callopy.,

Asl SOOD as you are free of the canopy=, pull r'our life raft to you, if: j, was inHated in] the air, and board it. If it wlas not inflated in the air, innat.e it at this lime .. Dol DOt hold, on to the CO~ bottle as you can receive a frost bite from j[ as the bottle inflates the raft ...

If your parachute harness is equipped wlith Ca,pewell releases, ensure the covers are closed. Board tbe raft from, the foot. or narrow end by' grasping the handles on. e:jlhe.r side and pulling it down and under Y·OD. Then] progressiveJy pull and squirm the rest of the way into the raft taking care Dot 10 puncture or tear it. Rell over in the raft and take: up a sitting position ..

Ensure the ballast bags, are filled. with water' and. stream the sea anchor (it is normaliy stowed in the forward ballast bag). If necessary adjust the' sea anchor line SOl that it remains in, the trough, of the, wave when the raft Is at the crest.

Bale out the raft, wring as much water out of your clothing aSI possible, bring your. equipment pack aboard, and finish bailing using the sponge until, t he raft floor js virtual1y dry. If weather is inclement and you continue to ship water pull the spray sbje1d over your head and close it oomp1e1ely ~

If the raft is too soft, tOIJ) it with air using the band bellows, It .sbou]d nor£: be drum tight as it will, ride too 1iigh,{ in the water and be very' suscep~i:bl.e to capsizing'... It is better tOI have it soft. enough tal bend with. the: waveS.1

Keepl the raft and al1 eq~ipmleD:t tied to rlOUT person with a length of liae to prevent 10ss1 in the event of capsizing or 3ccidenta11,y droppljllg, equ~pm.eDt overboard ..

Life Raft: EoiYnnmeDf'

Imme~iate ActiuBS UpGn Wafer Entry after- Rail (Jut

As :r'OD are desce ndi ng In your parachute you should activate your ~ ife preserver and take the necessary action, to deIJ10y your seat pack" if the lype of equipment you have dictates this procedure ..

As you enter the water you should release yourself from. the parachute by pressing the: quick release box (after unlockjng it) and, clear rbe leg straps, In the. case of parachutes empl.oyinig the Capewell releases" activate the releases on: water CDIJ"Y and remain in the harness ..

If the canopy settles over you in. [be water-stay calm, tklat in your I ~ fe preserver t1 and! wlilnolut kicking your feet pull the canopy of[ byl follow'-

If the raft becomes damagedl it should be patched immediately with: tbe pot-ches provided, Jrnproyised patches can be effected bly using a dhesiv e tape from the: medical kit or other adhesive tape thai may be available from other :parts of kits even, though it bas been PTevio1ls1y used. Tape, will. stic'k best if the raft surface is <by ..

. Ajr expansion caused from. direct sun on the raft or' air contraction

from cold air at night might make it necessary to bleed 01:1' or top up air to maintain the correct firmness of the raft.

Keep- your mind, occupied with the task. at hand and relax, In, a group, ~ull togC:ther as a team" ensure everyone, has, a job to do, This wi1l help blDJe tOI pass and w'jm1 also help to minimize: the: poss~bi!jty of sea, sickness.

~76

]71

1.-ledkal Care ami. Heaillh Prote~tiOD

Treat an.y injuries as detailed in Cha,pter 4_, Place any casualties on the Hoor of the raft and make them as: comfortable 3JS possible. Insulatiom wm be required between the floor of the raft and the patient to belp keep fl im as warm and dry as possible.

In addition to treatment of injuries, there are a number of factors Inat can affect yOUr health and weU being tIlat are pecuJiar to a Sea Surviva1 situation. These are -chieR}' caused ~ shortage of fresh water and exposure- to' the weather and salt water.

Salt Water Sores

b ..

these are caused by prolonged exposure te salt water. Prevention Iies in keep[ng a1] clothing as dTY' 3S: possible: and

the sores mould be cleaned and an antiseptic cream, applied, If they are Iarge they should be covered with a dressing. DOl not SQ]uecze the sores: ..

Exposure rOI Wi(Di[ .and SuO]

.a, do not expose yourself needlessly to the sun and wind. In :IJm climates, it is better to keep a light layer of cIotb.ing on than to shed all cJorrhing., If extremely hot, a cooling effect can be' obtainedl by dippi ng dolhing in the sea, wringing it out. and putting it back on. Use anti-sunburn cream on areas of skin that must be' exposed:

b. the treatment for windburn or sun bum is 10 apply an antiseptic eml1llsion, and! cOlve:r ..

Parched liPS ad Cnrehd SIDoI

Prewention and treatment are: the same .. App]y sun screen cream or vasehne and do DOlt liCk f'our lips.. Cover to prevent further dryling OUt by sun and wind:t if possible,

ClmmpatioD .and DiI6~ulr U'riOatioD.

Neither of these affiicti:ons shouJd be of concern as they are normal !I considering shortage or lack of food, inaetivjlY:t an.d Jack of' fresh water ..

Sore- EY'es

3:.. wear sun glasses or eye shields as the reflection off' the water will intensify the sun's rays. -causing sore eyes, very quickly, R.e:mf:m her that e .... en on an overcast day ttlis: precaution shotdd be taken; and

b. if -eyes. do become sore, do Dot rub them. APP]y an antiseptic cream to lne: eyelids, and! bandage lightly.

Sipals

As; in any survival situation alJ sjpalLing devices. should be: cheeked aDd prepared as soon. as possible after boarding the raft. E_ach item 'Shimdd be tied to the person or' the raft so they' are: not lost In the eve.r.art: of capsizing.. Th~y should be k.ept as dry as possjble and ready for immediate

Seasirlmess

a. keeping your mind occupied with various: chores wilJ belpl 10 preVelll[ seasickness, Ev'ery effocr:-t shOUlld be made 10 remain relaxed ..

b. if yoo become .seasick do not eat or drink. lie sti". relax and tfY to keep as warm as. possible, If you have anti-seasick. tablets use l.hem~

Use the emergency' radios as directed bearing in mind to conserve the: batteries UJlUl you are confident search aircraft wilt be looking fOF you~ Ill, cold c1imat-es remember to keep tbe: batteries warm, Fer multi-place aircraft use the Gibson Girl, as detailed in Chapter- 6 ..

DOl not ignite plfI"ortecbnics unrti1 an aircraft or ship, is. seen. When. igniting p'yros keep them clear olf the body and don't all.ow an:y .011' the burning: residue to fallon or in the raft,

Use the bcliograph mirror allY time the SUD is sIlillil1g. Sweep the horizon with it even if it sbip D~' airaaft cannot be, seen 01' heard"," An empty' ration can (polished up) can be used as an imp~ovis:ed mirror .. Cut 3D X in, the center of it and aim 1he same as the heliograph.,

Do not use: the sea marker -d,ye: until an aircraft O~ ski Pi is, sighted.

Activate: it as directed Olll the cODlainer .. If you are nor located the dye' marker can be brought aboard: and used a second time .. Precautions should be taken to' prevent it from. cODtaminaliog your food Olr wate.r_ It can be' tied, on the outside of the b1Jo~ncy chamber Df' the raft, a bove the water leveI_

The signal light sbould be used at Digbt onJy .. , The water activated batlery can sometimes be used a second time, if not dep1eted,. by Iifting from the water and rcC.a.:ppiDg the holes,

The wbis~le mould be used to- attract attention of personnel jn the water w'hen origin all y' boaning the .raft or- in the case of -capsizing~ It also should be used: to attract [he attention of passing surface craft. as sound Iravels we11 over water,

JJllme .. s.iOll Foot

a. this: is caused bv exposure of feet and legs t-o oold water for prolonged periods. Jt is: recognized by a red -ooIoriug and pain. FoiIJowilllg this, in extreme cases, the .af[ecto:l! area wiD swel~ and Misters wm appear Interspersed with dark blotches on the skin;

b. prevention is :possibJe by .keep~ng the feet as; warm and dryas possible. Keeping the nft door dry wil] assist. Tigbi fining boots should be removed; and

e. treatment consists. of movjf.ltg feet and toes to assist blood eireutation, Do Dot massage- them, Keep them as dry and warm as possi bJe by wrapping in pieces of dry clothing; or dry parachute doth. Keep fhe feet raised clear of any w.alet' and keep the body w'arm ..

178

Water

DO NOT DRINK SEA WATER.

f.. :s,mokjng increases thirst so if you must smoke do so durin_g the. evenings or nigbts; and

to decrease the desire to drink." suet om a button or piece of cloth" This increases the saliva jn the mouth ..

g ..

Fresh drinking water yti1i be your most critical requirement. The body requires water to keep functioning for an indefinite period" With no water (0 drink one can expe-ct to survive only a few days where the humidity of the air is Iow and the daytime temperature is in tbe vicinity of 120 D. FThis survival time without "Water wi1J increase to appT'oxjmately ] 0 days at lower. temperatures, 31 sea, where the humidity is higher, To appreciably increase survival time." W'31er intaie must be increased to approximate:Jy 4 quarts daily. There are case histories of personnel surviving without drinking water at, sea for up to 17 days and others who survived on as liltle as 2 to 4 02 of water daily.. However, these cases are exceptional and one should attempt to consume as much water as thirst, dictates to keep l1le body functioning norm,ally.. There is no rea! advantage to rationing water other than to- ensure everyone gets his fair share .. , Drink but do not waste.. injured personnel should have aJI they

want, if available, ,

Flo-

The amount of food that one may eat tn a sea survival situation is in diretl proportion 10 tile amount of drinking water available. The: body requires waler for the digestion pnx:ess as well as. for the elimination of waste products, resulting from eating, Food is not that important 1hat. one shou1d be concerned about not eating for several days, The body wi]] cOlntinue to function for a long time, without food as, it will draw on body fats to keep it going.. There are lwo main, categories of food in, relationsbip to the balance between food and wat.er_

:l. carbohydrates such as the emergency ration carried in survival kits,.. This food requires very 1ittle water- for digestion, If slighUy more "Wate.r Is available than is required 10 maintain a water balance in the system this rstion can be eaten as- per directions on the ration tin: and

b, proteins such as fish:. sheJl&h! meat, eggs, and certain greens ..

This. food requires a great deal of water and as a result should 001 be eaten unless your supply of water is such that you halve more than you need to alla,y normal thirst ..

SOUftieS of DriDki~ Water-

a. your life raft kit. contains de-salter kits and in some instances solar stillis .. Activate these as per jnstrElCtions on the packets;

b i rain w'at-er-use every means a~ai]able to catch and stare Jain water.. If salt is dried on the canopy of the raft rinse it in sea water prior to catching rain, The smaR amount of salt eontamination will have DO i11 effect and in fact will make the :rain water mor-e palalable;

c_ dew can be collecte d. on the inside of the raft canopy dmi'ug the night.. This wjll net produce much water but every bjl counts;

d.. icebergs (in the, northern hemlisp'hcre J are a source of' fresh water ~ut should be approached with caution as there is extreme danger m the event they rollover;

e. old sea ice can be recognized bly its clear bluish coJor and is virtually saJt free; and

f. some survival kilts contain canned water.

CelleraJ Rules

Preserving water in the body is: equa1ly as important as consuming water. FoJlowing are importan1 rules:

a. if no water is availab1e--do not eat. The 'Process of digestion, pa:rticu1ar1y pEotein~" requires water to assimilate;

b. j~ hOI climates reduce tlJe loss of body water through perspjratlQ!l'" as much as possible .. Remain inactive,<- .Dip cl,01bjll,g in sea, wrJn~ out and pnt back on=-tben use cooling eRect of any breeze" H dr.ted salt accumulates on the body it shou1d be brushed oft wilh a dry clolth .. Remain in shade as much as possible;

c. sleep and rest will minimize loss of body flUids;

d. PUVCnt seasickness if po&sl""ble. :Relax and keep your miod mil other chores. Use seasick tablets if available;

e. do not drink a!l:ohol as it dehydrates the body;

Geueral Ru1es

B.. If you have ample water,. eat wnatever protein foods that are available first and save your emergency carbohydrate rations for the time that water becomes more scarce;

b. fish wil] probabJy be your largest possible source of J"otein. The juice from fish flesh mould not be considered a substitute for drillkill,g water as it contains proteins and, will require more water' to digest. AI] S~ birds will also be a possjble source of protein food, Sea weeds are edible either raw or cooked but remember all of these require extra wa:ler :Em digestion;

c.. remember- the amount of drinking water you have wi]l determine how' much. {if anry),. food can be eaten: and

d. do not eat if you are jDC~ined to be sea sick 3.S it will merelv aggravate the situBI1ion ..

s..bs.iduiD2 JGur Emel'geDCY Kanoas

If you have ample drinking water you should consider subsidizing your emergency rations from the sea ..

Most fish in the open sea are edib1e .. Those to avoid are: a, fisb that are brigbt]y cO]Qlred;

b.. fish covered with bristles or spines; c.. fish that putl up;

d. fish with :parrot like mouths or humanoid teeth.

Any or ;]1 of these can plrov.e to be poisonous. A vojd fish eggs found in clus1ers 0(1'" clumps, 1bey wi.ll proba bJy' be poisonous,

180

Normal jigginlg Itechllilques. for fisJling are recommended 011'" b~ casting hook out and retrieving: hand over band ..

Do not handle fish line with bare hands or t~e line to the raft,

All sea birds are edible, either cooked or raw, Birds call be caughlt on a baited ish hook fioating on the surface. They can sometimes be ca.ught as they perch an the raft ..

Lpdfzl

It is generally' conceded that one sh .. otlid stream the: sea ancho~r ~_i(h the: iutent .olf remaining as close as. possible to the scene ot the, ditching or bai1 out. This wil~ no~mal]y assist search and rescue tOI find yau .. H-mw:ver there may be times when you win have to elect to attempt. to, reach Iand, A life raft can be sailed UPI to as mnc~ as 10 degrees oft WInd dtiLrectioll but your' course will be gorverll~d maln~y by ocean currents

and wind.

. To utilize the ocean current, to assist in lra,ve:lling have all OCC:Up3I1rl.S

sit as low in the raft as. possible, soften. the raft. somewhat, and stream th e se 31 aBC II or ..

To ulli1iz.e the -wind'tJ if the direction is favourab1le"l top U.p the raft SOl it rides higher in the water, have a1J occupants sit up erect, haul the sea anchor aboard, and empty the ballast pockets, Use anything available fori a, sail,

G.eDeftl Dangel:-s of tDe Sea

In addition tOI the danger of capSJZlng Olr exposure to the elements [here are: other dangers to guard against ..

a, sharks can be recognized by the fin and tail slicing through the surface of die water .. They are att['aeled b'y light colored obiects, blood.. V omit, body waste, and garbage, Keep' your feet and hands in. the raft and discard garoo.ge etc? in small amounts as far away from the rat'[ as. possible, preferably at njgllt., If a shark appr-oa.cb.es; the raft attempt to scare bim oft' b~ making loud. splashing DlOI1SCS on the surface witb a.Dyiliing available.: _ Generally. sharks are only curious unless attracted by the smef of' snrnething to eat, [hey wilJ get into a feeding frenzy' and bee-orne very dangerous:

b. barracuda-s-has a simj1!3r appearance to a pike, This fish is aggressive.. and if se en ,I the same precautions should be taken as fOlr the shark;

c. s.wo(Ji'dfish,--bave a long bill or sword, Although they are not normally dangerous they have. been known to' ram. a boat, if attacked or wounded;

d:., killer wha~e--u~u,a1;y [ltave1 in schools. They wjll be recognized by mheir sail .. like fin cutting th~ surface of the water as Itbey swim iill a porpoising manner - They are black DB the back~ Tbey will not no~mal~y bother a raft, but can overturn a raft if' yon are in their paiD; and

e.. moray eels. .stingralrs.. poisonous shellfi.sh"l and saakes-c-tbese will no rm allyl be found in the tropics around coral reefs or Dear shore, Precautions shoe ld be taken, to ensure hands and feet are covered, when wading a shore _

Localiag ILaad

Ind~cartions of where land may' be, can be. determined by::

a.. cumulus; clouds forming jo the distance OlD a clear day, are likel y formed. OfYeE land;

hi.. birds often fly out to sea in the morning and return to land at night~;

c. wind normally bl]ows towardsl 1and durjn.g the day and] reverses in the evel1il1g;

doc in the tropics~ often the reflection of coral Feefs or ~agoon"S wi~1 "be seen on the underside of cloud] 5; or in the sky, This; w~ fl be in the form of a greenish ti:ru;:

e. deep warlter is dark green or blue: .. Lighter coJO(F' indicates shallower water and may' be an indication ]al1d is near: and

f. drifting wood 0(["' vegetation, often indica1e:s land js near,

Do nol mistake a mirage for land. By chan~ng your' heigbt in the raft the mirage wi1I, ei1her disB,ppear 01" change shape ..

LaDfliq

f.

remain in the raft at aI~ times:

do not [brow' waste food, body' waste, etc, 0.' erbo a rd during the the day;

if dangerous fish ale about, remain quiet in the raft and: the Iikelihood of them attacking will be liIegligible; and,

if you are in th.e water, and dangerous fish approach, you should beat the water with str'ong regular strokes. If a group of survivors are in. the water, form a circle facil1g. outwards and beat the ware r. If there iSI an injiured person. keel' him inside the circle.

., ~

J:f you. are sai1ing -DC d,rifting ashore there: are p["£:caul110DS tOI ne

observed:

a- ensure your life vest is worn and ful]y jnlflated~ b.. wear all clothing including shoes;

c. -pick I'M best Jandillig poinl and attempt 10 manoeuvre towards iit;1 die trail I'he' sea anchor with as much line as possible to slow down

your approach;

e. try to keep your raft on the seaward side of large waves; f.. stay iD the raft until i[ iSI grounded on the beach; and

gtJ once the raft has grounded get out qrui,ckly and. beach it ..

PrecautiDos: ill DeallDg: with D.3(J]gelious Fisb

a, keep clothi;ng: on and keep a good lookout;

b_ do not fish if: any/ of the above are in the vic in i tv .

. -- ~

c, do not trail hands OIF feet in the water;

d ,

.rr

--_ Ii.i.

Gellftal

Remember lhat 110.· matter how formidable a sea survival situation may appear you cam survive jf ylou possess a. strong will to 1 ive t, keep calm" develop a plan of action, and remember your suJ"vival training ..

lCi'"J

6 .....

DESERT

~,_" _ .. _ _-- - - ....... _-

- ...

--

........

-

__ ..... _ -

. .....----'

ClO

CHAPTER 13

I nf rodlx I iOD

When it ~s rea~ ized that I here is at least one desert in each cOflllinenlt of the WOtrldl~ it wiU "De. appreciated that [he problem of desert sarvi V~l,~ is. a very real orne for those who fly' over these various areas, One fifth of the, land surface of the earth is, considered desert s,nd is jinhabit-ed by appro,ximately 4 per cent of the w01"ld, populalittt1L There are approxim a l:e I y fifty' .important deserts .. The ]alig-er of these are we~ ~ kn.oWJI: Sahara, Libyan" A,rabia,n" Gobi, and M:oagolja.

What is the desert like?' It's bot and dli~'J and iitt1s sparsely inhablled, and even more 5par-se~y vegetated, Some of it is mountainous, some of it is sandy, and some areas, are gravel. It might be defined as an unf:'aVDtllra,ble site to terminate a ft igtlt ..

Desert U·azartls

The greatest pa-01blem in] the desert is lack of w'ateT'. The amount you reqaire depends on: the m:empera.tu:re 3lnd your activities, clothing. and shelter .. The next pToblem is. exposure so sun and, heat, one of the desert's greatest hazards. Day-time temperatures can go as; high as ] 1:5 g F .. Exposuoe to such extreme: temperatures can cause heat cramps, bea.t exhaus.tioln~ or heat stroke, The desert sun can complicate til is; wirh sunburn or' sunblindness Dr both. The scarceness of animal: and vegetabl]e 1ffe in the desert makes, it Iill:'arly impossibl:e to rely' 01i1J replenis.hin.g your food sfJpp1ies from these sources. Another irrita,t[n.g JJlioblem is insects" Flies and sand flies can be botherseme, an.d mD~quitoes mlay carry malaria,

Iniluedljate Actions after' Emel1:~nCJ LanctioK

W·at-er will be your' b(gges1t problem if you are down in the desert.

The refo re, on. leaving the aircraft when it comes tOI rest, take all your water if possible and your safe1y equipment packs, Sitay wc~] aW3}r," from the c:rasbed aircraft UJ1J11J al] tire hazards ha'Ve passed-

Get into the shade as, soon as possible, and keep ~our head and the back of your neck carl/credit; Evaluate the situation ca]mly' and decide on YOur course of action, Don't rush, lake it easy. Die two things that reqoire your j mmediate a,tleJltionl are first aid and shelter.

Finf Aid

Attend promptly to aU injuries. Move aU injured personnel ] nto the shade as soon as possiblie. Follow tlJie estabiished first aid pr-actices.

Exposure to toe desert sun is dangerous. H can cause heat cramns bea to.

. , ,... ..... , .,

exhaastinn, heat stroke, and a se rj Of us; sunburn.

. ~rotect _the eyes to prevent -sun blindness, SYDl~omS. are burning, ~atefmg, ,?r mftamed eyes. b~adaches. and poor vision. Tr-eat sunbleidness ~Y protecting the eyes born hght and re1ieving the pain. Place the patient 1ft a dark sheher or cover the eyes with a ]~ght-proof bandage.

Wa.ter

Water" is the key to StJ r:v~va1 in the desert. If you are lUCKY you may nave a good sup~y m yom aircraft. If not yOUT chances of finding a good supply may be sh rn ..

If }'OU are near an oasi~. yOur wafer prob1em may be solved earl y.

They are Iow spots characterized b1y vegeta.tIDID_ .

, If you ar-e near the coast, fresh water- can sometimes be found in the du_nes above the beach er even under the snrface of the beach itse1f. Look. m. the :hol1ows betw-een dunes for water which may' have collected there. J ( you don't :find it there, dig down OD the ]eeward sidle of the first dill ne or- _ any pJ3ce where the sand appears moist. The first water YOIll en~~ter WIll probably be fresh, ] f you get sab water you. must Dot drink et.

. .. .. Ifjnbind, Jock for- dry river be~s. They may produce water by digging below the concave bank on the outside of a curve or bend. Allow the water tOI collect by scooping small holes_

. ~ nether source of water is: dew which can be collected early in the

morrung from rocks a~d ~etals_ You may sop tip the dew with a piece ~f cloth a~d. then wrmg It ou L Another method of obtaining walc:r is

ll~ ustrated below, .

ABOUl4D11'

A water' still made OUlt of a ti n can and -3 sheet o,f clear pI]astic can produce up' to 3 pints of water a dav out of' hot desert sands, The: still i~ made by diggiTIlg a hole, placjng a can or other container in the bottom, and cQlveriing (he hole with. a. sheee olf plastic .

The centre of the plastic is pushed down] tOI form a cone over the can. As air under the pl astic gets hot. moisture from the ground evaporates to condense on the tl fIlde:~!d,e of the 'P~a$t~c~ and, flIe -dr'ops Funning dowln the plastic wljll collect, in the container ..

A tube can be inseli(c:d ilil the can and .ru:n to tile surface to ena ble drinking from lhe container without distur bing the stin ~

Obtaining' water is only half tile bartie, Y OIU must rn ake j{ last by conserving perseitation, The. body gets Tid of heat (hro1ugh evaporation or perspiration. As tile badly Ruids drop, peliSpirat~on is reduced, body' temperatures g'OI lIlpltJ and efficiency is drasucally redeced. An increase of six degrees. from. nOlrmlal ternperatu re is, fatal. Al though !! may feel cooler wljln your. clothes olff~ ~'OIU are: losing body fjJu,ids rlapidl!y ~ Being fu] Ily' clothed keeps tile hear o III t:,," and s~ows evaeoranon, The rnain pOlints to remember are: drink: waeer 311d preserve perspiration to avoid dehydrating .. The water chart a.t the end of this chapter "W ill provide an idea of yOIUF dajly' water requi rement .

Si2_S

Your' aircraft radio or' emergency set will 'be your best rescue aid, Ground: signals should be laid au t to make your position as conspicuous as possi b~e.. Fun, use should be made of coloured equipment which wi~l. form a contrast witn she natu ral surrounoings. Signal equipment shou ld be kepl, ready for ii mmediate use 3S soon as; an aircraft is heard_

She]"er

One of your firs [ requirements wj~l be sheher from the sun and Ileal ..

N atural shelre r is Ii rni ted 10 1.l1e shade of cliffs olr the leeside of hills, In some desert mou ntains~ YOt[ may ti nd cavel ike prOteclion: under turn bled rocks broken from c~it1 sides. Caves and the \Val ls of stream beds provide a. source of shade-

] f YOIU remai n with the a ircraft, d:DIil -01 use the inside of it for sh elter in mile davtirne. The fuseiage: wil~ be too hot, Use the w~ ng of' the aircraft. wilh a parachute or any' orher cloth 3:S, an aWllilj n~. Be sure to leave approximatelly two feel: of open space bc~ow tile canopy for air clrculatiolil. Mak-e sure the aircraft. is secure] y moored and: that there: is no chance of i'(S collapsinlg during high -w] nels or a storm ..

A covered trench will also provide Sf! ade I blut agai n the re must be spaee for air circu~a1iornl_

In -5Qm~ desert areas; the aircraft fuselage may be. used as a shelter dlurin,g I he desert win[e~r~ II ~ets cord during the nighl while. the da vtime temperatures are abolllJ~ 90 ~ F~

~ .

F'j res are rarely requ ir'ed j n the dese rt except to purjf ~l wat-er" (.0 boil tea, and for sign.a!i lrJg.

CONTAINER

- ........

:l_-~I _ ..I. -

.. .-

Fuel is usually extremely rare and aiJ"cr3fl oil and fud wiU be most usefu~ i f available, Fire busldi ng is DOt difficult. Stoves. can be made out of .<In.y met~1 container or by bui~ding stones in a small circle. FjH the ~ontam~r, 'With sand, saturafe it with oil or gasoline, and then carefuny ]Igh~ w~th a match. Ho-les: mould be made in the container to provide 'IIenula.uon · "Never add petroleum fuels to a fire already started Oil" even smouideri ng ..

. An twigs, leaves. sterns, and under-ground roots may be used for fuel If you are a ble to locate plant growth. Dried anirn aJ dung may also be used as fuel ~

that the objective can be: reached on the water supply a vailable. Do :not underestimate the diffic.u~ties that will be encountered or overesl:~mat:c your ptJysica1 condition: ..

After it jis decided to trave], ensure that you don't overload. Carry olnlv the essential iil-ems.. Your total load should, not exceed 35 Jbs, Wiater and a shel fer wil~ be your main items~ Suggested items are: a J tght materia] to provide shelter: a parachute canopy if available: compass, signal mirror .. and signal devices: map; pencil; knif'e; salt; sun-glasses; first aid kit; a watch: and a flashhghl.

During the desert summer ~·ou·n tr av-e I only at night and rest during the day, DoID't! hurrv, follow (he easiest route, an,d avoid soft sand areas and rough terrain as much as possible. Determ iee your positiorn accuratel y and mark it on lbe map before setting out. Decide 011 a COurse: and slick 10 it. Y our COml1P3SS and the stars will be your greatest navigational aids. Wbe-n deciding your objective, it is, best. to choose one that js easy to find~ such as a coast or road wh ich can "be- fol ~olwed until hahitation is reached .. rather than a specific POtf.ll ~jk_e an oasis; which may be very difficult to .Ilnd, or pinpoinll.

Clufhling

. Don't discard any of your -eJothing. Yon require ii for protection against sun~rn. beat. sand, -and insects, Keep your head, ne-ck, and body ~o~ered during the _dar,. and y_ou'U last longer on less water. Wear loose, bght-coJo~~-ed e]oUnng Jf possible, using: pans of parachutes; if availabIe_ Your T-s1:nrt males -a good neck drape. If l"OU have DO hat make one fro~ a parachure or any other mate rj a. I available, sim ilar 10 tire type Worn by the Ara bs, You can adapt a pilDt chute for use as: a parasol.

. Eves must be protected from both direct and reflected glare. Sunglasses must b~. wor~ ihrouglrout i.he day. If they are not available a piece of eloth \Vilh sJ!ns -cui for the eyes. (just Iarge enough to allow a penny 10 pass . through) makes.a. good eyesbie1d. Smearing soot under the eyes: helps

to reduce the glare'., .

. YOur feet shon Id be kept in good shape. .Rest your feet often. Remove

shoes. dry out socks and turn them inside out, and try to keep the imide ~f sh~s free from sand, if yOur shoes wear- out, or you lose them, Impro'll!se a type ?f ,sandal fr~ aircraft rubber looring. parachute matenal, or any other aval:~able material.

If YOU .a.r~ caught in a dust storm. COver your mQulh and DOse. Button up Jour_ c~m.lung tightly. and Iie down back to the wind. To avoid sand from. . dr~ft.rng around you, ron about from time to time.

.. OwID8 10 l~ extrem~ in temperatures, Lfle need for additional clothing

Will be: felt at rJJgllt., .

Nlatives

Another important plhase of desert survival is obtainlTI:g assistance [rom 0: he rs, If' you can contact any of the natives who live: on the desert. your chances of survi y'al will gre.atly increase. Generally (heir sense of 11Iospita~i:ty is very' strong, and they wj~ll provide you with - water ~ food, and shelter. Their customs and religion are mu-ch different from ours, so try not to oH'el1d, them, in any' way t-

Desert survival is dlifficu~l but by' flO means. im possible.. Howevecf'1- you must be ready to solve the problems, of water and exposure as well as the other desert hazards,

DA1L,Y WA,TER REQIU1REME,NT TO

MA' IN' .... TA' J,..,r W, -'AI Ti ER· "eA', LA I NTC"E

' ' I , , I ',:-... "( ,I , ,: 0,', .',,' ", I ,

Mea,n Temperature

Degrees F

95

910

85

80

75

Pints per

24 HoUfS;

9

6i 4t 2l

2

Food tf:J d _ 11

, OlD I. e ·esert. as a~waY5 a problem. First check the aircraft for

any ranon packs. or fresh food. Any open foods or opened rations shoold be ea.ten first as they wjU run keep long.

. . Al~ug,h bjrds and a~3m.a1s are scarce in areas witb litde water or "egetah~JI,. they Rlay somenmes be found.. Small burrowing animals: come out at ~a"WD or dusk and can be caught m snares.

. . .... E~lble p1a~t. f~ is J"ar:e in the desert. Grasses are edible, and SOme a~~~, .1iave. edIble .wlld . t~,hps Or onio~S_Avoid plants wjdJ. milky or coJotired! saps as; ~hey are hkdy to be. POiSOnoUS. Remember the rules with regard to eatmg If water is scarce.

In the desert lhe mean temjierature can be taken as 15 0) F below tbe :daily

Travel

.... The ~cjsion to travel or remain wilb the airc.raft win in 3U Iikelihood be -ebfficult to make. Travel shouJd be undertaken only if it is certain

.,

ml3!X1ID:llm ..

In hot deserts you need a mllnimum of a ga11on, of water a day II] 11 YOIU waJk jn the cool desert nlighl you can get appl_roximately 20 miles for that dairy gallon. If you travel :111 day-time heat, you 'n be Jocky to g"Ct 10 miles to the gaJlon ..

] 911

TROPICAL

SURVIVAL

TROPICAL SURVIVAL

IldrodoctiDII

Uninhabited tropical areas are not as difficult to- survive in as IDBlIY' people believe, Some people visualize the: tropics as an enOJDlOUS ami forbidding jungle through which ea-ch step taken must be hacked out .. ActualIY:t much of the tropics is not ju ngle a II is true that travel in jungle areas is very difficult't, but. normslly there is 1itlle danger from ani.mals .. Tronical terrain varies; from fOTeS! jungle, mangrove, or other swamps to open ~rassy' plains or semi-arid bushland ..

The real dangers of the tropics are not the animals or snakes, which most people have heard \l-~Id tales about, but rather the icsecrs. Many of the insects carry infectio·n and disease .. One of the W01"st diseases is malaria transmitted by the mosquito. Many people are frightened by the ho1wJs .. screams, and other sounds made by birds. animals, and insects, However, this is OO1~Y' p~chologjcal and usually no real danger exists.

IlDlDrfdbte A,dian

The first decision to be made after a crash landing will probably be whelber to travel or stay witb Ihe aircraft. If a 1anding is made in an area where neither tbe aircraft nor signals can be easily sigDted from the air and if there are no jlljuries,. then probab1y il would be wise to trave1 ..

Injuries must be taken care of first. In tropjcal areas even the slightesl scratch can cause a serious infection within hours, so first aid is. the first requiTent,ent after 1an<iing.. Don't Jeave the crash area without careiul1y blazing or marking a route so thai you can return 10 the crash site cr others can follow your trail ..

SheJ~-er

Night in the! jungle comes very Quickly:,- so prepare for bcdearly. In the. jungle more rest and sleep are required to k-eep up energy and sttcngtb in order to maintain resistance to disease ..

Try to locate a, camp site on a, knot] or high spot in a clearing well away from the swaml'S- There wi1( be fewer mosquitoes and other Jasects, and the jgl"Ol.Iod will 'be dryer _ Such an area will be necessary for _grorund SIgnals 10CL

195

. Do not pJ ~ to sleep on the ground, Construct a bed by covering a p~le of brush with layers of palm fronds or other broad leaves. A better b~ can be c~nsl.ru(:ted by making a frame of peles and covering the top with Iong, spl~,ele5S~ palm leaves, to a depth of four or five layers .. Cut' tbe corner ~prlgbt poles long enough to suppers a mosquito net or para ... chute cov.erlllg' .. A hammock provides a good type of bed and can, be made from a parachute strung between tWlo trees ..

A ~od rainproof shelter can be buill by covering an A-type framework with a good thickness of palm or other broad Ieaf, pieces of bark, or mats of ~r~ss. This is s}mila-r to a brush type Jean-to made from s~ boughs, only J[ has two sides instead of one.

] f you stay with your aircraft, it may be used for a shelter and wiil pro bably provide a dry area in the wet jungle forest. Try to make it rnoscurto proof by covering the opening with netting or parachute material.

Do not camp _too near a stream or pond, especially dun ng the J"amy season. Do not bUil d a shelter under dead trees, or widl dead limbs, nor under a c~conut tree. A fa1ling: coconut can disable a person ..

.. Clothmg: .protects againsl exposure. insects. and pests.. Keep the pant ~uffs t~ckedl mto the tops of the stockings, and tie them securely or: tm~VlSe puttees :0 keep 0tI1 ticks and leeches. Keep sleeves roJled down and bUlkmed!. ThIS also helps to protect against scratches from thorns, brambles, etc,

. .. _When .~Jothes _are removed. make a thorough .inspection. of the body for ticks, IthIggel"Si. In~ts. leeches, or any other v ermin, Check the dothi ng too, and remove any rnsects th.at may have got on it ..

, Try 10 have ~tJe clothing dry Defore nightfall to avoid discomfort

from the .cold: It IS most important to keep dothlng clean. dry .. and in goodl repair .. DJ rty clothes not only rot quick,ly blut may 1ead to skin disease ..

Si2Jlals

. ... lAs in. most ot~r survival :5itua~s the aircraft radio, jf working.. !s the. best signal device. Emergency radios are not very efficient in jungJe

a~eas- . Pyres should be kept bandy and dry.. A signa] area mayl be very dlffi~uJt ~o find. However, paruhules or contrasting coloured objects such as da nghies stretched acr~ streams or bays or placed in ponds may attract al~entlon_ ~moke or fire s!g11aJs in clearings are also effectiYe.~ Make use of every signal device that is available ..

Good tinder may be found in the fibres at the bases of palm leaves.

The inside of termite nests also makes good kindting. Keep a good supply of wood bandy,. and keep it dry by stowing it in your shelter or beneath brood green leaves. Dry out wei kindi ing and fuel near your fire.

Food ;aruI ,.,,. arer

N ormally both food and water are plentiful in the tropics. Waler is avai~a blle from the numerous streams, springs, lakes, pools, and swamps, bOI jt is: not safe to drink until It bas been purified. Some water may be djs.coIQured or turbid and may be lP'artialJy cleared by filtering through! an improvised filter such as parachute doth. One may a~ so obtain water from some plants w.hicb can be used without further treatment Coconuts -contain wat-er, and the green unripe coconuts: about the size of a grapefruit are the best. In a.ddition vines are often a good source of' water; however never drink from a vine that has a milky sap. Water may also he collected during a rain by digging a bole and lining it with a tarpaulin or a piece

of canvas-

AIl.imAI trails often lead to water. Food is. usually easy to procure

in the jungle. There are usually a number of different types of fruits and vegetables. Some of the common edible ones: are: sago pa1m or- palm cabbage; bananas; bamboo shoots; coconuts; and papaya. Any food a

monkey eats can be eaten by mall-

There are edible fish in most of the jungle streams, You need have

no fear about potsonous fish because they are fouud onJy' in salt water,

Tr.a,,-el]

Tra v.el in the tropics can be difficult because of heavy undergrowth. bleat and humidjt~· ~ s'Wam PS':t' mangroves, and the lad of landmarks"

The most useful aids to travel are: a machete to he) p cut a route:

lind food" and make a raft; a. compass; a first aid kit in case of fever or infection; goo'd foot ... gear : and a hammock or materlal to construct one ..

1£ possible follow the downward flow of a stream as. jt Iike) y flows

towards Iarger bodies: of water and consequentl f towards settlemeets. Wbeu possible,. construct a raft from bam boo or light wood and float down tile stream, as this is t:be fasiest and easiest method of transportation in tropical

forest areas ..

Avoid :such obstacles as. thickets, mangroves, and swamps. Stop early

and prepare a night camp as; jt gets: dark early and quickly in the tropics-

Fires

.. A fire in the jung]~ is most desirable, It provides warmth during clillJy nE~ts. serves _ f~r COO1kIDg.. and he1ps keep away mosquitoes. and curious animals .. A mg roaring fire is not necessary, because a small ODe serves the same purpose a-nd is easier to maintain ..

.. Fuel is u_suaJly plentiful.. The fire Ijghting problem may be difficult dunng the rainy season when dry fuel is hard to locate. Many of the Iarge trees. ~bether ~d or .a1ive ha v e hoUow trunks. Cut strips. of the dry I nne~ ]~nlng for tinder. When the fire is going well .. wet wood can be added, . Dr)" wood may be found han,gjng in the network of vines or 1yiDg·' on bushes, .

. . Don't use bamboo- for fuel_ It burns too quit:kJy. emits dangerous f umes, and may -expJode ..

197

196

KN", 0·' rr S", A,("'N" D·· ••

t.. ,J "_. ,J J 1 I .'

• • • • • • 1 • •

SPLICES

".-~.:..:.~- -~~. -- ..

:~_~.: -1-. P. __

.... .rII _.. ..

-_ ...... J

.- ....

.. -- .

~ .,

..

CHA,PTER ]5

The four basic. requir~eots for knots are: (a) they must be easy' to tie or untie;

(b) t11ey can be tied in the middle of a Iength of rope; (c) they can be tied when the :rope is under- tension: and

(d) they can be lied in such a fashion that the TOpe will not cui itself when under strain ..

There are five basic classes of knots. Thcy are used for;

(a) joiniDg two ends of rope of the same diameter- (reef); (b) joiniDg two' ends of rope of difterent diameters (bends); (c.) fonn-jng TiUrnDiDg Ioeps (bowline gm,oup);

(d) forming stationary loops (bowline group); and (e) securing one end of the rope to a point (hltches) ..

f r

.. .

.!

.

- ~ . -

a Thumb Knot ....

SlOPS unlayinlt of the rope.

bl F;gure gf' Eidrt ...

Preeents the rope: from beinl 'Pu1kd tbJrougb dle l'u11ey ..

cRee! XnoI" t, For ioinin~ two ropes of equal

di ameter .

20i

.

:.).. :-J

:r. ..II

.- r

-d Sh~ 8lefld ...

For j~jmjn~ two ropes (2 f nne Q U a1 -1 i ameters,

g Running Bowline ...

F'or- makmg a (bOnileg loop in the e lid of a [O'Pe.,

..... •

.-

c Hawser Bend ..

F O~ t yzng I W(2 large rcpes

to .RClh e E' .,

fB 6n

I I : _ ••

,ow .e ..

Fer mf8kiflg 3L nensl i p loop in. the end of ill :rop e ...

j T.im ber Hitch.

For hauling or towing timDeJ" ..

k Round Tu:rn-- T WOI Half Hjl-cb£s~

Macrin2 knot,

h Clove Hitc.b ..

Mooring 1mot.

r SheeD- Shank..

FO!J shO~lrninl a rope !bat is tie d at. bo thl ends,

202

SpliRS-

Ba,ck Splice

(a) unlay the rope for approximately eight inches at the end: (bl) make the: CJ'OWD knot;

(c) splice tile ends of the rope into the main rope, taking I:bem orverl ene and under the next one;

( d) when a1L three strands have been splliced in onee, this is known 8rS a tuck;

(e) carry out Ibis procedure fori fOUT full tucks;

(f) then spllir the strands in half and taking: one half of each strand do t,WOI more tucks-Ulese- are called half tucks, because; you use oll1y half the rcpe, Whlicb tapers 0(11 the end of die sp1ice;1

(g) dol this bry st~ng: a half inch above the cut ends and pul1iDg the cord as light as possible and: keepiDg the turns close together while working awary from the end of the rope to a half incll pa.st the end of the splice ..

Short Splice

(a) unlay both ends of the rope for eight inches ~

(b) marry the ends of the rope where the unlaying stops by putting the strands of one end of the rope between the strands of the oilier end

olf the rope;

(c) splice by' going over one and under one with a11 six strands;

(d) carry out this p(fiocedure, three more times;

(e) divide each strand in ha1f and do tWOI half tucks with the half str a I1dS;

(f) cut of[ all strands to within a balf' inch; and

( g ) serve the splice with cord. starting three quarters of an i:n~h_ above the start of the splice and ending a half inch below the splice,

Crown Knot

104