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ELEMEN'T8'

MINERALOGY,

ADA.PTED ~.r.O T'HE USE OF S,EMJNAlUES

By ,J,. L",_ 90HSTOCK, M. D •

•. cn:;D lIyru.r..u.."D. (HI"'!', LlTT]!.. ,Sit WJL~~.I,. 1IO!II"I!IK j (I. &. (J"cr.A.'nr. •• . 1I1J:''''''fltlt i II. if. U;UUrr & fi. U .... 1'an.,U'ilId'HQ.

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~~.·icP 2-''i''11f ~..c..r125a. 2. )'j-=ii

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S. ,G. GOfJiriih, Publisher, lJosl,olJI I invites the ,e(Jrr~sp(Jnd~ Il1i:CIi 10/ per:soml ~ngaged' IA t.he composintm ol(}riginaI1vorks, OT in the preparation of new editions (.If work$ already pru6- lished, 1Dho wish, to dispose of the copy-right, or procure the

puiJlicat'ion, ,0/ the same. Jan. ls/. 1,827.

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A.OVER'I'rSEMENT •.

IN ~he· execution of the following work, the author hasendeavoured, ~ st.To make the sabjeeteaslly understood by avoidingsdentific terms, wheacommon words wouM convey the meaning. 2d.,. 'Jilo condense its s.ize as. much as poesible, by the employmentof' metch .. od in the lallgoage of description, and b.,y the omission .of all useless words, and! sd .. To make the book inte'l'-

,.- .lib ih' ti f .

'eSt1ng '0 eommon real,Jlere, lY t~_e-'~lser~on 0._ eunous

partic~1aJ'S. . .

In off'eringlLheresl!llt of his labors, to the plJlihlic, the author hopes to contribute in some small d.egreetto-. wRrds a more general dHfusion of taste for Mi.Heralogy, by atfording a cheaper and more easy introduction tD its elements, than has before 0xisted in this country.

The work of Professor Cleveland, th.ough undoubted~y ~he best which has been cPllbHsbed,. is tooexpensive, and. v(!Jlulmino1!ls for general .circulation. rrhat of Phillips, is cntirc~y wanti~ng in respeet to distinctive characters, nor have his late editions yet been printed in t:fulis country, 'T~e Manual of Aikim! is too concise, to giv,e the Iearnar a proper knowledge of the science. These are the only books which IH1\'e been published

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.in this country on MIneralogy.

Under such cireumstaaeee.is was H10lilght that a work c~ntaifiling the elements ef the science, and of such a.

. size :'lAS to corae wiH1in the means of almost everyone, was much wanted!, and! if well done, would facilitate the progress of science in our cot1lrntry. How fl.l!rt'he following performance is adapted to these views" must. now be left tcthe jud.gmen1i. of thcpuMi:c.

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The' ge~.eral plan ofarrange.men~, is tb:at ofPbrnlIips, tbou:gh in particlli!.Ja.r inst;a.nces, the places of species have been changed ..

hi: respect to authoritiea, the (ollowing works have been consulted and quoted.

]]8UY, Jameson, Cleve~and, Phillip'S, Mobs, Lucas, Aikin" Lowry'I' Ma\ve., Bnkewelll Pi~]kerton, B.~ofilg]!Jiar~J Rees\ and the Edinburgh Enc:yclopedlias, Sillim.at)'s 30u:I:'u301, Brand's Journal, Annals of the New York 1.y .. cellil1l, RobinsOIil\S :Locail]tie8~ and Darla's Mineralogy, of Boston.

Amongthesc" the system6 'of Cllie'1!eland,. PhillilS,

Bauy, andMQbs,. have been elliefty depended lJ)'n.. .

Among th.e gentlemen from, whom information and advice havebeen received, it: is withmuch ,leasure I particularise Professor Ball, of '\Vashil1gton College, who. has rendered me essential assistance" durleg the progress of the ,""ort! andlfl.y whose kindness I bad ready access to the extensive cabinet of the College.

A full list of'Iocalities could not have been introducedi, without ISO much cnla.rgi~g the volume as materially toderange the original plan. It W3:S tl __ iought, also, that ~)11". R..objuson's Catalogue of Allleric.au locarnHicSl, in a good. degree, rendered such a, list unnecessary,

Hartford, J a~l'!lUary 1 st, 18.26.

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CONTENTS

of tke Introduct'I:rm.

Introduc tion, Definition,

eha.meters of Minerals., Exterua~ Characters, Colors,

Metdlit Colors, Non··M'etltUic Colors. Lustre,

P.lay of Co~or,s, Tl!iftllspart!noy, Form,

Primitive !Form, Mechanical DIvision, Cleavage,

.stru:ctu~e,

IF.ladufR,

FI19.flgiibiJ it y,

Shape of tbe Fragments, Surface,

T{)ueil"

Col:d!)l;!s~1

Order,

liii!

Taste;

Adbe,ioll to tbe Tongue, Soill, 011' S~a:in,

StreH,

H'ardlless,

" 'Tellaci.ty, Sec:~~ lit)' I

Page 1 3,
13
14
'14-
~ lb.
liS.
.... '. 15 .
1 8
'!II, 1-9
-. ,iii". 2,0
2:1
21
28-
28
2:;5
28
2.'
29
29
ao
ao
30
80
30
!ll
3:1
.. 3::1 •
82
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v[

Elect;uicity, •.

irtlaguctism,

Specific GI:',Qvity,. PhQsphor.cstellcc)

.Double Refra.cHoll~

Crystal Ii z:att on , FU'Ildament.a.l FGrms~ Description of Crystals, Trullcation,

Beve:lment,

]mpEtrfect Crystallization, Grouping of Cry,stals, Twin Crystals. M:agnitu(le of Crystals, Angles of Crystill.izatioIlj• Guuiometer,

Chewi.eal C:haracte.r~" 131owpipe, •

Action of Acids, Explanation of Terml>,

CONTENTS.

'If;

82-
sa
:34
36
3'7
Sg,
.. .. 40
• 41
4i
42
43
44
4,4
44
4:5
46
48
48
50
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,lIRiilll' . '~"'Ii! 'ii'h~ n;.'I~n IIIi!io,t 11..,;_ i!to,_n1·,rB, ~_nu ~ Ji:j:i'i,L-I,,,..-, -. I '-,' - ,.-.-:-

~ure9·. JIr' !!;o!!]1. !!Ii II IF!UI~, r""'- J.~ IU,UIlII, IIioB&~ !ai!l!!.L,J' ,~.'!j;, 'QY!Ui~,~JI]B'e,~, a ,a ~e_

~r piRe 'W~.I Iidl w~lh D, k:l1iJr'I' rrnnD ,t'be ao:M.d tligu[~e,- ,u,_be :pfoGeed -, 1'0. Ibis 'WILl" 'be' wi~] &'1 !l)D~G obtai~1 ,mmre ~orle~t id!eu tJnl14U ,etJrtdJd 'be !I/O'I.',."ed by tke' :most labored desold,pd'OIlI.,

_ . •.

Tbo' Cdi? h IS B~I, eqllud,,~, square raees,~ eight 'CilrBe~SJ~! iO"r M~:tdlln ,lea~ and, twe[ 'i'e ,re~rus., t ,hi, IId,p 'i' e 'die 80Jld aD,g;~I~l.

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, , ,F,mll' (bEl !c:l:p'l.alllI.UOJ!!! Qrf' ~'ble~. t~l'im'", fe"~ ~ dJ~ro~rq.t:~.'i,m,., p--. J II~'~";!!!

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The same, wi'th '~h,e led"es 'Ii: u;D~at!ea.

T,be Cul!!',1 TN it'h 't'be: !Bld-gel heveUedjl fortlni,IIig 'I,wo pibl,De! iR.Dd three :edgleil~ iusbeaj of' DIU~I edg<eOl

Tbe Begr.~' O'ef6Aeittm~ Th~8 GIUir~ ,UI _ molliRe_d under ,e:igbit, '~dang Ilhtr 'plio,s ~I lor' 'fl.eli _:_~ .Bi:r. .Iid, :rm,l~e91lJ1 aDd twel',e ,ed lea.

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Tilu~J ,.' . ''_g{Ef~ ,a\C\f~_,lriin. l~ I. bla dru:mr.·, .f~om 'fh'-j '1iWU',gIQ,f' Q~ttl'ed~~n llill b~u . I~ .--,iiiiifiid:- ~,,"11 ijFin'lfD, ':'0 A:lIlIie-:.

oI!!j ~ __ w . __ _ JI ~J_ I ~ ~iIJII ~Ul ~lrV'tI!I.i! .~ UQ.

ImJrJe IC'Uf. <.- 'I in the iO'·lI ;r:iS~

Tn. RAo,' I~ 'Tlh~I:& 'U!re ,differs 'Ff,oWl Ihe: cll"~ej' lln, baj'~iID,g ~ t ~ fJ!JDilUgUOll' (aeu, i D.eJi DJl1!ld 'to eatb mther' ~:gdle[f' l1'18lfimwl 'IJ!~.I~~9'J lilmle~e.ad.'or Di!lbml,g ,1I;t :d,g'l]jt 'Oll)~ '1

,: h I ,R',i.om,&iJ "d(J'IIOl:~ olWDJ1~ • r-his, 'i~ ,I, oom bhut ... ·tioft ,(d~ ,the "f{I'rUlVl" ~'.' lal, -, ,m . I' I __ DO the! rlWml,t for,m .. inl aD: .irreg,ulu ,RfJ,lid, of' I:gb, idlesl•

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.. ' ~ 6g Illite htl~n lied. b,Y "wmt!t-1~u-r :~jd.ee~. IPrb~ ga.-f..neil SGm.e'bmfl!:g is 'r~dDd onde r t~is :f~'m ~

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u

. ';fbe 19. m.e. ~~~:"ith II. iebo.. rt _p~is.m.::.'_.i.~~~rPose<lj "':two pyrallmlll le.tand_thll pn~m,

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/J ~p, '1' II!' Hnakikal, Or 8';r..;sidtri PHIm, terminated. by u. sb:,sidedl p'y~amid, - 24., A Pyramid.

2,5, A,u· Irr6!!ular Pyramid, 18taifiditlg OIl lehort, priem.

26,. 'r,ne same, but sLiIl .mOte iUllgul'ar. OrY,5ta18, of Quarl.:I: are·found In tbe.sesbapee ..

Pig. 2,7 .: A!lI,.reg1l1~ Dod,t;a1redro.n. 28, The S8,tuej !Yut tn(lfe, J"egllhn .

.A Mack, ot llemitrqpe. ~y;at:al., fQrmedi by the junc.lion of

two hal~e5, one of whilln. IS inver red'. '

Two erya;tads c:~().ssing each other. S'taurotide GeCllll m thia furm.

IIy obtaining. and ex:!\mining eloge:Jy the solid!Jr,cprescnte(l, b,tbe above elJte, thl1' .S'rudent will not 00], gain a geners] kDowledge of crYltaUiu.e rOlnH!,. but w"iII fIlso t!ndei[~til!nd U.e fight~pplieaIIoD. of the term8i bywiiicil tlle'y late de8ign~ted!. Thus,the difference betweea

h ,.,.-:t__J - "d t" c. ~t",~t·dr-1', : .w;t..~. ".l'".:J: p.":'" ,,: -L. 1.0 ... dra_ron.i Wl_ .!.Ie ~ !;.f'!MtCL 14'" QI ~"!lMT41!H;" -c 011."1;. • Oil""

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PRE_UM~NA.R:YEXPLANATJONS.

Xl

"ions, The Tdrlllkdron lias four sidee only, wllile the Tetrrillebal Prism has foursides", more or less e'l:.tended, sllrra-und.ing 11a axil!'~ keides its terminations., wh:iebrnay OOBl'I'iB1. of from 'ODe to four,or mOle faces !'It each elttremity. Thill figure" is ,,1$0 called tbe Quad-

ralWukr Prism. .

'T.be Her.uhtd."(J.lI, or W!!;, has si.x: eqllw faceB!, while the ll"e%a1&c;. tfr,rd, ~r Six-tided Prism, bill! six sidell .sunouo.dillg its 0.i6, bel!'i.des ltat.cr mina:.tioll.lI.

T,he Ot:tlJfttdron i8 bounded b.y eignl, face!!,. wbile the OdQhtdral J'rism .hu eight l:OutiguoWlpJwes, besides itster.w:iuatiOWi.

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E:Ilt: CAilr. Gktm. OM,.:. Dill,. Cltat. Ob,. • Local',

H.

J.

C.

,./I.,

JJI. Al. .P.

No B .. Ver,.or A. Masl.

R. I.. Con. or Q. X. :r. N..1. Pt111h

Del.

_Md~ ,

D. C. • Vir.. or J1a. }(; C.

S. C.

G't.o.

Km •.

Ten.

,Mid~ ...

stands for

.'

• E~tel'llal Chamcf:ers Chemical Charadets D:i~tinetive Characten ObaefY8I.tiQu Localities

Hauy

,. Jameson Cleveland. Aikin J1"Ongniart Mc>bs Pbilip.s

,New- HampshirE::

V,€lt!ll)nt .

Massa.cbusetts Rhode Island C(mnecticl!.lt New-York New.Jersey

. Pennsylvania. Delaware :l\'Iaryland

District {If Columbia, Virginia

N o'rth,Carolina South·CaroUua , Georgia

K.entucky 'I'eanessee Michigan

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1:.NTRODUC1.'ION.

JD:EFINITIONS.

~1. Mineralogy',. is that science by 'which we gain a: sy:stematic know~.edge of the mi:nerttl kingdom. .

RtmlWk. Theobjel}t of Min era.1 ogy . is to o'btaiu lIu(l:b a:Q3:eqlllliintanM with iJldividual,!!~eirnclll!! '11.8,"" be ahJeto know &heirDBme9, oomposition,llud place, in ,llisystermaiiea.rrDlngement.

§ 2. Mineralogy, in its lividcst sense, ineludeslI knowledge ot all the inorganic substances of tbe en:rtch.

Rt2Ilurk The study of .FIJSlils,. by ·which :isllnde:ntood \h.e' organic remains: of animals, fi~b, alld wood, found in the earrh, is ·m.Olie prope:rly a subj.eet of geology.. Iudi~'idu.aJ specimens ,of this kiDd,wllich most fr-eque.n.dy eeeur, are however £JQIDlldm(!!! flese:ribM IDworklll (m minero..logy.

§3. Minerals may-be div~decJ: into Simfme,and Com-

pound' or Aggr"Cgl"Iited. .

ODS. 1. Si'mp.le mineral!~, are stri~t1y !Iych, !IS are eampo;sed Ilr ODe kind ofroMltcr 'I?uly, II,S nalive gold, !H1.live copper,sil(lx, &c. hut by oommon consent" tibisterm is made to inelnde all~u(jh roluBl'IIiI'IIIl!l!J!.re homogenous" in theil!'qu!l.li.tJ:fl,S andaspcer, though composed of lIe"'!!raleh-cmieaj constituents,. asoa:rbonalo of Hm~, -oola.hed.ral. inlcD, fel .. spar, sulphuret oflead, &Iil.

~.CllmpQuna minerals, II~(! Sllch, 1\8 am CQ!TIp!'!sed (It n~verlll :simple one:!:I'olusely (';W)MC1cdJ, ~agr.tI;l:it(l" e(lnsi!jl~iflg of the ~imlile minerals" qlUtrtt, felspt1.r, and fliIll1tl. .. Tllese iDdivWlllI.is lire generally obvil)"u, to the eye, and ·th(lir ;study belongs strietIy to the Ilcien.ce '0:1' geology. underthe name of "(Icks, or aggrtgates.

§ .. ~' Gc.ology, is a science, w}l]ch has forim object,. the mveshga:bon of the structure of: the earth, ODd. the relative position!. oft.he materials of which. it. :is formed •

.06$, 1. 'The different object~ of tne two soj.eIlce~a:te ob:vi!illlS' .• - l\IiMfalogy'illvestigates', end determines the oatul,e, and QIa.SliificR,tlon of frngme'l"Its,or Ga.billet speeimees, while geology investigates the conslil;uti.on,8!l'ld structure, Mthe'crllst of the ,g.lobe .it&elf.

2. Mio.erral.ogy, is thereforea~lulelynece~!!ary .for the study of geology'; nor ean mineralogy beeome a~M.fitable, orin.tr,.readng pur •. ' 9!Jit,\'I'rthont i.ll.cludiDg 8(1 mueh of goo logy, 81'1 rela.tes to tbe situ!!.tloD, loo~.I:tt:y,. lind nature or the Url!lIl!1lla, from among 'IT hien each. OI»iD~' ~pcr.iimeJl has l:Hlen!aken.

C

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)lIV

2. CH .... 'R:. ... (lT,ER~ 0'" MliNlllV!lll'l.

§ 5. The eharacters of rniaerals are determined. by a. c.Iose iI!lB,_ect~on. of _their external, ani!! obvious proper'. ties, aseolor, form .. lustre! hardness, &c~. and, 'by c'6em .. ical analysis" by which tbei.r ,composition is ascertained,

Oos. In descri.bing mineral!:!, it is con;enlllllt to, divide tbeirchllt· a~ters into, (cl:t~u~l!!imd dtmical.. Under tbe rullt.lIl1 su,chproper· ti~j~! a~' 'ClUJ' b~olme:rfed, by ~he'f!ight" touch, fracture, &c. ale :M',f·an· gad; .3ud I.'Illder tile second, 5U,c:h chemical ebll,Taet~rs, ascan 00 ebliened mast easily, as fusibility. or infl:!sibllhy !l:Qd oolubil.ity in. aeiils.

8.E.:..:r,E!l1l1,.U. QlIltIlAGTERfI.

§ 6,T~e external cll~l';acters ofminerab are nume:rous,and. require great precision ill! the: language of

their deecriptions, '

OOs. Mifieralogy isind'eht.ed to the celebrated WeIner,. for t.bll: descriptive language. eDlpl{1yed in the de.'!ignalioD of the' ,elternrli, OJ! pbyl\i.caI eherecters ofminerals.'

§ '7. 'l'he followhlg ~ist of,e:x.terna~ characters i~ :sup-posed toembrace all tbose of I mpertance beloog~ng to the mineral kingdom, vi.z.

J. Color. ]10. Touch.

2. Lustre. 11. Odor.

a. Transparency. 12. Coldness:

4. Form..- 13. Taste,

5. Fracture, 14 .. Adhesion to the Tongue.

6, Strllctur'e. 15. Soil. -

7. :Frangibility. 16. Hardness.

8. Shapeofthe Fragments. 17. Sound.

9. Surface.. liB. Tenacity.

]] 9. Streak and Powder.

20: Fle:dbUitI and E~!'u!tici~y. 2,1., S~ape of Frag.ments.

22. E:lectricity.

,23. Magnetism.

24. Specific gra\'lty. 2.'}. Pbosphoresc,euce. 2,6. Double Refraction.

Ob"~ 1,. Som,e of these eharact.ers are gener.l, a.nd belong to every minll,rw, all eolor, stmeture, fOl,l'n ami weignc. Oeberaaa phospboru&Cllhee, electricity ,and. d!oublerefi'llctioD, are pamG'war. a.nOJ oolon,g

only to iii few individmllspec.ies.· . -. .

- 2-- The IbegraDer w.iU find much difficulty in the application of:theie

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~,erali chll:flLcters to th.e specimen IJewre bim; lnd will M doubt find it milch mO.re easy to saHBfy' bimself :what II. miDeu.i iSIlOt,tba,D wbat it ill, . Thi9, however, is:8!D acquisitien of knowledge, for every decis,1o ion, ~at a speeimen does not agree with a.given descriptidn, i,Slutep towards ascerlai:Qing 'vbg~ it is', .f'ereeverwee, gnlf 1he habitgf close 'inspection, with II. few ,~imple' telts, will. however, $O()n· eneble the pupil to digtillgui~h ~hewmm(ln ~pe&i.lilensj a kJ:lOwledge ofwhieb,: "w,jU greatly a8~cis( him in dIstinguishill1!: the rn.O!!6 rare ~na cutioWi. '

4.00LIilRS.'·

§ 7. Colors, have l!lien divided intometaihc, and! nan-

me.tallic. .

Obs.Werner assumed eight, fundQ:me:!!lal., mprlneipal eolOfti, •• tRe ground ortltll!tgrea.tvari.etYQr~b.s'dea, which :ue obsenedin mineral~i. Th,ese:a:re, 'UJM.('e,. (11"&!!. hifld" hliu, crt~n, yello"", rtd.,·arul

liTorcn. '

a:MIITAI.iLUl 'COL.IHI'8.

§ 8. Tbemetallic colors; &.ro,l: Copper:..red.i 2'.

Bronae-yellow , :3. Brass-yellow : 4. Gold .. yeUow i 5. Silver .. white; '0. 'Tin~wh~te;. 7. Lead-grey i 8. Steel-

grey~ and 9'. Iroa-black, -

L c()p'P~1'.r~d, 'fheoolQf (If metallie eopper. Ex. Oetobedr,g,I

Cloppe~. Nati'fCMppcr. __

2. Bro·nze,...fJ"dlo.w.- 'Ii'he 00101' of bronze, darker thaD that. ot lhr .•.

E:t.~me n.l~el.ies uf Ir(1'I:1 pyrites.

8. B,.(J$s~!ltll()U!. Ex. Copper pyrites:, Brass .. 4. Go'fit.ydlwJ, The ooJ01 of pure, ,gold.

065, This color is sQ!metimes pale, apptQlKlhlng to s'i.I,.e.-..whitc ..

5. SflfJtr-:tlJh.itt, 'The: wlQr of PUlie iliJv{!f. ~~. Na.tive, Ilil,vef, Af-o. seniealpyriles .. 6.1'in-white.

The COIOl' of PlllO tin. Ex. Fluid m.flrellfy.. 'Nati:'e

antimony. 7,Lead.grey. The oolorof metallic lew. Ex .. M.oli,bdeult. Ga-

lell.&. .

Oh. Tni~ ool.or hassc'l'eru .shade~j. Ill! bl(u1W~ .Ie~gt:ey, and

lD"itishle~.grey._ "'. .

- 8.. Steel~gl't.!I. _ Tile oolo:r ·0·1' broken steel, Ex.Nllti'e plllli.n8.. Steel grained .g<!!.leqa ..

9, tron..blac.k.The color of black oxide of ban. Ex. Oet.ohedral .iron ore. ltlagnetic iron,

,6. (iilQN ... HEIl'AJ;.Ll:C' 'CO:l..oRs,

§ 9; In the descriptIon of minerals, th&distin,ction,. nOfj-mefall£c, [s not made. Tbe distinction of metallic col ..

"l'bl'5delc.ri,ptiO!l of calun, i., i.a pan, lro~ Mob_I.> MIQlltllll)fY.

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ora" is boweve'r imp~rlaillt, lin de!!oCriplive langue:gs, a~ the di isien becomes necessary here, 00)1) that aceount.

A. Whit •.

I .. ,Sl:i!lHIJo1IlJiite. Pure white.. EK. Carrara marble. GYpKum,. 9.Rulai"'IDAi't~. Wbile, witb a rbJlush of redl.

3. Yelltnoi,sMAkc, Ex" Sef,e:r!!!l YQ.rietiea of Cllrbo,n~te oflit)l6',' aad Quartz .. ,

4. Grellish·ui1¥lt'e. Ex, Several varieties of mar ble, 811,11 amO,fflooult

~~~ ... . . -

5. Gremis]".mmu. Ex .. FoUatedtrdc. Nephrite. Prebnite.

__ fi. M'ilk·lo,hit6. ''Th.e color of skim·m:i!l, somewlu't iDGj~llmg to bJu.

Ex.. ComwOQ opal .. ,COWlllOIt 'qua.rtz. .

B. Grey.

1. BM."II-gr~y. oGrey, 'with a tinge ,of blue, ,commonly' not VEI"Y ,di,s'

tinet; dllll, Ex:. LiroeBton(!. Jl'elspar. HO'l'OstO'oe. . .

2 .. Pe,arT.grey. A !I!ix~(lm Qf groy, weith blue, and a tinge 'of :I'ed, Yerl' d,i~tjllct, in the pearl, . E,K. M u.date of siJ.ve[. 81l!phaLe of hIi.~

~- - -

3. /J:t!ltikt-{fI't.fI. GFe~" mixed wi.tll br.owlIl.Ex. Flint. Smoky

'CJ.IlI.l12.

4. fJr,e6n.is,lt'gr;e.y. Ex:. Cat',s-eyo" "raJa. A&b8stUS"

6. YeUowisAif'·itJj. Ex. 'CQIDIDon" in compact limestone, ;Wd IiIYp-. sum.

, . 6.A~~:-R"rI!1l: ~ ~ixtllire of wbite ,and! bllltk; ,be, fD:r:est grey uo,lor. E,x. ZOlfll"te. Leucm.e.

c, Black.

.. 1. Veloet.bl(ll;l. The pl:nelli: MtlGk oolw~ ~I(. &1~Of]. Jet. Obsi .. dUlI!l.

2.GrolJyi5"~..ua~'f,; .. DJ:u:k, misedi with ,11""6)" wiLhout iii]}M, of brown, greell, or blue, Ex. Basnlt. Va~ie·t,y of ,Magnelie han. &me vcar'je·

(ieB, of Ma~bl,e. .

3. Gr,(Jel~i,s.ll·~l(u.k. :Blnek, with a: ting'e of green. El{. H01nblendre ..

9ypqrft helle. ,Augite. . .

4. Broumisk-black. BJ;ack,lD.ixed,yitbb.rowII.. Ex. BitumiooQ8

minerai GMiI. 1ill.acli oxid~ of m:&.Dganese. .

5 .. Bluish-black. This is a .rOO"!) color. Ex .. Dark ilndieolite. BIl\o'k ·cobalt.

. .

r, PrQss~(JI'i.blll:e, or" Berlin.bl.lle. Next to ult.r3!~m~rl!lJe" Ihe purest bl1:iEl color.EiiL Sap'ph~fe. CY:l.IuLe, and! the bluevanety QfR,Qok·st1h. 2. B.lackislt..blu6. Blue, mixed ',vitia black. :EX'. Dark aztlire malacb:it~. PhO!lpi.lat~ of tHilD.

3. ,A~urt.b~tI~. B!ight blue, ":itl:t a ting~e or r,ed~.I:!t. L~pi8 lacZllli.

4. VI.o.1Gt·bll1~. Blue. :l!lllxed \Vltll red. E~,. Amethyst. Porpl'€ I'Il:Io.r.

-.I1~t. .

. s. _ Lm;(fildl!f'oblua. Blue, mix:edwitb Ii. liltIe [~ lilM mucb Ver, Ex. Lithornar,ge. Poreelain ,Jusper.

D. B.lue .

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6. Phnvl1;.blw. BI.ue, mixed. with Ii little brown. Ex, PIUONpt;t. .

7. S.maa-blll~. Pale ·clea~~hl.e. ' ..

8. Im!igo-bllU. DJlle, mixed ",,·i.lb. Mack, lind a tinge of gteen.· EK.

Indicolitl1. .

It Sky-blue. Pale blue, with a lit:tI.e g~eenj' Lhe «Ilor of cl.eu' sky~ Ex. Octahedral Araeniate. QfG()pper .. FhJO'~·sp!l'r.

E. Green.

1. E;rntfald"lttee'd.. The purest green ,color. Ex. BeautifllIly dis .. ti.ocl" in the finest colored E::mefal.r. Green <l8irbcmll.relilfoopper: . 2.Verdigl'if • .Q~Jo'teR. Green. witha.!b:adeQf Dlue.Ex. Amazon'

atone .• <!t green felspllt.· .. '

3.Mountain-:gr~etI. Greeo, with eQnsiderable portion of' Ollie.

Ex. Beryl. . .... .... ... -

4. l,t;e:»~en. GreeD, with a: HnJcbrowD.E'X. Prarre.

6., A.pp~fm Light gr:een, with iii Hule yellow. !Ex.Chrysopr;3;Seo; Ves(n~ia'n. ChTySObe.~":~.. -- / ._ 6. p,fstat.hl~o-g:r~en: Green, mixed willi yellowIIDd bro.wll.. EJ:. Orymlite. Epidote ..

7.. B.lackislJ..gret-1J. Ex. Selpentine. Hypersthene.

8~. Oli"e--gr.ll,1'r.Palegteen, With broWIJ!!tfid ye.llow .. Ex. OlivIne.

Some varieties QfPi'.chslone ..

F. YellOw.

1. Ltmmon-y.ellolC. Tile jpl,ucet yollow' cclor, Ex. OrjJ.iment.

~. Suqll!1V"yellollJ'. Yellow., with fJ tinge ofgrecn .. iElI. Na,j;re !lul.phu[.

3.Str(l,~1I~1~, Lightye:UQw! wi.1ha little gtey.Eli". Pycurte.

AQ'I'ber,

t. }lIJfUH"TWtlf. YeUow"whh a.l;i1Ue,OO@d brQwu, Ex. Hllll~

ce),ston.e.

5. (}en~Wtllo",. 1; elltlw. with brown.. Ex. Yellpw qllarlz.

6, Jfbu-lIilJow. Yellow", witba litde ~ed and grey. Ex. Topaz ..

"7. Orrurge.yelloJD. Y'l1!illow, with. 1111 poI'lunOr red. E~. l\lollyhd&,:c (frIead ..

G.~d.

1. Carmi'n.~:.r;£d.The pu.~est. red eolot. Ex., R.lJJby.. Oc~be~raI mpper ..

2 .. AfW.olIlM'ed: Red, w.ithm.oob yellow, like the tint'S giv~fi the 'clouds 'by tbe setting suu. Ex. ltealge" .

. ~~ H.,~!ntA.reil Red, with yellow, and a litHe brown. Ex. Hjll~ 'I.\m.th.GtJIle4i ..

4:. Bric/(lofit.d. Red, ,.,i.th brown. aodlg«lY. E". ~t!lbite: .

.. 5 .. &4rlel~r~d,Brigbt red, with a ti!l:t ~f yellow. El~. Cinnabar.

BJu.b:r lIiI'e.r~

,6 •. l!J.tul..1'tti. ited.1 wah a litUe ~11lt!ik. ~E~. pyr •.

'1. .F/t,A..:rtrl. Pa1e red, wifh tiO.tB of yellow imd grey, Es, Car.,

elliD.. .

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INT'R0'D'UC'fION.

- S .. 'COO'~intal",r~d. Red, with a.liUle bllle and gl'ey. 11::(. SpineUe • . Dodecahedral .garO!1t

9. ll(ls~~r~d.p-aI6 re,d, witb a.I'ig'l1.t tint of· yellow I'i.fldi gre_y. Ex.

Room quar.t.z.. Carb{)ruue of mll.'n,ganese. ' _ -

10. O1':imsoN"l'e(/..Carmine-red,with It ~illt.of Mue .. Ex. Tbe fin8!l1 oo.lor of the Ruby. .Ar~_eniia.te 'of Cio'balt.

u, B-rfJW1JicsN-ed: Red, withlIlu.eh bt'()WII, !Ex. Red h$maHte:.

luper., .

II. Brown,

1. C4elllw-bl'lllqn. 'rhe oolor Qhipe ,ci:Jesnuts. Tbe puteet brow.ll

ooIor., E·JI. Egyptian ja_~peI. Brown hrematite. _

. 2..YtIlQwis.li.'"lmawn. iEhQWfi~ ~hh much y~llow. Ex. Common J,asper.

3. Reddisll/brqllm.. BrowD, mb::.ed whh mUGD, re4!. Ex.. Jasper,

Zircon. -

. 4. .(Jkme-briJUJn. Brown,' withw litde blue., and! red. . E-l, HOlD.· slouc.

5. Hai,...7mnM., Browll, with a little yellow,and g.rey. Ex. Brown olide of irull ..

6. -Woad-brolDn. COlOT, of QId eltIlo~ed wood,B-~ .. ilLigniform ~ bestua,

7. Littl:1 .. b:r-fJwn. Greenish brown .. Ex. Common jasper. 81 Bladtishbr-o:wn.Ex. Brown eoal, Bituminous wood.

7, l.lNi!:I'Il_!f;,

§ t.O.L. U.Sb.e..i.,s.·· .. at c. l.lB ... - .. ra. e. ~j .. e. r ... ofm ..• ~.r. ~ .. ~m.po.'r .. ta, n.c ..•. e . .-, th .. ~an cOrOt because HI die same $,eCleSl, it is more unifona,

OIM. 'rhe vi.t1:eQu~ It!~tTe Qfquillrtz. to, a. prllctiBed eye, is generally a pretty d.eeisi.ve 'cha.racter -of the mineral, under !ill it!! v!U'!I;!~y of

coJo:r.", •

§ 11.. In the deseriptioDofmioerals" reference is made to the k£niJ, and to tbe" :intertBit~ of lustre"

The .kina,s of lustre are,

1. Metallic, 2. Adaman.t:ine. 3. Resinous. 4. Vitreous.

5 .. Pearly. _

I. Metallic l'llslr,e. Hhas the aspect (If It metal. EI, Su!:phufet of cl)ppe:r. Galena. Silver .• B,ass, &e:

2. Lmpftt'jtct; Qr&m'i4li6tallic lJ'l$tre. Ex. TitaD.ium. H:oo.ma.tite,.

Blende. ..'~,

3. PseurJo..mefallit lustre. This is app!.iedl to.se;veral. mineral! .• whic.h giv,t a de:gree of metallic lustre, <m]y wheD therellection, is .in. a. cer-

wndirection.Ex. BrOllzite. MiCe.!. -

4. Adamantill(l l!islr~. It is difficult tQde~cribe, butIs readay dis-. ~i!lgQished in those :min!lnb, where it ia, present, EI. Diampud. Co., ~liudYm. C'arWDM.e of le!\d .

. ' 5,. ResinmJ!l ,lus~Te. It resembles the ltlstre of fi:actured re:sin,w:

Ill. .9ubstall.ce smeared ,,,,itl:! oil. ~x. ,Pitcbstone. Yesudan,. -

Dig' zed by Googk

INTRODUCTION.

.

6. VitNOII"lwtrt. It is the .lustre 'of fraetured glass. Ez:.Qull"tz,.

Bety!" Topl1:!:.

7. Pear,lylustt'e. It i~QhaJ!geable!!lud .f!Omeminera.l~~!l8 it, ~in III eert!!in direction O!lJy. E:a..CYlln!te AetYMlite . .Ar;gcntifle.

·8. SlJlr.y lti.dl'e. It ttl8emble!!l tile luml'J,l of satin. Ex. Satin'I!pa1'.

A"mian:tbu-s.

(:) ~ 2. The d(lgrees, or in.tensity, of liUstre are, 1.

Splendent.. .2. Shining. 3 .. Glistening. 41. Glimmering.

o. Dullil. . -

ll. .spkndent l,utre. This is intended to OOIlVe:Y ani idea of 1illehighest polieh, whieh minerels pessass, In the Ellltive.'!ltAlC. Ba;. Galetlll. Bpecuhtr oxide Qfiro!l. It<lek e:ryst!l.l, Voleanie HOJ!lbl'etlde.

!;l. Shining. mit is OJ, df!g«le ~le5tl tha_q splendent" .Er;. ,MiGa- SIlJ·

pha:te of !Bilitytes. Blena.e·. .

3. Glfst.eniD!r. ]it. doo!i Ilot reflect ,eufficiendy to delioe an image .

• ' :Eli,.. Fclspar .. Fractured Quam:. C81'OOno.te ·ofUme.. -

4.. Glimmeri'tfg. Somewhllt le~~ tban the above, £x.!FliQt. Homatone. Aabe~H!s.

5. Dgll, T.lle entire absenoo of I:u~tre. E,x, Obalk Ochre.! MiJd.

:s.. PLAY OF COLOR!!.

§ 11,: Several minerals display very €·xtraorilina:ry pbenomena:, ~n respeet 1:0 color. 'Thesepe'Colial'i1t4es are pola!b Qr Change ofeo/Qr;$, Opakscence, Jrirk8c'tnce and. 1'.arnnh.

1. Pta,!!, f!f (!11l!JrS. Tbi!!: proper~y 'oonsistsin tbe ·tmTlsmislS'io!l Qfdifferl'>ntly ooloJledJ rays oflight.,. !'!i.!! theminetal is tUrIled in dif..· (erellt, direotiona'.

TbiB curious 8nd beautiful property 3ppear6 to depend on ~he BItU:e~!jr(l or the roifu!faI,8J;1d is possessed o!lly by a few spccies . ..,.. Ez. Pr'ecious Opal, This ibeatltiful !ltone pl'csentel,8S it, is t.urn.ea :in yariaus direetinas towards the light, intellseandi playfiul, ehllingea.of color, which proceed from the interior, present.ing a! it i.~ turned, most of the coloJ!1,!j (lIthe rainbow,

LabradQrit,r" Wben. thi~ i~ ctit ill! II ·eQuvex eiipticill rorm, it, !pre,. tefits aetil.1 more r~markail)lc play of celors, consisting in some !'Ill&' eim.efis,. of most of the prlamatlc tily~. ~eV(lt;a1 of which are scea at the, ume instant. These 'co.l.ors np~ar ~I) proceed from just witlrin the polished ilurfaoe, but no~ f~om.~h:e uia ·ofthc· gem,lli~ is tbe ,allose; with

iheQpa.l. '. .

. 2:, Opulescau.e. or CAatoymmt. This p.roperty is IlRlllagous to the .. bo~'(l, but [SQ(lt confined to tile refl.ectloll of briilill,nt eClloJ!'!, It mllans more particularly a changeful play of light f~@m the interior,

.. Ex. O(tl,'Niye. This beautiful liltle stone iUUl~.tr;l,tt!!l therne<l.!:"!ing'of tbi!~ pl.OpcfliY in perfcctic)D·. Itrefleetll, as! it. i:s. turned towards tbe ~,gbt" mifk;r' white, greenis'h •. rund brownish eolo:rs, in suecessleu, The l'Jiamond, som~' 'uietiesof a"rundum,. and opal,. also MooD.lone.

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whicb is&' uietj' 0:1' Adularia, 1lII1i, thwt variety of 8!l,ppbiro eilUed AsteriIJ. posses:.s m,ore, o:r less ,the same qllaJitiea. 'rlIis jpfioperly it bighly "alued by the lapi<latrie:iI. and often gr~adr eliihllllees the file., .(lfpartl(~lId!!.r specime'DR.

01>8. In tho Cla.t'!W!ye. thi8 Glu,ngeful play: of Iigllt, i11llupposed to proceed from milllllte. fibres O(;a,m:i,lLntbu,a whi,c~ run lb:~o'Ugh the ;stooe, 10 opalll.ud labradoute, no adelJuw1e elilplanatlQU of~Il!f! phe:lIlomOUQIl

bM yet been giv'Em. , ' r

3. A;d.f!st;lltIC~" This p:roperty i'OnSieL~ In the 8~t,l1,ai separation O'r the rays of light into toe p'tislIliltie colors.aod depends on the prine]pJe' of the common glas:1I prism, or perhllpe" on fhat of New'l~m'S: colored rings, \vhen t'Yo ,,1 aleS of glll58 are' pre, ed tog,sther. It pre-sQP· pose ',separation ,Orlis!lIUe8, in tbe iul,en,or of the miDeI'~, and .is often' e:n'tirely llCcidelll.tat Ex.. B.o.ck-cT,stal, often displ:tly;t! theee

. colors in grewl beauty. I:n some specimen " it appears ~Q ,al"iSiJ froM the natural s~ru'ctl!re, (If tbe mineral, illl ,othen it is evidflnLly,o'wing flO,

Dasur,ea eaeaed by a blow from the b3.Jllroer. '.

;3. Tal'lu:sll. This is an allerll!ulJll of 'the oolar of tile m lne 1';111 , on tb.e 8~l'faQ(l merely, and prohlLbly arise.s fr0!l1 di:tf'o[elilt degroo8 ,of0X;idl.tl.On.. It mostly be]OJl,gs 1.0 metanm, mmer:aIIJ, Of' ~.!.J.6h as contatn ;11· portionofmeLaJ in tbelY cOI!llP£l'sHion.or ~Il."el!tiug fhei.r surfaces. Sometimee thecQIQr ie unifoul), as in C(Jr,btmll:tt), oj iron : io other .inet.al1lces

it is of differeut !!1I!!de6~ ill ~he !!IYmc Il;peelmen, pT6560ting a v~yjd and verybeautifull di!lpJay of alIlhe 001018 of the rainbow. It ill Ulell!. eaIJedl iris~d" or irideseent, fti}lfi 11'45,,1I1e rainbow, Ex. Spetul'm· O%ide ofiron. Atltnf'ocite. or ,e'Oul. OOPIJel' Pyrit'es, and many othe.1" 8ill:bo

stan t.ell. . - -

01is. Piece!! of ancient window glass, en 'lib!,! e~1JOsed >side, and pieces of ~QIDmOQ _glass, which have lain II fe\\' years ill tJie'diin, e~· pos:ed to tb.tn',Qrin, have the ;same appearaace. -Some spcei.I!liUiDS of this kind h;a~,e R ~Ilifl Cl'Wlt. of re~l(lw:islh doeomlp!}3ed gJua. over CThc oolo'l'tI, whiob is easily 'M'I'AI!l1'ed. This 8il1llsta:ooo forma Ii. kind of jedly in sulphuri,o aoid, P~oba.bly the aJterllHon i.e ow.i:ngw the [q.ss of ill part oft.be potasb, wMehl.he glaasaollitaioB. - .

9. TRANSPARENCY.

§ 12. 'I'hia is an important property, in the deseriptive part of Mineralogy ; for althougb, in some mine .. ralls! it is ~n uncertaia character, in otbers ilt is qoite distinctive. It bas several d~grees" depending 00 the quantity of light", Mett is transmitted through the min-

eral. '

I.. Trl'lnSpal'~llt. When objedill eanbe dilllimltly Been jbroliigh t:b.-c specimen. Ex .. SHlimile., Ic.el:and IiIpaa:" Rock crystal ••

2, St'mj,t"·I'ln.~paf'fnt. Wben. objeots can be s:ee'n thrQu,g·b tile' min" eral, however illdiEitinc~y; iE)(, AdlJ!laria. Sulphate; ofSlfon:tia:n. __ :i, 'lhl:nslu(;~'I!:t. W heD the, light passel! thl(mgb it, but not. in S'ldHieiellt quantity to permillobjeets to be seen.. E~. Ohlll,c~doDY. Born:seene, Alabaster. Fehtpar.

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XI

41. ~,,'ueent on, t4e' edge''', When by ho]d:ing the thia edlg 'of the~)],i!1 irQ!, between 'he eye !!!Ild '~be, lil{ht, Borne raya !!Ire "trBI1smitted" Ex. FUlii. Heliotrope. Obl!i(Jji8!D. BI~ende.

5. Opakt .. When n.(i ligbtat 1'111 jis transmiued. Ex. Hotnhlenf.fie'.

Juper .. 'f.heores of iI:rOD" SIiIJplrurll'l,'of Lead, iaDd Copper. Coal. Lig-

nite.. •

06.5, Somll mfOenlll81 geofl'!',uJly deseribed :maopllb, traMmit II l.m:8iU qU!mI:ityd colored li;gh~J all qJ«o,lar Q~i;de rif iron, which oolwe n the eye, :!!!.Dd !I,~trong light; appeilP.! blood red, :il'Ddgfild in tbin lea.vllis. ap. peats, ,green, In dte same position.

lB. "O&~f. "

§ 13. Tbu is a v,ery important character, and may be -dhided! into three kinds or varieties, vIz. reguwt, im.itative" and! amoryho-us.

Tlle 'flJgulo.'l" {OIO!IS, all arise fr;om orystalliza,qotJ, iliad lite of 8om,e: ile1.erminate geliimetrielllfigu.re, bei1ng oo!:!l!ldedi by planes, or fitCIilB1, whicb . meet" form.il'll1l tJu,!edgea,. 1iIJ' !!',ng'lee of the Ilrystds.

or the re:guln.r foriti!!, Uvo kinds are distinguished, viz. tb:e p,imitw", end the ~tDOfldtlf<!J; 'i)t ,e~,el'tlial.

'I'.lIe prrimitivit fo:rm, is ·the nueleus, or ctl:tltre (If the erystal" and is obtl1inedb:y meehanieal div,lsion, or Glea'va.ge. Ii often d:ilfers fr(lm tbe aotual, o:r e:rte:rnal fOrm of the ,clI'.1:ml, as pllesented to th eye. In m!liny C!lses", bowever; .be, primiti.\!1il and external fOrmal uetle same.

Tno secunda",!!, Of £-zttmal form, is: thar, under wliii.ch the c·rYlital ~ppeau. wben enUre. In some JIIlstane8 , ho;wBflfl', CrysW6 ~lIhibit the pri,m,itive form, ill thf! natural 8tl..t8'.

Imit.ative formsl• Thed Ins the result of coo.ti!I:Bed" or difltllrlled e!l')1stall.iz,a.ti.ul!I J' Of' W'e merely wn,cJetionl.

,Amorphous, Oil' Inde1!e:r.mirmte form. When the mio.l!ral H I!le:itber regular, nQr i.mi,ta~ve, i'~ iii O!l.lleO! amorphous.

Iii. PIUlifH'tl'1l FORM.

§ ] 4. It bas long been known that some minerals", when broken prescnt,ed smooth shining faces. in certain direction, Ilnd that by PQrtkula~ m:ilnBlgement~ _they might be cleaved or separated mto plates, or sHo,es" le~.vin~ ~olids of d,e.~~ite, geometrical s,hapes.. By pu tsumg ttus method, !It has b en ascertained, that almost ev rI Cfystallize,d suhataece.will yi,alel til' cleavage in. one dir,ectio:m or another, and that by continuing thi.i o]ferat~on! sot.id..S ef regulaf,. and! certain sha.pcs.. IIire obtroned. The solid so obtained, is the p'rimitivecrys~

tal. ,

§ 15. 'The fi, ·t1;f'e of ~be P!imit i \Ie crystal, belonging to the samespecies, 1i8 mV3.!lably the same.

D' .

Digitized by Coogle

- ":~l

01"'<3 Bom!e [ - c:j;e - ci 'ho ~ ,elr., r:~ - _d =e, 1, r.8~_ ' "I)I!,ielb3 lof' fblm:; 8UClh

1,_ • __ _ _ _

; j I'b 'il'a 'I - ,ith BI!I!D:r- - p: [1"" wh,le,l~ 'Di:_~bfd t~c :r.1l11l' oC'IlohedlraR; 'Ike telmBhedrmnl~ :Iad the; 1\e11W 'r.':~mDlbD\id.. IOf' tbe __ ~ thl ID~'lohe dron R;- - hettI, -e~,e>e:led, as tlli:_ pdmiu~,e.

§ 1!'6~ The iJ'n:' :i,,,idua'l illpl ci,ll1!s flJif cr' stals ,d,O Dot each , ro;is: - ;--,8 :& 'p:rilm'itiIYel ~fo~; 'pec:D'~~i:ar' t~o tll,I',mf 'el',_ ,:_s,~ _

10,0 the CODtr,ar_', it il .foiU,od, -tba:t "h'e same l?f]miti:v'I_11 i .com ,0010 m,an, d,ifI'eren,itllpecie_,' -,' poe~e~BiI1,K rari ... OU, -' I e'\-:,' e m 1.1 '[OmlIS; '91n!d, b eli [JIg ,com:f 0 - e,f) or.e ,f'l-e'Wy d ~:r~

f~~e' ",t l;b: mic'J c!oDsi.'to - ~n'~B~, -

_ UI", 'T'lle .,!bD:_i~:: 11 :f~l'l~,-_ o(fi,~'~~,;--:_ -'!c'- fIr,i! !r-ad ~i'_ lo!'f.9"f!':~ !o.de,tJ!'

[ill ~ ,_,.I - -J'_.. "JIir- -on !is' 'Ih'e' n~It, ..... l.'B' -'0-'

dR~ ,III",,, jjJtzil~ ~' 1f',0 _I!II iL' __ ,-,-1 ''!!i!~'._\Il_!!~ . ,-D.,

t - - , ~ . 'IJ.. t ..11'" lb.,'"' !I" f

I '1'7.. :: 0' -w~'tus'_anu:~n,l' ene 1'lRmieDfHi~' ":Il1r~le~:y er e ter-

n8 __ for,m':', 'Un,~, -,,~ ~I, bi)c:b crl's'~aJliz_~d, bodies, :lIp'p~:Il:r~! the nombe'.r o.f .,lri~D!f,' ·].',,'e fOlrms~ 19,01 11_r as i -. yet kOOIWIl, amOl]'D't on~1' 'liO .. ,j.,~

IThm pliB~dftl: fOlmSIJ -rce ,U, 'r~fmQ'WlEl :::

Fig ~ I,,, IThe! piif""lldfJpll! -.;, ......... T:~ml :flrif'm, Itdifers ,

.. "8rie!tJ' ,o,:fmld,i:6C6\'l~Oq ,0 lIIlt i-l!IJ~llid!~-e, 'he IW&f)':I' ,t'ho

... ,J9tJ~;Si.tled llr-l_~ Ul11,dl 'the r'iqm~ 'be:o ib a:ng'lell ~D II,er,' di,ri!e~ioD I :ue 'the same:! :lu.lIldl the, !Size of· :ib

lfill- ] "iii.. .' ~ 'Ih,;jjj; 'Wb ~. 'II -

'1.1111l8!D,eS, IUJ9' :B l!liie~ u~ IS, :1. tU~ 0, . -en ,I:~ UiI: G'lQIIlI3B1t:ed:l1

. .'. O(f. exmod,i@d iu meQ\llb~ -it 'ii, 'the f.nu;~!ided, ,r1Bm~ and

',:-iheJ) Its H' :~e· are D'b~iq,UJtli' ]It h~GoUIISJ =-, 'r:~IDmh, Tbe - :rgbf",,!~dsd priem 'm~,' ,~e[ rlig~"1 fOr o&Hpl!ll :1, :sqUIIBl, m'l . rbo_b. 'r'De, :rboIlilil, [O'I)l be' ~~utle,~ 10,1" 9,~t~s~~ ,U lU taJU II-,!~r:" ,r thJm, 90~,.

Pi~~ li!'l~ -I',LD, ,q~ .. ~i1._4~~'Ifi! --'Thisl:I[ 0"-::'. ~--["'Ii'!i" I~\n'--

-.J:!; - ~ - , III"" !!l!!'!lii'iIi!lOJ!If:~IITIJ!\I!Ii"-, _, __ _I II ~_ W!! ~~

:po' - ed IDr two 5:iimil,u:~! :rli)u~ejded, prram;tds\p jOJ:o,ed b.'i . 'io, ba;lie~ 'is luibject '0 .. '_'riou! 'lnodii'Ci!a'I'~frjlD.·s. - ':rlbU9, 't'_I: . 'tWi)' p,Y'famids,,- mly bel 1.'-,ie!pfeS-d~ O'l eliOI \~l'~ed., TiDe 'baSle' ma" be, ~q,llul.lr.le,: I~r.' obHqu,ei; OJ It.'~e fa,eel of~,· e: ",r;aJll]dds~ 'WiRy be: ,i!3!C31ene~ '1J:r' ,iis'O!3~@!.~~B 'liI']aDg'],es_~

,Pi;g" 3 .. ilrhe 'r-egulw il~fFuA~mR.~:The! ru-es of"'th-ilil n_ 1Jj'lfe,1 af~ ai,w,aY,Bl aimila:r. to IlIon olhe:r.~ :t;be IDlii _'hei,1l1g' i~D:cl,~:Ded UJDld.e!r. fO!liiY' ~lu1'QUa'~,e'r.a1 'trj-aB,lfH~, ,'I Is 'nlJ~~ {,be[eforle~, [Bllbjl~l, ~m, 10, ,: ,ld~t'J' or fur,m.,

! • . ~

"

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X.XIll.

Pig. 5. The dOdtca'htilrQn, rtDitn, :rh""d:'icf~ts:, Thill figure i9'C(mtai!'!ed~ underlwelvtll equal, i!lllll. I'milu rtiombie faces, lUI.:! iI, thellef:ore. llotlr!Jbj,ect tov~i!V

.H .

Fig, 6. The dodtl:aht.Mon,. fDit'h triangula:t' lac.~'J.,'This selid, 18 bounded [by twehe triallgu]'a:r planes. n may bel. consldered,astwD :six-sid.ed pyramids, JoiDed base to base, .aDd :is !l!ar.iablein the pl(1po.rtions ,otitl hclg ht. and breadth.

l~, M"C:ailN'1:C41l1V~liON,OR 'CL!EA'fAGtl:.

§ 17. To obtainthe primitive form., it!s of course, necessary. to eleave, or m.echallica.liy dividethe crystaL Many cry:staWs, it will be found, arecempeaed of layers or slices, lying over" or on each other, with na .. tu ral joints between them. It iebetwecn these natll!l.r" al joints, that me,c~lafiical division is eft'ected.

Ob" 1. 'Thesel1!1.tllraljolntlj" aile vl)~y I)b¥:1ou~ in. :Mme minera1s:. as in felspar" gul.ellll, IIlldtluor. [fiothet,8., aJl qU8:l't.z, tbey a:re, !lot; pereeptiMe. By close examina.tion, bowever, lh.e directilou (If thee jOilte-08iQ .beaseertai.n.ed ill! 'most mineralsl.

2. 10. soma installces, it is necessary tota'ke the ad'i'antage: of .. strong Jight, by the re!1ectllln Qfwhieh, I.he .face of:1Ii natural jom.t ma, be fuund.,lIIlld the direction Q.hbe_lay,er8 ascertained. It isgeneraJ. ]ytleres!li!Iry. when the jOllltil are ob8Clu,e; to, fralilture the mine.ral. II:Dd then by ,closc: itispeetiolll, the shining faces Qr !!Orne 'of the layers will 'be fuund, and e"l)D~quentJ)' the d:i«lC'tiQD! ill. which clea.vage Q tDIDo attempted.

§. 48. 'The mode of effecting c~e,a:vage, depe:!)ds on tbe naluve: of the substance, on which the operation is to he performed .•

Oils. ,(J(Jknaand ,bknde, may I)c, beM in tbe hand,ud divided by asbarp knife, Garefully in.ttoouc:ed ootween. t!he, natural joints,Fluo:l'. :15p!tr,and many 'I'ariedcs Qfeubon·a:te of lime, require tobellliidioD a table,Bn.{IJ IU"~. ea~ily p,e.pa:ra:tedJ by 81 sligh~ blow 'OD ~he knife. Ox. ide QftlD. :a.nd some (ltbfir 8ub5tlllnces, are, best el.eaved by the prcSoo ,llllieQf pm.cerlfl, along thB lla'lut!ll. joints.

§ 19.Wbelll amin€'ral can be c1oav'cd on~y in d.~rec .. tiolfs, F:oducing a particular farm, that form IB the pcnm.ary ,crystal.

065. 1. As Ilnclample, eailew:oo'U9spar may beta~en. 'fhie: l!ulJ-.

Itao.Ge, when, :llilli:lilBides presc:n.t plane' shining fltGe8. :showing lnat it bu, been IISC,Para.ted at ~Ihellalur!'l Joinls, .iJl :iliw&ye, III the form of U!i

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lWl'TR()DUCTION.

obtuse rhlfmboid. In semespeeimena, wberethe natural· eonnactll0DI is not strong, striking with a hammer, ans.we,rs laJi t.bepurpo~e!l of ecleal'age,. Ilnd it will be foundrm close ill 8peeHo:n , UIlIt, the smallest p,udeics which t.hccjlc can ili.sISngllish" are still rhembs, of precisely ttl(! same shape" with the ,Iar,gor mn$$HS.

2. 1!J tllo prese!lt instance, ther(!rore. the prim!l.rya:nd 6eoondary (ormg are 'tI}e~ame" or ratberthe mi.uerilil a]waysappeill'i~ undasthe

prirnmry form. _.

~ "i!..) h .).. I 'b .. h .

~O.~ J :.oug 1 lin ue~, eve Ilnetauc~,Leprl~arl

an seecndary forms are the same, y,et In many, II not ill. a u'llJjorirty of the species, they d.ii'er wIdely.. and indepa, onen a ppear to have not the least connection with each o~,her.

Obs. Ii. The ,cQmmon secondllr}' fo.rm ,of fluor"spar,.i! Lhectl,be:.

Tile prima.ry (orm, ill rhe octahedron. T,o, :asce.rtBli[l rhia faet, and

to ilInstrate the pn.lltical part of our !lubJeet, t!l,ke'll equate ~:r.Y~tlll of fluor,. and wi~h Q; knife, c.l.ell~e!!)fFeach corner,or salid !Ulgle,Be:folto we begin t:lli~ operation .• , it may be remarked, HIIH tile C.Uibe ii61l sOlidi, hav:iugeix. equal sides, 3!lldleight SQlidaugleil, or corners, By elea ~'ing oH'eil.ch eo~ner', we obtain a newfigure, oonBisting of 1.11 fa;.. ces, (fig.I.) viz. eight new tiiiangulal' planes lnstead ofrhe «Ironrs, and

at part of dmsix original ,planes ·of the cube, . If we oontinue the ope'ration, illldtatke olfslicea.fter slice, we shaJI lind tbat, every r.taoo, of theo.riginal ell be wil.1 dJi~lIppellr, and. tila,t we shall obtill.in eight plane fMes, iustea.cl: of the eight eornera of the cube,dms fiit~ming tho prim.~: itive oetehedren, ill tlw middle of fig.!;!. Tlli~ operatiou may be :l!e~\ , ry Ill .. diily illuslra:l;ed, witb a piece of soft. wood, Qr a, PQtatoo, I!.ilda, sharp knile "

. 2. A~ter ha,vifig ofuta.ilJe(] the oetohedro:n, by c:lea'ving our cr,)'!!taJ

,(II' I'h:mr. ift.he s:tmeoperation he cotltillll.ed, we .snaJI .1.ellsen,tIJe size of t;bec1'r)i'stil]t but in no· \V:LS-C aJter i~_9 for.mJ henee ,this, is considered Ithe _-·7

primlti.v:e form of flu€lr. :

§ ~l,l. Havhlg ascertained how the cube :may be CODverted into the octohedron by cleavege, let us fJOl·V suppose' that the cU:.be is tlileprjroilive. fQr~" and. the oetohedron one of Jts secondary .modlficatIODs; ~.s is the case withsulphueet of lead.

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INTRODlJ!CT'JON.

Olis. 1. Tbe OGooned'ron, has eigbt triangular faces, II:ndsis>soliO! angles, o;roorner.s.

2~ If eac:.h corner of thisli,gure be truncated. or cl!e'l\ved off, we ,lha11 obta.J!l1l. ligure bounded by l]., fil.acs., as in tbe former instance'. hut. the new fMIlS will I:ffi. 8q.ullres instead of tria:n,~les. thus making .11 .figt:l.few:hiCibll!pp:~Q;);ebes the CIJlOO"r.s, thll:trjullguiar faces of the cleated. 6UOO .• appfollchcd~he aetohedron.

3. Pig .. 1, The: oolohedl'oll with its cleaved allgJes, as shown. by the dotted. line!!.

",.By pl.lriBuiug the cleay:age, it is ObV!OOB by fig .. 2, that we: shall. ulti .. rna-l.el., obtain the cube, whi.all ie e!lcl.QSCO io that fig-ore, and that Mthing iswlllltioS' for this purpose. but the fu.rthu·r trall!}atioll of the 'I,rojecLiDg .lI.ngl.es, by which theeubela surrounded ..

- li.Thisope'tatiorl may be readily employed (lOiUI oc{ohedral c:rys..~. of.gal~ug.,arnd~ _~rill'illint ~~ ~ obtlliued ,~:bQse forl'!leallll~tDe ~al~ leted. by fu.rther delllvage. '1 hiS." tll!m~fore" IS the:pruna:IrY fo·rm o:r

JfBle:na. . . .

6. T.ncse ,e!l:5Y ~a:rpple~I. are stlffi.olent to give tbe young rni.nc.ral'ogi!!t IUIjdea of what is (Illder!!uJoiHI, by primiti.re; and. secondary forms; ;:gdalllQ of !lu~e.baniea[ division, or cle'EL'.'agc.

13. STRIJ'C:ruRE.

§ 22. Strrl1.cture is the eonaequenee, of the ,articula.r a:rra'ogemcmt of the partidee,cQwposing theminera] .

. 0&,., 1. Thefiglue.s of al] cr'ystaUiine subs.tanceil', must be deter. miued by~JJape!! (If the i.1l1~g~lInt p8rlk.les~,of which tbey arctQffi. p!li!'ed, 'and tbe b)rran,gf!ment they take ill ff;1!P€ct. to each other. In lhel!et.o~da[y .: lbrms,"w~ observe, .'h~~ ~he 'Bbil~e Qf~he cry8~al is eonfitantly ehangmg, as It .IS cleaved 10 d:LlfelTent direetions,

2. It, ilceda.in, t.herefore", ~ha.t nature ebserees eome definite, and. in;'ariablci law.s in their {orma:t:ion., fl:lr eve]!! crystal of the same sub&1i.anee" no ma,tt~r wbere it is froml willlJe found w yi.el:d. to (;IG!!v~e ,~n the lsame dirflct!OTlS, and ultimately,to !prot'i:uce exactll]y the SaIne J~~llh. Now thi~ r,e.'lulL w~llld be uIIQcwuntable., on a.ny atber !!UP~i1ion ,ell!&ept. tbnt'l1e~.fd"c1es ,8~e 'of the sallie shape]] and tJJat d lI"" Ina; Ilh~prQCe!S of e:rystallli ..... ,tlOD. they should take !the samelarra!l,~" merit, ill respeGt t.o. eaob ot.her_

f,'

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U,!

. § ·~3. 'I'he aliees, or 1ayel'5" which are removed by UIf! p"(H~41i4:1 ofclp!!;yoge, are called by Halty; the iam11:1(! of lN~p(j"l.J()Hiti(Jn. These Ieminee, it is supposed, are COOlpOMed uf an inflnite number of i['i~g:ram:t particles, . so 1'11'I'Ulgtld~ U t,ll> produce the particular forms, usder

which (:rytitn.ilt! ;D.l';pcar. +.

Oh" It ill not IlIHlerlitood 'lhllt t.he form:s of the llllegr,llnt pard,ole!, eM ho IlScerillilucd by allY. ar ,1I,c1l of 01,'" senses. 'riley inlly I:!~ OOR· lIidHf(Jd WI ilfJltinitely small, when COII'IllUed WiLb the ii10Bt roinu~e, ,ob· jr· t ,of wlii,ch wo hllv(! c-ogn izft.I'IGe, By the eleamge or prhnitir,re JQrm., tOll' thor with oorLOttD geom,otriolll calolUIatioDs, jt bas, ho1l'oe,v. @f, IpCJI, r dueQd tB' 801118 degree of'certaioty, that the forms, of the

inW!lrllll't pllniel'()II, g,l"e 1!!1I11y five. . '

'!'hr "0 IIrll the f(ml'.~tkd p!"!ism; the (;ube ; the u.fraJiwrm; th.e riff/min lid tho t;'iang!ilal' prism.

§ :lrl. ,I r tho forms of the integr8Jlltp:arti.cles'l are only l~Y'I'" tihen ,II Ig:f at number 'of crysta.ms muat possess the' ~IIUU intogrlult forens; tbougb extewulIIUy; their shapee , ru widt'iy tHtibrent.

04.'. 1. To acc,o!1nt ibr Ihe im~mi;Ulse 'vari.ety of ex~ernal forms. whmllhp fOffllil or tho hUtlgrM!t 'p~rticle anl 110 few. Let us. r,emember wh,,'& IIUI inml(l:nllO l'illmbur of dill'ereot g~metri'Gal figullElS eeuld be P' thllu '.,by ohanging tbe posiUQft of Qnly a'IIilOMall1,d cobiea.li, ~l tri-

JliuhLr blo(~ki of ,ooi,

9:, }j y tl~ll!I iU u!ltro:tion" :It istl'ue,thi!.t tM' p}1la.midal terminations, tho ho.rllbl~&Q. wouJd not p~trent smootb faoes, beeaueejbe II.DgWe! nr our woooen bloeka might pr~jec.t j bUlt had we tbe' powc'r €I,r 500. illg lIUt! fooling the, illte.gl'a:l!lt pa.rtjcles,. of whi.t:1i crYiltalB aTe OOlllpO'.!ed, it ill not probable tblll! ll,e]lligle mi~efti.l with whioh wo !!;re,'ac-qtl.lln'tod, Wl'l<UJ.d appear sm.ootb"

9. 26. rrhe ebvious stf1.lctlll,re .of a mineral, a's s~otwn y Jt~ fWBctl!lIle, o~ c1eav~. ,1,6 a C,h8:ra~te.'r ofconstder. abllil Jmporlt:a.nce" In descriptive mmeralog-y.

Ob" 1. It !las been. all!tecill, (22) that tb.0 structure of Ii. m:inen;l depended on .. the shape, and arlCa.n~eDilent. o.f'.hepl!dielea. ofwbielt.it. ~I ro,rmed. Wbat we me!IJD by .g,In'!Qg~, s1rUOliure, IS !Nelli WI reswt .Il the arrangement of t1bese jN!.1r,tieles, as to prodioc,e chara~ters wliliob we can peiceive by tbe sight or lOI!lCD, For uamplej, in 8()!ll@ gin-

raJ" thjll, arl:'lIi'lge:ment is sueh as to, prodluoefibTt3; ju olhers lamiR., In, Q~liIer9 g,'ai"s" &1;. In ea,t'b ohbese c.ues, wbe,re thie ~rn~gemellt is, e{Jnlltar~t'J it becom@s:8i k:nowll enaraoteJ'istie. (!lithe mineil'!U~ QJJd is empJo,'ed ill descdbingit,

~ 26" '-rb~ na~l'al J.oint;s of a ,cry8tal~ and. conse,!(u?!ltly the directioa till! whwch It can be mechanicallj divided, are dependent on its. structure,

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J[S;VII

QOJ. S<Jme 'min.ernte.po!tBe3SIHUtllflt joints, :i.n only OM <liroo'lioD .• , "thflr~ int.wo,. and o:tiberl!in th.Me directionll.

,§ 27 .. The foUowing kinds, or Y arie tics ofslructililoo."are 'tiI,otl:oed. in the descri.ptions of miuera.~s.

065. 1. Piibrou$ ~"etwe. Thi:!! st:ry,etu~fl: Ilvid'@Qtly arise3 r~<>m t'hepreSlillce oferrlllil elongated ,ety~tals. Tbe fracmrepresEltltfl, I; surfaee, eompesed oJ libJlilS, or thrlladI!~runn.ing lll'ariolls direcllo.Ds. Sometimes,,&!'!, inb,gsolite andl amiani/un, ~helle t;ilreads aremfille, at! s!(larcely to, be individually dilltingu.ished.; ill, othe.r "nIBeS, a~: in adYRolit't,. they are a Hue Of more b.roadl, ,lind graduaU.y pag into the foliated IItructure·. Sometimc$: tho fibresa:m 110 e.IOIeI, IUl'lmge,d."u: to, make the miaeral appear wmpact, aa, :iD latin-spar o,nd. tTtm()lit~,.

§ 21:1. . In ·,d.escriptlive language, several di':!l~ucH(;in.s are made, in respect to ~he relative directions in wbich . the' fibres are' arrange'lt

Parallel, .. when they run :straight, as in Tcrtm()lif.~. DiiJtrg:i1~g"

w he;ntbeysboot oft' [11- dlfffirefit d[rectioflB,l1ce. in 6brou ~ .llllrn.bl~nde. 8tellated,or Radiated, wben they ,diverge from. ,corom.on point in ~. an directions, Ilea in fJ"alldlitt, D:roum 1l<H1lQttte.

P:r.omlscu","", wh~n they orGas eacDQthllT in ,aU direeticmtl,!I:S in e.ompl!.et phlOlOse Auti!JIQJ!Y.. FIJ$'c:iGul()l~d; wheueolletwd. into blln~

dl!l-il! "aein .Arroga:nite., .. . _

2. Folitltea structW"l, Tni~ strm~tllre exists in 8u.efa mineraJ8 U present ,sm.ootbshining face!! when dea.ved',er· ftactultld. T.bey ar~ compGlled of iaye,r,s o:r Ieave!lcJo_se.ly iUClUw.oouton eacb other, u io Biela, Talc .• Orpiment .

.l..,amtrmttd 01' La~(Jllar. wilen t:be lay'erleJ are llGt oothiIl!,lIind eu:i~ ]y sepalRMc :1lI! int'he ftlliltedi, but!i:tUlpleire.bt ,plaue ptllillhed surFa. ces. as in P,.1sluJ,l',Galftua,Olltmii't.

Where tbe £u;ee~ c:x:posed hy elefi~age: :lIte extensi'l'c,h .i!!c!.!lJed! iJl"tuJ.a rbl.iated. The state ohlle surfaee is 31]'80 nmitlod, QS whenlu?r the folia are, .st;I'41.'ght ,ana utt.ooth, turved., undulatfd" j);I' ino'kirtl"rninat«. 'rbe d~gl'ee90(pe.rreetion ill thill, .stru.cetu.re, Illle pclr[edly [lilliated, \vb.eu the broad .shinillg folia Inc ell.~ily .sepan.ble,. asi ill. &kl"jt~ .0"

Mica. .

.lllfJJerfectl!J fDliated;,when '~hl'! !!urfl!.ee is (l:!tdl.!la.Hn:g, <n .rough,.e.SI [D ArgmUne" 1'i.(flive Antimony_

3. Bl'tul'e:d s:tnt"t1tl'·t. Tllie. m.a.yoo, Mruiderea intermediate I)e~ t'll'eenfibrl)usand (olililted .. bu.iPpcars tl) be the result of irnltetfed, or compressed e;rY9lallizatlon. 'rbe .crystaJ9'are oommonly long nnd I!arrow, re;&embhll:g tn.e blade of ,iii knife, WI in ODe ·variel.y oE Tlremo.·

Ut.~. - .-

41 •. Slaty lItrnd'wll. "flJis is nelll'lyaUi.ed to, the laminated jDut :tlle .layers. arcs thicker' and lJ!oree'x,teul!!i\'e, and \\I,!!nt lheOthining ]t!s~~e !:It the foliated 6truc(ure, Thill l!1tucturee.xhtd in dt'prn!!itiQ!l~. radLe'r 'tbillnin crylltilil~. orne !lurfil-cc!! mit)' M !!nd~!lated, cm'v£rl, Or ftraigltt, :a in day.slate" TIJo/siatte,ftlld Mille, \l,o.ri.eti.ell ,ofind7!Tat~(2d{~g •

.5, Grllnul(LI' structl;('re. This arises r~Qnl the o.ggregation (!If~m~1l

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particles in,M' gllrltns, which a:l!'e agaio united ioto masses. 'rho frae,. tare of this structlu£. pre!elltsa 1111 rface whioh, is'II:IIUveUJ and rOllgit to the t.o1!loh" as in Cf)c-t;{Jlittl,Sondllta7t6.

6 Cumpae.l $~r!!l;t~r{!; Wit!;!!'! thEl grllins Ilt'csoiine as [lot: iI"cadily to be, dilltillM:ui8ne(l b:y thti' eye', it i~ lI.ompat,;f, as in JfJiS1!6"i', Ca7':ndion.. .

14. :PI!:li.'It'f~IUl ..

§ 28.. B:y fraceure rns, understood" t~lle forcible sep:a~ ration of III minerul into parts" riritho'llt attention to its etruotere, or' natural joints.

ObiS. Every mineral eo.~, be rnetured,w'betber it is cleavable or 0.01_ '?ltaVgg~ ~PMa:te!i ~b.e speeimeillat the IilwtlUiiti jOints, fr:UlStuf'tJ fureas II: a8U;llder 1Il any direeuon.

§ 2~~ The faces produced by, breaking amiaeral, arecalled faces of fracture, and it is found that themr faces differ greaUyin respect to direction. aspect a~d .smoothneas, in the d!~frere:nt 8,p~(liea, hence fo~ descrip, tlve pll.'lrpoa:es, (rR,durn IS divided mtovanetie.s, or kinds.

1. OtJncJwidct1_frrJ.durt. Wben it appea:r,s:as though the face of the mineral WWI scooped out, resemhl:il!l!g the :inside ,of a shell.. The 'Oll~ flr edges ofthis fruehJ"e, and sometimes the "hQle ,ooocavi:ty a:r,e wavd, being sIJrro1lJlided wi.t.l~ l:I!mdl ri~ing~, alUll depresslons, frQ:n1 the: pr>iot where the spe&imen is strunik to th.e diameter. Tbe: fracture if! Baid to' be ./Wt., wltenthe ooU'Oll,vi,ty is shallow; dM]}' w1um the depression is gr,eat in oom.pwdsouwith: itsexte,nt. It is a.lso perfect, :im,. p~ .. red'. lQ;rt(IJ OT smdll. PIii~t. Ca:m£iian, and &mJ,-OpiJl" 'are g_ e;,:,a.mple~l)f conchoidal fraetnl'e.

2 Spti:nt~rJI' fo1J&tU,.:~. Wh.e:Q the pieces strock. (ii'&' are. st,raight. thin, ruod Muly Ita:" in th~ fitrm 'of scales, the fl'actlllre :ia ealled splin-tery. Soruel,imeB thflllmll'eB,or wedge.sbilped. pieces, a.dhe:"e b:y 'Ihe thicker ends, to' tile &pecimell, and ,a.lIow Jiglllt to PM!! through them, so,tllat lYE! can decide l'fiJelher it is ("ars!!, er }iue 5pU:ntery. NOllie bot comp3!ot tnillleraIs have this fracture, a.s Qllar.tz. Flint . .Tade,. Ho'rn~flmt.

S. Bum f1"fl£tirre. Thiis ia the kin,d.or fra:et.l1re that Ishewsthe few. est inequalities, tbe faces beiD,g more or le!iS pJ!IIIil,(l and sl1lOOth. It passes iOlO fiat, eo~eho~d.J; and 8pl~ntery. Ez. Compact (Jo:l'ena. Flint.

4. Unevtl1 j-t'ae;tllt'e. The races of tbil kind, display flJIIg'nlar' ,elevations Rnd d.o'PMssi:!JDS; tIllEd:!" size d.epe'Ddil1,g 011 the ''lOa!f'Sen~~ss oe fine., nJ):.~e. ,of'the gra:in of tlle l1IIine'Flll Hence the, disli:aeti0l19, CClID"8e graiD,ed !lOafeD, all in 9r(muot, and fine :grained lIJll;tYvetl, WEI in BanddoOne •

.5 .. B.a.rtlty .fr(l'tture. This i~ applied to slIcbll'liner,a:ls alll Blie~1I' 'mallysmall deviations, ar.d depressil(jrnl, wilhQut the :!llIgu[o.F form .. It oeeure ill ~pake. ,dullmi:l(;rai.s QWY, as Indurated Clay, Ch:aLk. 4"e.

Digitized by Coogle

nIX.

6. H'adkly fraeture. This oonaiat. of small iMCJlllal!i,ties whitib are ~.p alu~ lough ~n th.n toUGh. It illl peculiar to the metals;, 'lUI Naf.ive

Go_pper, Nati"D~ bon. .

15. I'Jl:AI'IGIPlL,ITll'.

. § 30. By tbls t@'rJD ~a meant tbe resistance whie:ll minerals oft'E'J' to fracture, or the forcible separatic« of' theiil!'padides. It has no' relation to hardness, or cleft-

. ,'age. I

06.5. The distincUo.n will be understood by aD i;Ii![lIlnple. QU.QYU, is fOuch, hiiliid.iit than ,li(l.f'IW'it.mU" or jad8. ,and yet jj, 11;:10'" I hM would shiver qUlartz to :domll,,!ould brdly eWe'CIt. eitber oCUte others.

The deg.rEms offra.ngilbllilY.. or wllg'hu6S!J. are, f),uy tf!1J.glI: asilll N~ five f1Dp~1'. J,atk; t'tHJgl1!; g, in &rpmli11t, H01'1umne. motk",atel!l Umgli, all Llil FIAt" JMptr; llTittk, '818 i:ll! ~ FlJ4l'!1' Sp"'; veery 1,"iftl'e, as .in GakM" Tr~fNJlite.

1.6. SlIUPi: 05' TilE :rIU,Gllilil.lfTIi.

, § 31., If'~e IQk<f!_ 8~€imen8"ot'iilev~I',Ql epeeies ofmi!n- " erals,. and: :§lve each such fl blow with a hammer, as tOI break, or 8ep':a:t8!~e it into parts, it will be found that the fragments dlifergreaUy in respect to shape. Hence the SM:-p8 of the fragments, -is sometimes noticed ill de ...

"11!..' • '1-

scrnnng mmerass.

Qbs. Jiu miaen.ls wbicb are ealJ~J1Ise:parated at ioeb Datural jo.int!J, 1J" blow with.t,he ha.mmer, h.as aU !b,e ell'e~t8 of GI,ea'i'1l,ge; and the min., ~~a!l br·eak.s into re;I!:!Ilu form!!. Thus,. Oo'lJItmon Sali sep<!!,rat!ls in'lI:l £uoo&. Bho;ntbic Spll't'" j!DW l'b,o.nbs, !llld J.l~bi!!¥tll' mOll Bi:tlUmliooWl ,ooud; in.to IIpJiDlte.B, &0. lu't""ne.tfJl the miln.erol hu, 110 Ilwtund jolRt., Gil' iB not easily aepiii(,able in lI.:try pa;r~i,C'u.I!lT' d i[l.l!:-tion,tl'ie fragp menUll.rB1irregula.r . .in their !lhllpei8, and thElu edge50ill, an netieed, "1'I1U8" some are.flimep' ~:td, u FlinJi. and 06sldiulM ,; or h1., t'Jged. las in Soap-,st.Ol1iJ, ~nd GlIPSWll.

17. BlTal'",CE.

§ . 3'2. This character refers to the esternal surface of the mineral, QI', the surface of what ar-e calh.':.d dis-, tinct CiO:ltcrOnotls, and not to the faces, brought to view by uactu[lc.

__ Qf th.is cllarllcteT, !!'eV'eJi';!!] v!'!.rieti!il~ are mentioned,. vi:z • .fIIlootli. ~s in HeO:Ilt(l'lit~, Staiaetite; s're:akeCi kmgitudinally, as in Schorl;, or tl'an~'l7trselg, :as in QUOl'tz; drusy. wben the lIurface is covered with mlOlllie e'IJ5~a16. a.IJ in Statacl'i¢IdQuarl·z~

E

Digitized by Coogle

t:u.

UfTR0DUCTI:OI'f"

18, 'I'Olf~Il.~

§ 33. Theft' is much difference in respect to ~he jul. inq~f minerals" .c\'.en. in:thetrroughE!t81Je~. and in cerbun instances, dus lS an unpertant chereeter,

Oil.!). The Tarielie!! of thIe, ehlN,t;t~r, 'Ir:el~ fO:Il~w. llm:taOl4$ Pi

T;tlic, &apd~.e'; .. ~"'(lotA" 1&8.Mj(lJ, .&l;'/tiU, "'taP'l. or dry;, '~I OMlIe .,,.01161'1.,, as, 'DHi,o/ite,; i\crrJi.. as Trtlftolil't:..

19 (l'Ql.D!'I}1!!!ili.

34. Different mio.pmls, withsmoeth faces, when elpo.sed to the same tempemtllre, conl'ey diff'er~nt degrees ofeoldness to the touch,

- Olls. This d!fI'e~8nGe, 'ohdoUI!I, ,depends on. the variow; .poweN "hiehlubatB.nces fJ'OB!'C!i!l nr oonduedng Mlor!c. . Tbus.mew feel'l eo'l,] bE.C8use it conduot! e!!lQde from the .bll.ud, w'bi'le apieoo ,of wood, ha~i[J1l no lauch power; t;Ol)'feY·8, no, i811.cb &ellut'ion- CompaCt!lIli$8, oJ !Ipecific gT!!,'f!ty,eeeml!!tQ b .. ,e m.olle ~r lees, the Mm.e ~lfect II!mo!!g mil)l!r!lL~. Jaspe.r, IlDd. agate,!l.re e;v~den.ily«!lder tha'o limeswne), and! gypsum. The gems, IS ~PIl:2,. ll~eHly:st.ruby,'&e. can be ill,tanily d'iBtinguJ.!Ihed foom their IIDlta.tiOtl.B HI coJored gillS, by t.be.tr grcll.lerentdDcB8, wilen touehed to tbe .Iip, I'll' tongue,_ QUartz"CID be distinguIshed frum paste •. in tille samel way.

sao. ODOR.

§ ss, This cha:racterapplies on~r tea few spec:ie6~ as most minerals have no smell at a1LWhe{!l;~ however! Itdoee exist, i:t is generally-a, decisive character.

Qb!,. When 11 h1ifierlrl il:! he8'led. a.nd!moits tbe al1if,lcwas, or' garlie ,oder', il is II. decis!~e illdJ(:lUIon of aI'selliil. The OdOfSQbaer'l'OO ill miDC're!!:I, are, ,!did, as in 8lt)imsiIlPu; ilihtmiaws aafn 8ltak, whenil is smIck i argillaclfolu,ll8 in Muilit7led' Clay, C!lorlte •. ~ Blate; sulplumous, IIUI in the ,S1Jlpl!~"d'S! when '!l!lde.r ~be blowpipe.

~I. TllBlF1l

§ 36. This chara,cter is very limited, as ita.pplie!l only to sueh milleirats as are soluble in water. ".

Olis. The ta.slemay btl s~m!l!! in Nitre; «strr1ngmtaa. in A.,

Grten" lind .Blue Vitriol; "riIlQZI~., 1M in 8a/4m(lmac. -

22. AnIl'l!:I!UlNTQ TB:£TOl\iClO!:.

§ 3.7, This eharacter e.x.istsl in dry porous minerals, wbich have a. disposition toimbibe moisture.

01>&. 10 lTIost instancesl dmse uell'rgfllB.coouss.ubstanceB, IIlIl Litlwmarge, Cimoli;lIej,Pi,Jf:. C1lap.. Sometio!!:!!, illlso,substlJ_lces ina de-. oompo.a.ln;g state, Il.dhere,. as C'aclwl(mg,ll,yiJrcpham,

Digitized by Google

INTIU'fDVC'l'ION.

23. 'sou, oil. n'HN".

§ 38~ Some :minerals, when bandllied, s€lB. the fingeTS, and. when rubbed on paper, lealfe a trace,

o~s, In, 0, few Inl!ta'llll)es., the;t,eGe difter~ III color', from tlle 8pparell~ ooI{)1' of th.e miIHUro.),. and ill this way, !DRy !be .. ilistinotive ,aha:rw neter,1LS in. 8ulphu,.d iif Jt[alYMt.na.

. . 24... IJTiltll.Alt.

§ 391• By this cbal'ade~ is roeaJ1l.t tbe' streak. orpowcler, whieh is left OF! the .. softer minerals.· ailer being 8~f'atc:b~d. '\~itb a sharp poi~,t.,. or with 8 knife. It is app1ted cbeBy to the softer mIl)erals and ores.

06~. In lsome m lneeals, the; lItJ,eak i8 "im.ilar ineoluT to the mineral, 'U. in Chalk', rlI,hih Mtll'bk. h other,! in ill dissimuar" ae in dark S~rtI/,>Mr' 07i.ik of lrou,tDe "I,reack 01' powder.is red; in brown Roo/.slatt., it is white. tn most instll.nce~" the streak III pliler tl.um: tbe mineral

25 .. B.A.:RDNBIlS.

§oiO. This is an import~nt c~ar~actel'" ~nd. therefore, ~J 1'e1'Y g!l'll],erally used in descnptiona. It IS that pro,.

po F.', ~. y in the ll)iflera.l,~y '. "~l,ich . ~t .r-eeists impressi~m~. It tillerefore, must be m propornon to the forc-e wwth which the 1ntegrant particles cob ere. It differs, endrel:y from fra~:bilit!l' c-w bleb. regarde a separation ~f tbe grosser p,arbcles. 'Thus, a piece of qU!'l!rtz whIcb is broken with a,sHght b~owfrom the hammer, win scratch hornblende. which is 'broken w.itb.great dim ... cuUy. ~fhehotnhlende, tberefore, has the ,greatest tenacity. while the quartz has the greatest hardness ..

01k I .• llt is oDlyby oompa.risot!, that the deg~ees of harduess can.' be .8I'!erwined.The' eo!TIIl!(J1l mode; (.b6fflf(t!le; istQ take 1\ .few. well 'known :subst!!-ucell; a,~ stafiJII.~d9 ofoompari"soD, and 'Q~rtz and! Gltln, Ilreroost ftequ.efitl:y. employed . .for this, purpose. 'I'hus Quar-4, Agate; Fli,..t, Chalcedony,and tile Qtber mi.l'lenJaabout th~! h~fdoe88 q!l!!.rltz.. serat.ch glass. CQr:ulldu~, .I!,,;pplnre, ruby, . I'lfacID(!h., and other min~ral!i!, ,scratcb q,Uo.ucz; II Demg uIH:lecr:stood tbat 9!l.c.h. !IuDirt8DM!lB.S scrnteb quart,z, are not ro be eompaMd with glass.

2;, Minerals whiGh do !lot 5Clrll.tcb ,gil&!! generaUy yield to tl/;£ knife, as .Marble" Fluor', G(!lt1la, and otbers'. It IS, billwevel .•. requisite 1(1 dis,. ting:uhhw!i1etber 'they .. are sera-tohed witbeasfl.GI with diJlic.ullt/. 'I'hu!! Fdspar, which. is about all hard ,!IS glllll~; yi.eld~ tQ the,lwife wa:n.

d~clJlty,while M«!'bk yields ~ith elise. . . .

~. Aullllo.wer d?gree of har~lle~ tba~ tbOSA ecrmpfued wnh th~ kniFe, a;rel!uch as rPdiJ to the neul. For dill! purpose, the thumb Dlnl is used. GlIPsum; Talc., ll!ld mOll~t(lilhll Clays,. ~yield to th.ell3il. '

Digitized by Coogle

UliT.B:ODIIO'I'fOll".

4 .. Gilli:ng spark~rcifk 51w; is IIltOther test ,of hudness.. Thi9, hOWen'lf,. is perhaps a.lesa I)erttain mod.e l:hUl either of those men~ilJn· 'cd aJ)fJv·e.The commcn flint, t~~!lgh less hard tb!ln ffiUi.DY other bodies, is said 1.0 make by Illr~he beilt gun 8i.ilts, andto givem(lr~ ,000' pOOll!!l !>cinlilo.tiolUlt:b:i.U ellefl~l"biJJe.

, 5. 'rhelfile i9 also used 0.11 ,~teat. (Ifhardllel!ll. lind io pojia.be.d Ii.pe.o eirnens, whe.re we wish to dil!~iQgllillb· real.Mones. from lmitlliODs; it ianlle best instrument . For dda purpaae,. it Ilh<!1.I1d l)e of tile finest 11 iud. A II imita!iQ!l~ I!,~eel!,s:ily marked with it., wMle stonea no ha;r .. <der than qU!!llz', I:'equ!te Coree '«.l make die ieMt i!I!IUeeaio!l.

26. TENACITY.

§ 4: I .. ThispTQpertyltelo:lilgs to, the nativesmalleable, OF dlucti1e metals" and biliconsequel)(':e of it,. we are en .. shIed! 10 hammer them into plS!~ea, and draw them into

.' ,-,

wIre. .

Obs. Nati'}t, ,(J'lIld, .S'il~'er OM Copper,lire el:l\mpIeil. 27" .IIEV1'ILl'[Y."

§ d;2. A sub.5~a.nce is caUed, sech'le,when it can ]at! cut witbout Bring in pieces,

Gypsum, Talc, (Jrog, are, ex:ampllrs.

28. :ELI:C:l'afCJ::rr.

§ 43, Severalminends produce ,e1ecb-icalp)),eo.ame..' na.j some of them by friction, other,s. !by pres8ure,an.d others, lI,y heat. Seine areelectric of themselves ; othe.rsa~e~onrllildors ~f electricit:y .. These phenomena, may be usefully apphe~ ascharaetera of minerals,

cOlis. 1. Ther~ ilire two k'inds of elictrk.ity, viz. P£lsitive a,nd fie,ga. tive, .cal.] ad also· 1l.ifl"rt)lro and. :rf}si~"U8.. When two Bumt8lllf;eB, posae.u the same kind of'ele~tricit.Y, an !willg brought rogethc'r, tbey "",pel lla,c.Il other. If IJIDe is positive; al'!d~he, other D.e~ti ... ,e,t.hil:Y ,.tuut

eaeh ether, .'

2. A Cl:mei.dlwl1bla .lJnIDoot of mi.Dercals, become: electric by :ru~' bing them Oil ·tbe dr.:y' band, OI 00 il !lieee af8illr:", woollen elnib, 1).1" fur - . A sin all number oooome electric Ilybeing hBllted. The.eelu~ ea.U~d p:'1rIN,l~ct}tk A eurieus ];I!'()perty, obsened in ,some p¥ro.eleetrie crystals, is, that theyaCfJl.lire the posltive el.eet·r:ieity atoue eud;,. aniJl tile negati~e at the iJtllflF,atthe ,~a:-me t.illle, In IHOISt eases. sucb: ef'y:.tllil.iI term.i.llaLe in. !I. i.l~ffe~1H number I!lflac,es at each end, and it b, also :II. remarkable fa11lt, that tim end baring tbe gfeMBslllumber ,of £acee, is po~itiw:. Ihilm, terminationa arc: '1111l1:e" lhe,q.ry;stal iseld(Hfi acquires electlfi.ci~y at ell, 'The auhstanee which. best disp.lay,s, the~

pf'oper1i(ls, is Trmnnaline. . . -

3. In mQ8t instances, stolleS 'and I1II1U, with. smooth surfaeelll·a,e.. quire posiLlve electric-ity by rrIetioll. E:ramples are fOiJfit!ill Quar/~1

Digitized by Google

XJl· m

Miell, Sapp.iA1-i!, Barglu, . .r.c. If they have rough !!ud'ltUII, tbey aoquiR:·lWg,auvfl electricity, !by the same prace s,

41. For o_rving tile· eleetrioitY0f mineral!!, the simple eleotmmetel represented by the figure, Ili recommended. by the Abbe H:a.uy, and

Lis thUB d.e$c;uli>ed by P·rof.. Clel!.f'iland. _-

II 10 ~biis figure;!);. b. i'll a DPAldle of Qopper, termiorUtlda' eaeh u:· u'em~ty, b'ya small ball. and mOyiiDg·ver1 easily on. i!.. pivot iothe oonnfl. At c. the instrument has l\, metdliic base. Hill mineral, which hili bee:n eJ:c:i~ed., ejlber by fri,ctlJ1)n or' beilt;. be prese,l]ud neer to ,one oftbe balli, the noodbl tLmul, whethe:r h.lbe po:Jiti,e or·n~giO.Hve; and the force of ~he ~J.ect.r·i~ity li!ay be estimll!ted by the dliB-tauCfl at wlUcb. 11Ie needle 'begins to IDOye: To deierm:iIlEl the kind of e~eell'io:it1 a. mineral -poa~s, the needle muat prev·jousI, be electrified, either pns.itil' ly or neglltively;. whir-Ii may Ibe: done ill] the following man·, nero Let dIe iilisti'>UfPe»1 he insulated by ,lacing it en tL a plilte of Klass Or .resin. RiiliI,ing excited a tube of glass; Of a stick of 6EIa]ing WU, place lime 610get on the metallie ba!!e IIJ. ·of rhe eJ'eeuoroeW!!', fttld dllm bring· the exoited glass or sealinll 11/'8X eo witbin a small distance of.ome of the ballB of the needle. When tbe needle is lIuffieiently elcctriiied, first widtdra.w thE m.g$r, and a.beD remove thagll\l!5, of .. alioS; wax. Ifnll"';v' III e'Xciil~d ,mjner~l 00 pre.Bented to, ~he I);eedl.e. tlley wiH repcl, or attract each other a:OOi'lfoding ae tbey pw;t6Iieas th~ Mme, (IT 1i[i;po!!i1e ](:tI!d!R~ of eIRtlctrjc:ily'. Bilt iii!! the eleet:lriei·~y '(If the ueedle h~k:Il.o'w.n, tll.at of 1ih.e miner&! may Ile dctermined,,"-Chu,c..

,lmuf':, IJmo-alDgy'. .

5. In respect to the productioIl Df eleetrieal 'p~enomeDa by P1"ies'!:fr-e, M. lIJau.}' BtawlI, tbatif II lh~n rbom'li·it plate or earbonate orlime, be in uJ~ted, IUld pTIIl!Sed upun its two broader surfaces, i1 ~llille.' potiUV'e eleelricity, which :8OII1etime9~eontinue!! for &!v(l,ta.l:days •. It IweUS tb~t this property· is (lOS. ad ~ODJy b,.·uanspare:l!lt e:rystalliz .. ed lU!bstaUeefl, whi~h QlW 00 ellJa:,~ lnto·thin I'aroinm. u IclJlarul

F, Jlica .• ,&'c ..

'!i!9. MAOIrE'I"rSliJ.

~ 44. The magnetic property belongs to the metals, ·l :iroo. and nz:ckel~y. ·Ae :1:\- d.ellicrlptiv:e character, ~;;,...:~ it 19 con.6:ned here to iron ofldy, Mid is .of W'eat use in c1istingoUshio;g the cres of this metru" from others ..

,061. I .. The magn.t.ic propert, ill weabned, &:ad in ml:hr in~ "CIII eatiJfl~y destmyed, bJ II u.wral·comhwuholll of ·OXJPIl. ~!JI.

Digitized by Google

pl'iur, 'Of: s,fSenlG wlt.ht.he iron.. Tllul!l!e'l!'eral of t.be Oxid.!'s, (lit S.&lph,ttet, alld t.he Ar,smiatt! qf I'I'OR,1a.re .Dot magne~ic, rgn.~el5S prey,j., (lusl J hellted.S!'), IItmllg.ly Wl! to depl'i,ve them ,of (I, plld ,oftbeir Qxygea,

eu~pllUr" Of' arsenie, ... -

~~ In tl~amini!Jg the ma.gnetlsIDotr millttll1a1B, the m~itletie IIJ,eed]'e should turn wi.~11 great del!ol!.G:j.\ (I'nd it:! power be only jlUlt Isuffi,oien,t to' g.i i'C it: polarity ,othenvj.sc, it wiJIoot be ·effected by mineralsi of loW'

aHrrilcti'le, pl)we'r~. ,

a. Minerals ~1!,pe!1lted to oontainirol'l, wliicha.re rH)t magnetic,. must always be 1I\1.~jected to the 'bJo''I!!pjpe. befote tbe fadean be .p., certained. If they are Ilxides,8. liul,e oil, or m\Jo\,> on thecharooa1 with tliem, will assist to e:dract the oxygen.

4. Any perSDo, by lbeniHo~ a eemmen knitting 'needle" so tbat it rna, be syspended outhe pClint Qf a ,sewing needle, and Itouchi.ng the end Qf tn(: fira~ witn II rnagn.e~, eao QOnatNlct ftiI} acppu~tus Isutli:cient flU uyifi,g '~!be ma_gnetism nf minenls.

30. 8.I'ECIFIC(lJlAVITY.

§ 4», ~'~ecific gnwity" is the~eigbt of one body, compared w~tb that of another b(iJdy, .of equal bulk. The mo(le ofascertai~:ing the sjpecific gra,vity ofa ¥.imbatance, depends en the form, in which it occurs. If it, is a, sond, heavi~r than ~ater:,it i.flnrB~ weig~edli_~ that, ~tiid, and then In the str, amI the ratro of ,i:hfference, . IS the specific ~ra,vlltl1' If it is a fluid" Ii certain quantity of ~ater is wel.ghed; au~ then ex;actly the same qua:lltiJty of the fiuld., whose. specili.c gravity we wish. t08;scertain, 1I!1 weigaed, and the ratio ofdift'erence" is i~sspecifi:c gra .. , vity.

005.1. In the first place, the ~tud.eIlt mll.st under.l!tl!indtbat the l!peclfic gtwvity (If a body i.~ its we,i!rh.t., when ®I!lprued wil!h. the weigb~ ()f water, (lra.tI equal bulk.. ThuE!, wl'lefiW1H1i~.l' tha:t.th!Hlia.. mond bas, lI,.ep. gr. of 4, \'Ve mea:nthat it ia 4 tirnea as huv, u ,. Ij,uanity of water, ofthesnme bulk with the diamond.

2 .. Water, therefore. is tho unit, (U Istanilard of comparisoD,. aad has in this re~pe!l\t,!!J. sp, gr. Qf 1, mo, or ~I{)(H), the deeimala being added a~ fwr ail tb(lel!~ I'cquirrea. A ,c;,u'Di!l foot ,of distilled water. weigh!! LOOO~vQirdllipoi!!o['JlGIHI.if tEleo It, (\llbiGfO(J~ ofllilver wei;gg 9000 ounses, t.heep . .gr. of :8i]~er is 9, that of water !being 1. .

§ 16 . If 3.. body is suspended in waler, and weighed" its weight will be dirnimehe,d. by exactly the w:eigbt of a,qllalfl.tity of water equa~ ThO its bulk.

Ob·s. The reason of this is obvious, for il" the body Wll.llnol" bull. for bulk, ile'a"ierthO!to the wflter, it wouJd. 11U~ di::!placethe fiuid, SilP tl) sink, but, if it dDeSBiIIK, its decrease of ,veight must be just 'equ1lllto t'hequaQtity ofwl!ler itdisplaee~, A.rl;;hemides m,llde use of thillIPriaeip.le,1.o disoo~er lbM .Hie,ro'a ,go1d.1l10WD.W,1\S alloyed. wi.th !liIter.

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§4'i. It is on the above princij'iP~e, that Niehnlsons Por/abk B'akm.~e, £(:111' taking speciJic . gravit~e8 is con!!ltru,cted.

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I ~

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O~$, 1. The, ~(lnBt,ruction oHMs iostrument, will De undeYlltood by rcfetafil1.e, to tile figl:ue. 'rbs body, ,i~ !1 hollQ'w cylinderof tinned iroo, Qr Tfa,rnisbed ,oopper. ~ermina,te,j, 8t eo.:cb e'lI.Ll'emhy, a b by <leone" FriJIU the ""e'~tex 'of tile upper eone, tisca tilc~mall ,stem or Dttl.J!$Q,I copper" If,~. lbearing on its up:pe,r eli:t~c:mhy" dll:! small tin cup, d. 'fl:iia CIlP slips on, au,d m[lY be remoyed, ",nen the instrument !s not ,ill, 'use, <ir for carriage. From the ,poin~ of ~helo\ver eon~, is ,su,spen· de.d ehe tin cup s, lit tibebottom. of w hicb iao:!:tached 'tile eoue of lead g, which is IBO hell:.y. as to sink. the whoJe in~trument, ,nelllly tq the l!pper eo:ne.

2.8efQre tne balsnoe il! used, it mllst be: pla£ed. ina vessel 01' wliiter, and the upl?ercl.lp loaded w;ltn wei,ght~",until .it iink:iS :w far as, dmt a mark. neal!: '0:".' OIl the, IBtem" coincides ,exactly Wi,lb, the 'Burfllce o:f the wiater. 'I'be weights 81) addm:ll. are, ,eal.led the. bal(I1~~ll weigMs,.and their' Ilm.ouut, maybe, marked. OIl tile cup" as Il .g·II!C.o quantity fG't future u:re,;suppase this is 900 ,gr'a:i na,

3. Every tlJin,g being thua prepared, theepeci6c gravity of II, min. eral is. lascertained as follow:!l. Place the mineral in 'tile 'uppe.r 'cup, and. add weighta until the mark on dIe ~Lem ooinc.ides with the "'il.. terj'~'8u.rraoo. Suppo~e thi;~ to, be 400 gniu'.!. Subtract: thitl fn.m the,

. w-h.ole balanoe weigh.t. which will leave 500 grain.s: (or the w!light of tM.miocrai in 'he air ". Then remoye the mill.e.ral:to the IQMlflf CUP. :and it will. be found! that, the stl>.m will rtse llboa've the .rn~.rk, beC3.1l6e it 1Y,elgh~less in \Vater, th.8n in a.ir; we.i,ghl~ mll~tther(lf(Jr(l be iJ;(1d:~dI In the upper CUP. until tn.e m.luk on tlJe seem, i8 lagain l'trouglJ[ Lo tl',e .u~fll!l\e of the W8.lt~r. Suppose this Is 100 g'taiu$,. whleh will be exIlctly the 'W(:ight ofwl.ter displaeed by tile mineral. . We ~he!li I lil HI 500 grains; fur lhea.bsolute weight of the mine:ra:l. a.n.d 100, for ~he: abc'©lnte weight of'tlle watet; then S:I".".8.9100. thQ ~veight of the W!(I!·' ter dis,placea, ieto500, the w(light of the mil'lcral, :1>0 is 1000. ~he

..

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BIIDdard, wcight of Wllt'e:f .• loHlf! spectne gruHl" of themilletal- 100 :500 : ;1000=5 lip, gra.v.ily.

3. Uthe milleraIialigl1ter than W:!lter, it must be tied in the I.:~w!l'r cup, witii a bair, or fifi.;llill!'l.'lad. 'flw mi:nera,l: tIOlid.s of this kindi., are

bo~wever, very leW'. Ambet'., and A$_pMl:tum,lUe:Dotb :hea:ll.ie:rtha.n

19.&t1':". -

. _ Q _ 41L I{ the~1!I;~5til[W,e, whose sp~cific gravity is to

be taken, 18 a f1imd, another methodis used. .

Obs. 'Ttake aamall bonle, witb llIi thin neek, and weigll it a.ecllrute..

Iy J then IHU iDmUlll1 boule" ju~t 1000 grait!i! of IP!'Ire w:a,fef,Bnd mllirlr: w.itba lfi.l.e (m dte ne&i!:,the: exac~ level oJtlJe water'. T.beoottle thu. :pre:pared, win serre to take thespecific!Ilravity .oratly fluid;. for haY'" ing 8&ce.rtained the '!'!'Jaot quantity or water by the marli:.IJD die neGk, wbicb it take.s to w1e,igb 1000 gU.iDI!,the weight of the slime measule ·of If"Y other fluid, la, by eompariseu, ilb'! ~coifie gravity. Tb!l~, IJU,P"" Jffise.1 on filling ~he vial with Irnlphurie !I.e:!d up to the mark, that its '!!'eight .shou.l.d be 1800 grains, instead 0:1" ~(IOOj tilEm,the S',P· gf. or81l1~ phuricllcid., would bel il.S; w8Ite:rooingonc. If·filledwbh llToohol, :it might weigh 700 grniDB, tbf'1l the lOp. gr. of alcoho], would. be 700, WHiter being 1I!1I)QO •.

81. P:U:O&PHOltlESC!lNIJE.

§ 49'. Ph oSfhorescence" 1.8 the emi.s:si.~n()f light, witboota:p,arent he art, or, of an ext~aordirlary ~o.antity o.f light, by the aid cf heat.

Obs. F(lll!' kinds of p.hOllpl:ulrescence, may bel meluioneo', "pi'2l,

1. Wilen the: ,emission of light" lIllaUended by beat., is CODstant.,a (rom P'ulri[yin.'J Fish, and IJecuyint! Wood.

2. 'Wben:it depends onpercu~:9:io!l,IJ:r friction; as when two pie,ees or QW1.l1:"/% arc struck togethel, or a. piece10f Bl/,'fldt! or Dolomite ill ;K.ratche.d with !ll>harp point.

:3-. Where the [lgh t il'! thrown Q.IF lat a: :degree (If beat, below th.at. of "ecines:s, nIl i.1l Fluo1', Spat', CMM'lfphane, A:r,!!'eW'ill.1, :ana many othel'!'!. 4. Where, the~e is a.gll:lwtngemission odight, wheen th.e lIubstance, is heated to redness,. as, ill many varieties of the O:tll'fx)n.ate .of Lin;e.

Obs~ '2. Phosphfi:rescenee, althougb a. curiou8,II:nd often. If very interc·, eating prnperLy"is ofnog.rellt. use as :a descriptive ebllraeter, beClI,Q.se I.t .is not constant, 4'!:vcn inebeae minerals, where it Is moat fr~qnentlJ found. Ii::ICeo: some, y:arieties ·of Fluor, aresaid Dot 10 p.hosphoreaee.

3. 'rhe' ~st way to shew this property, in Plu,or,. Cl!if1T(Jp~, 'fc. i!! to beo:t II $QQvo:1 ~d }Jot,. 81ldlcarry it i!lto the dar I!: i!:nmedi!nely . .AS! the: shevelIocses its fled heat, sprinkle Oil tha minerll.l, in powder.

oumall.gra.ills" ., .

32 .. DO'llB:LE iR~I'RACl'ION,

§ ,f~O. It is known to almost everyone, that when the . 11"ny8 of light ,,~ssfromone medium into another, ,jj).f a d~fFerent d.ensity, that they are refracted, or bent out. of

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iNTRODU{}],IONi.

.XU.VH

astrai~~truine. In the i.usbmce un.d~r cQns]d~mt~on,the '[,ays ofhgbt are not ofl1y refracted m the ordlna.ry manner, but 'are divided into two (]]:istinct parts, ~fi tineir pa.s.sage tbceugh the medium, so as topresent double the usual number of images to theeye ..

Obs. I. 'Tills extraordin.a:ryphenomenon was first d.isCQv,eredi by' ErClsmus B'artliolbms,," who, having looked through II. trausp;1re.nt piece (If .Rlw:mtnc Cl'Jroonal,' of Lime, fr€l.in Iceland, wall grea.tly 1!1I.r~ priscd,to ob~el've that it douM!ed every obJect ..

2~. 'l'be ready philosophy of nardlolinus, aCOGLlnt.ed. for thi9 phsnomenoo, by 'Buppoei.ng tbat the cold of Ilorthem climaltes, so fu from weaikel'ling,.eoocentrated rare. ot ligbt, and ,gil\l'e tbem sucha.dd.ition&l. enefgY,a!l ~1lI' preduce two images, .instl1adof one. &'rhlls glol:!Qding hi!1 e~plar!a.thm, IlIT! the preS!lo.lptiOD!, tha~rJ!inera1a possessing' ('hi8

prope~ty, bekms;edto oola ,climates only. -

3. Whelther Ibi~ ,e:rplall8lti()lI .sati8·fiedi anyone, ex:cept tbeauthor', is nat kIlQWIl.; it was !1mvever ,soon fOU.lld!, that c,I'ilnate lJad no eJiee~ 1)11 the re[Yv.eti.'!'epowers of rhomb.ic Ispar, but thll.lt the iroage~ were dOll,blcdj from WhaWVeif C!:i!untr,Y i.t eame,

§ 51. Thecaase of double refraction" bals excited. the attention of philosophers and naturalists, ever sines its d.iscovel!',r. ~Huyg:e~s, and N~wto~, each m.a~e a IabonO~B.senes of ex&ernnents onte, wlthoutarnVU1~ toa~y eabefactory re'Su~ts, Q~d HallY, bas more reeently Written twenty pages 00 the samesubjed. T.b.ese, facts shew the d~fficuIty of explainir.l,g tbi" 'phenomenon,and that~ its cause is not to be demonstratee by any simple. proeeas,

Obs .. l" T,CiI obsenedoubh~,ret;faGtion ill Iceland! apar. dra.w 8. line ,,,,jth itlk, .()Dp~ape!, and. lookllt it, through is.In)' two plral~el faces of the'orys[ld. If tbe erystll.lbe turned, so tbat It91lll'nger d!mgoQILI,. 'or 3,(.l1t~,g!'!gle!! oone.spo!l,d! wi.ththel line, the grtl!l.test refraeticilfi wiU be, pl'(l():uC'!)d, !lnd ~he two imlge~ willbe mQ~t di$1i!!ut from each other, Iheeoooi:l piece of 'Bpa~ be laid! 00, the 6f8t.,so that theirpositiolle :shan corresPond In every re:spee:t, the, rerra,G·tlBn wil] beincreased, or dOllbled,ifbotbG~Yistals are ofthe same thIcknese" lfnl:l'w the 'IlP~ crystal! he made to :r'C''i'olte on the lowel~ one, SDas to 'bring the obtuse angles orlne firBt,with the a.cu:teangle.s, anhe otner,tmee lines 'will be ob~erved. instead of two; and ifthere,volution be wAtiuu.ed, !SO. as tooompleteIy rev,ersethe angle9'"a:nd the obJ.iquQ planes ,ohhe cryste1e,ehe etfect will be, entirely to ileu.tra!liz,el th.e doubly refraethel power~ of both, and orlll!l eillgle image wi!] be seen,

2, If a crystal be pla.ced S<lM ;to, ID.uk.e its! obtueeangle3 corre5pOnd

,. Sarlb",lil'lgi Ipubn~hfld lUI ,aCCQunt o~ l1ili' ~lllle~lwe.F!I~ ClF! the ~(l!,;!I!'Id! !l!'Yt..

I~l~, lind dedk~letl bh boo!!: 'io J'redeiid: or Prn~~i ••

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.,ii(h the line, only <fDe image will be obiserted. 'TllQ 8,1111 QrdOt}b~ te£.:ractiOD; tbel&folt~j is thou,gn the shorter eliagon.lof t~e(;r,J'~ud. , Many other curmU8 phenom.ena: may be, obeened wl.th tblll 11lDstIlJlCe" a.nd pllrli:cularly,by Ils1ngBcirele, irunelld of IS! line.

3., It will be remll:rk,ed tn!lt in ~he r[bomb !!par', the dGu.ble retrtl> tlall i8aiway8~~Qyg:b ,wa p~r~lIel f~e~\ f~:r Mtwhh!truJdiugtbe oIJ. lliqllity .ofw.n'ligll(tus fa;ee~,· the 1\VO 'l'l.ppoSitepJII.DeS!81re always pan].. le:1 with each other.

4. In making tr.ials on this Gllrlou! su'bject,. the ex:perlrneDter. muat take care not to deceive .birDseU, by¥iewlng th.e object throughconoo, tiguoull, inclined faces; in wluoh. case, thf!; image:!l wouM be ju pr0- portion. to the fllllnoo:r of faces. - For ifl!lliB.llce, if a ery9~alOr qll!U'tz bepl.a.ced ove1r a. dot,Of line, !lit II certa:i,D di!tan.ce from its pyramidal termination, and. tile nbjeCit be vie.wedperpeudieuh,rly tbml:lghtw(t paTallelsi~es.1l8 isdonewhh .~eela.nd :>paf,ljnJY-'G~e, im~e1¥i~I ~, seen; but. If the cryst!\J. be mQved.~Q lblft the dill !<I brought wlthlD the re{rDc~iug sphere !lIfit:~ h.tCl!ll, a.od «:rmimtl ~la!!Il;e;, six. imag~' will be seen; viz. one tluougn eacb (If the three upper lateral pl.tie" :and as many mMuug,h tbe terminal planes,

This i!!oi:diDuyrefra.cticm, "nd IB eommcn to an tra:nsparent .11111- stances." whe:llcut ami pIlIlished whit iill.clined con.tiglJoliS planes.

§ J)2. Besides Iceland spa:r, there is, one other sub-stance whieb has the property of doubl~ refraction, through opposite parallel planes. This is su1phur.

(los. 1. If a Arnall, perfect Ilry.iI!la1 of'nath'e :!ulplnl1!'" be afurped withllllile, or by other mea:ne, into the (@fin of .. table, or cube, .Rd' lKIlished,· it wiI] be {Qluldlo pq.i!8eM ~lJi! property, :in. the ,nme .maJlii ner that the [oolQlld spar does,and nearlyio88lligh :adeirere,

2. Ucill.e:sid'e of tbe c:rystal, be tall,en off, milch ]JlOretlnln ~oolb{l'. that ill, if it 00 dlivid:edthrullgh its axie, Blldan objeet,iewed throllgli we one balf,. it will be fOllnd a.oLlbly refracti,e, thruugh eerAlo pulJ..

lei faces, h-IHnot t:hrough other~. -

3. If t.he sidel {If 8. l8irgec~y8taJ he emJlI~y~ for this pgTptH!8. no a.{I(!fJly refral':t;i~'eelfe.lltwill be 'pt,oduaod, at ka.st Ihe writ.fbu got;, , },eel! able to·obaerve· '!liD]'.

4. Bill if a crystal he shaped into the mrm of a ,cube .• n}' redQ~i:Qg ~ts sereral ~.ia:~eters eqLla)ly" flO !!.II to :approach animaginary.poin,t at 1.18 eentse, !twlJl then present the phenome:noD,o.fdouble ".£ractiou, thfflllgh any, (l'r all or:itB paralM ·jll_s.

5, These, different phenomena, probalJly d.epeucJo!l dte, presenu~ or absence ,Iff the primiti.,e Jmm, ora part. of iI, in Lbepieee ofllu'lh plmr .dfiQiall~' shaped. IIl.tbe iccillUd. 8pIlf,.RO such diifeleuee g :produced, because the lI~tlual for.ID.&i the piece e.mp.loyoo" ,aDd,iU prill'liti~e:,Il!re thssame,

,6 .. Caribon:ate of Lime and Stll{lhnf" aN pethllip9 fhe only two m~!J" ees Wlmell,areflou.bly relra6ti~e, til'ro'llgliJ two parallel [aoos..AeQQ~ siderable number (If other minera.I!lm~ses~ tIllS property", but lila lest degree" ·a:Qd. tibrough fiw.eM, :oot pll1ldloJ to eac:botbe:r. Q.tilU'liiz,.Zirc:o'lJI

.. TIl.i. mil)' tUily be don e., w ilb p"~ll'af~ d.ebalk:, !lr "'liili~g 011 Ii. c:otto." fil'

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'I'OPBfl':,l!iod :S!Jlpha.te-of :Stranti;m, uedQubly 'refr!lct~vl!l. when tbl'l o'bjo(1)t I" viewed ~hro!J.gh eertein l!u:1ioed phme!j,; but 'ill! tb.e '.fopaz, and Strontiaa,.it.ia :neeeS8uy to form all, :ilitillcilll face, ill additjclJ), 1Q the uaturd aries, inl order tu obsef\!~ this prop!!ny ..

§ 1)3. In quartz, doublerefradion may be observed bJ careful atieni~on, througb two natural faces,

Oll:!': 1. 'fake a tn.nspa.r~nt erysta:1 Ibetween tbe thumb and linget, And holding it Yll.rticallybetwee.!I tb.e eyo and t:nD window, p.lace • 'tlhin object,. as ,a. pill, .horizontally. aorosl the Illter.OII p]'a:ne ne,neBl 1he windowj then view the piu ;through thepl&tle of the pyramid" wh1cll eor~e8poll.d1l with ,the Illtet,uJ plan.e, oppoBite to the, opa- ·ael'Olll, whieh the p.i]] .is placed . Now illy. watching ~be. pinC8;te:fyllr,I:!.I.d. making Ine crystal re'olv,p OIl it backwards aud forw.a~d!l, as on !ltD 3.lI:is., aeeoond .image will linall,.· beaeen, .riling· froDl:~he fire.t,of app~oIl:Gl1:i~;g~ it rrom towMils the ,apex!):! the Ctl!!UU, :!lUendediwi(jh- .• kmd of irideseenee,

2. In. rusk.iog this eN:pe:rimmlt, ~\'e: must avoJ.d lineIllg the pin through I.ha ,contiguous lateral ".I'ane,:!.!! well:!.s thmughlhllit ,of tbe pyramid,. In whieh case!, ·two perfect imll!g!ls would. be observed, but the refra.cdO'n would be ordinary,andl common to all transpa:reintOOdies.

3, Q:ua,rt~, bas been ,~e!ecLed:1Il! all exa:m,p.le ill this insto:nee, 00.- 1,l1li.1I!i!e it is .0. common mineral, and doe9 inot requirecuU-ing in QrQQt to observe, its doubly refractiv,e pTBperty.

4. T,o observe it in Sulpbate ,of Stron.ti.n, make an artiilc.illil plAne" b:y cuuin,g tbe GrY$ta'1 U"an!'!fe.l1!elytltrough it9, AlI.itl, uudperpendicLlIu to it!! J'atetal pIaDes. HII.:ving niooly polilJ'bed this new faee. bold tbe (lrys'al in a hOlizontaiposition,!mtweeB~lle eye, and tbe light. i{liud. Jook at the pin, beld ·Ilccron tbe new face, tbrollghone of the termlllrd pJ'a:nes ·ofthe erystal .By turlling the cryata'il ba.ck.wa~ds and . .forwards SJowly,!U!d eallQfully., the dQllble image ea!! iBe,di!>OOfeled . .-

5. These, el!a.m.p]'es are, perhaps, ,8utlieient 'fur the' purpose, ,of 'lllil work; but a. :grea.t :proportioll ore.ryrs(aLli'Z~d lI'rulBparcllt mineral'!! possess .this property,wh.en th.e object is .. iewed. tbiotlghrcertain .r-aoos"pr-oba.bly depending 00 the preaence, shape". or' .positioDlol't;he

pritnnive form.' - - .

3S. cRt',sl'ALtlZAorION.

§ 5-4. Every mineral, wbose external surface i!JJ bound ... ed,by a determinate number of planes, which meet and form determjnate angles, is called. a crystal' •..

Ob,. 1. Flot the purpose (If d.e~eflbing(rrYlltnl!i! it .is Dooessar1 tha.t ·definite teitmSllihould 00 employed, &:aatb.t tiJei.t a,PI1licauo!} should! be I.ceur,!l.tely Undtlf:stoo<i. In lID. otiher pla:ce (§ 14:) we bavel !lElCll" wluu is understood hy 'Primi·tiv~fOJ'm8. ra ~Ile prescnt illstall.cel it is illteoded to g1ve 81lc·11 all expianatwil of tho tetms e!mpJoyed in deaer.ibiog crysfalt, 'IB tJIa'l their meaning Q:(ul! appU~a.tiQD may be'lmti!.tr., :ltoOO.

~. Tbese termllm' lntlmded to lippi, to thea«qal. 'O.r eitlet!l~, fOrm. onl',.

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INT'BODtJ'CT10N.

34. FtJ'NpAJl!ENTAJ. FORMS •.

.. ~. 5~ .. B~ the~m~Um~1U(II orpredo~it,?nl. f~rms, of crys .. tals, ismeaut t e sunplest forms under which they are found, or the geomotrical fi.gillres which. tbey mostap~ poximats .

. Ob~ .. 1. Take, f!u im;tlli!lCe, ,and fo:rm. n cube of wood with a knife.

It i@ 'D:OW !I, ~imple rUfllll,with aix faoos', dght80lid angle:ll,a:nd twelve edges.. NOWCllt 'Btl' Co.cl! of the comets, or SO:lldanglc@;j and. we~b:I!.H' have ::I figure bounded Ily fourteen face!!; but ~til.1 tbe, /u'IIdQ!flellt;ll for.m'ot'(add t.e the cube, because a part 01" all tlleori,ginal~il'l. sides of thllt .figure l1emaiu, and 11 sLillllp,proa.ehell nearer the form of:O! cube, than allY other geometrical ti.gUJTC, with which the' mmd is familiar. ~rhe !lube lherefQrewOIl!d be its flln~llIimellta]1 fo.rm.

2, N<:iw, h is by no means .~uppo~.ed" th1l.t nature WQfk~;;a.:! wed~ IJndlifst ma.ike.~ the I.moo,lInd then Itlillcl!:tes its !I!JglcB ;bilt the same idea oft!le figure is. com~cyed to tne: mind. as t.hough ll\.i;~ were aetu- • aUy done, and an idea of H, can in this way becoo\'Gy'ed to others." which arnswersJ6Very object in "':iew.

3. The ::Idvalltageornhi~ method, it wmha seen, is, that by Pl'e." supposing afigure, whose name convcYIl a d.efinite shape to the mind, we ha\'c sometbingwith which to C01lmp;)!fC tl\.ogcne:rll.lshape of ~he G:l'y,slal.. 'r.hU9, shouldan attempt be made: to deseribe a figure,. by saying .it hlld fourteen sides"!I. part of which werc triangUilar, a pa.tt S([lIB'l:C. w.ith IIIcert,a:int number of edges, angles, &1:. the degcri.pticm wou'ldl nat 'only 00 exteedingIy prolil, hut, could never be wel.1 undeestood. Bdt by descrihing it a!! IiCII.OO, inthe first. place, the mind of everyone eomprehnnds what ligiure is m.eant. and ehen by strikin,g 1'lB' tb080lid !Ingles, "",e~t enee ,gain 1,1) idea of the f(Jrm. which we wish to descrj.1Je, and wbidl nature actiually predueee, It 19 to t'he eelebr'M'e(1 lVeril~rj dl.a:t WG iue indc,bl;ed fOit tbi.~ melhodofdescribing

(}rJ'stll.I~. .

,§ 56. TllJ.efb,lFldamental forms admht:ed iby ,\Verne:r~ are seven, 'V]:tl, the P.riam, Hexahe.dron, .Pyrttmid, DQde,ca .. hcdrol'h Icosahedron, 1'a,6ifJ: awl Lens,

1. PTi~m. 'This bas any II'umber of ,sides, er lateral fl!.ces, from tl!r~et(l ~wel've,. ar more, .';t'he prism is !I.~gaIlJ l'o!lg, aDd tc.r~ minated by a pyramid, asio Qua~t%,ji:{f. L w here a is dlC prism, and b the py~amid. Or it mlly be very lshmf, as in fig. 2:. where e is theprism,inttlrposf:d.l:Jet,ween the twoPJmidI!, d iand,f, Crystllh of{lt!ltJ{ltz, often

occu:r 'Of this. figure.

"t ll~al!~dT'()n. 'fhl,~ if!) 3,. six-sided fi,gore, bavingsl:o.: planes; alld !'flghtsQlid angles. m~ iA;aelu(!e.s_ the cube, andl rhomb,Bnd. abo-the doulJ!lll three,~l.!led. ryr.amltl. !I!t is not UDoommcm. .aarbonat~ of Limt, arUm t.a.kell ialfthE'sc fl)rm~.

3"P!lr(J._mid. 'rbis" like theprism •. has an :indeterminate Dumber

6.~'.''' .. t

D. I "

Iii: i'

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IN'TR(}DUGT,ION.

ofeide,9, bUI, tlley oonrerge, and t,ermill!lte In l1poin~. 'Tbe PYfltlllid", ;is o.ll,ensel on a ~r,is.l'lL; . bu,~ 8Om,climes ,twO pyranrida, 'a.~l:l joined togcth,e.r" base tobMe. 11'1, fig. '2, a very ,s.ilorq)ri"sin intervenes betw:een me two. pY~'Mnid~ .

• 41. Dili1et;{l'li~r(m, Tbifl~gore ~a!l twelve faces, either rhombie. ?t pentagonal ; ~ntl! twenty :E!olldaogles. Oood eXaimplGsue, found In ,Gwn~i'"a.fld I"Q,/* P!lri~es,

5, 1,cll!JfJhedron. This i:9 a, sOlidi, crmtaiueill !!!ld~er uve:llty trJang1l' lar pi runes" ana t.welve solid ang~es; so' tlla~ llaGh solid angle is, rormed by the meeting of Ii:~,e planes;

6. '/J(l/;l't.. Thi~ is a ~ery ~h,!l'rt prism. It has tWQ'!lery broad fll.ces, when cempared with tile others, Th!J~:" in fig. 2, if the two, pyl'a~ Jl]id~ were deeply tnmcated, f!()' us to iea.lrethe IIholt irltenllning P!itffi"I he: remaining figure would 001 fi ~i~.s,ickd table. Sll.lpltat~ of

Ba,t'yt'es, .u.ndMi'c<I, .Il:r:e exampl.es. ..

7. Lens .. This fi,gure hast'tVo principal curved fju~e9', ·1iS illi LI!I.d':~ culm.. (hide qf Iron.

33. DESClllPTION' OF C.Rl'ST!I.:lJi'I.

§fJ7. ,By the inspeetion of crystals as th,ey arc form .. ed by nature. ~t will be found .. tha.t tllm above described fundamental fOfl:]lJs.,exlst under a vast ¥8iriety and number, of medifications. ,U Uier.efore becomes necessary, that 'fIe terms ~~,Io~ed to.d€sj~na.te. the dl£F:erent partsof thesesohds, With their !!I!ooI6ca:bons sheuld be explained, and illustrated.

1. LrueroJ Pltltks, are the fa,ces, sides> or pIa;nes, of prismatic

erystals, as (l" flJr. 1. .

2. TeTclllimrlPlanes, are the faces, 'or planes" wh:i,Gil fOflnlne ,e~.

Ilremides of[Jrismat.ic crystals. They.!ue ,SQmetimesClIl!1e.d tbe: Qm~

QFthe priem,:1l.S h"fig, L. .. . .....•

Ltd~(d E~t~, I!.fe farme,dby tbe iUIlQ~i:e.u.'Iil'f twolalefal planes,or

:sides fif the 'prism. . .

4. Ttrnlinal Eilg,ts, are: formed by tlJe :mectillg of lateral aud tef~

mill!!al planes, .. ,

5. .A Pyramid, is formed, 'wilen th@ lateral faces, a:~d ,m3',ges meet ,at a point) as d; fig. 2.

Ob.~. L If now the 'p'upil 'WiD rqr!l! mQment leave: his boQk, lIud! obtaill a piece of soft, wood, aDd&. po:mkuife, he can ,get a beUe:r jnlJstr!!'~ tion of the ,aDore terms, than eeuld 00 ~iven by diagramB ..

2. Forni tile wood! into' u!K[u!\Ie piece,' sl1y,tw,o - i:ndlee. long, ,and h!llfan. inch i.1'I diameter; thea, :!It.one eD.d,form.u. pyramid,. the faces 'ofwMcb, !>bU)I correspond whl1~!.Ich~ide of tile square; also Clllioi' the oli:lur end of the wood, fit right angles: Wilh its sides.

3 .. W,n now have, a four-sided priBm terminated bya four.sided Ill'ramul,the facescf which, are! set, on tbe .Iatenl fIlGCcB. of the prism. '1'l1e lcler.als plams,are,. the long an,d . broad sides nHh.e ,rism,-the l(ltef'hl.~~,t8, !!r{l the fourcQmers., formed by the mee~!.Dg Qftbese ~lane5,:~the tt.f'u.JTlalplane. lube ~1l11!T;e base aUbe end, op-posite the pynmid,-the termilial e.tWts,lIIre the, fout edges,. formed, by tbe mlle~

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xtn

fog or fhe tmminft.li, Iud 'Iatetlll plaiD.:!8 ;anil.tne 'P."J'mMtd, is brmed, by <the meeting 0:1' the four lateral edgell,. and pla.oes, ill.tlli. point ..

9 58. 'lhncatl'on. By tbis term is meant, that certain edges,. or angles of the fUlldamental form, are cut off; and though, as has been observed, .ithis is not so, yet the appea.rllluce ,of ~he crystal,an<1lhe h'llea we wish to convey,. is tille same as though. this, had. actuali:y been the ease,

Obs. 1. T'I'IJMatiob, [8 applied tn I.he edgellilod aoHd.anglellof ·errystals.. It ml)' '1Je,IO dup,as eotirel:ytoehange theirrorml'l, or 10 IUgAt,. Ie (tilly to be obflen'erlioD doseillspE!Clti.on;

2. If 'we tak!eour foul'.sidedpril>m. and shave 011' two of its l.tI!'raJ edges, ISO aa to makehY'O narrow lateral planes, opposite- to eachotheri we "baU then hare aD irregulllraix.eideil p:r!sm,.wbh fout oroad,a;nd two.narrow .[aterd pl(lI!!,;~ .. These tWQ ~dgti~ tl.re n~\v ~·,""ql;ated! OJ! '1'tplaeetl hyplo.nes, ·1I.Jl.d we hav,e!lil.la.teraIedgfl!l, two ·ofwbich U,I'! 'Iin'" angka, and four obiu.<e.

3. Ff "·e tl'UDcate tbo two remaining lateral edges, we shalIllllye aneighwi.ded ~prism, with equal angle" and. tf}tJJ1ii fatera) phwes,

§59. Bcr;dment .. This .. like truneatien, is a,plied to the edges and angles of the crY3®at It consrsta of a double truncation on the same edge, or angle ; the ef;' fect~ of which is to prodllllJoe two small planes, and three obtuse angles, in place of one edge, or angle.

Ob,. Sllpposewehave a .. pri~m Qf three equallsidElllJ" audtbree equllil BOu.le a!l!.!le~! if webcv.el one of the ang.le~·. We produ.oo two, ll.eiW f!lees inllteiUl of'tbe allgle"lI:l1d by oorl~inuin.g th.e bevehnoint on all the II.llgles, we change the figll.re into I. priBm<, of nine :I!:ides,beea.use ~il new sides WI1U.Id be formed, and three wou1dl remain u a part ohho .fi.mdamental pri9M.. ,COmmon, SchM":I, III anelample of t:1li1 kind. of

bevelment, - - '.

§60. It has already been. remarked, (§ 58) that the changes produced on c,rlstalline formsl by truncation, differ according to lis degree, or dJepth. It bas also been noticed!, 0211aod. 22,) that by dea:vng~, one form may be converted into an.othe,r, entir~~yd.ift'-erent. Now the 'passage of?fI,e fo~ into all';Jther! mny be ceneiderted in another bght, v~z. that it is tllle e1fecl ·oft.runc8,., tion.

q65. L. SlJpposfl,we formofoork or w~d, tWQ.~ur~.'l,. ODe; a regUclar eetohedron, and the Qt,b"r !l! cube, each or an !.I!G.h .HI diameter. The enhe has eig'htcor,neu, (lr ,~()lid;;'!l~les. .suppose w.ith .akni.fe. we take off each of theM solid. allgle!! slightly,. it is still II; cube with. trunl'lated lI.!lgles.Bm SLiPpooe dais oper,a.t:ion be: oo.1l.1inue.d, until

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IN'l'RODUc:rlO.N.

eYery vMtagoof Ina origioll,l cube diuppe,,"'. ii ~iU Ibt1P, btl found

w-t we' have fQrrne~ a re,gldnr' ootaned!ron. ,

2. The ocwbedroIl, bUBi.xl!Olid angl,es'. Suppose we begiD witla ,tIM octobed.ron, and take equalillegmentll, lu 6llooH!!innfrom eaGb o( tb~~, an,glel!,. t~.e two QPpolIite filoes H? formediJeing paraUe:l,. uot-ilia, onglll.a] faces dlBllpPClir, the result ",if] be ;lIpe,r[oo,t cube, (Bee§ 20' &2,1.) .

• § '61. The ,same operation,.wH1 p~d'~ce. modifiea .. lions 'of the fiJndameutalfotm. III exact looit'at.io,n. of ,nat .. 1u'al furms. in a, great yarlety of other cases.

Oli,j1 .. ,I. Thus ,if ,segm.ents Ire taken from the twelveedgel of the octohedtoo, so as to produe,e twelve new' faees, the tiod«41wi,ron with tw:eIVl'! rhombic p:lanell,wiU be ~bereal;lh. [fa,~ be, deepl)y t't!IQ-' eated (In all it!! edgeB,llptnlag(11la1 doiUtaAttfTonwi1li be pr04uc(.'d • .it ib'ln·s:ided pri&m truncated GD all its [a.tefa~edget'l" bemmes aD 01>' tti!ed'ral prism; &c,

2;, Some minerals, as FluorwspW',aDd .lr"illl, .PJjritts, DOOUrr IDthe' £Drmof the cube, odohedroD, and dodec.ahedroil; and crystals ue. sometimes fbund, truncated. as oibove delmribed, iUlIBlra~i;p.g their pas-, :sag,e from Q:!le {uRdamBntaJ, (orin iuto anoth.er.

36. I.lIIl'~llFiECT' l.la:~ST.AJ.L.IZAT]()N.

§6i2.. The. p:oocess of reg'olaf (lryiSbi~~zation, obviousJy I't'!<tui'l'es, that the substance tobe erystaHiz,ed,. should be diesohroo in some fluid, and t.bat!its particles should. 'be pe:rmit.ted to move freely a:mongthemselves:, so that each. ~U! sbo~:dd tale its place, !lIJl'eeably to the Jaws of' aUractlOll. ]0 any other cenditloe, the result of the 'precess, is imperfect and cOIlfilsed.

06,,, From tile r,es~lt or the eryeta'IliDe prooee8., ill. ~be great b.bora. tGf.Y of Il.a,ture, it is evident tiltH some di!l!llf:I:liD@,:roreewaa felt at, the: time oUormll.tinn" nearly througbout tbemineraillingdom. In nu!:ny oYthe ~cie!" therefore, tboogb oEf,idendy lb.e reBult of c.rY8ta.1Jiza. tim, few pe.rfeet crystals aTe to be fuund... In mll.DY iasta:f1cea •. one end. 0.1" dre,erys1.al only is perfect; in otbers,wbero the per(eetru,ndamental. form itl· tile oeUJ/!t.iJif'Qt&, QI . c.ubIJ, f,b~"tyal~nni!) molt eases." Is iod:i!itinct, .• the crystals interfering witb cell other" so a~ to {onn 'eonful!ed lami!l.atedmal!t!es.

§63. Onder the iIlead. of imperfect cryshrl.lizati()D~ may a~8Qo be considered such fo:rms,as ,deviate fr~m regllli\r solids, in conse'!!luelme of th~ w~nt of ~ngI~s'l or .in cQf!seq)uencIB of an undue extenSIon ~fi ~ength. &c.

Obs.. Some of these forms areoost dEH!c.ribc.rl ~1 comparing them

w,ith"'eU known objects, as • .. . . .

. 1:. Cylindrical, wil!m. a.lf.fGg 'priam i~:withol1t a.nglel', and [ound,in its (lIID, '!I;sPI7lite.

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.:lLIV

US'l'ROnVCTIQN.

2. D'enfifaT11I_ TJooth.like, when it is in the form ,ora eon.!!, the base ofwlliab is:lua.chcd, and ,the !lpe,!l i!!! like a canine ~ooth. lUI Wood '1'ln. Nati1!!~S~,l"fi' .. IlQlts Tootl~!;paT.

3. Acicular, like a needle, when the cTysltil. is lung, l!.:f!dlla!:'ro'W,

!>t[,lIight, and minute,a! 11'1 Titanium. HfJrnbltnrle.' .

4 .. ,Rt'lieul'at~d, net-like,. when Blt.icwar cry,etals cmss eaeh olher,.

ISO as to resemble net-work, ·as NMi,,~ 'silver. . .

5. Capi11al'!f, hair·like. 'whcf! the e~y~caIs 'are e"t~emelymiDllte. !Iud entangled like a w.isp of !lair, as Okr~mqt~ oj.lrolli. B:r(M~ s:., malite"

, 6. Le;ni'icular, hll.;!i'ing t:wopdncipaI convex. surfa,ce,B, a8 Ltn;tillular LlV1n, Ore',

§ '6;1. G't(Jllping of Crystals •. ' When, several crystals: are attached to each other, side by side. \\'ith distinct.' summits, tbey ,are said to be fP'otqJea, as Quar/z. HiJg':s

TDoth4par., -

Obs, Agt-am, i.B anll,S!l(!mbJa.ge (If cry,llta!s, bed to a.oomll'Kln basl!!.,tne form ·bei.ng· CI)JI(lo.:V(l, Qr hollow. Ca;l'it:iee, studded with crystals, form geodes,

§ 65. Twin, or Hemit'rope Crystals,. These crystals a.ppeal', as tho~g~l the two hal vesof each, had been so applied togeUler, as to i~'Y'ett the one half; or that the one Ita If h.ad moved through haIfa eirele, while the other halfstood stJIL 'These crystals are also called" macled. Instances are seen in P~'elspar,. Oxide 01 'nn. .

o{S. In some minerals',. ihecr:ystalB .a,ppeaf, to penetrate ellchothe'r :ill dili'crentdireMions., III the regular crysuJ,1!: of GypS'WII, :it IS not uncommon to~ee sma.1l crystals gr'OwillgollJ ,of; or penetriat~g tbe J'aterlll plaDcs,a.nd angles Df the llLrger. Large crystals of Arrogonitll, frequ.ently to aPPrarl.Il,ee, send forth .5mulleron,es .in e¥erydil'cc:" ri(lu.' .. .

§ 66. Mag?l'ftude of G'I1Istals. The size of cryst8!rnS vary froln two feet in length., to mere points. the forms of which can only be a.scertained, by the miceoecope.:

Werner, t~'lerefore, in his descri ptive langua.ge, defines a number ofterms, sIgnificant of their magnitude, as very' large. from six Inches to two feet in length; larlf61 from six, inches to two inches; small, from ha.lf an inch t,o the eighth an inch, &ie. But the seeps allowed to

~h"es,,'.~,',.~crm,', .• ,s, i~ t?ogreat.f.o,r ,'a:,',n,'Y,use,Ju,',1 P'Il, F"pose" a:,B(,1th, e medium size m lqches, will therefbrc~ eoavey more de-

ikinite ideas.

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3'7'. MleLES OF Oa.VSTAL,tJZAT·jON ..

, § '$7. It is 8. CIlr1:0USi fa.ct, that cry.staia (Ji the same fo~ and of the same sou balance, gn",e a constant ad .. measurement of their angles ..

Olls', 1. It:is very eMF !P ooll(i(li!'e, ~ba" where t.he form of die e~y,!. tim U a!'ll exa.etc·IJ'he, for i,j)stan~e, that,8'1'er'j' c£:ystiiJ of t:bi,s form should give the eaWltl a!n.gul,lIlrql1:a.lldly. IF; therefore, an hundred crystals of cubIoal imn py:rites, or of eommou SIIU. be measured; it would be foll1ld tl'uifwhere'l'er t.W'O planes met, it would be under :B.;[l anll[,1e of 90 degru!. But the J'eg~larity withvdlieh nature works in tile for. mBJiol1 ·liIf crystals, wiU appear surprising. wheD it ill kOOWlll.1 that whateYer the l' l!:ol8ir r-0f'1ti may !W, t.he oo:r'Mspollding aligles in any Durn,. 00' OfOTY tals ofth.e samo'Variet)', will afw!lysbe found the same, Air all }J!lSlaOee, take a c~ySla1 of COnilmun qmntz, 8Ddasoertllif), tbe an .. gJe, .hiBb Olile {acre o~ the ,pyramid gi'ieB:wit~itB cfiuesptmdiog latepi plsne. It win be fOl.l!lld tobe J41· 4.U', Now'llIpply this angle to, the· 'nIlber sides, and pyrl!'mid:!:I1 {aeee (If the IIDi'IiIIIil, or of' any mhfll' £IT. 'y81l1ll of lJ:ua·rtz; fUllo_ ~vhil_W,eIl?art ·of'lhe world it ma.y ~me. a:ud :it ",in be flJl!:ud tbld ;~Ilese plall~8 meet under tile lI,fll1le an,gIe.

2. MeDi9ure thel mutua:! inelinenen of any tlllO opposiw pyramid8i( fues ,of a erystal of qll8.l"tz_ It will be found under lUi ~ulgl,e of "S" 62', and this, Imutual inelwlItioll wiil he found the same, of WHatever aim *!be cr,staLI IMJ be, or from wh.wtever paTt ot:' th.f.l wodd. it wa,. mme.

§ 68 The aDgles: under which the plane", of crystals, di8"eriing in eempo ition, meet, bas been considered as one ofthe sureat means of di8tingl.ishir~g them, when. theirgeneral form ijJs, the same. ,

060,_ Sewenl milli1J'ruil, of en.tirely difFerent ehemieal cha!racteM:, mll,:1lIO ,esemble eaeh other., ootb in oolorandli.gure, f!!! that tbe eya ca;D dil!1in_g:uisb DO ditferellce. This:is Bai:d ISOm.timee ,1.0 be the cue wnbBpelIlmetts or OM"btJntUt uJ JUlB, Bitter-."J!ar, aDd COi'iltmalt"if Lila. BUi the augILfll! uadee wb~cl~ the plancB o.t each mesl, are sald to be ~be mean;~' of distiuguisbilil.g them at once. ,'I'hUB it the praDt~s or OIl. oftb '!II meet th tile angle5 o:f lOS- 5', and 74· 65 , :i( i5 Car:bl1ll:llle of Littit,; if tbe seeond meililill'eos ~o(r l5', Ii.nd 78"·45 , it is BittM"'>'pfU": tile 'tlb~rd m.· asuri.ng to?" and TJq, is, C(J!l"liDnat'r of 11'011.

~ ti9. N otwithstacding the exact sjmmetrieal forms whIch nature has impressed on the crystals oftna ",ame variety. t.he d~i(ficllity of obtl'l.ill][lg the same resuha •. ill ~:aking their anlll:le~,wm probably; prevent this mode of distinction from beiu!I ,certAl~n, or extens,lvely adepted,

()bs" 1. This mMle of distinctioo p:resUPPOMf:l tbat W~ p&a5eSlI" p.rfece!l! or:fljtal of the $ub!!ta.nee, !lnd' tliat i~ lis 80 si~Q!!Jed lhat iikllUI .. glP. can be tnke~. !'l61'(t iiD' ooma €Ir the 6~ie8. tlil)ugh elearly th. l"-Wt of er),lilaUi'Zau{Jo, .. pe;,feec U"ltd 11 r.trel, t'O 1iIe, fOlllld" ·u4

G

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ronsequenUy ean olliS be in poI!ae!!siQQ ora f~windi'l'idu .. Is, In !'!uel cuell, o~her mlllll18 mU3t the:re,for6, of neeellll!ty )lQ generally adopted" to distinguish the specie!.

2. I(L.IIoleh 'of the :species u commonly occur in dIe fo:r!I!Qf perfect ,arystul8i, it, ill nO'~IIlDelU\y (.bing fiYI !Ill ordi[!!iry mi:nflra1ogi:&t to measore their; 3!,!gl.es with such accuracy, as eo df:t~rmine:their_ eQmP<ll!i~ dOll, wh~te this depends on minu.tes and seeends,

. 8,Thebe8t autholitlef!, differ so mue,,:ill! tbisreepeeI, at! to show' that with the most sk.ilful ma:na_gem.ent, the 'Gorriomel:eFin d~fFeTent, hands .is not to be depended 00., even to degirees, and much leas to the

htlodreth parla or degrees. -

4.11au,'!h for iDstohce, makes the pIGe!! of RJII»nbic('.'aibllfltJ1e ,11/ Lime" to meet alternately 'UDder angles of 104" 29' and 75"31- .Phil. lips makes the, learne planes medaL lllgl.es of lOS" 5 QDd. 74t ,51t. HallY, the primiuveruoml,Qid of Q~(l"tz, 94' 4' and 85". 56 .. Phl~llips ..94" 1S' anti 850 45', :H~uy, the prim iti vo;! rhomboid of Sp~llula,., .IrDIIl 8'~and 93". .Phillips 136·" !lOn:nd 00· 50'. [might proceed to till page after pap, widi sucb di.l1'erenees i indeed tbe~_authQrB very rarelyiligroo, fl'Xae&ly in tbeq,ullintity ohillY angle, Il.Ild Mobs. often dis·

agree! witb both. . .

5. In thea.boresxa'rnple, ,,§ 68) wbere it,ll! propnsed:to d~stiDgui8h RMJ7lb Spar, Bitter 8pa-r,and C«".bonatll ,of .Ironl, by meaDs of !.he Goniometer.. as weI] IS in every other instaDc,c,. where dlt!re, 11 but littl,c diliilrenee in the quanthyof the 8,Dghl!;. iibis U1IUlt, it is thought be aelmowledged, atbe'st,. but 8,. very II.Uaeioul!J mode: ofdilltinetiQu.

6. 'rhese OO.IH!iderations hllfe induced t!he:!u!~hor of the foUo'W.ing lteatieeto O!flit the. (}tomdntal Chat'(1.ctU$ in the descriptiol!9, !!;!'I.oo" jDg, at learJt to the learner, both uncertain and.pe~lex~ng. These characters have tiherefOr6 been thrown together in tbe ",bur ... , form.

38. ,GONIOMETER.

§70 .. TheGoniometer, or angle measurer, is an inat~men,t invented ~y M. Cara:ngeall~ for the. purpQse- of takm.gthe al!g~~ of crystal~ .... rt~as!atel~bee_n c8,11ed the Common aoolomder. to dlRbn,gtnsh ~t fr'OID a more re~ cent invention of Dr. W oUast(m"s,. which is called the

,Reflective Goniometer. . -

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I.NTROD'UC'l'ION.

Pf ..

Ob.~.l. The eummoo Goniometer,. eonfiet!l ot'e. braM,'o!!'silter ~m·, icirele iN, D, M, grad,ua.tedLUIClU30,tlegreel, eaeh degree being mar!keO! 011 the instrument, by 11., 8bon l.inee:1Iend.ing from the outer rim, to the eire:ie". whifh ,ill! about the 20th of IUI!n.ch wi,thin it: A., B,F, G, are tWI) !tee.l~ o,r b:ru.!18 !urn!!!, oon:nec,ted atm,wi.tb II. tb!l,mb!'Km~w •. :so' tha'~ '~hey can be: "'ef,eweti tiglll!,!l' logethe.r wbel1ooca~oD requifflll. '1"b:iSSKlrew I{OOS ,into,1I. ,e,IIudlstoollltU, on tbe ufldersid:eoflhe I!,fm,. which, ,enters the hat, ronnecting the two ,el'l.ds of the semicircJI'e',ami i'll, the pivot on wbich the arml turn. lin eacbJ arm ther,eis a ali .. through which the pi,ot pa.nes, so,tl1d lbeycau he drawn back", tbe effect af I¥hicb il «I mo'!'e theeentee Qf motion near the, e.ud!! of the, l.'i!lll~,r" n,.,is Ill! !!bart pillpa~!!it!g 1llllougb. a 5.l1~, :!Lud on. whi.ch itl'l'!l.n be moved. b'4ekward!! rand fOfw:J.'l1ds.

, '2: TI·c '(I:rm A,IIS it now rB.taud:8 entstho Sflmieirole 81,90 degrees; ifUlenan exaeteube, werepresenled. to tbe portio.n. Qf t:ne !lrm~ below the bar, it would j,U!lt iii tbem,. as the pllUle~oh cube ~lI.waY!i meet, at an angle ·af 90 degl'ee!l.iBtu if the Illogic :ehoQld 00 gTe ate r, Of less than OCt,. i~,is ,obvious that "til, qUlilltity Gao be alleertained [by moving the bar backwards or forward.s· on. the semicircle, where t.hedegrees

are marked. .

:) '.r.be mOBt oonvenierd mode ofgs.ing '!hi!! Goniometer, i!!tQ Ull:e Qff the arml!,acod rot a s.mall e:rYlltal ,d,aw them bllek,!HIRS ~o btin.g 1heOOl'I,tre I)fml)~i,O!l,.loe&r the peinesB and Fj und. (",,!'I!!orgel ,onea, lei them remain a8 iOJ tbefigme. 'rhen tighten the so:rew,- so that tho armsneed 001 move, and loose the hue an,gle.. After ha.viDg applied them to the crystal, pat.the ullde'[ one cal)efully i.n itl:! jplaee r : as ill Ole figure, and the, :right ilide of tile ,ather' a:~.m, will gin tbe allgle r~"

ql!,i~ed.. .

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.IL'VnI

.I.. "Tt m'llst be ob"iolll tha,lllhe ue: of'this ins.trument depends Oil: its precise adjustment l~ the pllllDCS of lbe-cJ,],stal ~ be meBRUred. lo, d,oiiigthis, it will be found of Ildnudgge that the eommen pHial. ~eDs -should: be supported ata 0011" Ilient height !!loo"e the tahle" so' tbat Ilotlil elbow! mill! t>e!!t o'[ffln jL, while: tii.lkilig t.he lIugle, i; the gl!!!l!!II being a litde :i))OO¥I'l' fhl! beight of the Wf1fjt,wliflil:l, tbehall:fh~ aire e~evatem. For IMe purpose, II. card ro:lled flil> and. I!tuck by one end ~!!tl) the nazle of III candlesuCrk, an,d the blin.dle of t:be glass placed in thll hoJlow (If the card will be frmlld 'Use Filii i for the glaD \fil1 ;00 IIIflaril Oil II. level "'ith -tbe eye. n tbell ~lhe c:ry,sla.1 be placed behind it in ~Ile focus; tbeadllptalion of thegoniometer, will be ,olJser'l'ed with ad. va:n'lllge ;, aDd U111~s,5 thelighl be exdudedfrtmt .betwun t/t,l tRstfimlml and :the erystal, tbea.dIllPLatioD w.iill Dot be complete. If thia caD bOt lbe: aewIDplisihedl"it ma.y be oo'Dclu,!hd that, the CT,),staJi, I!o.,v perfect eo-, ever it$ iI,lanes, may i)jpp~I!!.r, is !lQt Isumeiently regular w be relied OD, if perfect nccu.tih!ly is desifilble-."'-PMW'ps.

5. 'fhe re,Be(;ti've Guniometer" ill ooni,dered a mOf6ac.eUraoo ill· eirllmellt thanthe one aibol\\'fl deserlbf.l& It detf::vmirl!~8 the qtlluldtr of the fogle by file rays ,oli]i,gM',. 'rel'let-ood frOID UU~ poli8hed.liu~lcsof the erystal, and. ~l:Jerefore will ollly answer' for sueb m:i'll:l';!t!lI:li ,as posseas reflecting surfaces. The Il'lIlc.bj,liI,eIJ and :iu llSC; is mueh mOl!>e oompJel. than jn the c;ommon Goniometer.

39. CH&MI0 .... L CII.A1'I.AOTEfllf!:

Remari; Having enome:rated eueh of tliel Cbfl:r30ters of mi;'eraJ8, all can be a!iceiuained by the seases, widloOllt, de9t.t'()yi~ du~it !ltract1J:re, Ilndwh . .icll, aTe properly ealled,. efiernal, o'rlk!liJi~al. we DOW eome to anothe:r set of eha.rae~eIl8. WblCh are ealle C/t.ltmlCal, beeaase heal and acide are the ,age n lIS, by whichtlley are ascertained.

~ 71. Bychemical cha-racters; it is not ~dersrood that all such, as could be developed by ehemieal 'agents win be enumerated" or that the process of:analy- 61s w~rnlbe d,es~:ribed.. On the con~I'a,rJ',:a fe,~ siellple ex'pernnents; ch]lefly with the .6lowpt.pe and aCta, are aU that wi n be' found necessarj, to ascertain the moat ob'"iOllS chemical eharaeters of minerals.

§ '72. Bl()'U)p~pe. This, is a simple ins.trum.ent, censist .. ing ofa ,slightly conical tube' of brass, _8, ()1' 12inehea long. curved at the small end, and tel~m,inating im an orifice of the size ofa pin. Sometime's,tbey are' made, in e~veral parts: so that they can be taken Din pieces, for the conv enience of earriage. This instrument is used by t,akir'g the large eud in the mouth; placing the smaU end in the flame of a can.dle,and directing the flame 'by gently. Mowing 00 the minera], which is placed on a charcoal support,

Digitized by Coogle

IN'l'RODDCTIOi'f.

:l1.1X

,Ok.. Tbe ronowing ubtenau.olill for tlie USe or the blowpipe are ifrD.m &iAn.

t ., Few pell'SOD! 1lJ"e .. ble at, first, to produce a conlirlll.ed tire ami of air through the b.luwpipe. :Iolld theauowp" oftenOCf;UloDIl It. gmell!1, deal ,or [atiglil.e ; I .hall m,ue I10 !!.poklg.l' tl'terBrore. flu tr!illl.iing this m.ue~ somewhat in. ,del:l.il. TbQ lintt lbillg to ioodol'le is 1:0 I.Citlllire the hu.bit of breatb~iliig e~d.J Iud wiU!Q!!'~ II.Iigutj through we DOlmil.] 'IlIO'oe; dlelll to do ,the laaiU.tll while '11111 nUJluh iii fiJl!!tI RtlliI the ebel,lkl!, iDik.ted. with lli.ir; tb.e ~n'lilel be:illll' lit tbe same tIm." .1l1~h~dy rused ~ the 'rool or the mootb,lIllord,erto obstruot tbe c.o'mmlBllllUtKiO between tlle moudl, and tilrolllt. Whelil tbis bu been aequire:d. the I!tLowpipe may be put :iow the moB~h aDd l4e lWofiued air expe.ile4 dU'ough ,be pipe bY.BUIUlS vi' the mlllec]e~ of ~be eheeks, III IiQQIJ !1.8 the air u. peady ex:~al)lS~ed, .t. 'hj\~i!3. pita.r.io-niiO;~ llie htlig_~_~Il9tead.ofbema n)!lide W!r~ug'h the nostllls, lti 10 beforce.d 11110 Ul€J. Cli!.\lJty ,grlhe mou;th i ~he c;QDllliIuuicat.iO.D is dj!~b. Lnsaaotly to be sbut ag.lll, by the tongue" a.nd tbe remainder of the I'e&,pirlltion .il to 00 e:tpelledl t!bunwgb ~be IiID.trilL 'i'he !leeondi and IIU I'IIl,b.seqoem ogppliie 'of alt' '10 tire blowp,ipe'. are'110 be, iO'l'rooiuGe'd in the M!l!.O ,!!:!IUHI13"!Ul"be: IiIiIl1 : thu!! w,ith a ,Iiltle practice. ~be pl<weli m!!,Y ~ ob"ibel!i ,o'f ,k,eepillg I.1p "OOi!.tiii'ued bllllt, for a 'qua;mt.er of &0. hollE, ,Of lOfig:er, Wi'~l!lOtll iIlcooMenieilCi:i.

2. " ~lur.1iI dependOi OD t.b.e size of the eU8Tl!ld 'llipertol'iI of ~be blowplpe, Iho luge tba't tbe moutb "eq,uil:~B freqrllenl replenisilin,g, tbe fl'{l;!Bew.ilJ be w:a.v,e'f.ii'iil. ud tbe (l~I'"Wr w,m soon Itte out of breath: if 011 the otber I)lwd the aperulrcfl be, too, I,lIPillI. the mOBCl.Ie.s of the clutftks milt ., ,bel~Lrongly Ilofiuacled, in orGel' "'0 Pliodluw .. sn8icielO,L ourrent, and paiD, Uld great fllligue 0f' aliI pan, w.U !i();Q be tbe 0011- sequ,euce. A,oaper,wTe about the ~ze! or t,he wllUeat pin-bole, w.illl rl~e!T~ly be IGundl the moet l'.on"e!!J.e~t. tbough fOl' partiLmw pOI'pD,I!eli" QIl,e I*)mewhl.' larger, or a, I~Hle !lmalJer may be reqlli~od.

3 •• , The fLlru ~O'r ,tbm, Iiule l~verbeiIB1:Ory fi~rnae~ (~st!hf.l blo,wpipe ,apparatu'!ma:y 'wl:thol:lt .Irop.mpnet.ll be de'Dt'JAUDIlit(I:d). 18 oil, taJlow. or: w;u:, kept i.1II eomaU't!tiol:l by meal:ls Qf 11., ""j,ck.~: the !Ii] iB t.htlwQr:!lt, tile ti!!ll!ilw :ia belter". and the WIlK is, tin: !best, fiot ~.Il]y tui being the cleue!!~, :l\ndJ free from II:D'y offi::.llIif'e 1I1IIl€I1I, but alM as a:if(l!rdiRg tbe greAte!!t boat. '1' he managl,lDluL of tile wick, too, is a maner oi HOme nicety: it :!illUild neithe:r be too ,b:igb. ~o,r sHutred too low, aDd should be iii liule beDI at_ iUBu~m:itjNtlt 'llbe bJ lit ()rtlle pi:~AU casual earrents_B,n:d, liI:rafts ofwmd, ougbt to be i.lIll,eftdly avoided, DB rend riIl]g thelil,ame u.ollte'l!Idy,. ~d 'ier!' mawr~a!JJ i~~ajljDg ~t8 5tr'El'lll[th.

4. ""r he Bib;()il'!ll eond!ulu:01 helDg eomplte:d wHIl, the R~we wbl!le a.ot~ ,ed on by the pilpe, wilJ tHlidielidy COIlS.:illt of two parts, lJl ,ollter aMId ~n,nel": the latter wil!1 be of" light blue 001 or I oolJ'I'erS~iDg to a poiOlt.Qt dlel d:istanoo cGf about ,M ill,ell f!'om die: 1l,00zmt"llheol!u~r wilrhe of a. :relJ(lwlab .,hite OOIUf, aDd witl conl'e:rge less pe,k0~ly. Thel WO.IIt, int:en&e. bCll!t,is jllst Ilt the point of the im:ml' blne fhllne.

~, I. 'r'lIe supports.Qf tbe 'VI!,Jjiol.l,s lI'ubBtllDoea ~hile.liLliI,dergooi.1il1it (,hi} I;G'lIon, ,of lbe Mowpipe, come !leU to be eQlmde~ed. Of BUPpm'lts, ths're .re two, k'inda. ComlhUft:hk, and ]n.eombu,tiou, Tbe ecuDb tibia 11Ippm'U, I( ... d elMft,), for metallic O~8,) is Chari:

Digitized by Coogle

L

closest grained, Bndsoondest pieees are to be selected for this purpose, andeven the besh oftell split, and become rifty _arieT being 'W!ed for a Ihort time. [If pieees Qf birch, or ma;plceooaJ, burned ia a _ pit, be seleetOO, they will a!)~ be, li!!.ble todii9i [weoidieut]

6." T:he inOOI1!i!bill~tiJ)le ,eupporl!l, Q~ A£t(jr~ Olais, i!.Ud :Eu.~t'~ in

- lhe, u.!:e of ill] wJ'i.ij}liI, (IDe geut!fial CIlILILiOIi maybe IlI'i'9'60:: to milk" the'ln lIB Iitt~8 bulk)' as possible. ThB support" ~oba~eoal (U!;cepted,,] a!ways absu..,otg '~ore or ,le89~ of the !leat, ill!ld 10 mlllly eB'MS, e8,PIl" eloUy 'where metallm epoon!! are emplo,yedl, eIlhrll.ly p:r,e'e~ts tbe flarn& 'frompTodllciqg its due eiT-e,et. Tho best metallie support i, Pilitioa", ltJee!Ul~ it is inlf'leible, ~d tra1!amit, heal to aJe6ll dista!lee. and IDOI'I' sJowl}' tlilalil,otller mAla.!lI_ A pair ohlendftf fOf~eps of b~. POl!!'ted.with; platina, is the best))Ossible IIUpport for non-metallic mi:plni'. thllit are -not ,ery fo,sible,:, fOf'lb.€: fllsiDI·e earthy mi:n,(uals,snd for lOO i:nfusible ODes w.henlluxesllIre used, lea.f platina will be: fQuod the mos~ oonvenlenl; it may be folded like paper; into any de8i~ble fo~m, and the reoault (lhhe ex:permmellt, may be, oobtll.ined, aimJ')I' '''1 onfQldiQ,g the I'e:a'i"in which i.t Willi wrapped UiP'_ [Wibere a 6u;~ i!:l,118OO th.at does nut eprea.d, I .hu'e a]wa,ye . fou'nd t,be .mlid birG.~. ,or mll,pl~e IlhlllfotlOal, the 'I'lry oost·9u:pptlrt. Whenpota!!i:lls used, w.l'u(l118p~eads: .on chareoal, the plallu:a foil may be employed.] With'Jleg,ard to tbe

:msgnitmde of du~ speeimens reql!if~d for eXiinuir:!luiQo,. DO very preeir>e directions, (mD :00: gi'l"iln: tile :most fusible:, sneh as ,Sottle of the m.emllic Of'elI, (galena); may be !lSI large :M 8. smaUpea., wlhi.lQthll most refrwotory of tIile ,earthy mwerafs", slloliid scarcely exeeedtbe

bulk ·of a piA"iS beadY , __

7. On 6rstappli1)llition of the beat, the ou.er tl8!me only sihould be throwD on l,he mi[Deml! U l!OmewiLJ «"crepitaie, Ill!' split in. piellell;" with a at!tanger beat. 'file chonges olen, whioh some minerw QJli" dergo' lily beat, are best obaerved wben tbei,r ~emperalor8 IS r",iilled

slo,wly. -_. ...

8, 1Il the metalUe ores', fl""~" are used, and it is oftell tbe' CMe, that, the beet lest of the pressure, of eertain me:td!; is the oolor wlilich

they gi 1'0 the iIJ;JJ;t. . ..

9: One'oCthe most common as well IlS convenient ftuxes" is glUB of borax, or lborax cfejlri 'l'ed ,of its ""Riter of crystllll~Zl;l;lion, ,byprev[ou!!Iy beating it. 'fbi:s will nei'tber_ spread on the Ghar~al. :oor sillk into H, 'bot ah"BlYs tabs the fOrm of a round globule. F,OI [this ptupose, tne borax, as wen as the mineral, ought to be in the staie of JIOwder, and made:into a little baH with a drop ofwilter. Wht',n it Js desired to reduce the rnififiral to: i15 m.t·taUic !!tIl:!:e; ehar-coaJ iii tile prope:r support: but wbere we wiab to obtain a colored gIMB, platina. .Ieafis l.be . beet; a good piEle,e of ehar:ooal will, llo,we'Ve~"l!ihIlWel' for both ... Some~imes_ n:itl!"llI~' bor3J~, is e(!ilpluyed as !l 1]1,11, In is, :liDade by diaso:lring boras in hot water, '!!Iud e;dding nit!,,(i!l~ acid, to -neunralu-e, ~he eXCElS!! Qfall!;aJi, .

4,00. A.CTION OJ' ACIDS.

7:J. Althougb complete analysis. be not the obj6J!t in . ,!ubjeeting minerals to the action of acids" yet we may

Digitized b;rGOOg1e

INTRo.DUCTION.

101

I

thereby obtain characteristic infermaeion in regard to

mallY m;illerals, especially illleacidiferQus,. and some of the alkalino-ear,thy minerals.

Ob,. " III this prooeu., it will ·often suffice, thl.t as.mall fru.g.ment. of the minerai,. or ~po.l'ti.()Il.ont, red!ucedfO powder, shouM be pltwcrl :ill a OOllciliv,e teeelver. II. watch. glasa. for- i.uston«l .• and dUll :itehould be oo"e.roo wi.th d.ilu.tedaeid i f.or thi~pur:posejt:l'tc, muriAti.c is common .•

I. ,f u. !e.d!. bllt to.' e oit.rie, or .s. o.Jp~u. ric, .l~.' .~!iO. meti.m~ .. 8 emplo.y'(l~: •.. When .. the elferv~seenee, ensues, It III Im.po~·ialulo nenee the !~Ilpld.lty ,afe£;.

{erv!JsC!Jllce;, !I"! some minend9.1 it is .g.rca:t andr'~(J.id, in otbers, ,slow, and not fery apparent; sometime~ the 80lutign isoomplete ; ·1!Q,me· ti,II!1:iS a rtis!dl:!e if! left~.llndooea~ionIl.IIYiIUI i.D some oUlle !l1,ltllliui)o eartbY8ubSlllUlceB, the sol:uti.Ofi become,sge.latinolle'_ ~[I m08t, ease~l. -tb{!,prooess is carried on at the CXW[QmQIl.temperll.t.ure, in olbeJs,hy the application ora. gen~le beat.

H6D.ee. it will be eoneluded that in more tbana few instaaees, tile I!:ol!seq,!lenoosof the action of R.cid!!, (orlll au imporlll!Jlt f:ea.ture awong tbecharaetersor miue,riills."-P Mllip~.

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EXPLtANA'TION OF tI~RMS, &c.

Adcular, Lon,g" :~leDder., and straight. !prism!, or crystals, are term..

ed.llc:ieulUir, from the .1.lin, Ilcieula. 11., little needle.

Ac~te,.homhoitl ,See Rhomboid. ACId!! ,octllhtarqn. &e Oe;tQhedron.,

A,ggrt&:ated~ A mineral rook is said to, be aggregated" wb.en t.be se~e:ral, ,componellt (larts on'lya.dllere tog,etller, and mlly be, sepan:ted lbymeclnnieal means : the felspar,. qll.artz,and. mica, ooD,· :st:ituung granite" may he, separa.ted meo'nawcaUy. GraD_lte is

ano:ggregated, eoek, -

AllituOOtl1. 'I'he od'D'll!' given out by lIfrseni.calmineral!, when 6lr1posed to ,he' . blow.,pipe Qr ,strll.Gk by tbe hammer, resembles th8!i ,of garlic, in latin, aIlium;. whence alliaeeous,

A,lloy. A natural combina.tion of ,two or mOle ,mews in t~e metal •. lie state.

Anmlg'anJ. A nlltuRi.;omoination ott.wometa'ls" ,ofwhi,ch m,ercury is one,

A'IIOTP .• ·. },1(}US .•. ,. W. i.~h.o?t form, ?f ~nde~o. ahle .fi.·.nape i. from. !he: Gir. eek:, (allDorphos)havlD,g tbat 8Ign,lfi-eatlo,. Amo~rpho!ls mu;tenls ~.I'e som,etJmCll described as ibelDg of mdetermula.te, or Jnde.fimte form!!.

A;1l1'yarol.lll, from the Hreek; (ulludroa), ,signifying with.out wate.ti anhydrous gypsum is without wat~r.

Ar:bOTt$'tnt.. F,rqm:tile Latin. arbotesoo, to grow like! tree ;I!ee

Dend.riti.o. .

Aruni.ate.. .A .. term applied to a milleral .con!isting of thellrSMie acid united with a base, as of ooppe'r ill tile 'lugenia.te ,of copper.

BClJie, A term de!'lQti!:Jg' the substance to whieh 8fillCid ill· u!'!lted;

in the 3:!1~eniMe of copper,. the copper is the base, .

BeIJtllet1" see p..xilii.

Borate. A mineraJ in wbie:h the boracic aeid is eombin,ed with. I: base, Ill! of magn.esia.. :in tb.e oorllt-e, of m!!.gDesia.

BotrY(J.idal. From the Greek, (ootruodes) i!l'igni(yir:!g. 'bu~g w.itb ellL'!>-, tllT:!!, (If grape.s or ber,riel!.. 80 a, mineral jYtesent.ing all aggrega~ don orlarge sections 01 numerecs !l1l1l11I globes, is ~efm.ed. ilJo. trY(lid",l; but when the, globes are la:r.ger, and! tb.eportiollsare lel!8, and ,sepuatll, the appearanee ill e'5;Jlr'eucd by the' term mamillated. Thesei forms may be observed incertain ,ores of cobalt, copper,and manganese, and. ,often il'! ,chalcedony .

. 'Blaikd. Thi!t term f;ela,le~chieflly to, the stt(!cttir~ of !lul'lhrmiD~aJ!'! as, on being broken, plesent;.long .&d ponioll~ lungiuul:ioidly !Ig~

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greg1,ted,!lI!d SQmewhutf!1lemhl:illg the b!ade of'a. knife; fhi!! appearlUlte, may ill gemudberofleidered as die effect of hlR tsnupted crystill1.z8.tio.tl.

Bl'i'll1e.'fhilil eharact:eli (If minef~l bodiesd.OGS n.ot depwod 11(!1f1fi their lIa:rdll.e.s!i ; ·,hollie (If .... 'Ilic.h the panicleII' cohe~(l in tile Mgbest degree, undue immoveable one among i3i.1lotber,u,e the meet bli.ttle, 'fll!;l, diamond, quarta, su.I'pbil.le of barytesl!!!!d $u.lphur, vury g~,ea.tlJy 11:-1 IQ hardnes!'!; they arc, all britde, ~~lI.e first (;uly in panieular directiofiB.

OanalifJul(ded; prC~!H!fig deep, channel's! all tne 8urface,resllltimg ei~bl;lr f!'om interrUpted oryaullizationJ, 0'1' tbc aggre,gatioll OfIHI.nIeroUS ef:ysLilI~.

Capf'flary, ils derived from the, utill', capillus, a. hair, and is chiefl.)!'

... used to ,expressl til.!! long, tortuous, llair • .Iikclltppell_raoces, to be observed in nllitive gold.,I!.I!d silve.r,B!nd IWmc other minerals. Ory,ltD.ls are sometimes: termed capillary,. wberdong and sle!!dcr ; but wilen straight. tbeyate m.O:re properly d~si:gnatced by tile termaeiculae.

£briotl,see p.eGb:X;li;,i.

Carof).nat'e. A mineral ill whicb the ear'ooni.c :!lcid is oomllinedwi!h 111 base,as of lime, in dlCl carbonate of .Iime.

Caller1!II~~. ~ m~n,eral in wbleh tht'repe eons:id.ercwble noUowll ,or c!!lvt~~e:!, I:'! said till beeaaernnua,

Cellular. 'Tbis term was used by Wilmer in the deserip(io'!l pr:s!lcb. milleralsoa t':xhibitcelIe: [o.rrrlediDy t,hecros:litlgl!md intersect.iHg of the ]!am[Dlll: or lumeUs ofwhlc.!J they"re eOfi.stttuted, (l{tm. IDQuly,wny mi.nera.1 presenting numerous ,small. ce.llsor eal'itie!!'. is termed cellular: see vesicular.

Chatoyant!, has: been adopted! from tbe FreDch,who I'SO it to' express the e:bf!,!"!,geableligbt ~e!!embl'in,g' tha.tto be observed in tile eye '(Ira eat, to be aeen in c:edai.ll mineli'ale;: as. in film Oa~'s-e'i'e ..

Chromat~; 8 mh:teral. io whi.ch nlH~ ohromic Qci.d. is united" with II: base, asofleadi, ill the, cbtomaC:e of lead!.

Cleavag~. 'f his term. i.a TUOl!t commQuly ~1,~d i nte:latiou to l he {r,(te·· t,ure of those miner.a]s whien, having natlJral joints, POSSf.lS,B a. regula![ strueture, and may beele·a,v·ed lnw U1oreOI lesageometrieal fragment.!!; us, into ",adettes of dm [Huallelopiped" the rhomboi.d!, &0.

Oohc!'l~"~. I!1'mine.rda t:hatR:re brittle, the partielea are .mrongly collereut.; in such It!! are {riSible, they are IIligbdy ooher.e:nt,

Columnar distinct c!itttctet·toM; Q, t.erm ll.sedi to expr:ees tbe great alld sUl8I.1I columns in whieb oortwin baaaUa ami iron ores lUI.! fOllna! : but Wernll'r inc.lud.ed under this term aU ~he ,wIUmn!l.rllppellr~ ances in t':'l.ery mineral consisting.of' numerous aggrega.ted. i!r.y,st1l19, whicb:readily divide into long :a;[ldnar~o'lt' pOr~ion' Qfi!,f;eg~' ular form, owiDg to interrupted. crjlrtilliziluon-su.eb .!iII tile ametbyst,pyr'iteBI, fluor ,spar, quartz, &0.

COmln.Isti··Qn. Uuring(he burning of aCQoobustillle'., in eommenea~S, ()xyge!l! !Ulitecf! with it,Grwith someeJ ita ingredients : ant

H

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LIV

tne pn'lduet Qr ~Ile, C{)mhustiofl ill either :Iln odae.. !I'D ac.id, or an ,Ikldi.

Co:1l1paet. "A Itl,ineral is Mmpaet ~~en 110 "lartic~IM_or d[stlncct1?a:!ts ~dIBce,rmble; iii emn:pact mmeral eanuot be, !l.leuf.ld. or drY •. ded' iUb) regnla,r or parallel p1)Ttiom:. 'file· term eQmpa~t ,is tou ollen oonfounded witb the reno m!!1l!>ive,

CDcmerttrie lmflellacr, 'fbia may be said to reJat>e to !llructu!ftl" heiog used :lU the de,scripliof!Qf sueb mi·ller,Q.I.I3J, a~l, being of :D. ,spherical f@rm, or of flOY pJrti.ou of a sphere', bne recei~'cd. euceessive e(il~ti.r.J.gs of dep()~Jtiotla.. U an {iuion be eut :in two, i.texll.ibitl t1'leooncentricC lalllc:llifl' in perfection.

{fo1it4o,dal, I'ela,t't's rmly to fraebna.; 'Indis dflluhdesli deriyed' frum tilc' La.tin, (lonr.hoidet'e, :signifying like the sholl.ofa fish, Fra,g~ menta of Immy or ~he brit~lfl minerah ell:hilbit t.hisappearanee, andooca~ionlllly in. I!IreuperfecticliJ, I!c~ qll!l.l'tz !l,!HI ~ylj)bl:!t: ~be: fraetl:!f€' of IlQmpoot minerals is frequently more or l.eeape;t:feclJ!, ·I';Ql');c1il)lidal.

,Olllltl'ttitm, generally aignifie.s :319m.311 andl diBtinct maas. Co:tallOidtJ, rssem bB ng" brlu.lc!re" of eo:r;al. C'lll"lci:forl1".w€dg~-sh;i.JX:(l; OIU!eUB, :I!rl LlltlD,signifi.cl ,II. wedge, aUl"leiform:octol&td1'OB. Se(: ootoll€dron.

IJu,ompQsed: This te~m, wlmn uaod .strict]y in It mineralogica.l a.6fil!ej• imports the eonsequencc of the chemical aeuen wbicb. takeli: place natu.rally inW!fie minet,ab. CerLII.in ore!!1 of.irnn, &e. in. "'hiGh sulphur predominates ill 8:n unusual degree, decompose

by exposure t·; -air. ~

D,r,cF'IJIJitale.. A mineral ie, sa.idl to deerepi.tate 0:0 'exj)!lSure to hea·e .• Wh!Hll it Ilies whh a crackling ~nQIsQ sim.ilar ill that made by salt '" heir! tbrown i I.lt{l ~ be Ii rf!, .

Dt.1tlntlt: dlld~(lid fmmll-le Greek, (dentl'itl!l) Bignifying like t.l1o gt<lwth Qf II u,ee. 'file tenns al'bore:sce'ntano dentritic are used ll'ynonimou:lIly: they :lIire: aJikea:pplied to the I;re.e-lik.eappearr~ UIM in whi.ll,b n.at:jiYe siber :lIlnd 118Jtive oopper are BOme,~,imei, fOlJlld;; to the ddin.erutionsa.cen O"n the ,surfaces· of oe.rtalu miner .. 11l.I.sj;al'ld to thc,arppearatnce: in the mocha-stolle" &c.

Dmt.iform or Dmi"(J(id; in tbe shape of teeth; dens being the La..

tln for II tooth, .

:lJi~$:r.jf!i1!(I;ttd. When, a mineral, wheihe .... c.rY!lt!lm~ed (IT oth~!'w~!'!e •. iii, found here and the:re "imbedded in a.mass o.fl"l'ilothe:f substance .• it j,B :said! [0 be disse.minl'edin the 1m ass. Crystals o:t qnartz sometime.B, occur, dissemiDa.ted In Carrara. marble, &e.

Disintegr.ated ..... ThiS ter,m is. gcn~!'ally I?-sed to expr~SJlIthe. faJl.illS to Ploces oflmy mmetlll, Witbuut a.ny :peTce[),uble e.hem.lcal aetio!'!,

Di'(1ergi~ Of di1Jl!,r!'[~I!.t.. When t.he lI!i~rl'!etu~e is 6b"UllS., andl the .fi.~ br.e.ture'i).Qtt parallel, the.y 'u~!lally diverge in pad., but !lilt wholly,Il'rOIlDd a ClOi)mmon Clti"lUro .!!;~ :iI! certain z.O(dit.e8, and hm:m.u.liti", iron ore.s. 'fhe crystals !(If same sll.b"tatlCiOSD.SilUIlHl,1l. (It. lieraingpQl!itkm.

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Drtisy. hubeenllfliDptedl from Iln.t 'Germall. term dru8eft, :tOr'whieh we ha.ve no En,f!lieh word, II'be ;9,il~faC1!e ,of. millel'lIl is said to k dru.sy wilen enmpose.d orrcer,f small pr.ominent erY3t&lll1eU~ I,l eq,llal to 9cbotller; ie, :is of teD eee,1l ill iron ~pyrite8 ..

EJfor~~~f:nu:" _ An effi,:Jrcs:certR .Is the ooHseqn.en,Ge or Gbemieal action:; it is, IlSU3iU:r .pp:l'iedto sli,cn minerals, .. ~ fgund iQ, ex:tretgelyminu~e fibrell (In old Wan! .• l!.w. &c",

Elastic. Amint"fi~1 whiGh,after rOOin'" bent,8prings back to i~or~g~

I·.I-I~. I '.orm. I'e. "I·.~ .. t·'''. ~'~1'''4_'' I··"eia.~ll·"''' l;aJ~ ~h, ·'I"".-.c"'-"uyc '....._,

.. 1.'_ ..'j". ..., .". m""..:1 ~ . ", . v... _WI 8'1):(1 .. , ~_

_ sembles mica" iBonly 11tu:.ible. __

Err.rt'ky. This term l'eb:tll"s to fracture, IDd! totextare. Chalk and oertain of (he orea of irou amllead are n.oLabl.e :iDllaueeII,oftlbe ea.rthy fracture or telig~e.

F1Ueim!lrlted. Wb~m anumbee of m.iflute 6bre!l·Q.r a!liC'lllla.r e.rylSt!ll11 OO(;IJ~' in small a~gfft,g:atiol"ls OI I>llndle~, tne'¥ ,a~r~ said to be fas.. ei.eulalcd; aterm doubtlesa, derived from the Latin,. ftl8(ljcuJ'u~~ lili11e bumll~e. ThizappearallGe ofi.en Qe,eUf:!' in green. carbonate.

and! arSI"UI iate of (lo]j)pcr. -

Fibrous. 'J!'.bis term rejates IJnth to fl)~m and: struetllre. Certa.i.o minerals, as a:rrlianUru!!" alni3in~ll:if(llrm anreuiate meopper, aVllri. ety of gyp~um .• &c", occur in distinl>t fi'bres. Asbestoll, gyptli:lIn. Jed }uematitic· iren ore, &e arc fOllodmasal,e, and. 'o:f'lI,paraJIel fi.b:rouBstrm:::nure ;8(llTIe ',adeties of red. hoolnatite 8.l1d ,01'lt. er minersla aroof 11 radiating 6brou!l! !I1~[!J!lture, \V,hen, the .f1brca diverge (wm .(I: COma!!)!] CCIl're.

F:i'l(Jm~.,~t. A miuGrall:S ,a:id lO00GUf illlfiJaments,.wheo it, iSI found

in L~Jeod'erj thfeacl~I'ike: or ~I\ili",mul portiillll81 b lS Lhe:reJW:!Ii!

nearly sy.nonjmous witb tbe I:ermc1ipillary.

PUlworm, is used in tb nme sense all the pl)ec:edin[{; 'hut Werner -C!ll'nfined. i'tlll [lise to eX1Pl\e~s Hie 'wppearance ,of eertaiu. metal' which or-ollr' ill. tile form ,of wire, as nati.ve ~il'!'erllnd ndirll ,cop-' per. Filum. :in Latin, signifies thrsad, filum ml'itaIli,wi.re .

. Fi£s~'Ulif!J",m. Minerals occllrriu,gin round bollow,oolulnns.lU_eterrn. ed .fistuliihrm ;finula., in Latin, signifies a pipe.. ,stallctite.s 'Duil lulGll 'Pyrill.es OO(lur 'listulifl)'rm.

Pl~i'I;ible. 'rale is flexible; itr,ud.illy bends, bllt does Dot return. to its oripinal form. Mi!lli. IS, both fle.ltllble 8!!delastie,

Flu(l~". . '.fhia. term d.e!lgDlt.ea a. n~,ill{'ltillJl in whleh the HUGrie add! g oombilled .... 'hh a" bH$6, as whh lime, in the iluat-e oiJimll.

Foliatt-d. 'fhis term, whiih doubile8s isde:rifed fr@ffl the Latin foli· MIUS" havin!!" il.i' con~i!!,titig,oflea"e8, is llsed~ by Werner to esprella- ~he strllctJnr:eoCallmineral.s: t'~at m~J' be divj~ed Of elea: .. • ed !'egu)&rly, and are therefore uy him UJd to,eon;!lll!l·!}f !}.I.ia or leaYC!I. The Huuctu~e of'sueh mineral!! iB mere wmmQrllly and: better IlixpMssed by tbe termlamellar iand! theywte, !laid W'GDfi6 815t of lamins.

,E'ro:clure, is a term now ,ehiefly employed, i.1I desi,~llat.iDg ,the IIpJlBar .. aaee (If minerale whieh have 110 regul.ar structure, 'whcD. t,bey 'r:e breksn ,_ sueh minerals ~pres:en~ all e~~IJ" eveD. UlleVtcll, (lr. wp_ebQhlal. fr!l.etul'e, ~c.

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LVI

En"LANA'TI'Ol'l OF TERMS; &C.

Fr«ngible. The te:Jrm rtmgibllity' bu, r,e]ati,on to the BUSe:epLibility ,1ft miouals,t,l) r;CpulILte, iOlO fragment:! by Foree : this q!.tw.ity in min.al$ is not, depellidept OD: theilf harllness: the sl!ry.cture ,o,f'some, and she br'ittleness of others" renders l]jew, ,eu,$i1y fr!urJ!'gible; l~hile olhers, whic.b fr,ol11, the,i:r IKIfU),e;;B, and the, ,ease wito wl!J.~ch 'LlleiJ pllrdoles -Gr' mcleeules yield or sliAle O'lle! one anotbet. HI,ra witb m'lIcll Intlre d,itli!llully fnmgible j, ,slIl.l:h :mineralll possess tile 'cba.rl.otcr or tougilness., Quartz ill ,eaaily broken, -ubeBtWl is w'uitlh.

PI..fu.ble. - A mi:nel'ii;l who!u~ portiens ee particles slightly cohere, :lI:nd which i,e therefore, ,euily crumbled ~r broken dO'WIl, ~,said L{l be

friable, Of ill a, Jiiablll state. , -

Pun{Jifo"", (·,ei'ia.ID substances" as (OJ instnnce ca.l:ellor,eous staJaetitell, a.re occa",i,m,\II:y met with having a t@1i'win,a.tion similar to the head! of a. fll.OgU8,; whe'nee ~be,y are said to 00 fUligitb,rm.

Gang:Uf, GftJlll.'tIf't., We hue these terms frOID, the GermanI':!; the ,sa~I91l.le of 11 mineral, is (besub~tal'!ee,in, orupen w hieh, a, minernl .j,s f~mld : it ill sometimee t'~rrl'le~ the" matrix. .sU1I'fllJ', oc,earflng in; or tl.~Ii!('<!,tlboIl!ue O£lUIIO, is sii:id to baftl carbonate 'of lime jor i~~ ,iiillgU(\ matrix,

Geocio. This aliso WI! deri\i',e Irem the Germn,Ds. A'g:ooiJ.e ill a hollo·w ball j at OlJ.ersleill,in Sax,oIlY, are fO'llDd hollow balls of aga.te lined with crystals of quartz or :ameUlytlt, which are termed geodes,

Gld",nlisalw :Ill German wood, meaning shi:ning j: thus, the fOnO\VeI~ of lh8Jt school use theterrtl5 glallee.eoail', oopper~glat!iee. &,c., Cllobulorr distinrt (;()m'1'etion is, used t.o designate ~be form ,a.f !l!D)l' m.in-, eral which eeeers in little rau,nil Of ro1!mdie'Jl mll&5eSj the pea-

lltone and me-atone are examples of it, -

Q1'I1t1uiar. Th.e stJrl!lctore of a mi,lIIerlll is said to !)e, grll'D.lliafJ, when it appelllti8 to consiet of sraall gr;wiul!I or eoncretlcns, whic:h some. times e:ilfi,~i.'II:lletimee i';iUil!!ot~be diaeerned wltmout the help ofa giass; we ha .• e lherel"ol'e the fiDe granula.r", and tbe !:;oar,se ,lnlLn-

1J'lar structure. -

Greasy is used ill relatio~ to lustre ,; fat quartz bas a greasy lustre. •

, .

HQJ;kly, 'rhls term relates to a fracture whieh iB poe6uliar to the maUeable meta.ls; wbi~h, when fi:llctor,ed" present e:llm,J'p pr'ot.r'Ud.

iog points. . . . :' .

llf.tmatil~ is derived from Ii, Greek word, signifying hlood-r,ed; it 1\'as fir·st applied by min.eralogists to the vilrie,ty or iron ore whlch run", is called tile lied Uli)mal:ite j but ha<ssil1c,(J iN;len ex.te:oded !o o.t_hc:r iron IlIi'OI;! Q.f~hH ~afl'.e IIlruclure, but, diifferin,g illil ooIol'. WehM,e also brow!! h!lllI'l)Mite~, and black bmma,titf!!I.

,Hep«ti.f;.~, tetii'l_ deriv_ildfr\lfll the Latin, :Ilella" t~e live:,; i~ t!l a.ppl~ed ,a,llber to ,cni,?f or fOlrm, We have hepatic pyntea. bOPi1(IC qUlclunlvl'l'r j hCp!:ttIte, &~,

H!ldra~e is deri.ved from dl€: Greek, (udor) WII.~er j and ia applied to

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EXPLANATION OF 1:E:lLMB, &:e.

cer.tlliu.ofto.o. se.mine ... l.a.l.s (~.s the b,.: .. drat(! of ma~l]esia) (Ifwili(>ll water forms an mgredient III ve.ry largcprllpt)ru()u.

Imbtdded~ A mineral found in a mass ·oftlootiler' Sllbst.ance, is gaid .~ be imbedded in it .. ' CrYltallized.'tJ,uartz ooe:UTllimbeddod in C'arral',a m:l!t1b]:e. n also occurs partly imbedded in other mJ>., stam:es, as,ill_ fluor.

Indeterminate, Indflfinile. T"hese, te'rmll 8.re used!synonymQu9ly with Amorphous in d.eseribing minen,ll!whidl. ha~jeliO pg,[ft!culal':, OF dell.uable fotm, Cry,slllb of which tbe, form cannot. oeaccu:ra.te" Iyuoor(ailled. are Baid to be (If:il'idClt.ermi!\3:le: forms,

l1'crustin,g' :IliUY slibstane.e covered by III m'ineral. is sometimes said to be i'nelus~ed by it ,thus the various articles whk,h Ire placed for a certain length of time in certain springt 'Of wdla,in Del" _ byahir,a, &1.'1. and wbiehaee by some suppesed to be, converted illt!) pc,trifacrlous, a're only incrusted with ealearCGt!9, ot!ugil.la. ccous mattl'lr'.

In~!lr~(.irW. Int~Tla{;lJd~ When fibres or cry~tals or a rnineeal are fgund in.termiogl.ing with each ,other in various directions, tbey ~r(l5aid to 00 int(l,rlileing Qr intl}rla,.6ed,

Investing. A mineral CGiltio:!):, of coYllril'lg another, is sometimes described ilB investing H.

Iridescent. 'This tennre!«tes ol'll.y to the colo.fwith whieh tile sur-faees ohome millerlll~ are naturally tllfll.i!!hed : as yeUoweopper ore, ieon pyrites, gale!;!!!., su!phuretor antimoIIY; &1).,

Jris~d. .A mitHltaJ Ie desllrioed I\!l irised which eKhibit'~~ho pd!!ma;~inco.lors ei.tb.e.r externaUy, or in~ernall'y; the Jattel is gel1e[~ ally the eonsequsaeeof some injufY 8usta.iue.:! [by tb.6wlfierd.

Lamellm. Ira mtne-J'al be found ill very m.inute, tbill plale.s,it i1lllai4 to QeClIr inlam(!U~.

Lamellilir; ~histerm le)aleg· to structure: when a minenJ <lUI be fraetl)lIedorclea;ved into regular<!ud pIIl'alielpl:a:t'es its S'~r:U<ltll.rc -is said to, 'be lamellar; and fhe portiOfiS' thus obtained aJ:e termed! lamin.ro or lamenla; theEleterms ba.ve been adop~ed. fr(lm tile La.tin,_ in wbic.b they- were ,almost synonimolIsly used! to CXpte$l!

thin..,pliltes ,o:f ans substance.. .

LatMllar _ distind t;Q,,·cr:~fil)n~. Tbis hmn i:s sometimes Il.sedto ex~ prass tbtll fQI.Dl ()f certain minerals (u ,the osideef uranimn) COn. ~i$ti.!lg of separate tabular: ctYisu,ls,

.LHI~mjoTm. A millead CQIl!L-5t.ing of hunell'w; is said to be Iilme!li. form.

Lami·lI4 .. Bee Lamtllair.

Lentitu.lar' lsemployed to express the form of,eertain erys(iI]s wll.ieh are neailyflat., and eoovex above and. beneash; and wh.ich COilsequelltlYl'ememble a common Iens .

• :Va/k(ilrilit,. Some of the meta.l~~ulFer cXW:JIsion",hen. beaten with a. ham~r jalld. ,a;~e 'het~fore termed malileable me,t(lb. Nal'i,e .gold and native I'ilve( are very m!l.II~e!IJ}le,me1ial~.

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"

EJ:I'LANATION QF'rEl\MS~ &C.

Ma'mWafetl. See Botr!Joithl:

Ma$~it)e. 'rhis~Olrm is lBometimea used in describing a.8ubet""nee at :indet(l~mio&;te, form, wnalUMCt may be its in.te~InaW Itru:(';tUl.re; but .is: milt'e. commoi'll!y applied to 1:hQll& milleral! '\vhiGb poMe!lS regulu lintr.rnaJ !!uueftare", wIthout. anyparticulilf e:xterna.l form.

JIla;iriz. See (Jl(Jug!IU.

A'lt:a.grt. 'rhi~I~erm Nl'ales to the tou.}b (It fee'l of III mineral. It belonL!!':;! 'Chiefly to I!QITH) ,of tbose. mir!lnalB, which a:re QraD' eanhg'

texture. CIHI._1,k iei remarl\;:ably mea.gr(: tu ~bQ, «llleb. -

lfrckal!lcal divi~itm;see p. 2a~

.Mul!!hdatfJ; a mineral] in whii,oh tlll:l mG]ybdic acid II,eombJined with .. ba~l' a~ wi~h oiX'idc of lead in 'the 1l](>.lyhcllale oflcild •

• VI';I'ia,t~' i a mim::raJ in which the muriatic aeid is oombinedwith , base, aswish sod!a, ir:1 the muriate ,of soda., .'

Nal!lra1.iQlttJ';I" Such _ mineralsas (lan behiQkenil1to regular f'nrms~ as theeube. ,rhQmboid,. &c, call. beeleaved into tbose forms, o1llJ inthe dha.etioo of; or along, their M:tnral jolfitl!~ _ I'n, ;!!(!Im.e' miDerals, however, tile natural joints are percepti,blel by (he asslgt.~ aI'lC(lot.a l~trong' !ight.

li'aGreOIJ,$ [claU;l!l to lustre; and j,s empioyed to express the lusfiro Qr some minerals (as of pear. I spar) 'which great1y resemblestli:UQC pearl. NII,Cf6 de P,erle,io iF'rarieh.signifil;l!l Mother of Pead. ll/it'l"i:rle. A mineral in. ""hich the Illnie.aeid! u.'c.ombined with a. base, as with potash, in the n.it.r,ate ofiXIt!lsb.

Nodular. A mineral which pfesents irregularl¥ globular (llelv'ation~. is ~er!lwd NodulB.t. Flint ls found ,in. nodular rna~elJ.

Oblique prism, see Prism.

Ohtuse t}C~(Jh6dron. see Octohed.ron .. Obtuu rhomboid, aee Rhomboid.

Oc~,olurlron. Oct.obedro!!s are of ~veraI kil:!da. An oetohedronis sQmetimes de:wdbedas two four.siil~ed pyra:mld:e, ,b!U.r!: til ba.u .. In the r~gula,. (ililltonedl'llfi" the tbree sillies (If each plaQ.ellire or the~amc lenglh. J!n tile obluseoctohedron, tile base Is longer than (he hvO sides, Ill: die atute octonedrol"l. t]le base is ahQlter than, tile two sides. III some obtuse aud a.Gute ootohed~'I!J:[lg, the basc is sqaare, in others,rec,ti!linglllar, but lIut sqqa.re. Ill! tile, ".'hoiJ'J.1Joiatd' OGl{l hedroll, the common base ~e a :rho.mbor :rbom bie, and the three sides of'eaeh plane ate (If di!TerenJ lengt.be. In, tile Glltttlifilrm >oetob.ed.roo" the comm1)oo!l!.!e (If the pyra:mids .isl l'Iot sqllar!£!, and the planes are !lot allequal, 'btu resemble ea.ch .. other~wQ and two, on opposue sides of the pyramid.

Opake.. TIH)sem:in~rals are opake which do not t'ri8in!!mit"'" pereep" .. tiMeT;Qr QfHgh~ e'l!lfHl thr.ough th~ thinlles"t II!HIsmalle8t ~Ieee~.

(J';m.de. '1-.111-5 term IS used IDIIlGmlo,l!lGally '10 dm§lgioate, metallie mll\. erals,in\Vhich the metall is combined with aDf proportion or Bit· ygeD. whielh isle!s than suffices to eonvertit into un acid. 11l01ll, is! found. in different states of oxida~i.Q!l. Every m£t!lI whiech. i! found united, with an acid,ls. wileD so' ¢Owbilled, inlbe ,tate of

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E"J:1PLA'l'iA.TIGN OF T~_l\'MS, &c..

1.15

aD oxide: bu.! when united with lIulpln,ll'; the metaI, are: Dot in the $~&te of O:lI: id!es .• but in the mellUic atate.

P(l:utlklq.piped.ae6 po 22.. =t.. . .... .'

PfJiS8 into. 0fitl mineral is laid to 'pasSiot:o a.nntber, when: ootl1 art £oand ~ blended In the :same speoimeo, that it .is Impossible to' decide whcl'o tbe one termirmtes. and ·tbe otber bQgins. JI'Jiot

is'-(oundpa9sing inta chllloed!rmy.. .

Pedinnt8rL lta, mInerai exhibit short, lil~ment~, cry~tal~l, Qtbl!l!Jenes which Il.reoe!l!rly pa.rttJllel andequ.idhtilnt" It, is lleclinated.: pc.eten., ill Latin, signifies a eemb,

P~"l)it,id<J, whon. a met~:lha.e the 13~ge~t qnantityo.r ?Ix:y;gen. .' _ . Por()lt~, A. ml.lI.e:rw I'!! said 'to be pOfOU~, wilf'U It: :lsl:rw'iers:ed ]tl (hf·, felrcnt djreGt~.one with OOmtDllo.iclltiDg holea which pass t!hrough tbe i5uhslallC\e.

Primar-!! cry.stal,9€e p, 22. .

P'!"aiuzide, when II. metal. has 'he smll]I,E:.st quantity ofo,x,y,gen. Phosphate. A mineral ill which the pbo~pho.rica:e.id is combined!

wi.th abase, liS with lime; .il"l ~he !pliosplla.te of lime.

Pr,i~m. Prisms have !bUifor mOine ,!!;iiles slIffouncliifia' thoe a!j:i~: th~y . '$te someeimes tel'rninlltedby a sin.glt pl(ltl~, amI wl1.Cl! this plane is. a:tright Ilollglesto the axis, we [hll.~ell right, tlr-i~'111 f bllt if the te~minanii.ng'p:hme be n.ot lit ri~ht !!m~le!! to' the a.xis,wQIla;vca.Tl oblique 'prism. (£ :tIhe sides of!:l quadrangular prism, Di.re (It ~i!;lht angles with each. of her" w~ !lOlva 8. rtctll~rt'l'tdhr prism, and if thl) sides be of equal width, It s9:It(lrepriS-IIl"IliDd its hdght ia either

greater or I eBB. than mhat of the c abe. -:

Pseuuunlol'pJiov:&. MineTa.ls e.K.h.iibiting impre,8sioDII qf t.he forms pe., euliarto the crystals ofotlher substanoes aresai.d til Ihepsel.ldo-, morphi)us. Q:uartz exbi.L1iting crYS'~II.IS!iTJ the form of the !GuM; cahlmil'l.e" sueh as are: pseuliar to earbenare of lime, &C, illJrO termed. ¢IoudomGrpl:u.lu6: From ~wo Greek wurds, sig:llif}'ing

fl!.!I·~e form, or figure,.. . .

Putver'UltJ~t. Whell.tbe partieles ,of a mineral are \'O'r), minnto and. e()he:~e ve.ry e.l.i.~btly; OF Dot at all,, h is said to be pul\'erullell~ j or in the pulverulent state.

R.ailiai,ea; ~:adia,tu1l, in Latill,si,gni'lies beset .... itli. rays;: when d'!ll eryatal's()f a mineral ill1C eo dispose'! M to dive.rge f!'Cum <I, centre,

they are ,aaid til oe radiatedl. - ..

Ramose· f fIlIfH1S, in Latin,signifies. the nl18.nch or alrec; Q, mineNI!]: baving that ,appea:ranee is !lellc~ribedl as beiug l:amGSQ ..

Rectangillar prism,. see Priam,

R"frfU~ory, 'fihe, t~nl) is used I:N>tb (;bemically and mechanical- 11 In :re'latiiofli eo minerals. It ia eemetimes apl}]i.adlO ·~hose whieh s~f;()ngly xe5~ttbc: applieauon of heat j i.l11!11 occ.iLsionally

'. tD SOme whese touglmeB8 e,uablea them tor<l!li~~repe;!ted! blow!!.

'1l.~nfflm1J·. Kidney.shaped IreD, til Latin, sjgni!l<l$ kidney. Replact'ilBtnt,.aee 11. 33.

R.~tifor.f1t, Rdiculril,.d. Mineul!! occu.rring in Il>lIrall!e] :firu.('!~, eri)!l~ed at .~jght IlIIgl!:l! by ,olber abres whicbabo are parallel:, e:dlilti,t

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$PLANATION OF TERM~S, &e

squares, like tbe mesb'*! of a nes, ltetiB, ia Latin, signifies, a net. We have r-etiouJated nativesil,ver" iilil.ti~e eepper, n~d ox·, ide of coppe<l'; &c. And! iit m.ay be' reilllark:ed thaI suebmiaerals ~~, occur 1',eti,cuiatedl,generaJly asslHne tha oiiDe, aa one QCtheir

GI"y'stall i:ne forms·. _

Ilhom.boiila,l Qt:tolted/I'tm, see <QetOlledrcm. Bi8ht P'ri,yI1, S'fli@; P:dsm ..

RhQ.mboi,rI Rhom'bo:ids are of two k.ilnds,; obtuse and D"o'wte. .Ift e(l()b the'rEl are two pDillts th~ may be 1ermelim the apices. The plane~ of the O'otose ,hQm~id meet at EllI.ch a.pe:~, under one obtuse II.IId \",'0 aCgte ruJigles: while three p)afie~ of lie a,cutll riboR)boid, meet at tbe apelL under acute a,fig~e5.

Sc4istese stru"tIIll'e. Mi!leral~ which splitlJuly in one ,direotion" and present fragment!!; ~vhicb!l!re pa:raiUel" bilt (If uaequal thickuess, which also are Dot smoothaed eyeD; and lire without lustre, are said to f,1'08Il:e.es II s_ohis~ose sLrnc,ure. Se,hist in the- G'El!!:ma:n lI.ig-

ntlles sla:te. . •

. 8COpijOTIU. If a number Qof rainute crystals 01 ftb.~e8be closely ago g['lllgn1ed ineo a little bllntlle" Vi'ith the appell.rance.of diverging .• slightly froom, a common oentrc,.tbcy are said to :be seop~form.

800pa ill Latin, signilfie$ !!. illOQW or besom, .

,&coTIif},{1;ry OrystqJ,;. 171' f()Tms. Sue'll 'crystals M do Rot exhibit any portion of tli.eprimary pl!lne~ are ~i'!fmed oocoRda_ry or1st1l.ls. Thll.g, in fl.llor, the enbe is a secondiU',Y orystal.

Se&t-ile. The term seetile isderi'led 'frollll the Latin; steG, to, cut. 'l'b.ose minerals are t.ermetlseeti.le which are midway betw~e:!l the brittle and th malleable. A slice, or portion elllt&om 8! seeedemineral, is fragime, and the new surfitce, 00, the: mas is smootb ;wud ehinins, . P'h.!mb(Jgo and ebe sorupstone are oot.o seetile,

Sell!1-tIMmptll'fJ'ltt A mineraJ is said to he Bellli.lrI!!OBp'arent. whi!1li an 'Ob]6ct is !JOt distincl\!y seaa through j,t.

Sla1'!J !(~"i~(,:~IJ}re. . This term ilj "yno:nymo)J,s witll Schistmle IIllructure,

which see.

Sclin tJJlgle,. ,eel'! p.

S,)f:,Cijic Grauity, see p. 35.

Specular JJ1Etjcralsllrof: tbORO whioh present 31 slllooth aDd brilJi;lln~ su:rface which T,eHeefs light; tho e ,,,bioI:! preseat 'o:oJy ODe. saeh surface, which ts D€l,t,cryst.alline, areoornm.only t.ermed specula.r: but among c:ry!'!talli1;(ldn'liner!1!l!.! we hove specular iron, fromtbe briHiu.ney of hi! plane.s.. Speculum" .io Latin, signifies, a .Iooking ..

'. glasi1i ..

Specular and Splinle:r'[l P,'act'wre be].ong to iroj}l'lrfeotiy ~ry~t'M)jne oril'unals. Tlbe fract.ures do, not lP'eilltly differ: tbey: are both irl"eg-ul:a.r ; the spi.e.IJII&r i.s shorte:r and morep<l'lnted ~hap the S'lllintery.

Sqllllre Pri,ml, 'Bee Prism.

S:t,ulll~titlfurm, (Stalagma) :~n the G:l'eek, signifies a drop, 1m iciole.

StolactitifoTm minerals, g'reatly reseillib!oo ieicle~ in sh:a.pe.

Stal-a..,.amilt. A staJ'l!!gmiu~ i3 the deposition aJfo~ded by tae water dropping from a stalaetite. as 4iln'the 800:r of'li eu.V~rD.

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EIP:r.~"ATION OF LTEaMS', &c~

,Stdlizttfl. When t:he nrystal's or fibres of II. mineral. di,erge aU roun,d •. common· centre., it .is sa.id to he S'tcU~ted ': stella,,, in Latin, sig-

n.ifie8 a. stu . . .

Strim8i'riaitrl. The slight ehann,els oecUslo:naJly oMelylibleo'n. the ~ plane.s' O£',c'rystaU i zed. minerals !lire termed strire, and the crl'SiaIs onwhieh aheyare!!een are said to be ,stri.ated. 'r.be ,strire Me oom.lT:!only parallel, and g:enerally.iudi0.8!te the di~eetiQ!lJin, wbieh crystal a IIlll.y be cleaved, Stria, i.n Latin, ,eignifiea!ll g:~oove. or channel

8lrvctur~. ')['Il[s tf'rm rrclaJes to tile internal cha,ra,.cters of mlnetals. . . So.ch Mean be eJea~ed into regular forms, presenting smooth, 'brilliant., and parallel su.rfaces, are silid to have a, er,sfa.lliue snrue(tl.re; but wilen t,h.e ~rfaees am neither smooth, norparalh:J!, 8.nd:wheD,on tihec(lntrary they are f'uugh u.ud!cIl'I'vedl, or uDdllluion:. die strueture :18 said to be . imperjscay erysiulli1l.c.: undee wh!ch Wrm also may be e01npreba:nded B11fibJ.Qu.f! mineeab wbether massive Qf Mt.AlIlnicl:! a<!' IHlve IiO dete:rminlll6 tltru.cture; Il!~ those minerals wbieh are gratHlhl.r;~p.l:intery, ,&c., may be incleded tinder t.lie ootm Indefinite Or prllmiseu()u!! !!l!'IJ~ rure. See page xu,

Sulp/trUe. A mineralin whieh tile sulphuric acid is ,oom'UiI)J~·d with a base, as wi.th lime, in tile f!nlpltat~ (If lime.

SlIlp1ttW. See P ,280,. . .. '. .'. ,.. .... . . . . 8ulphm'~t. A metallic tfimero.1 In wh.l.c'h tbe'metal IS combined wlib

'SIl1I)hur. III these minerale th.e metal i.! Dot in tbe state of all o:Jdde, but in the metaUic state.

&ptcroalai1/.S'uch mineral!s' as are l'ightertll.aD water; and CODae .. quently swim oponit., are sa.id to besupematant, Supernato, :in L~till,sig,niti.esto swim or iloat, upon.

Twul.m-. , Whe~ thiS! t.?rm .is used i.n. l'!!;{fiQIlJ t}l struC'~tlte it i.:BI ]J.ear.' lyaJbed totne ,sehtsrose or ,slaty. [ale, mica, aod roofing sIaM, are desc~ibedDy the 6e:rrQl![nSehool~ [pQsBessing nlabl.lla.r &tru~tl!re. 'rhia· term iSYl'Il'!di more g'C:oerally to eJlpre~ tbe extelnal form ,ufeu.eh crystals as ,Iue nearly fI!at !t:he.l!eale termed tabular 'Gfystale i fr()m ~be Latin, tllDUla; a table OOntd ..

T~TJ1,ti:ltrzl plant, see P" XL.r. . .

7"o'WibtllSS . relLre.s tn in.ternal. tuture. Those minerels wbhih atc bruised, o.rso,fer depre.sllion,by repeated h10wsintne attempt

to' f,a£.tute, them, are esteemed t() be tough. .

Tl'ifmlllte~nt, A mineral through whieh all object cann.ot be seen. but, wbkh tra.nsmit<! f!Q!ll.e ligbt, is! termedtrauM[u,oont.. .Rook io1~" mmet[mellquart,z, flinl,.amil tJ.llor, &e ... ate translucent: raaoy mi.ne.rliI6 ~/Hl tralUll ucent on theedge~', !UI com mol'! ma.~ble, &e.

7'lraluparmt, Tbose;mioeral!! IUeJ triU.!f!parent ~htougb wbiCch 11,0 obje~t, may he eiea.r.lya.ee.l1.

7lhl~~d, ,See p .. ):1>11 •.

TlIbtJ'!.lli'l"T·, A -mineral W:bOSB Ilnevenqes.! of I!U,race, a:rilleB: froOl ,8mall 'Ulil! 8OIfiewha:~ foundel.fl¥:atiollli, ill slid to be 'tubercular. Pill!' is, ,iOmetiimes~l1bereullU.

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'ru6t1"OU ::. ,ex_ch~bi~.~g !Omewbat ,circul.ukllG bs,orelentioos. .

T'U&ultsr ,see .F.Hltul .• form. .

V".icum. .A. miueflalls lAid 1fO be fesieirlar. wbe~ it ba!: small an.d ;:5QmeWbal. f1!a:Q,d, ,ci;vHie,s" both i!!.termdly atul elteUIIUl.y. Lo~a, pumi,ee,. ~ime1:ltDne, !)gaTt, Ji,e.llnl!tIOmetimetl, T~eubtr:, from

the Latin, vllllieulll:", i8i littiB hladder. .

Vitreous i frumlne Luil) viuellS, glMi'ly ; mineralS naYlng tbe 1Ill!:ro . ,or .gIIlY, are uid to, pos.seas Lb.e vil:reoWl, lame.

l)'nctIilQUI. The term .. rela.tes 10 the tQueb.ripe.C:I!!!J is somewbat UnchlO'l,ll!!: Fullen' e!ll!'tbia '!.metll(}U~; pl!lm'bago, and ilOap.slone ,are fer'U'lle'lRIti.!.~Pldllip·$~ner~jI"

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A TA__jJLE,

BxlUMting rle~u ~1J$Kr;enwat$ o/c'r:!I$lti/J 6y tM Rtft«d",,'

Goniomder, accotdin,g to Pltilltps. ",

ATJtytlolite. :tthombil'!,Pr[em, ll'U~ 90', and 50· SIY,.lternatel,. Adularia. III OM, direction, fuurof 90'; in another, rouf,a1ter.. natel.r of :,g't5:,lIiod ,120" 85' i and. in I:Dother, (our, alteroateo

1y or67" !l5' .• and. H2·4:5', Tbe!lE!! 1]13 obtrUned. 'Witb greu,

diffie,Il.lty., ,. ',,' . ' , ," ' , .-

Albite, [none di~eetion;, altcma.tely 93° 30',lUld SOo 801; IO.lIoodjo,

Elf 119' 80', a:!ld 00" 30 ~ a,lndin B!lotiher dire{).tioD" I Hi· .Tld 16S"~ Ambly£,on#(!. Rt'QoobiQ. Prism, U16' 10', and! '73' 50' !I.I~rD;'~ly. (See carOOIl&te of Zinc.)

.Amft.hy.st .. [Primitive Rbomboid, 9'· 15', IoDd 85~ 45' aJternateJ,.

(See Quartz.)

Annk:l:me" Primitive Cube, 00°, and 00", Lnan dir«::ti.olllll. ' Andal~te.R.hQmbie P~ism, S6" 40'" and 911" 20 ahemlltely .

. Amthl)p"yllit~., Rhombic Prism, 125', and s,s",alterna.tcely. A.o;fwedstJrlUe.RhombiG prism, 1'23" 5:lif, on one of the' lateral

planes" (Hornblen.de, 124· 30'.) •

A.rrogo.Ili'tI!:.Rhombic:, prism, 116" 5·,,'aod 63" 00'" alternatel',. A.rsm1·ateof Copper. R.hombo[dal~, nu' 30:. a:Dd 69" 00' alter-

nat.e]y. '

..t,.smi'a!'e of Cqppell'. Oblique pfisma.tio; llU·:. and i56",alter ..

n.a.rely.

Ar5Q1:i,de of Coppu. Right prismatic, 11.0·5', and.GlI°I!a'. Arosmiateof (!opper. Martial. P~imitire rhomb 1."!0" and 60°. Arsenic, Sulpbu.ret of. Rlllomb'lc prism. lateral p.lan.e9,7·4· .1.&', a.n.d

l.t05," 45'" alterDately.

Arsenir.al .fro", 'U!:t'erillplallcs" 11 r I~·,g;nd. 68" 48', altertl1~telr. Augit~;. .Primitiverh..,mb. 87' 5' ,and: 9:';)' 00 ,alteiml1teJy. (Sce SpeC'ulae Teon, <B.nd. &Ilrnonite.)

Bar!Jit.s, ,sulpb:ate of- Pri.mary prism" from frac;tUl:ed BUrr.cell, 1101. 4:2. land 78" 18 ,ahernateJy.

Bi"s-mutlt, Sulphuret or. After I'Je8vage in one d.irectiofi., 90"j,wilhin"

dieatiom of cleavage,. pD.:raJJel to -1301' ltl1a51f. " .

,Bitttit'-S,'J(lr. P.rimiti~e :rhomb, 100' Ui • 8Jld73~ 45', AlsO', in I!Ome specimens, 107' 20', ~B:nd. 72"·(0', alternatel'y. (SefJ Ca!ear·ooWl

Spar, and CYlI.nite.) '.',., , ,.,..",

Bnt'tUt of Lilne.Primi.tive rnom1'J, 103" 40' a:nd'76"20'" al.teruately. Borate oj Soda., P'.rimitive :rbomb, str 36 '&;nd 93" 00', al.l.erllate,ll,. BOll1'rwnitt. Pdmiti'll'e9W, IUld90',Qr 8. rhombof93~30, and 86 00',

Blte'.fDll'lely. (See Specw.ar Iron, Augi.te,!llldBo.rate of

Lime.) , . ' , • .,', .

. BrIJllzlrc. Clea.vage pareJle:I to .he, pl~ ora. rhomb of 100·, IDd. eo".

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CakrJ,.tOIj~8p4"" Primary, OOlluserllomboid '0:1' lOS" 5', ad 7'~. 59,

_ dte,rllatel~.. n iBrea:dily obtained, (See Bitl;ei r- Se~r.)

Cq,.bl!l;la~'1! of Zinc, Cle;nage parallel tOpIIlllC80f !I06' 30', lind 13"

so ,alternately, ..

OarbllMte of lrtm.Cle8vQg6, parallel to the plaiHlll of [07·', tlnd73". CarlHmate ()f.I~f.(Jd. Prirn!l.ry. right rbombiepr.ism u.rn7", IliDd 63". CQr6ona/!\! qf Mu;gn~sia,. an.d ,1'Ptln Pri.miti\!e 1m" 00 .• and '72"3t)I,

(iSee Diuero'Spa.tt.)

Cal'bllnat'e q,f S.tnmtian.Primitive. '.ight rhombic. prism or 117"3"2'. and 62"::>.8 ,lltlcr.D.llte]y, (See Caroonate of L.ea.d!.)

Care,d,inf,. Pri,lT!h.i'fe,t~gh~thQmbi(l priBlII,. of 100'! !!.DC! 7'6'". (See

(lalolueoue SplI'r.)

Cll(jbasie. Obullie rhomboid, 94°46', IlID,d 86~ 14',. !lI'tcrn!de~y., (J1".omat't, if J'ron. OClohedron, t.wo adjace'ol pl,iWes" givel Ili.Qaogle,

" ofl09"2!B'. (iSeI1l Arlile.tl.iate.ofIroll.),. .,'

Clii"unzcUtq[ Le4fL ObIiqlleprlsm, 01: 93~3O'. amI 86" 30'.. (See

Chabasic .. )

Oary,wltte. Primitive,:1I: cube.

Cllnibll'l'. Acute rilomooldl, of 1I!~4S', and lOS· 1.2r. Cobalt, .Arseni.cal. Prima:~y, a eebe,

'Copper, Sulpllutet 01: DOIlb1e sl:f.sidedpy:ramid, 1he incidence oru nppe", en the adjacentp'la:!le' (If the lower:pframid. being !!ibm!, 147"30',

(JuP:Rtr. i\furia.tc of, Primitive, a right r'ho:!'!)bioprism, o:flOO".! audSO·, Copper, Pbesphate Q£'Righ\ ~hombic prism noo, and 7'0". CQ1"ul!dum, P'r:irnar:y, dlomboid, Qf86" 4. and! 00' 56',

CytJ.hite, Primary, a.d,oablyobliqlle prism". of 100" 1.5'., and 18" 45'. or . the tcrllli'rlal plane on the prism" in one, direr-lion, UHf' 5O',and 79° 10', land in !lrmtn.cr".93° IIG', and. 86· 45, alte,rnatety.(See

Chaba.<sie, Sillilllil!liite" C,I.c!i'e.landite, and .Biuer.Sp:u .. ) -

Diopside" Primary, oblique, .rhomhi.!), prism" 'Of 8'i" 5'. and, 92" 55' .],

~ t.ernatel.y. _ .

Bg!Fan, A~gles, ar~1~ava.g~,90". . ", . _ ,'. .. . .,.. .

El}jdfltt, Pfuna:rY,rl,gllt oollqueangl:edpusmof 1! J593Q1 •. !lDd $f.~ 3&'.

(See Arragon:ite )

Ji}mlll(l.li'!,e. - Lateralplencs, 1:20". S'u.mmit •. w,ith tile Illter:al planel!l,OOI' •

. Pe,l~'Pt1>r. See Adulariu, .'. . . .'. . _' c _

F'hn,lU". RiOth! prism. with rhombic ~ase1!l., of 100" Rnd 80~. Pmetlsteil'l, Ol:eave.s, parallcl to 1111. the planes, and diagona18 oia r.igl1.t

rhombic· prism" 'ill' I H2;', and 68",

Fb;itc<. Clean\S! parane,( to the latend jp!o,!!1i!l! ,of a, dlOmbie prism, Qr~

87·, and 93~,

6aml(l·. Primary, thecnbe, (hhll'J'j.it't.Primary, the ,!';gl:ie.

IBlauberit,e. Pdma'lTy"rhombI.Cl prism, lateral planes, 93"2O'".lIind94r-4O' ~ TerminaJ:, a,nd laterBl planes" IO-ilo 1.5',. and 75' 45'" a.lteriUlLtely.

Hede'D,blr.{fite,Cleil:\'8ge"paran~1 tolhe 6ide.~ o{a. rhombi.o priJ.lI.I. 'of 12'"QU' anll G&:" ~ ,I Iij'temately.

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Hom6kJJ4. Olta1'age,paralleltothe :lrid~, o:r 12"~3O'" @d&&"' 8&'.

alternately, (See, ,A.,ery.lloliw,. and Arfwed$Qnite:.)

H_iiJIl.I·~'t. Right .I'IlQmbi~ pri!J!D,. of 120", laud 00· alternately. lIypt.l'~theJ1.e.. Rhombic priam, !!id~! ST', "tid! 9B~',a1t.erGJ.;tell'

.l_docrw~. Right p.ris.mwlth squar,e bases, 0:(90' and9lr., ,. l'ndianitll. Cleaves into ~pri.)jl'll! of 95~I}5e aDd 84· .4,5. alteruately •. (see'

Glaube"l"ite,Qu:I..rtz,. and Tabular ,spar )

Iron, "A~$(lnical. G.lellves parallel 10111.° 12IUldl,6S' ,49' :llter'D.tel~'. Iron .Pyri;l~s. P.rimlliry a cube .• taaU the p:ualleJ pl.Q;heS of which It

,1';1.ell,.ves. ..

I,.Qli P!lrit~s, White. Primary, a right rhQIn.!iJie. prism. of ]06~ arid!

73'" Cle~v~ge parallel 'to aU it!! pI'!!Jne!!. (~ Cy'an.itel!'!d i"igo.

bonate of Iron. ), , ,

Iran, Specil:hlr Oxide, of. PriltlitivellCute rlromooid ·0f.86· .Jilt ao:d93" .50'. (rSee Augite,. BOllmoni.~e and SillimaDite,,)

Iron, , Carbnnitle ,o·f. CleavageplI.faHel ro all the p.lan.es, or an obtuse rhomboid of l07·w .... 7:f. (6e(l Iron p)"titta, SiIlilllll.Dite, a.ndC,-

anile .. ) ". , ,

Jenite, Primary. a rhomboid (If 111· 3O'and6S" 30', (I!eeAue!l.it'eof 'lXIpJ?CF. )

Kill'in:lt~. Clea.:'agepar,allel to the planes of a rlmmhicprism of latY

and 46", - - . ,

l.atrlJfJit'e •• Cloo\1,g,ge int'llree d.ir-aetioIlBparalleJ to allt.hep.laD.ea of a doubly obl.Lqu.e prism,viz .. in ODe difcetiou 98' 30 !lindl S:I!"ao·,. ~D. another Ql·lliud S9'~, and in tile tb.ird 93"00' ~d :S6~8O'. (aee

Specular Irou;. and EIYPClll'Itbene.) ...

L(ll1.r1u}nite. Ob lique rllom l:lIc prism,' inclina:tron nHateralplane8 niV SO'; illOlll1Qtl0.Q of Wtrminal., witblb:edalere.lpltwea. 8431 .l5.

Leud, Sulphate-carbonate of. Prim;J;ry" oblique .prism 0:1'120° 4fland 59' ~,5 .

. Lead, Sul.phato-trr,.carlxmallfl of; Primary, an &.cuterl:tombo.ido.f 7W aO'.and 107· :30. , (Bee Ca.rbol);!Ue arIroo.)'

L!.ad, Cupre@u! 81lIph~w-elU:oo:.I'!tI.tel of: P'.rim!!I'Y, a, r.ight. r:hombie

l' ri,~rri 0(95" find! ~o.

,Lea , Sul.pha~e oF: Primary, aright Ibombic prism. (If 1(13·42' andi 'l,(j' 1!8' •

. Lead,Molybd.a.teof; Cfe&:vage paraUel tolnoctobedroD, wit:b asqllB.«I Dasc,.: angle OfniWQ opposite tetmhLal planes 49"45 ;. of the uppP.'f :and lower, terminal pl;an.es 1:00' Hi'"

.L~8ur,itf!. Oblique rimmbic pri.sm 0.( 14!Y' IUld 4.0' alternately ..

Mani'aneB~, (hey oxi.de of; Cleave,s panlilel to the planes oh rbum. bie. prism of lOO~ and 80<"

.MEw.. Prima.ry! oLlique r.homhic prism of l~O·'ll.lld 00" .. JI~mat~' ,,(Soda. rrirmn), a.cube,

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LXV'I

'l'ABL'B OF .A·NG.LES.

(JrpirMRI. r.rimu" • rigb.t rbombic prism of i.OO~:&l1d 81)., PU1'gasit~, (1.19,.age parallel '~Qthe I.ten! pl.ne!!. ol'!Ii rbambicprulIl of' 124" 30aud 00' 30 being "Ib.eMJIle Willi A~iDoliteUJd Ham"' blende,

PQlyhaJi'e. Clellvag:e, pM.lIel to a]1~l:le pl'a .. ell Qhbe ,eube,. ,aft'o ... ,

, bl!'UliaOl flltle!i of 00" ill every direetioD.. '

P't't.hnlte.PrirnllfY .1000 aud 80°.

P!I,,.,OUffl. see Augite.

'QUQrt~. Pr.imary rhomboid 94· 151 and! 85· 4$',

Rea1cifll!'. Cleaves paralle:J to all the '~hlJu!s 'of an oblique rhombic

prism, wbose I.!lte:ral. planeslUE! 74i~ u,· (And 106 45' alt'efnately.

Blm!.6 Spa,.. See Biuer lSpar.

Buby,. OrillnW" P~ima .. y. acu.te ~llllmboid '0(93° 56 lind SO' 4,',

.Salilitll.Primary rhomb92° 55'and. 87" 5' i tb.e same, as Augite.

Sa-ppli.il'lt. The f!8:me as Ruby... . .

&knite. Pdmary,llright obUquEI :angl.edprilm, o.r .wbieh the bases

IlTB oblique al1gledpBraUelogn.msof 113" 8 'and 66' 52. 8'ihler,F.lexihJe Su.lphlnetol, Obliqu.e angled prisml of l'laS' and! M~

alte:rnatrily"on the la:tera:! p·lan!l!!. .

S.ilvl!T, Red. Primal'Y, .obtuse rhomboid,. ofl08f3O' and! n° 30'. Rph~nI!,. Primary" au oblique :rh(lmbic pti~.m!, hUt!r.a:latlg~es 133' 00'

and ·46' 30. Jl!iterna.wly.. . .... .. . . . '

Bpitulw:ne. Primary, the rhombic ,dodeeahedrun, of'DO"a.Dd U!O°.

tspl1d'umenl. OleavageparaHel. to ~Ile planes I.nd. ahorter diagonal ofa.

rhom.bi.c prism.of .100" ami i30~; tile sa.me a.sPrehqite: .. ·· Staur.otilk. P.rimary, 8. right rhombic priam of l29~ 2O.nd 50° 40'. 8ulplW.te ojStrtm.liftR) ~e. QeJel!tine. ~

8ulphU'f'doj Antimlnt.y •. Primary; right rhombic prism. ofSS' 80' aDd . 91"30' IIltemately.

TW!llar Spar:~'~~'eave!l' into prisms ofgs" 20' and! ;8'~40' alternately.

(see 'Ctlpreous slIl'l'lbllretot' Leadl, IIIdiR:nite" and. Quartz.) I

7'homsonite. GJea.ves plnaHel. to the lateral j).lanes. of90~.

Till, Oxide of. Pr.imary. an ohtuseootohe'il:rm:t with a square baee, the I

angle aver tlhe :a.pe':l beiDg 1 t2~ 10 a,n~apla:llf! of oDe pyramid, on

the adjQiningpJ.ane (lethe other 6';" 60 ..

7lr!\!f.t~\Ilt~ of Lime. Thel o,!!,gle f~!tmed by the mee,tingof a pl.enB or tbe tipper, wiln the aajoillillg plane (l(the lowerpyrlll1lid 1~40', Tupru:. ~Primary, a right rllombieptiilIDof ) 24122 end 00 as alter;.

na:tely. .. .

TO.u1!maline. Pdmary. an obtuse rhomboid. of I Sil'3O' and 46· 10' aI" tfll'Dately.

Wallellitf'. Cleuage parallel to both ll>idesof II: prillm 'of 122' 16' Igd

57 45', ~

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Zinc, Red oxide or: Cleue;,iJiparallelto \bel plmes OfiB. Si.t·Bidcd prism, eseh [atera! pl.llne 01'11 the adj,oinlng one bein,g :i2O"and tile tll.rminal on the lilteral. plane 90".

Zim'., SilicioL1s oxide of. :Primary,a, .r.igbt rhombic p.riBlll.o£)OO;SIY

and. 77- ao ,alternat.ely. . ... .

Zinc,. Ollroonate of" elclnge palalhll: to aJilbe pl'IDell of'a rllomhoid

(ihbo.u. UI6" :30' andl 13"30'. (See .Ambliygo:rdle. BU~tepu

. and Carbonate orb!)!}.)

Zif'Mn.Pr~mary!. a.n OMIlS8ootohodron of 95" 4O'aud 84i~ '00'. (see

_. OIauberi(e, Ind'i.Q.nite, 'Quartz, &e) . . .... . ...

Zoi;Silt., tle'feB patlLllel to ,he sides ofarhombic prism. of J 20' and 600.

.'

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Tbe following 1':!lble "bow,,", ato,ne vie\v, the, oJldelt in whic.h the If:illerals o,re uf,l!i:n,ged ('Or rleseriptjo!'!., Tb0 Illl!mbw,~i QD till::uigilt, refer to tile pageB w:befe I;he wi,lle'fRI is desctil:led ..

Til Spe.ciee begjn with ltl)ttlllD oa;pitn19 j Ith~ SQh-!;peeie'!!,. are .in ,[fll"';,'; a.nd the va.rienesal'lil in small type.

CI ... .!l'SS 1.

EARTHY MINERAL~.

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, l!,~~DI

Species 'fi7 ;E'ucla.se 6BBeryl

69 iEme:raM 70 GiCI.ouooite

CL..I1'SS u:

ACIDIFEROVS EARTJ.:IY .Mf'NEIlALS.

PAis CleJU i.nlilutU$ tlM'~ mi~fr~ls as cotMid hI ox rarlA l:omZ,i"ed :lDitA ,an (j,id ;~!)mt rif~,helTl c01Uain ~mall pfJ.rUolts uf metal, wironj•

1Jl~aJleSi!!, dHd',perllaps c,hrome. -

Genu! 1. LIME, IjID!t',·

_ , pall" ' :flpec;ieB! ,4: SjlieiQ'(I:~ Cllrbonate "

!peei.e~ -Il Oal':i\:SOn.ate (If J~ime SO (If Lime 106

~ uteu.,.;)". 15p~r •• 1 tabular 'pn .,

2'I!f~jjJil!~' 00 2 '()h~l!;whr<llt" ]Oc'1

3 ."U!UPl'~ 5 Phosphate of.Lime "

4 qar'in ..m.eril 9] I. ,ap_lite ••

II ap.b.it.., ' 92 I 2 "" pang". ~t';>:!!l!!,U)!I

8'uhp, 1 Slalactical Ca,.b~ U m¥ilo-.,,,,Iw,phat ..

nalt I)f Li'n~" - G( 109

1 dllQclil., • ,llliciouphotphat ..

I rt_.-pi~~ "I • of' .~;

'2 (1taJlulw Liln~ 6 FIoale" of Lime

l!loo'obu- -

2eo!!,p<l&

_ a 'ehlorop'haM

7' Sulphate of Lime li2

leJ]'1llaLlized ..

21l.b,fG1l1

Sg;rlllul"r

::"ji~~~

6~"'~wy

, 7 [>laater of Pat •• ;

8 A,!-liJd~one Gyp"

!!um' 115,

1 mufilC'ilo ..

2. " gf~~!!1ar J 16

861),f01,ls "!Ii'

4~[!!)pct, "

(; lili,,'o,,": ..

9' Nlt:rll.te of Um.e In mo - stHcJOIlsBora:te

_ of Lime "

1 bol!,),Om .. , , ' ...

n :A fseuia.teoiL:ime' na Gtlritls 2' ALUMINE. .1 Sub~sUlpbatel,ar AI.-

umlne it

1 iilie.!(}!!~' Ill'

2 Sub,.·bospha.te ~f Afumiiie

stOfU 00

3 Oilmmon Limestom 95 1 f4ii.lol; ,clrbml.3!!! (If

lig)~ 98 .

2: bitnrm"ollf> nm... .

lib:uu:~, . '.In

3.r~]Jo..fe~rugJllali'

lim~I:ODe. ..

.. ' Cancl'ei' d Carbo--

nate of Lime f)91 !

lOothe '''.,

:.1 [In ... tnDII, "

Ii Oaalk 100

6 Mar,l~ ~'j:

h(>p~ri" .. I,

2 hliiJiiiiIM1!~ 101

7' ltl adr,ep'fJ.r-itt "

8 (Jali;-tzy.,eolls Ttffa " 2 Arragomite 102 3 MagiJ,esi9.rlCaJ~

n,aM of Lime 103 ' 1:o:1i>IQmih'

2bjJ!ef~pat

3:meimite 'fgurlwf'''Il,

s: migDniQ!l lillie.,

• ,&tOil<!! [06

6: lIIrro,_p.e.iu "

ri~i: ,

"

UA

••

(f

_,

Ie L.lJSS 111. '

A CTDIFEROUS .A LK.A.I .. ,IN F.: Ml'NER AT .s,

nis 014$$ in"licd.e~ wd& min'erali as cons:,:" chU-jly.v( m~ alkali., united ,~t,1&OIt Q(iti 8,,"lle oj t.lt~ 'l'eciC!~ ,it.ontain.jl;l,.fiin maltq, rentkrin'IJ tiUm DUg ilupwe.

Genus I; POT A.SH.. I . . J'''!!!e .•

p"'KlI. S'pecif'8 5' Muriat"" of Soda 133

Spe~i.es, 1 N.·i.trate of !'ot.M. b 130 I Genu a A.MMONU._.

Ge'Dus2: SODA, . I S'lllphateofAmmo-

1 Cl'ltlilolla~e of&da tat ~:ia ISS

2 Shilpht'C! (l.e'Socla 132 '2M'l!lriatcl (If' Ammo-

3 Nitl&te lof Soda ." nill !1'

... BOrate of Soda ,I<

CL.8.SS IV.

ACIDIFEROUS ALKAl .. INO;'EA.RTHY

MI ~liAL~ -

n, 71I1'1lfJ'alJ tlT'/'tnl{feil umlmr ~Ai& ClUJ, COllltm", an alkol;" anrll1A er.lrd 0: ,imfir.d by' ~je $U{plIUrlC" "t' jlur;ric ,u.dds, furmitlii H~tt~ qf 11m-iou, cA:cuade'i'J,

·pllie.

Speciel .I, ISllilphue of Alu~

m.lne II nd i OLub 1311

I Alllm,oStQPe 1:35

3 Albl iue Flulte of

Lime ..

, . _ _ I"',ge.

SpeCi.ii8 4. . .1 mhJypniUl 1,1)91

& .A.DI:I. Sulph. Soda

• and Lime "f

,6 1'01, hallitt Ii

Digitized by Google

f

CL.aSSf"' ..

.A LK.A.I .. INO-EA H"r HY MINiER.A..I .. S.

PItt Iftin~rat$ 'brlunging to this Cla$~.. c(Jtf.~ilJt of ~arUi,.,iR "arioUJ proport'ifJ.ns;' tiUllli!iing, g'tlJtt'ally, illi tAdr ,,,..pO:.titiO.n'i ,orn:17t' mort of ~ht, alk,rJJies.

p!l~" I

Species .1. Miea '141 .

. . - 1 bunl'Diat..il :142

j;l: Leueita "

3 AndaJUi!ite 1.f8

" Buc:nolzitll "

5 lehtbyophtbalmite "

1.1il:L. 144

6; Nac:rite, ,r

, Hllilyne! ,0:

Si OO!iidiia.n. 145

l,peUitOl:l!i H6

9' e ieseckire II

,I,O,F,e_lspI'f .1

1 CO.IDIllj)1I, H.i!

2 ad.1I1ari. U9

3flllloy 149

.4, L.~~,&dO~· "

~,''"~ n

I CQ!IlP.ct no

'7 fCI.td· . "

S ufiflh·ite, ],5]

in Tale "

I i'llbi:rafN 1..112

12 Steatite "

11"'1lt0ll1'l

2 ~"'Iw.tcilit.

13 ChlQrite

I CFYII.:mzed :s ·common 3:I'I.t", .(g,....,artil

14 Tourmalille I. b'Jaet 21;i1'~'"

:a :r"'u,<>".

4 iAdjoo.llte'

153

!I 54 1

IU "I .c( .1

,roC I

U'

]56

C.LdSS rt:

\

1 ... 1life 6~'I!~rUte

Specles ~5 Sldalite 1.6 Spinellalle 17 L,}'thmde8 ts Kminit'6

J 9 EudyaJ'iee 20' I/3ommHe 21 .Analcime

1,""l'Iiolite 2Sl: Clirl,klltone 2a Pitcheton6 24, Lan

2.5 Pl'lm.iee ~6 Ba:!iaH

I.:..:!\lu1ll.rul· 2. ;lo>bullU' ~7 Jade

~ :i!'lte-lltnn.1II :I :"",Murile 2S Gbabwise, l_SGlinB '~ Gab!'l.mite, 30 LepidO:Ute

_ lcr,rahlli~ 31 Petal!Jte

:3~ Spodu!TIenEl 33: Meionite 34 .-\eiJmite

35 Clevp.hmdite

1. albi.te .

36 Sillim Ilfl.ltlll

P"--l!. ·e. 1M

u

159

..

161

163

1!61

166 1.00

.170

I'Yl

NATIVE METAIAS AND' METALIFEROUS

MINER.ALS.. .

'l'Ms Closs inclulks de aaUr:e m€t,als, loget'lll;,. tbUA the ores, o,.m~ . tals r;ombined Mil.1I otlMr su1)stam;t;s,. as oXPl1tn, su9»!ur, or o.drk. .

Genus 1 :PLAT~N A" p~ge.I.. GenuBl2. GOLD. PUll'"

lpeGie. I Native PlatiDI. 174 . Species 1 Nati,e Gold . .l 74

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p"1'!,l". I

., ' 1 .... filol'Ql" _ U'O Specie! e

(ie'nulI~. MERCUR.Y. II

ec.jell 1. Nanife, M,erci!litY 177!

2 Nati'¥e ,A:mn3Jg~m. ~4l

:~ SIiIIp'Ji,u.nlc, of M.er~

ClUJ ..

• ~el''"ro ,~i!m~bu l'i'8

! :fi'tIrn'iI." U 'I

" Muriate of Me!"eu~

_ ry , ,_. _ 179

('hnns 4 SILVER..

I Naiive S!ilver "

liifiti~fDiI" lBO,

2 Anti.monial Si'ver " 3 Areenieo-Auumo-

nia]1 Sliver' 181 :

" Di9muthie Silver " '

S Sulphtli'et ofS~lveT ]~

m I!>bnt II

2~l!'ib";!i- .'.

iI "rltEl.. ""

Ii SulpbttreUled AntiR menial Silver ] 3

'7 SlIlpllun:tofBil,ver

and Cop.per 11M

S 'EUca,iri&e I,'

9 ORr-oon,ate of Sir''''r " 1.0 Muriate of S:iIV8i' 1lS5 ,I

11 Arg~I,13c-eonB . .Mu-

Iriat,a of Silver II'

Oenl!ls, 5. CoPPER.

] Nat,jvli <Co~p"per 186;

2. Sul:phlite-t of Cop-

JNn 1.8"1

1 [l~alld_l'"holll' .,

2v.!'i~~ ..

8 bb,;;k 1iI!pper 1:88

3 Ff'I'''ru,gil'loll=> Sulphuret of-Copper "

1 j_)ii:rplii &"ppei: ••

" Gr~yCopper 189 ~

1 a' .... lI'lw ,UIIO I

2 miimoaid .~ I

,5, Tennantite ~~

1. white ~Plf4l!l' ."

Q Red OxiL~e (If Oop.

P!'!l 191

l. 'Ca;pma,l'" l:92

2m!ln'jvll ..

8: to:i:lll.~8d .. I

, -ti f~ri.,.t~jnl}lI' ,,' •• '

7 Blue, C, l\rt,onate of I

l;opper .. ,"

. _ IlJile ..

'Gmen Cl.rbclma:te,

of Copper 198

1 6b:tI!-Ql!!.b~ or 2co~ -.Ia.-

cln1..lH

9 ChrY8OC!:IUa tr

Uil Dioptaee 1'95

1. J ltl',Il'~iabHJf.'Co.we' ._ r" 12:,1!1ul p.BlI!,tHif Cop-

per J96

13 ,Phmpbu.or,C-op-

lpar II

14 Hydro:ucs Phos-pbate on::o.p,per t97

Iii ArselJJi~teIQfC-op-

PIT '" It

], ocmbednl ..

_2 rh"llllho.iiQl I.

S ol.>1i'lj;UI Ilub:na11Q 199

'\I, ri.,:bt p:rwa!io U

,i!1libl'on ..

U) Mafti,all Ar:eeoilLe

of Copper '2(i)(J1

Gei[JltJ!! 6. LEAD

l' aiJive Lead 201

'2 Sulpb'lll't't of Lead t.

Ifi_Jar ..

Je.,~t I,.

81pec!lim ,.

4. qfjlD<l!JW _

8: Nati v· Red Oxide,

Illf'LeBa', 12M

I.;tu~ ••

" Carbo.oM!'!1 of Lead 'I

1 Mlcl'ilu 205

2.U1by ..

i Sllllph:ate of Lead 200 1 .,:dpl!~to-H.r-], .. uat~ •• , ,eg~i'eo1f"ulplQ,to-

ecuooaate 3J7

8 '1LIf~t;;.J!rt~

.Date off

.. evIL"""'" .!!.!pt\m OJ 6 Murio-Cubcmate ,of

Lead to

,7 P'b.O!ltJhiite of Lead 208

'- :afMl'$1!Ud me

21,1ue Iud ••

S .lb!8lline ofLe'!ld to

~. lellUo:rm. 110

9 l\fol,)1bdll,l~ O'f LAd "~I ] D Cbl'i'lltUlte of Lead 12'1 i

• ,,,..,._. aUI

Digitized by Coogle

GeUIli9 1. BliSI\c1UT B.

S . - pl.e. i

,_pelj;~e~ 1 Nati,'e Bi91lilUth 2]2

2 ,sulplil'luet of Bis..

mudl 21;1

1 (IUt.I'e!!Wi ••

. 2plullIblW:U:prlIOlU <.

30xiid,e of BIsmuilb 2141

_,,,.: G_enol! 8_ NICKEL ..

. 1 Native NicHe,1 ,,"

2 AIlJeuicll1 ,Nickel 215 :3 AI$eDoi'ate of Ni.ckell .. " Pimf)l~te"

Genus 9. COBALT

1 Aueuloal Coi;;u,lt 2",6

_ 1 grey 2l'7'

2 Sulphlir - t ofCobilt

ami Oopper .2.

3 Earthy Cobalt ,.

t Ars,mia(el of CI).

bait ,. I

t; Sulph ate of CQbaJ t ~ 19' ' Gen4l6 10. lItON.

1 N u,1:i'ilf) bon I"

... I m'llOOi!Jvte 2.l!O :

, Atsctlical Ilion ~,~l'

_ . .1 "I"g-e!!ij,r"ro!!~ .. I

·3: ,S!.!ipl)l{uet (tf Iron " I

~ i:Ddl!!.!.eiI 222 !

; 211op.tio 2l!S

" MagnetiicSlllplrlllirct

'of'lrl)ll to

5 Ma.gn. eli,!; O:dde of Iron 224 ~ ·ea:rtl'lyi!2!!

2 IlIIIdy "

6 Speeulat Oxide of Iron 226 1. :micaceOllll oYxi.<I., 221'

7 D,ruwn Oxide of . I

bon ,.

I 6"-"0'" ~:... I

2en1Tlpu.t ......,

3: ~oulY' ..

4, oebf>ry 229'

6uml,i~ ..

Red .oxide: of r rOil " ' 1 lll'fDU," '

2 ao:m.p.aQi: 2IW' :

,8,1)J;iJ!Y "

"oehcJ'Y ••

9' Argjll;~ce(l"!J Oxide

(If Iron 231

1 c~ umnlll:

.2 pllifinm ..

p~,

3 10llfJ~iltu 232

4c llo;;!:!!;I,,,,l' - ,.

15jllJlllery l!SS:

(; oompal'i ..

'lllblf(ollj ..

Species 10 Bog Iron-Ore, ,~

1 rl'idll~, "

_ 2 ,ggmpam 23f

I J Fr-llnklirll'te "

12 H,drol1s011ide ofIllofl ..

I Ol'o:mte,ijj.f,t!

13 H.!ldrlllilu Sulpl1'lJ:rir;

Oxide of Ireu 006

14 Native: Muriate of

Iron H

16 C&rll:J()J]la(e of Iron 2$

16 Phoph8ite of Iron ..

1 ellrthy m

] "I SIlJpbate of Iren 2::18

18 CllrcnnilLe,oflroon 'I

19 A. rseniate of Iron 239 2U Q"alate or iron 24~

Genu!! I!. UR.ANItrlt.

I Bla,ek Oxide of U 1:;11 IU'"

Iilm "

'2 Green Oxjdeof Ura ..

D,iUJrtl 241

l.~y !a

Geuus 12. TIN.

J Oxide of I'i:o 94~

It librou.. !U4

:hOAd'!Hi~' wood lin - .. - B ColilmbI:C"",ul ..

'2Sulp'b:Liret of , rill; and

Copper. t;"

{)IenIUs ill. Z;mNC.

1 Sulplulrlu of Zinc 2ta

I "hMplW",sollllt 246

2.l!;br-Oll. :N'

3 m8mfiiilb:leaJ ..

.(. IladxoifeliOlla ••

Gb!d

2 Red 0 iIl.e of Zinc 248 3 SlI,jejoQ:!I O&i,de ,ofZiIf.lG ,I,

4 Carb1!Jnate of Zinc, 249'

1 ~ry .. tI!JJJized

2oom.pact •

3 l'B"vd.o.ln.<;.rphoUi .f

4- eaii'tby' • r,

. ,Ii eUJ/,r·eDlla ..

5 5'uipbate 1)1' Zin.c 2.51

GElIWiI 141. MANGANESE }lJJa:ek Odde ,of Mall-

gaaeee ~Z

Digitized by Google

'j(' t! !t'ate,I1:l71' GEHHIS 2:<1. PALLA-Of M. :Il Na:tire l?aH!Ldillrn27'S GeIlu~ 2.:;. IRU1[IIiJM 21'U Geaus ':ttl,. OADMIUM II Genua 27. SELEN.WM."

CL.IJ'8S ru, COMBUST] .BL IE .MIN ERAr~S ..

Tlte;substances ,be/(J1tging to t.MJ Olms". combill! with O'tyg,~n, finder ordinary, ~ircu!IUtan!lCS not requiri'P'g wiM. "n~'ll;e:ption (11' tW!}, lI . . h~gh t~l!*perat'j.lTt,or the aid ofplJ,pe O'liygCIt, tod/ect their cln"bl~'st'ioR.

l1"f~'1 Ijl~.'

S.pecies, it Native SUlpbur '280 .Specj.el 2; Voleani.e. liiulphttt !l8J

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Species 3 Dillmnnd

4 Miol'r,,1 Cha.rcoal 5 (}.romel 01 haD €:I Anllilral'lit(l

] .Iat,.

.2 .mll.~.i";;·

,fl (olumnllr ~.

7 fr'iI'lNa! uil ! IU'Ptha.

:2 ~II'O' .rUlD 289

8 Bit illllt'Q 2911

I emit,.

2.el"nie ••

8iit1mpad ~

9 Miineral'(;od 29J

1 N.scnd l!: IUI ..... ~ C:OU

llli Lignite

~ 'brittl~ .!<lliil'10lii' 8~!1I'J'

11 Jet .

J2 DYilOdlile 1.3 Amber

14 Hial'eheune Ui MelHte

It; Reul'iiLsphlt 17 Feas.il Copal

PIP. :!91 29::

2U3 294

••

19I1

295 200

..

.,'

..

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CL' 8PP I.

:__-~~lOLO _'.

TIns Class Includes such minU-lJts (J5 IJT~ compastd oj ,Q7I,IJ, IJf! IfI.Ol'ei erz.r,lhs. &me. of tBtmaIgO tontain mtill POf'UW Df One 01" IIWrt mdallic ardtk~, IDmi:;~ M!l!MJer ani ADt ,CV!Yidnld ,CU' mmttgl i"ir"~' dimts.

'QUA.RTZ.,

rure ql1lll'tz,alI it, eXists i:D transparent, rook~ryltlJ" .u.eomposed of'silex. or' sil.idous 'earth, with two' or three I)cr cent, of 'wllter.. ~

Sil~7i is perfeedy white, without ~hllertMte!or!lmen. It feebll harsh; Isin$Ol'uble ill II.l:ly ol'tbemrne1l1 uids;, infilsi.bhl,wne, but mdtll. I.nd. f'trtms gbuwith potash, It is Il, compound, bodly, andac;.. (lOrding to Bell'zeliu!I,. il! 'oompoaed (If about. fiOpe,r wnt ofo,x)I8en,

united tQ,g,neq.aai proporii~Hl Qi'it;s,i)a.se, ea!l1ed !!U.JCillll!I. .

_' Species J . ..:..oOMMON' ,(WARTZ.

Quartz Hyalin, H. . Commo,! Quartz" C" '9ry8taUiZ'ed QllilNZ,P. ,Rhombo:id41 Q.uartz,J., Rhombohedral Quartz, MI.

E:der:nul Charocter:~ . ......colors" w~Ue, yellowisb, red." bloish,browD1, anagre-enis~, or'green, or "~Dsp~,lIent • aod colorless; occurs massive; In concretions, wIth 8i div'erging and cleeular . istructure ; ~n confilsei ,crystal .. line masses! of which the structure is Dotvisible: :a.ISQ •. ·.<L1·· . fl· .... the ~.~ -~d~.J·Si-~ terminated by' In.' c.r'_.s~.'as i.-OI111;. ~e~.sL.".Sl eupn .•. m, .. ;ermlD8.c .. , '.

six-SHied! pyramids: als? the dodecahedron, or double

six-sided pyramid. Both forms. subject, to a.grea:t v:o.riety of modl~fica:tions.; 8crat.chesgl.8BS; sp. gr .. 2.63.

C4mlica1 OJiara6ttr!.,.......ll'ltIlBible. 'irwopieeell rubbed, t.ogethef gi.,e 0: peeUlia.r ,smell" like that ofilhe, clootriAl ilui,d '. i lo!IDlu'bJem tbq aG.idt,

except the' :Ouori.e. .

Compontilm,-SilcJ:'j nearly pure.-Buulita.

8U~$peeiej 1.-C"'.l':STA.LLIZED QfJAR.7'Z.

Quart.z Hy,,;lin, H. Orystalliz.ed Q,llIntz, P. Rba.mooid .• l Quartz •. S.

Oommon Quartz, C. Rbombohedr,a'l Qua.nz,. M.

General eharaeters, as inth.e sredes. Common 1

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COMMON Q.U.4.RTZ,

Fig .. 1. [The six·iid.ed pr(sm,. termlnated~bl' aix::-sided. 1Pyra:mids. FiC. 2; The:dodeca.hedron, or twolir.-s.ided pyramids, joined. bue

to base,without the inle.r'l'entKrn (If the p'riBm, .

Fig. 3. The two PYl"!IImJds &eparated from eael'!othe:r by tile itJ,..

ter'l'ention of:8: \rery shoft si~·$:iaedpfi!lm. . .

Observation 1 '. Iniigul'e I, the: terminating pyramids ma.,h conflidered. as 'lepara.ted~veral ineheafromeaeh other,by tl:ieintenfll" iog pri~m.oTaB. a Ilrism several inebea IOllg,termillated by pyr.amids:. 1[1 6gure 0 .. tbepyrarnids: ale merelyeepuu.ted by the abort p,i~ inte.rposed between tbe;ir haBe.l'!. This form bJrweFerisst:i[J ,oollJsid· el'ed a pri!'!:l'O, terminated by ~rramid.3. . . . . ...

Ill! figilre'2, the p.rillmeoti.rely d'i9appear[s:,8.nd the. two terminal pyramids join base to base. It now M:l!umC;II 11., figure of tweh'u sides, each ell d beginning 1I.lld terminating w six·sided. py;ram~d.

2.. These ery~Ud~ 'Me st.lbjeet to aV8rietyo£ modiificati.oDl'Ilj• by trUD' cation, (111 thcreplaeement of their edgclI, Dr sdlid,.aingl;es,bl pls.u

fS.M8 of "arioll8 Si:Z'C8 and Ishapes. .

3. Cry:BtaJli~:ed quartz, Iloton]y OCe,lUS III 6lngIG dietinet erys~ Inn is ol"ten round.:impltulted :ingtollp!lthe pyramid~ of which onl, appear· distillet. halso eecure linin.gth.e, ea:'ities of other minerw. orinc[llst,lllg tbeir surfaces lo.emall, but [[IE!que·.ntl'y in,veryperfeet crystal;'!, tbe pyramidnl t,umina:ti£l!ll! h8t'iiDg a high polish, Iiiod Ihe

speeimen ~ppe8.riDg as if jt was studded "fib gem~. . .

Quartz ·orourll io primitive, t~ansit:i\!e, and seeondllfjt !Cook,,_ z.."alitie:s.-M.ad'agasoar, IDauphiny, the Alps, Cornwall, &e. ObSe;rtlcztion I.-Th.efinest cryata1soo.m.efrom Madagascar and[ the

Alps.

2.. Speeimenssomctirnes cOlliNI! watet',.~it, or bjtumeneoolosed. 'f.he:se a:rerare,.

3. Orystals often. eneloso ·clIlY, titani.te, :hornhhmde .• IlIbe!tUII.,. iron

are, ll8.h~·e sn,er. &0. .

4. .Aeoo.rdlng to Piokerwn,h.sturc proouMs regula.r roekerystall ill tbe,V8.st Cayerns of the AIp5,. Qf slI.ch Cll()[1IIQU8 :8iz~! ·tibat the)' weigh iseveral toile- ea.on.

,U; 8. T~hll localities ·of rook erysta:l areverynu.m.eroas .ill mil eountry:., A fmll"., .oul.y where .6'00 specimens i8.l\e fbuod. ~ be [given

Mike George, N. .Y. 'The crysttda nrc pe!rrec~y iIlaO!lparen.t lI!!d SQmetitnel! 5 .incbe!! lOng.--ISUliman.Fredcric COUJlty,- Md. The.

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3

~~-:~=-I~~~:.,~~rrn!:

JUIleDt-RQIl. Ne_bQ:rr Di.strrmt, B:. C:,:; AbiagtoD .. ~.1111$'.

Usu.-It is lm.u:e!bllt!ed" ·.ben ~!!J mel !;dished, u au ~ ...

~:~b-:=~~~~~::!!~:t~t::~~~=

.and has tiDe adnntage ,of 001, lJeiDgeuifJ' lG~bed. . _ . .

06:5. ~ .. -CrJstal5 1DIi.f be mIored, hy P!IUDgJn,g tbem •. bde bot wo a vege1a!1:Ite, ,or' ,1ml:L1Uic, l!!OloUon which posw!I!'t'!Jeob',baJ: ,., IHi "er'Jll.pt 00 ecraik hy theIP~"

2. . Quartz "he:o. :1IiIl:1, ,mal be, distinpilhed .&om pa. orl;llUle~ If, toucbing it wilib a liD.!! b1e,fI'meb .at cut the glul. bu1 will DOl

&Ill1lteh the~ q~llrtz. ~. .,. _ . .' ,

'Tit: flandiu (tIt/til sp«U$ GNl '~DWS. Gad GI"e' ,rIisI~ di~Jy ,by.tlfdr ~.

iJl:"aridJ' ]1.~j,""'l!ih&!iJCti.

'Q:w.llz hyal.in 8.liUIturioCi,. H. Afutll:lUre, :1'. A~:u:!;WiIie ~.C.

&ternal Charilcctm'6.-Colo~brown, .. yeUow,£y, lMuish, gt'eenish., (lr wbile; v3'rJegaLed byb :,''',anl. points Q1' Sp3Jllgles, of a· :golden Q,sitver color.

Obsn'Ilmiml.-'1ihHf!8pQlgle!l ~ .1Qlj:tD. platH ·of mia, or'luiool cololl!l, ioterspe.rsed throogiblhe miles. It is eD!Pktlcd in jewdr:r. and ,!lOme spe!l'imeDs Ill! i:lceedingilbeaoliftll. !ltil! !OI1letim.e!! imi:-tated ~lart. apparenl1,. iby aprinkligg re«'ll.l bHaa filio,p mlOmehed

aJw, .... . .

. LCII:alilitJ..--Cape. de Ga.tle, Bpaill. This :is Qf ·lhe fiAnt l:md'. ScotJand, Eug,I.lJJd, !Fnace, &.c.

VVI.-liIi is mu.cb meemedin. J=web".

Vari:dJ 2~PillA!sE:. OaKE", Q~

Quartz:hy.lin ,..erl--obsellf, H. Pruem. A.Prue, P'. Co' Eztenu,Jl Cha1laclers..--Color, dark:. g1IH:Il; OO.curs ilil c::ryatats" and crystalline: masses;, lustre lIefi[o.OUI! o.rri .. , t:reous; traaslucent,

Oburcatioa I. Itm seldom. ery~lized.bl:!t ~ eommoru),lOuad ill, pebW:etI, or mWteSlLIDOog ,aLber mioerals"

~ 2. 11 aeellUl·tl). be OOID~~O ~LI_alU IlOkiredwith ~ltIOlite~ orpel1. lla p5epid.ote. Sometimeslhe 6 bres or tbeact:rnolit.e uedistil'!e.t.

Jc.QC4b'(it$. . SUQ!!Y :m!t metilliebed. &OUa:od w,itb. wyoolite.

Mora.lIi., E.o;g;land, &Q. ..

u.s .... Oil ~e.;Superjot. NearBall.imo~. and 00: the wen lIidQ,'of Blue lti.dge", Mtl Milton,. Brigbtrul.a:od West Oamhridge. ,;vim .

. Use. It m m.uch, esteem.ed l1.li an DmlI<mental Stl)D.C, ,and ill Gilt 'liDfi pqJished for jewelry.

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Yaridg' 3,~ a!~t-.l' qIU,"or'!,

Quartz hyalin.laiteox, H. Milky Qumz,P.

Ext .. Clurr.-Color, milk-wlrite ] occurs massive and in cr.fstnls ; hardness, ,bat (If quartz.

OIIl..'!Vben. eryetalize<!, it [Iremu;kll.ble tha.t I.he ery!t~I8' are ~ l:egal1l' III theu fQrm~; thm tboeQ of the tnl.l:tepuen:t YranelJ.c_pJiI. lips.

Varidy 4.-II.05BI.l.UARTz.,

Q;UlI.rtz :hyalln, rose, 1]]. ROle Quartz" P., 'C.

Ext. Oha.f',.......-iCOIOf,l"Ose-red, which in smaU pieces appears pale. OCC'!!JIIS massive and hl c.rystals; trail&lucent, or near]y trocnSf3Nnt.

001. It fade.I, \dilluexpGl!ed flIlr ij" long t1me:to the light. Ita color is p~obably ,owing to ;lIismall ~,uantity of man.ganeBe.

Local .. Ba.vuia .• BDhemia. Fill]land. Siberia.

U: 8.&utbburr, Coo. I~ :is of a delicate 00.101', andi ,forms an imlF lilted mass.-Silliman.; alsa at East.Haddll:m: Plainfield, Il!ld Wi!. liaro~tlllrg" MtUs.; WQWChe!~erjN. Y. ; K8flne and .A.Gwonh, N:.H.

11s£. ltillcu.t ;Ilindpoiisbed fur jewelry.

Var. &.-A.ME";rnYlST. VIOLE;' QI.IAaTZ.

Qua:rtzhyalinVioJet, .H.. Violet Quartz. 'Ametbyst, P. Ame-

. thY.llt, .A. P'. C.

E:rc.t'. Ckar.-Colol',violet blue, o.ften deep and pale in the same l:!~}e'Cilfien;. OCCUE8 most commolllyin c.rys-tals; for.m. the same as common quartz; cry:stalsgeneraHy grouped, the pYfl:l.midsonly iappe~rii!lg'di$tio.ct; translncent:i hardness, tbat .of quartz .

•

Otnfjpl1Jitiqn. Silex 97.~O; alumine 0. .. 25 i I;Jlxide· arimo 0.50;: ox·

'ide armlnglnee O.25 .. -RIl~e. '

OOi.l. -Crystal •. o.r a.metbY$t arf! rardy ",fthe 'same oolQr throughout The ;summit!! ollil,YI &:fe,oomm(l'ulypu.rpJa" dtepthm being color.

leas, ar\Jnged greenl;sb. _. .

2. Tbe Orientals were 'l'ery partil'oJ] to _tM!lsto:oe. _ 'I'heeolor. dl.e1 ,collsidered!that of new wine" and the .Per;Bian!l believed tho wine dllan.K ffom 8. eupof D.me;~b.i{!t, would ita~ intoxicate. The Q,.;w'a] amethyst ill a ~pphirej bUI it i~!pt?baMe l'h!tt~e. ~fesefit spe~ies wu the one eo hlghl, e.steemed,88 'lhe1eapphlre 18 found only III sm'llI cry!stals.

3. Otystals of amtltby;st,ery rare']y occur aiJ:lgle, but are rllt~cnJ.ted, or aggreg:awd., &;od llepID'ateint.o irr~gularwl!JmnlU' pieee!!"whel! . I!truck. -

4. By 10.D£ expo!ure to beat,the color III !laid t(l d.isappear~ It,oCCl]rf! in ,grileo.'Slone. Ilnd porpnyry, often forming geode!l. It, ill

alse :!Omeumcs Tound! in pr.imitive rooks; - ..

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llw. !ft, n bighly valued: 1M .01 omameDuJ atone"lod hi eotrmdl!et for eu ;rioge, Dellklacel, 'Wu;tcb • .:Is, &e. at ,he preseDt c11'

The Dame AmdhYlf OO(.IH:!! in Ser,iptrllre. :It, 'W!lf! dm l!Imth 8f,Qne igl)rdil'r!~!l the lewbb big'f, prie!ti~I!i breast.plate of judgment, w:itl! then.me Is,'cu;htu' englll:¥ed thereon.

Some, of t.he, finest eng:rarfillg!1 ar'll on thh'litonel Among these are, -tho bllltotTujllnin the Royal J,.ibrlu11);~ Pari.'! ,;b'fld l!I!orcere«ntly done, are the Ap6l1oBelvideoo, the ,Fatlle~, He~!mtejj. a!ld tile group ,I)f LaOCOOfl, by Ril'kti.

Loud; Camba), in ,India, SIberla" SpaiD,,, S"e(len, Bohemia" Fl',ancc,

:E~gland, &e. -

The fin,cst Ilretrrollght from India, SpaiD" lind, Sibcr,ia.,

U. S; W,alHllo!J:ford,. Farmi!lg~on;. Bellini ,and :Eatlt.Hallell:i .. Om. ,~(Jlt.'at!t:laarl.MIJUi'U, Tl)!l1, Mas,s • m beautiful ,et,f,l!ta1~.-SIll!.I1Ian. ,Ludlow .lmd, Weetmil!Bter, VIt" Pacqua.u:llck MOll.illIl.1Jli,II11d . .uPa,:~~ le:.rllOu,.N.J;, Obester Counl1. Pmlt. ill lar,gl6 'tra;l'I~pa'rent errstaI!!.~GiLn:OT. Hampton Falla) and.Wbite HiU9~ N. .H. Belcbe'r:&OWD" Ma,,~.intoullded :mlBSeS, sometim~ 18 ille:ttl)s in dii!lrne;tcr.~ ~rd:

~ar" 6.-1'I'lL'LOU' q:a,~~.T~. CI'l'"INE:.

Q.luntz .hyalin jaulle!, H. Yellow' Quartz, P .. C.

Ext. Char,,,-Coior, w'ine" honey, or straw ,Yellow:i occurs massive and in crystals, translucent; semi-trans-

parent. .

When heated, i~8 COIUf f:ntlrcJy disappea1(8, in a, :fe\v'.seoonU's. QDS, .,It is ,caJledfalst',. ,or Bol!tmiatopaz.

Ueal. Cnmgorm, &ot .. ; COrD:waU., E11f!.

U. S.Southa.mptQn, MiUJ. Near St. Lolli~. oDlthe bank!! ,of the MI:~siJ8ippi.BJlle Ridge" Ptnn..\l'l"orth, .N. H.

Di.t:tim:tiw' COOI'4tterl.!"'""'The topl:Z, rorwhichc:itrine is Oftllfi mistaken" 'IlCratG.bes ,quartz, 'wnieh cit'flD.e ,doetl DoL

ViJr .. '7.-8BGWN QUART~,

E~t.. Char.--Color, various shades ·of brown ;t:rans.,

lucent, .

Local .. letland furnishes tIle, finest cry.'!uds of U!i~ 'vade':"

Val':" 8,-nKIlVQlIIIQIlIJ!Q.VA,D,T:Z.

QUa'rt.z; ruhigiueux, H. Ferru:gJnoult Quartzj, A.P •. C. Iron Flint.,J .

. Ext. Char.-Cot(}r~ yellowish, or' re.ddish, sometimes bl??d.o:r brow,nishl'edj eeenremassive 8[i!d crystalliz...

f!~~u~~~s~~ii~!~:hi~a1~artz; tr,ans)ucent or opa~e;

Chem. Chal'.~m.e spee:imeo9 become magnetic wile!'! bellited. ao.mpositiDn.Sile!l. 93.S i QJ:id.e qf jro!~ 6.0; wltt,cr I.O.-B!l:c~tt.

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6

OOMMO _ !;tU A.R'TZ.

Qb~. t. The massive variety IS somtims Gl'}'gll.lH!led Oft tbew_r. faec; nnd BOmetimes groups of wlDmon white er7sbUs termm¥Q: iI feuuginous qu,alttz, the SUID!ID:itS oDlly beillg ,eolore-d.

2. Tbi's variety of q_uartz; ill caJored by the oxide of iron, : heDa when tbe yellowish kinds al'e e:x:poood to heat, oxygen i~ abllorbed, !!.1!d ~be 6Olof is ODIlI,g(!d lOlled

F erlll;g; inou,sqa,ll1tlll is Moat, eomm,oDI:y fOUIld in pm:imi1.iJv',e, DI:OUJ!io tains, lIe.sociBWd with we ,orfi:S of iron.

Local. Dl.lhemi~, Spain, E!:!gl!ll1d, SootlWld. Siberia, and·Suoo,. U. 8. Lhcldie3d, .o!m. A1 I\f~.!It:zer',~ Gap, PtJtj#. in loose IllUIIfl',I 'lermj:J:I,aJled o:t eaeb extremiLY by tmee fa.eIllS,,-Bayd$.

Var. '91. ~RUliED qtl itT!!:.

Quart.z oyalin iri!!6 H. Irised qqar'~ C" Irisated q{Ulltz P. 0&1>. 1. This, va;ri,ely is peGuliar' 01l1y for fetlec.tililga6el'ies ofpJi&.' matie colors. eito,sT intemally, or exteroaUy. When ~he )!Idieclioll; m, extemal, it prQbabl, proeaeda fr'om l:lleldejWlit of S'OliIle met&lllic, M, ideout.oe quart:z. '['ne interns] ,colors obwiowlly proceed froml ~aGl!i, or fi,lIsllresa which are l!Ometime~in the dir'lilctiolllot"the nat.oE'aJjilintll"

2 ,&mG'~mc:s the in(ernal P)"':Y 'Ofl!lO)Qtll may' be produced., by pl~ungin,g i;l clystal mode~;s,t,e-J!yh¢n.~d, mW, oo:ld wawr.

Var. 10. BADIA:l'll.D' 'QUARTZ-.

QU!lurb: !ttyatin !ihrenx II. Radiated q,uaiQ!: P'. C.

Obs, It ocmJrs in erystals g!meraJly Imlall, and. ,closely aggregated, which radi""te frllm a poill!;.

Vwo. n. S'TALACTIClA.,1\. QUA,D.T-Z.

068. 'Tbill variety aecol'dillg to P'hillips, 'OOOU111 in oo,e or tile (ler-:n. wa]1 Ooppes min,es-. Ii. ~u, in no respeet, the iippearaQC6 of ebaJu-dony, sinee it ,cou~il!t:s, of' strail, staJ.actil!S seyer.1 i:n-ohell hrna:. 'oomposed of all l14f:gll"ega~lI 'of er1!!<m.1:idJ~el!'g~~FI: [ro:O'I the e::ntre.

A beauLl:ful IlJpee:lm-el!! Qr~!b.i~ vanety 101 my POOSeeI!S'1OD: fmm .Sou'tiJI Am@riea, is Mildd,ftd a.t every poi.nt ,oJ;t'ii1tn;iiJ,ly, witll,~mlllll brilillimt ,crystals. I niteru8Hy , and pllf1iic1ularly' nsar tb.e iiiirfaoo.i~ U compGllld of ag,grega,teo, radil!.tillg cr)'Mnls" Color. milk..-wb:ite.

Var. i2.-l'8E1TDO~'Q .FROU!! QUAB:TZ.

'QllIarb hya~in pseUidomorphique. H. Pseudomorphous Q,UMtz, P. C.

This variety either takes the forms, of cr~tals, or-of cavities once occupied by ,c:rystals.

Qbs.. These specoom4ms sometim:esprese~t very 01llri'01I8 ~ppe:UlIIl. cell, viz: bolltrw n~~llt spaMB, 01: the~'X;ltct, form. o:f soma erY5W w b ioll . the CJiIl.artz .hllid once lnveated, bllt WhlCh had been deoompo~d .!l4 w3s:tiled a'W'3y. Also.. the lllO]id form, ,of' SUmo crystal", IJIIl.iler which Nal 'lll'fYBmlS of qaaTtzneVel' a.p'peUJ, ;Md which: form it, rook, ~rrorn too d,epGBjtiolU of quart.z into' the cavity once occupied by wme real ory ..

t~. '

Ltt.cal.BriAtOl, Oo.rnwaD, and Dtaham, E"&.

U. B. Soutbampton aDd DeedieJd, Mass. Simsbury, CoM.

Digitized by Coogle

"I

Var. 13.-:I'E'rl:l> <lllA_RTiIl.

Quartz hyalin. gru,B. F'at,of F!1!t.!d Q!1ru:t.z,. P. Fe,tid QUlrtz, C.

Ez/. Ohar.-Color, grey, of several shades, somdim.es marked with epota or st'l'lpes of 8! da.rk hue; occurs massive,andi semetlmes in erystals, ;t:ransJucent; Iustre v8si.llou.s; gives a fetid odor when struck.

Obs. I. According to Profes!!Ot 'CJ'ca,vel.!Uld thia vl!:ri:ety,nc,e:t trlm!!lluent, i~ alw.!lY~ ua.nsJU!!:.e!'!t I)f opaJ!.!)), and fn ~roe insta.OCe!! phosph_oresCles, by, friction.

,2. The od.nur wnillb: Hemits i3 like that of 8ulpbureulld hydrogoD, and probll.!J]y .·rlse! fl'omsom,e, bitDmiooUllmlltte~J' whi:chat the Ull'I.e time g~ve8 i.t eeler,

,Lo~al .. Near Nalltes, ill' .Eh:II'I(;!)',

~. U.S; .TQP~hllm. M~. 00 the banks (If GQ!lOQct.iCll.t river, [tornl )ledlOW-Ie !Falls to ,MiddletBwu.-Hl'iclu:oti.

VM. 14;-,BPON!U!FORM' Q'UAR,TZ.

Finat.Stone, l. S.poflgifnrm 'Quartz, :P.

Ext. CMr •. --Coru@f" white, yeUo"'<1sh! or grey~sh wbite; OCCI!lf':9 massive; terx.ture loose ana spongy. ea5ilybro~ ken; vem-y light; scratdlesglass ~ floats on water for a few milllutes.

(lo.mp.Silex. 99; G!l.JrDonn:L>e of )Lime, 2 .. - 'Va'lqutlin.

Obs .. Pr'OreSSGr MobssaY,9, that .flo8lt-Btl(lne oonsiaL9: of a ,d.eli'eatli!' tlsSY!'e· of minute ery~taI3, v.is:ible under a, .pDwer{u.l magnifier, and

that it l!:!llerusJblypa_sses into hemstene and .f1int. .

Var. ~5,.--.fl'!lA,NIJ~R QUAf.!.'rill.

QtI.Q'lt~ hY!l.lingran'ula.ite, II. Gralml;u 'Q,uarlz, P. '0 .

. Ext. Char:.-Color, w.hite,.ol' greyIsh white; occurs mas,s}ve; strueture, fine granular; often friable; sometimes flexible; opake,

Obs. The appearance of this Ya:ricty "€,sembJeslli whitcsan<l.stonc 'Mtitbout cement. !En thin plllitcs .it is, soroetimesslighdy flexible. )'tsom(lctimes Corms ,e;xtensimbeda.

Loe(JI.Br:lzi] and nft!U SI" Goth!llt..:!. Wbitby, Erag. Tllfl itecx:.ibJ:e

:kind OOe'UJS!::I:t all these .lo0'8.1itielll '

u: B. Vc.rnollBlIld Middlebury,. Ve.r. 'W,miUG~lOWI'l. Jla~$, whEre .it forms a hill.

Val'. 16.-:s·MOKY Q.U.!.RT,Zc.

Quart:z lIywi!'l! il;nfum.e, H. Sm.ol!:y Quartz,. G ..

Ext, Char:.-C'olor,. browntsh yellow, of VUt.lO'IlB $Ihades;. teaaslucent, (l'.r nearly ul',a.nsparent.

Qbs. Objeeb aeen through it. ,appenrM the]" do tnrGligh amnked

gl.ass. ,... •

L(Jud. Crurngi(}l!m, SCflt. '!llld B~,~zil.

'\

Digitized by Google

8

U~ 8. White IfiJb, N~ H [Sbrewl!lmry lind Wudsoomugh,Vft; Lanca~ler county, PeRil. Fine CirY!ltAls.-.&ylltFl. Cfituwallj• and I' .. T,orrit'lgtofi,CofJ.nTDpsham,1U£tine, Acwortb, N. IL Fine .spe<'

cim~ms. .

U8t,!. II :is employediiu jewelry. Some ferYII.Dllient e.ogrll"i~gl

8l'e said to be [on thiak.ind. of !tQI]:!.l. . -

S«lh$p~eitJ 2 .. ......,[l'YAL1'T:E· MULLER'S [GLASS.

QUllf(Z llyalin cQ!'!cret!one; H. H},alit(!. Muller'!! mBM" .P. I.C.

Ext. CkO'r,~:olor, yellowish., sometimes grey;ofte:n. ~ea~s a strong rescmbla~(le to gu~ ara~ic ;oceurs ~ta. Iaetical, masslve~botryOldal1wld In tbm layers often curvedj lustre vitrc0us; hardness equal to <},ullrtz ;

sP" gr. 2.4. .

Comp .. Silex,.9:'J; water .• 6, 3 j Illumine", a trIlC9.-.BucMlz •.

n is fbuiQd (lbieA.y liningarngdaloi.d. tbe, cari.tiell of burr-llton.e,

trap, &~.. . .

Local. FJtRcnkforto[l tile Maine, Me~ioo., and 'tC}Jemncitz .• in

Iltlng~ry. . . -c- _

U. S. III the cavities of the I;JI.tft-8tone, of Gen.-Hall.

8'pe. 2 -CA'T'S EY"'E.

Quart,z.~lI.gathe c.!ta.toyant, H. Cat"s Eye,.J P. 'c,

Exltr., Cha:r.~olor:.,.grey, with a greenish tinge; al,. so brown, or reddish , gives out internal wbiteeba:toyant ~eft.ect~~ns €Ifligh~lsometlnleE greel1!ishand pear~YI' resemblmg the reflection fro.lfI the eye oftihe eat; transIucenr 'in one directioe, and. neafly transpallent in aa-

other; scrat'£bes quartz, -

c:£tm. Char.-Infus!.hlo, but bec.omes opakoa:Dd!spo«ecll, by beat. OMllp. Sile:t,9S i alumine, 1,75; lime, 1,50:i Q,Kide: of irOCD, [0,20., -Klaproth..

Ob~. This; I!:I a, sin-gular :lLndoo:liutifl:llliltle~tonewb.iebeome8! (rom. [ndi!ll, ~ellcdy mit and polished •. Th siz.eis about that ·of hair II! ba~ zleau], nnd i.t is generally cut in form of an olta.tenem:isphere.lm· peeulia.f pearly refl.ecdons are lsaid to be eauseii by minute fi.brel. of'

amiarllilu!'i, by whieh it is penetmt.ed. .

Tt. i~ in gre'!lt rQqI)€st:B.9 a ,geTIl; and bear~:81 high pri0oe. Its, geoIQgied situation and Ioealitics are un.l(Il,Qw.!l!.

Sp~.3,,-OP.AL +

Quart;zre~i.!lite, H-. Opa.l, p. C. il:tuIirislble Quartz, I.. Ullclee.Ni.

. . able Q.u.ar tz, .M.

Remarks. This speeicsoonta.iD5 Q:fI.eof the most bea;Quful &Da

• Greek, rrom, ih iIl!l1iGY _ II,pp!!lr!Uu:ll. . . . . . _ .. ". .... ..

'~F[rom tile (j.e~:Ir, slgm.i~yr.91! eYII.. 1'ht, an~lllots belie'l'edtll'lll :done bAd. ,be po",el'ohlHogtllelliagtb e:1e.

Digitized by ~oogle

9

oo.stly Oof p!'eeiO\l!'l.I!tOnti9. TheCOlnpoSlU nnofopal .dUrer,!: (ro.m th •. t of' QJ1Jart:ll, ebil1f1y in. ilSeonta.ining a ,gr~!lter qua.atity ·orwa.t~it. None of the n:riet:ies tlre bard enougb 00' givll fire· with. IOteel.

P:tJI".: 1.~:PREC[I!It1!l1 OPAL. IiIOBLEOPAL,

Qlllll:lz, d,9iuit'el opalin, H, Pt!;leiOll80pi1l" J .. P" c..

Ext. C1uI,;-Colors" white, miUt. white, or yellowish white; occurs ~n SIDIl.U masaee, or (l'Olwretions.; tranalncent,or traospll.rent; ,rese~td:, aa it i~ turned iil'~,(lift"e.rent directiees tOWIU"IJ:S the Iight, most of the peismatic colorE!; fracture conchoidal; scrutches glass; ea6ii~y broken; tip. gr. 2, I.

(JA~m.Cha" DecrepHatlls and Iases its GOlorswhen heated,bu.t is

~Ilfu$ibl.e. ~.

COl1Jp.Silex90; wat.er lo,.~Klap!llilh, .

Obs.~1. The pTeeiou;y opaJ !~, readily know:n from [t!lileall:tifid dillplay of ,e'bangei.l!bleeolors.; these are greeD, blue 'yellow" . red, and purple of' vari{)lls :ehades, prooeedin.g fUflll th.e interior oftille gem, 8:fid- dependiogon tile direntiQ[l in which it is turned Itoward:'! tb.

light.' .. .._

2. Tile phc'nOmel'lQD of tills beau trfl.l I play of wloUi, 1'11.8 f!(l~. bee'Q :!lati!lfactoril.ye~pl3.ined, Hila), attribut:esit to tliefiMures of 1Jhe, in .. terlof being ftliedwi.th IiIm~ of:lliir, ;agl:eeabll to th.e [a.w of Newt<m'lI colored rings, when two pieces, of gl~ ·Me· preS&ed together.

M::lhl!:objects to thise:~planati()n. on tbe ground that, were, tbis the

facl:, the opal would pre.!lcnt I'Il)th:ing bu,t !I, ki.nrl ori.'l'ide~e;goo. .

Dr. Brewster, bowever,. after III grea.t Iltl.mber of OO$ef:I' Ilt!OllS, con.. c;[udes that the pll'lJ ... of ]ight depends upon openings in. the interior 0.£ tbe mass of opal, W!liehlU'C Dot aeeideotal .fis3Ilres, but of a uuiform sha;pe, aDd which retleet the. tillts of NeWLon'.s seale.'

a,'the £lpa] Wlll'I wei] known to,the a!lcient!! .• and 19' m.entiQ!ledh:J PHIlY; who stales that the .Roman SSQ9,Wr N(ll'liU8 Ch08C W 8l;!iF~r balli.ahmenl,rath.er than. partwitih. a falu9.!ble OM to Mal.k. A,!Otbo!Of.

Local. Hungar;y; where it is r'lund ln small ml.\S8ea, in a: v,eiu. ·of c.la.ystune pl)rphyry, A 180 in the Fa.roo Ialands; .near iFreyberg, ,md

ill South A meriell!, -

Ofu.1'he. H!lugarill:llopal mines are Itt Czel'wini':1la, where tbe, are f()l:md afva:riotl8 qll,aJi:ties,fromthe wh[to U4ttsl,l.cent. oomm.on opd. to the IltmlJSt refulgence of the livelypJay of ooi<m'i by wbich that noble gem is di.Btinguiilhed.

Uses. 'rhe opuJ is eu.t Illl.d. p6li.llhed filr tnefineBt and. most eQ8tJ), kInd of je,welry. Insetting :[1, a hlae.k. roil is said to have It power. ful. elfeet in beighteniug its [play or oolorlJSomeapah of rem ad: .• abJe bea.uty, 'ar~ equal in varuetotb.e diamondi.

Obs. Jameson relll.t;e! that in the cabinot at Vienna., tberoa:1'e bro, pieces of opal, one ,of wbi.c.h i!! {) I~~ inches long, by 2 !.2. iDebe~in diameter,'lI:!ld the other abo!.!J 'b.e size oCa ben's egg.. Dotill of~m

~

Digitized by Google

10

QJhibit a very rich aDd spJendent ipla., .of oo.Ia:tS. These U'8 from • Hungary. and probably tlle luge!!t speclJOelll! ever woud.

'-;W". '2:.-17I11E, OP;u'.

Quartz reai:uiile glruol, B .. Fire opal,.T. P'. Giruol,. C,

E'xt, Char. Thisvar~ety differs from tbe' predo'U8 oipal ii'll POSSEl'BElil1g only Q r~d re8ection" wh.en turned.towUd the :sun, Qr a stromg bght.

Obs. 'fhe ooJor tOflire opal is bJ.n!h white ·or milk w'hlte.. It .is said ·to occur witih the pree!OM <!;p!t.l, bat to be mll.ch m.oru rare.

Jameson describee a me opal of a hyaointh f'ed,. which gives~. mine red. and g:reellilh reRection!s. It oorncs nom Me1<loo.

Mr. P.hillipa PO.!l!lesses a. Ispecirnen of lire opal fruin. Corlil!wtdl.

Yat'. 3',,-003fMilN 'Ol'A.L.

Qua.rt.zre.sinitJ(loommunj H. Corumou opaJ; 1. A. O. P -.

Ext. CIw,.r. Color, wbire' witillsbades of yellow, bhie, or green '.' oc"!urs. ma!s. ~~ve" a~~ ~n rolled p.ieces,; frae·, ture perfectly eonehoidal j frag-rnents sharp edged.; lustr-e resino-vitreeus i tranelucent, is scratched hI quartz; bi6tde; scratches gla~s; sp.. gr. 2. 1.

Cium. Cm. InfllSible; i!!l~1)11i1Me: ill acids .•

()amp. Biles: 92; water 7.75; Q~:id of iron O.~. PUllips .

.0&8. 1. '('Ilia v&rielY ~ emiJrely without the play of prmlDllti.c eotors wbjeb makes the pre&iOUlsopal. I!iO ,:lll1able

2. When 'olie!lcd_by tile tra:namiue~ light .• the mi]k white 't'alief! often ap]!le'1f9 of adii'erent. ool.ol'.

D~s1. Char; Pimb~'Wgewhiob h !Dilly IRlmd.iimes resemble, is fUl!,," ble, andoh d:a.![Uf wlor. lIS franlure IS, filiilreperrel[ltiy oonchoidd. a.lldit ismore tra.oalUGleht LhaD eemi-opal. It. is no~ as hR!I!d 'as. cbdo~do:l1I.y, oocil:olong', 01 hornatolle.

L()ClJl. Hunga:ry. SUOD,)', Bohemia and Si,lesla" In HIl~pl"Y it iii

foulld with tll.e preeiOQB apd.

U. ,8. Near Easton, P:e;rm. Litehfield, Oon-n. Us,ts. lit is ~ut IUl'G po~i~lled for Jewelry.

lSo:rne fine allei.ent engravings are on thi:s stoliie, but it i8. eOQsidereci ·too S?fl for _ this .lPul!pOR: Of Modern ulgnviog;s on it., ~ ea.JEDeo is meDltlQned., beal'ln,g fhe hkene!!!1 of LolliS XIII, "lien a c.b_i1:d.

1'aT. 4·.~St;,.U~Ol?~L.

Semi-opllil, J. A. P. 0

Ej;t._ Ch,!:ir.-Co!ors, white, greyish, yellowish, or brownish:; occurs in compact masses, also stalaeticel and reuiform, fracture impcr6ecdy conchoidal; trO:n~ lueen~, o:r neal"l.r opake , colo~ _gen~l'ally duD, and. so _ ~hm~s runs m spots, or vema I brittle] oftencev .. ered with an opake crust from decompo ition,

Digitized by Coogle

n

~, Clm-. lnwlible.

cm..p..SilftlX 85 ~ 'MfOO!l 1. r&mmonic.a!l1 w.'~r 8; .:aide or Irnn

l. 'l5.,-Klapl'oti.

Di'st. Ow.. It ill mafiA opall:.cl the oommon opal i . Bnd.is aim hard· (Iii. paC.MtoDIl' is gtll1e:rally or il darker eolor,llnd ill,. fuaible. It never po~~esse:!I the -peculiar milk! whiteness of eaciholonl". rn1f (be

hamness of cbalcedony. . ,

It 'OOG'Il'r! ill mGIJt GOun.tries ofE'lUoPfl',e!lpeeially insil,er "'OlD 8',

u!!.'IeJlBing granite aDd gDei8l.. . --

. I.-ocal. Ureenl.B.nd, lc:eland,. FII roo blea, andl France:.

U8'. iBa:re Hill8, Md. CQrlearj'1! Hook, N:, Y. A~tbe F:aJ11I of '.he Dele,wMe, PaiD,

rar .. 0" w.OOJ,l OM ....

'Quartz rceinile xy[o:ldc, !II. Wood opal;!P. A.. Opalized wood, C.

Ex.t' .. C:har.-Color, several tints of white. grey, brown, and black ; ?ccurs massive"wilh a ligneous aspectj fracture oQncboid:aJ i hardJer than semi~opali lustr.e re .. ainoaaer waxy; translucent on rhe edge!!. or opa.k:e;

sp. gr. 2. • .

O'b~. 1. TRis variety !'e£eOlble~, seml-opal.l.lI;upt io ib woody IIp· penrnnw.

- 2.. It i~ diistiaglliehed, aecordi.ng' to PhiHip$, from pe',ifled wood", by i.ts greater lightness a:n.dt.ranslucency and, ita. conchoidal fra.cture.

Local. HUllga[J, ~ill alluviolD" T.ranllyban:iZli, .w. &r.p .•

F:ar. 6.~PERRU(!IN'OUIli 'OPAL.

J!I!!'per OpaJ, I. .Ferruginolls OpaJI, 1. P.C ..

E:xt. Char.--Color,. some shade of red, yellow'1 grey,. or brown, general]y deep" sometimes :spoUed; occurs massive·; npak:e or fee'bly translueentat tbeedge£!; frae· ture flat conch'oidal ; ~uf!tre shifling ; lap. gr. 2.

Oomp. Silex' 43.,5; oxide or iron 47 ; 'water "7.5.

Di~i. (J'har. Differ.s extetnlli.llyfrom eommonopal in tbe deeJfoeM of i~9,oolors; ItprobabJy passes'll110 juper l from wbich it .ill sow."

dmes difficult to distinguish it .

Loud. I1UI1gary;Siberia .. SUO!lY, and Ileal C'oD.5t:a.ntinople:.

Ym-. 7. -H!DIWI'U'ANI!:.·

Quartz res:.inite hydropbane. H. H:ydrophane, A.P .. 0'.

E~t. Char.~Colore, 'white, or yeUow1sh; Occ,ul'S,maseive, and in smaU eOl1lcreliof!s; opeke, when .dry, b~t b~comes Iranslncenr and. op8!~e:scelilt after immeesron m water i adheres to the tongue; feactueeconehoidal.

Digitized by Google

12

PUNT.

Cnmp. Silex 93,1:3 ; water 6.26 j a1umin,e 1.16~,- -Jaa[1M't.l. Ohs:t The curious prop8,fly w1')iGh thisvuietypoase8geG ,of be.Muli!!g trlllupa~{lfit, OIl iUHfiefeiol), ,Seel'IIS to depend 00 the 'porous :08:· ture ol'thtl stone'. Otl1erporous SUDstan,ce!J" ,wntaining air", as' white paper andlinen, bceome~more ,or }e38 tJ';1I113par,eIlt wheD tb,eir polell are filled wilh wateriu8t(:au, of air,

2. Winklerna'!,!n ,deseriifflsa.tJ anelefitefigTllTfld etone, with ~Ilree layers; ,one or wbish, was white; . land, ,saysthattbfl,wbiJe layer IJe. ,crume black, when tbe ]!ing ,itl, which it ""lIS ,setWIUI wnra, buttbat it became' white BgliD, when the rillifwasiaid aside.

R, Il is pr()baM,e: ~h!!t the white fl!!jer, was an h!lboph~,al!d that the moistu.re of the h!!ind rendered ita" t1ransparentu to 800" tile black one to which it. W8S 8tt:lcIled, tilmug,h il. and thll8 to make it-

se.ltappeaJ! blac,k.-Rus' Oytlop. .

Vtlr. 9·.·-:MENlt.rTE.

Qllartz:reeinite Bllblui;sant, H.. Mellilitl!, J.P, C.

E:.d:, Oh4'r . ......c'olor, yellon'is~ gfley, brownis', or ash grey;. occurs j!l~ .small. tub,er<lus -: or roundllsh masses; feaeture conchoIdal! somehmes with an apparent -slaty stmctnre-; lustre dUoll ; translucent or o'pakc; aspect argillaceous : scratches glass; s:p. gr. 2.'25,.

Chern:. OAar.-Il!fu~ible,; iU!'K!)yble in aeide.

CQJ!!P, Silell. 85,5 ; al.ll'mine 1 ; Wi",l,~H' 11 i with a ,Qrna11 plrtiolll of tJill:ide of trot! !Iud b.itumEfo, ~ KI'ap.I'()tll.

LOlal: Near Paris. hnb~.ded in clay. at a place ealledMmil.Montanto lind. heaee tile name.

Species: ' ... ,....:.FLlNT.

QuaTtz agatbe PYf.omaque" H. Flint, J .. .A.P. C.

Ext. Char ~..._.o(jo~Ql',E!" grey, yellow" fl{]l:d :bla,ck~sh, of va· rious iSha~e8; occurs i~.l1Iod.Qlar masses, covered exter", nally wit~ a .~hite cffilal.ky_coat;textor.eco:mpact.; fracture perfectly concheldalli; lustre giImmenng, somewhat grea~y ; fragments eharp edged"; translueeat on t~eedges; gives ~ive]yand.~opi?uSISparb with !steel;

scratches qua.rtz, sp .. gr. 2.58 ~o 2.63. .

C/le1f' CJiar.-Infuaibiel but IQsesiu. oeoIor,a:od becomes opale and. brittle ..

Com:p, . Silex 98 I' lime 0.05; Illllmin.e 0.26 j oxide OfirO.D 0.25:; water l ....... liJaprQth,

It .is ftmnd in. ~he upper part of 'ellalk furmlltioll II, wmu1, in Umestone farmatiollB, and in alhH'i:d depositll.

Loud. Denmark, P'oland, Sibe~ia,Frlulce, EngJand. :Imme!l$tl beds a.re {aullI} iII tnenorthorF-rBnee!, and at .Dover, in England.

Dos. Nodules of flint a:.ra sometimes found ellc.lo.E!illg org;&:nie rema;ilu~,,!and.Kir:wl!.ij.qgoteJl lUI au.thorwho Biliy!! that 1.26 silve'r coins we~e

Digitized bY,GOOgle

t.HALtEDONY

.iJund i.n d ilrerentnoo'ulfJf! of runt :It Gripoc, III .Dt1IIIICr.k. i'n.d. .anirou nail, lit Putslla:m,

U'ts .. ]tsmo8timportant lIee is that ofmakin,g grmjiim" lltiherefore :assumes a ,ery~:importa:nt TaD,k a.mQ]Jgminera16. 8;!ldpa!:1i~u!.d'y w:b.en i.l I! ooDs:ideroo thlli the defcnee.llnd even l'ibElrt;y of ~ natioD. Din)' depend Oil, illllooali.ty,

__ . The mfllUlfllctllte, ofgllfillintl .is cl\.l.efty oon6nedtoFran.M! .ruHI England. mil the former el)ant~)', in tllel,a_Uie8 ,oftbe Seine andJ Marne, jmmensebeds ofliiDta.re fOlllld, and the manllfacture i8 car-

ried on to a great ,extent. .

GO!)Od stone.s fOlthis parpose are bo~evQrool'ilparati",el'y [8elli.r~. fot ]!)Qlomi.eu strl:tell, t:hrU "in 'I)f ~O beds, wl'tjeh tll$ workmen gl) through, Il.ot more tha:n one 'Or t;wo" oonrain good flints. for "5o.rking .. Nor call ·the stones, though :goodwhenfirnraise.d, be worked. ai'ter'be:ing ex-

posed to tbe:IJlr foranyoonsidcraMe ti.me. '. .. . .

The instnlments used in ra~hi!ilning gun fiio't!! ore, a huge hammer with square beads; 3. small hammee with blont points nearly in Hl.e form of'lI1 triangle; II. :Iittle st.eel ·il'lsttilfl)ent,ine'be.pe of:1I1 wlle,el, with ahandle iotbecentre, c.a.l.led It mller jllnd a cbisel seve a or eight

inche!llong. b(welled DO, ooth sid.e!!. .

. HW~ling se!eo:te~ II. ,goodepei.)imell ofei!ex, the workman seatshimself 'OIl the g~ound lI:ndprQ~l)eda 111;1 fl)llowg,

~. Placing the mass on tile left Ihigb, he divide!! it in the mid.dle wil'h 1\ few genUe blow!, of the large hammet.

~, .He next take! onehalf'o.fthe man" and with the small ba:mmer, breaks it into pieeee<aoont2 h~ i!lCnea long, ll·l! wide, arru:L I-Ioflln inc.b t~ick.·rl: n isfeqllile!: peeuliarde:ueridy and :mue.h experie.neo.

3. To filshio.n the Hint:; he pl:ace.B one of~he small piec!i!lon lh~ edge of theehisel,wbich is si:tppOJfredby~lle fOfe-fi.1lger of the left hand, and wi.lhlight blows (If the lioHer, it breaks alI0D,g tl'le: edge or the 'chisel. and iB~hl,l8 ~edace,d to its proper sbape andsi.z.e.

The operation orfashioll!Jng'll gun l'Iinti[s done .inles:! than. D. mlntltt'l, aDd a good wor~mllfi will proouce Ii. thou,sand pel(llay.

.A~l)t 80U pt;ople :a~ employed in thiS BpeGj~5 of m!lllt!fatltutre, in apII~lClll'a:r !!ectlo;n of F,,!,noo •. and they cafe e~GaY:8.ted a. ,great p.roponlunrlfthe plant t.hey mhllibtt.

Spt£1~$5.-CIUI.lCEDONY, ,.

fiis' spec1tsp1ltscnts . several varietiu which. nearly a.gner;n rtipetl to.frat~urt and h(!:l'dne~~, but dfffip"chir:fly in respt{;t. to ()olor. - 1:." uvtr:tllin.daNclls, hotl1~lit:r, Ure!! mutu.a'll!! pass 'into' Men aMer,'" flUff itis SOmtttl1t~srliffir;ult to rktenni:~ W'MrtCIFlt: tJarietg ttnRtnatfs ami the qtli~btgins. C1UJJ~edon!l ,alSo'ptulflsim~tuilJly into "CCltc (lila cQ:I'1!:tlian, und perkap.s into ltorRstone.

Var. 1 • ....-=()oflfMON CQ1I,LOEDONt.

QUD.!1l?; aga.thecllaJeedonia, H. 'Chalced'ocoy, . .A. •. P. Common Chfll~ cedony, '0.

Ext. Oha,..-..colol's~ w~ite:, 'bluis.h white,pale y'el~ow, " From. eb~l~edon:i!I obi_" W.be", it '1'1'11$ (:QQ·ncl b)' IIl8 lIollienh •.

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brownish, greelilish,.aod: grey l oeCUM inemallmasaes, ill nodules, stalactieal ()om::retiol1ls~ end ij,!1!1 h()~~ow ernsts,; surface rough ;. fracture conehoid.al,or uneven ; fra~m.entssbarp edl-l1ed; ~ustre vItreous; harder than flint.; translueent ; w~tb a cloudy, or milky appe:amnc;e; ISP.. g'!!i'.2.60 .•

Ch~m, 'Char.~'[nrU5ible,but turns whiltl and opal!;e, Camp. Silex 84; alumine 1~16.-B~rgman.

pbs. 1 ... Obalc'!dony .when. viewed. bytlranemhled. ligbt" a;ppearl ml.lky, and eemeumes clouded ..

2 • .ItalmQ!!t!llwIlY:~ appeatlle£temlllly wiKIi It d.lnk. oolo:~ed,. conoded Cfjl~t; 'Iliad i~ often !buml. hollow, whhcrystal!!of qUlntz. lining ill CiU':i.tieil .

. Dillt. Cia"· .. It .ill more transparent. than fl.int.;: is neverfeddi~h like camelJ8iD ; nor milk white ·a:ndopa~e.,. like ·ca.cholon.g.,. Ilot'lstriped like onyx Aud aga,te. b also differs tram an '~bese in exhibiting mirks ,of Il'Ioo.mal mllmmillaryoon.c.retions, when heM. betweent:h.e eye ani:!

the light. ... ... . .

Obs. ChweeaoDY ·is ofteueaUed 1>1 jewenete~ white ,earnelian.

It IS fotllJ.d: in the~ ca~'ilie$i of.rocks,· M a.mygduJoit:l, plrphyry,groon:ai:ooe" and basalt

.Loeal. ] t:s fGf'eign locaJ.ities are very numerous, but. tile. finest l~peo (limens are !laid to be (Qund in. CornwaJl, Eng, and. the FIll1IC btL. .a.llds.

U. S. EaE!t.Haven, Co?n,,; l~pecirnel1!I'ioej.Oifid well ,chataereri~d. ~Silliman. Deerfield land Middlelield:j• Mas.f.., Co.!ulties of Pen!" A.tllens, lIockillg.&('. Ohio.-Atwater ". Little Britain, Laru:.asl:ef CoulitYIPen~Ii.; very beillutiful.-Oonrad. Sll~eral.placell. in. Mi!'~ouri. Near Pompten Plam, also 00. Pr8ckine.sMountain, and :in t'cus:~ex CQunty,. N. J:; Ly.llo, .: (1) Naha!H beaeh, Mas.s ..

V$~s. C~(j,l(;e.d(m:y bear!! !\ tfitle ·pqlisb and irl. cO!l;side:l:l,I,vlye.lIteemed, UDder ~he name of white ctlrJj~lian as ILn otl)amental i~to.tI.ei forwj:tc.b

seals, smllf boxes, .&c. .

Tbe ancients engrs.'I'ed upon it., andthere are still extant, Ite:Yflral masterpieces or th.e art, on this stane, One of th.e best js the eeJ& bratedi Dy(lnisia~ 'bull, by HlIlbls.

Par, ~.(lNi'X .•

Quartz la:gatbe Onyx, H. Onyx, P. Agate, ODY:X. O .

. Ext. Char.-Color8, milk white and oJ?a.ke, and blnish.whi~e and translucent, al;~eIrnaUng with each. oth.el'~

OlJ.s. Tile onyx, so far IlS we hue: been. able to ascertain, i~ ill.. striped ebaleedonie stone, eOll.si.slillg or ,a.Itemll.tt: layer." of opuc milli whitec:haleedonJ, or cll.cho.long, and aftlle: eommen bluish, .. ual'll" CElII[ chalcedony.

RtJf!(frk. GIXHf specimens of the Qllys.. may o£tenl>e (oundat the present time amongthe obsolete. and! neglected 'IIIrueJe9 w.hich are dH(ifYfi ru!id.e in every jeweller'·s shop.

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SARDo::n:s:.

15

VIIf. 3. [lAi'lB.DIIDNO.

Qllort;!u,ga:the 'Ia.eIl1)lcmg',. H. Q!l.obnlong, J. A.P. C .

. Ext;. (Jt.a·r.-~-Color. milk ~fuitc; occurs in layerawHh e:balc,edony; o.r sometimes encrusting or penetrating it.: opake, or as it runs into cha~eed.oDY. tI!'IlHJ!!lucent; . hardness equa~ to q1!lartz; lustre pearly: suhject t.o

di6inieg,rat1~n. .

OiJs. Th il! i!!1rOefely II while and opake V'lcl'iety of ,eltdcedog:y; into wbieh .itpaSBeB 'by iustH:l!!IbIe· shades, In polillh.ed, i!peciIDen~ of ,ehal..edonJ', specks ofeacholon.g are 'often seen.

Local. On the Border8·oftne Ri'ierC:atA,· .in lIll.char.ia, witlHlhnl· eedbny. In (he FaJoo Island, Elba, ISI)oin.&c... .• . .

U. IS, ,Deerfield,Mass. (with ,chalcedony,) ,Pit,wfield,.I11!U,.

Yar .. '.--il''''!:!),

Quartz agathe,Sardoine, H.Sard P. Sa.rdonyx, Q.

IT~is is ehalc,edon,}' ofa deep rich! reddish brown color; by transmitteif light approaching to bloodred .. -· PIuJJips.

Remark. Tbisis mOBt pro'baMya '!Iriety of carnelia.o, but is [pet'mlued tu :reml.i.n. here, tl).8i\ the, VI.ri.etles £arming tbe' Sardonyx inay

be nellr eacb other" .

8p~.dej. 6.-SAROONYx'. R~o')~' Cyclup,

E':t:e. C~, • ........coIors, alternarely b)uish~ white, and red: con.sisti.ng of stripes or lilye.rs of ().n!J~ and $(jrd~

Remar.k. sY$tema.tie write",1 do, Dot agree u to wh.at aonstitutel!!

MJ'~ and sardrmyr, •

.lamuort lllliyS, the onY,lis .formed ·ofwhite and brown 8tri.~9 ofch!dudony.

Aikill.,eonsidel1l" tQat, two 'or :more plate! ohny o(t1hevuieti.ell' of' chaleed.oIlY (ormB the onyx..

Hauy aud Ck't1:t.lanrl, CIU that variet" of agate, (I]] wbicbthe dif:. fe:reOl wlotH ar,e arranged: in. dilltinctparaJleI:etdpes ,(I[~Ofie61 1111Y.

(J{!nt~. . . . . .

Pldllip', agreel wilhJl.metl6D:in ."espeet to, onyx, lind says that sardiJny,r oo.n.lIm.eof IMa and alte.rnam latyers OLQIIYZ, orll1illc, wbite ebuIeedony.

Hall!la.:ndl CuuMnJ, de line sardonYx, to be • red:di"b ye:llnw' 'lIfi~ lety of,chaJced.ony,.&c,.

011.5. I. .AmidBt thiB confusion i, a])pe8.i!'ed de~il:.ble ~bat ~Ile anc.ient dis~inctlO[l8 ,shOldil be adOPtfJd,.ift:he.y oouid be: .a~eeft,ai!led,B.nd! it, II:ppean from Rtes' ClJt/up. artiGle Gemli, that the :81011e anciently Galled onp. lIlia!! o.oe which agreed with tile ia'bor.e delruriptiolJJ of'tnat variety, andthaub.:e srudtm'!}'Je eon~:is'ted of ulteroateBtripes of semi· and

(J~y'l:, (lJ: sud Indl chalcedony, 01' bo~h.. '

., 01.0)), whence the, n.ame.

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16

Thia aeeouDt agrees w.it:b ,tbl.t or CaI.met) w'ho !laY" that ludQDYJ ie BaNi!)!! united to I:rnyx,

'~_ Olljxa:ud sl!iTdonylthave be~m employed by 9.Druent,lul weU UI modern !n~jet', fur 'e~f!~llting'~hose genu. III relief, e8.nedCanttIJ5' the ditrerentoolars enabling the artist, to display bis ta9.te and :sliU 'wit.h mO.st exqui9ite cifeet. 'fhulB iJ II w:hiLe trau!hu~ent 7ione be Delt to one OflWd, the ri:d ground will imp.ut a beautifull flesh !!'~doolQl' to tbe fa£!il, and if a white opake ~Q!le comes next above the 1ranl!lu· cent one, as 1.1l theon,,,,, tbia may be oo!lvertedinto d.rapelY, &e.

Ma.ny ct!le'E!:rated productions of this kind life: istilipreeened, :UI.d amO:lIg,them" there Ino ill. fbe Royal Library Id Paris, the' foliowiDg. The Apothlllsis of AugllSlus,of twCo brown aDd two whi:te layers:. beiog' an oval: 'of eleven inches by nine, 'Thrl'rlrelebrated B·nmnllid· paslj.re'presel1ting rCtres inseareh of Pro.s£rpine. AgriEpinaaDd her two ehildr~n, thll stone oollsisting or t:wOr layers, b~o:WQand! wllite. 'f.ne qllane.1 or Min~rt11i with N~ptlJ.n.~, thlee Il\yel'S.V~nusofilll.5£l-. horse orurrolUided! by cupids, tbe layers being hla.ek. and! white i !lee

Ben' C1F;,lopedia.· .

Species 7.-HELIOTROiPE.· BLOODST'ONE. 'Quartz.agatbe vert obeeuret ponc.tue, H.. Helio1tope, A. P. CO' Eftl. GM'f •. Color,. deep green, peculiarly r1cb.and pleasant to the eye, irllteJ1spersed with blood r~d. or yeHowishspots,. or ,dots; fracture eonchoidal; translucent on the edges; 11!lStreglisteningandl'.es~_nous; sp. gr .. 2.63.

Chtm. Clar.-Illfusibl.e, hut loseSI its oolor.

Comp.,. Silex 841 :;alumine '7.5; oxide or irmi5 .• - n,om.stlvr;f. Dilt. CiJar. It diliers from. jaspeli'hy itB tra.nslur.ency, and from

tbi~and mO$\ other minerals, by ilheriebnessmd peC'u1iarity or i1l ,oolars.

Remm·k. It ill called blll'tldJttmt ft..om tllel appearl!tJoo or~he red 9,pot9, alld90metime9orill11.taljaJP~. 'bec.a.osethe fi.nellt V'arietiesCQme ft!Jm the east. T.hese spats appear to·befille ted j,a.sper.

LouJ/. Si~ria,ICleJlID.d, .Bohemia, F'ar,oeJ:sla.nda r : Seollan_d.,aad In· dia.

V. S, Near 'froY',N. 1' ......... 0. U. Shepard.

. VillI. F.ine specimetlS!ire Iligblyesteemed as aD orllamefi.t.a~ stone! fur e.a.II., 8llulr.bous,.rings, &c.

Arti9b!!who have engraved. on this8tone, have sometim,,1l1i aVliled theID!!elveB of its peculiar arrangem~nt of entaIl! to prod.uce Istriking: eft'~ts,. Th!ls there e:..ist9 in~heroyal rollectionaf Paris, II. bust.of Ob:rlst 1JD .. he.liotrope, in which Ihe dr'ups of' bloodare1reprcse.nted 1b7 the DatUlll:l red spots ontheemae,

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,P"~:. 1 ........ l'MliJlJ. •• P.lasma.,3. A. P. C.

,E~t. ~:.-Color! green.\V~tb yellow and white !lllat.a;, iC4Cture' cenchoidal , lustre £e.eb.Jy .re,siUiJIIS, trHlsl.ofloot: ·i1ardfl.l' than ~l1artz.

"- - "- . - ,

O'.kll'l .. Char. 'IQf~siblf'::., Illltbe(\mneil whitish 1:00: OP~kel

Comp. S.ile.ll. 6 .. 75 i ailumine O. 25;: illOD (I 5 .. -Klapl'vti.

Dist .. 'Char..TM green is not so rill'b, amI. pleuant, as tl1at 'lJ:fhdtotrope, .. It is d!likar.tha:o c.bysop.ram, aond i~a tra.usJm:::euClY win di&-

ti'nguish it from jasper. .

Lm:al .. naJy i.;nd tbe :L.e:Ja.ot. Moravia r: MoiJnt ()lymp~a. Frul!i$W and SouiUl Ame1Ica.

It WIUI WOlD as au Qr!lamell.~ stooe b)" :the .Roma.os, ao.d :i5StiU eJ;'

teemed. .

. VIZ":. 2 • ........uIIRYSOiPlU.SE.!'

Ql1art~ agaufie prB$e, H. Cnrj'SQprue;.l .. 4. P. M.

Ext .. CQ.llr ......coIo,r. I'l.,ppl,e gl!i'e(m; 'O¢CQ:f:!!, ill small masses~: fraet'llltle ,coDctioid.al .t"ransl~cent:.; Iustre, g!imme,l"ing; haoo.0085, a nUle _esB than tba,t of :II~nt i: sp, gr. 3 .

Ch~m. Ohar. bfuaible, butbecomelopde and white.

Camp. Silex: ·96. ~17 ; lime O.SS, a111mlu.e O.~ l CI~~ ,ofiroo 0.'08 I

pxi_(l~e of n.!ckeJ 1.0.-:K{apMin. ... . • .. . ..

Dist. Ohar. Its color Isa little lighter aDd more lively than th.ose ,ol'heliutNlpe or p.lul1lc,. and it l.!lwitl1out S;potll.'the lustre O'fpraac 1$ .itreolli!'; o.!Id itll fraetu.reulleV"{l,g and ql!o,r~.

Local; . Lower ,siberia, ill 'veina witll ,cha.Jeedony.

u.s; NewFane, N" .H.; !COlor" a.pple,green, amorph.oua.

.. V:sl!.li.is hi{l'llly Ilriz.ed. 8:S_'1Ii ge~ ;ringswne.!of t~efin.est. qll~·I. Ity, belllg aomeUIOO"efl sold fur 20 gllmcaa. It~, .h1ih puce, hll8pr.odu:~'

~d.ex(l.eUent imittUitm!! in past(J. '

~pU'''Ii$ 8: -C'A.R;NEI,'fAN.~~

QuaUz Ug:a.:tllf! ,wmali:oe, H. Ca[!'!eU!lD, 1. A" P.O.

Ext. ,(Jhar .. ~olO!l"5,. red~ ·'\)f d!j{eren(sha~es, from. ~ig'ht :flet!~ red! _tod!ark blood! r-ed, pass1ng I!uto greenIsh c~rownl' an~ br~h.t ye~low; jracture .perfectly. .cond1oi.dol; Ja.st. re.·, g~lmnlen?g;. tm'ml.uceillt. or s.~m]-t.:l'M .• J~I?~~ rent, occurs III rounded. masses, also ·remform and in

thin plates.

Clwtt.. C!JuJr. Illfusillle, but turns opake Ilnd .1.o3es Its color.

" rl.um ... Greli!!:, tllg,raviog; be!;ll.lUe' 'ih!! I!nc:i'~'tli~."H~grl!ve!l, 'CHI il.

~ t From !ho Gre~!!j .1 n!,p~r!()r !!tudo( p~.~. .

~. FNro ite nlelllblUlCCI' to lbill 1:011111£ g( .I .•• b..

a

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1.8

CD.p'. Sil.Is 94 ,ilumina 3.5, i limo L5: oxide' of Iron 0.71.Biml4eim .

. Did. a&ar.O!mlelill!I!OII,Q only be di8tingoialied by its eo:lofl,!lDd in !lOme llpecihteclli! it i~ difficult to decide whelbe.r itbefongll to 'chali(IfIdoDy"a:ga.te, juper, orGlUnelian. Indeed, in maD)' specimens III 'theae ¥8.l.ieli.esl uti b1ended!logether, I.nd"ioSflnsihly paM into_each ot:hcr.Specim.enll! propeil'IJ celled el.rnellll!J, are of\eQ ~Ued witla, ,opake jlUlper, !ii.ripelf, or clouded wi1bc,acholong, ate .

. _ all~. ID making cu.nelian.a epecies, cODrenicoeeto, ·the learner hI!! beenc:on!ult.ed, ~ather dum the dictatl!l!l of II:Il.thodty.

It. ill fuund with chaJeedony, "!la~e,!lDd1 jMper.,

Lor;rJ.~ Indill" Arabi",. Siberillt, and 1d!I!0I!~ (l,reryotbe:r couD.tlJ.

TI'!~ 1i!l!'l5t oome~ from Indi!l.

u. .. S. Near Lak.e SUJIf;firnr..Atthe 'FBIIBlof St. Ant'b.oDy,andi ,t

llereuillneum, 'MiS30U,ri,'.. Deerfieldl, MIIU., _

· l1s~s. Some Df the .finest speeimens of !!ntique, e!lg!1!!.ing, are Oil: earneli,iul. 'u;[!d dle purest andmo~ttitl1i~pl!,rent il!lt)Oe3 of lois kind, ate 8~m foun.d among' theee remains of ,a'i:u~,ient art. _ Hf!D.ee it hu been Bllppased thllt file ancients possessed! tbe art, of impro'wgibe beauty of'the.ir ,carnelians, by some :PJlooe~ now uaknewn,

'Tbenumber of anGie:nteng~6ved ,c.ar!'Lelitm!! !ltill presened,. very num.etOUII,o.ud hence it .18 Inferif·ed that wis, stone WlU!1 prekrred to all Qtl1ers for tllis purpose.

Spe~ieJ 'P.~AGATE.

Quartz agathe, .R. Agate, S. f'. cr. M.

Ezt. C'hal'.~Agate is an ~grega.te of a variety of silicioosB'ubsta:nces, each ofwhidi maintains" more or less. it~own character and color in themass. T.me minerals ofwbidl agate is eompesed, are' chalcedony, cacbolong,quartz, am.etbyst, eamelian, heliotrope, jaS,..

pet an.d common opal. .-

.oils. 1. tn general, ,only tWQ'or three of t:heSflm'!n61'1Il1JIlM 'pre!lellt ill

8. !lingle specimen, and occasionally spseimena oh:pte ooegr moet1r wmpi:r.aed of chaloed.Qtll';"' hiehgeueraUy, indeed, ill ~ltepri:DGjp&l:

m.grfldienL ..

2. The variety ofoolC)crswhicht,he aga.te pre!le'Qt~,depe;lId's ebi~ft! 011 the, Dum.beil" all.d! .kind ofsi.mple minerals -w:hieh l}fJWpoM! it. SoID1' apecitIleD8 a:redQlted or :Il~ouded with red carnelian i or striped lite ,,,he oU),I:,liiternRwly wlt.bcbuleedoDIY lind cacnolong; or til! some parts opalce,wi.th th.eprj!Sflnc.e of jasper, &e. "fhe'fuieuu depe1l.d

on the arrangement or the CO]O·f8. _

· Va,.. 1: Ribbon A!gate.~li. eoneiats .Dfpa:ralJelll1iyer.6 of ,1!Ie'mal almpleiIJlIleta!.Il, .R.5ch.alcedoIlY, eacholong,. jasper, &e.a1terfill1lDl

'With, each other. . . .

· Far. 2. Bf"uciatt.d .Agl"I,te ....... Thisbi'!aul.iful variety i~ oompoaed Qf the, aDgula.r fragmcDUQf tbe: otber vMietie9 united. into m.lISe, by,.

:'IiliQeo'w! ,ee:ment. .

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JASPER •

. Loud.. Saxony. in I. :mettllic vein.

~ar. 3. ,Portijitm.io1JAgatll.-It coneins of a.centre of one crilnf, for instuJce or red carnelian, surtollndedby zigzag ang'lllar .Iines of oth!!ir eolol'!!, MOr wbite ~ebol!(lI!g,.cbalcedony, &e ; the whole reo ~mb.ling'with ~he help of ~he im,!!gi!'!a~i(ln,1!. fQrtific!I,ti(ln.,

J1:ar4. M()t M,.illt»U. MI)M Agat~,-n is fQrmedi of" nan,lucen,t exteriol:" 'with intern!!l appeua'n,(;es liike Y'egf!'taille ~fihrell. IUlfOOUl, '1l'IOS8, or ,trees. TheBe pcrba,ps were 01)00 real vegeta.bles, ,changed to !!tolle bytlleinfi.llr·atioll of :Siliei0118 partid'ils.

Obs. lli.Ma.e Cullook, 88 stated! by Mr. Phifllpe, has instituted '111 inqlliry inteths natrue (If the 'IlegetabJ!eapllearanees in tbe'llarie" tiel! of agate, and from which be ooneludes that they are owing t(lihfl .xistenc8 of rea.l I1knt!! in tbe SllO.ne.

Agates 're, found iD porphyry, a:mygda:llltidJ, ,greensfone, and. Leerpentine, generally llCloompan.ied with. Ghakedony. ca:rnelian,&c •

. Lo.€rU. Obeme.in •. in Germooy .. Saxony, .Bilell.ia, .Italy, Scotllmd; aleo . in many pla.ce!! :Ill England j and most ether co!lntrie!!.,

The most beautiful are ,said to come from Obe.r!ltein.;. in Germany. U. S Near .Baltimore', Md~ IDI most. of tile g.reeD'alOne bill!! i. ..

N.~ J~r!e!l' Eut .aa.velll, Con. Also lI.t Woodbury. Oon. [)eer.. field, JltJ.&s. eomposed or c:hal~cedl)ny. C8loelillJ;l, IiRrdonYll.,8Dd Oil\'. e.boJoDII; ~llit.~"r;(1()k. AI.ao :iDGeorgilJ,;M~ur~, and Indian •. 'Cum.berland, .11..1. beautiful:.

U.te!'rhe I:uudiness of e.ga.te, and the' great ,ariety and. beauty ·nf it,ooioPl) have broughl'.it into extensivl:: de:mand •. both for uSeful and ornllmsllUJ pU~8. lit iacmployed fOr mQrta·~~jBIluft'.ooXelJ. 8ea.lJl. beads.,,&'c.

Tbe aneieDt,ernpJoyed it, ror e.ngravillW':. and 60me tin.e cameo" still e'.dlrt on thilll iStooe .

. 8ped~$ 10 . .......JASPE&.

JIWpf'1",li1re cm-mlioo, dcilucUtllY. andqgate, is e1li'tfi.y t:omp8st4.of sUn. Iwf it always (;flnt«i," II gr_ef" cPN'parlmrJ oj i,.on~ and lull" l'"tta8'oj bti"{f tTrm~llu:~~, likfl tlWerrtin(1"tW;.t't' :is a/tbays l!palu.

Thie .. lpeci~lIi, :~!!'bdi,ide<li!lto tbe:foUowi.ng "arlene ..

Var. r, ·COi'fHIJNJ}i:SP&B..

Qu:utz Jupe, .U. Juper, 1. C.P.

Ezt. Chor.-ColofS, red, ye~~(}w, and !browD,. of dif~ ferentshades, often variously intermixed ; also, g,reen.. ish, bluish~ or nearly black, and80metimes white; occurs in amorphous masses of various dimensions; lustre-dull, ocfshgblly resinous; fradu,re concboidam; entirely opake; sp.gr.2.'7€1.

CAat.c,wr. InrWilible, but tU.rDS whitish.

COmp"Sile~ 75,;; slumine 0.5,; Jime: O. 02; iron 13. - -Kirw!2H, J)ift~. Cwo Jasper i8 dieting.uilhed I'romMtaelianheliotrape.

horDllone U'!d. ~,by il.!!opae:ity; jasperyilfOJ!Qreis he8lvier tban, ~rt ·iUld. b1acbn. uod.l'tn. blowpipe; pitchBtone is fusible;

,

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Par., I. S'l'1l1P'ED jASI"ER. AIII'!fmif fA.,jtl·:

Q,UlI,rtz jUpll on,x, Er:Striped Juper" J .. A. P. 6 ..

Exl. (,'h(l;r.-Co[ors,red.ye~llow!green. ~rel' or bJlown,. ar,~al!g:~d in stripes 01" bands i s®met~Dles in BPJte 6.r ,'erne.

L(u:.Ql~&autifi,d s:I?eeirnen.a are f(Jlind lntne Uralian itnOUP\ait!fi.

VlI!"" :B,~EO"'"l"'NIA.!!PlJt.

Qllart,zl'gl~he Oil,Y:X opmll,[C, H.Egypthull,~per, .it A. P. 'c. Eaft'. ChH,".~Colors. [brown, red, and y,eUow of val'.i .. _ OilS shades, tbe yt'Jlow often UgM, appr?a~hiflg " to' cream C·'lto~'. ,Tbese' co~orls.a!! ar~a~,ged_.lJ\llrreglJlar. zones, Of' III spots .. or- dentritic d,e]llneabons. ft ee .. CIlI'S II! rOIll!d!ed or ov!,de maeses, with a bro,wl1ish or nearly hlack and. rDuglru external C!1l3ilt.

Obs. Thif! V8.11.lltyi!l weU c.hara,e.ter.i.zed. bytbegJohul1U' shllpetl or

the masses, and ~lieir dark, rougl1;Elxte:riOI'8. '. . '

_ I'tlcal. It is roulld ill V~8t ,wbund.ance, in EgyPt, btltw.een Gmn~ Cairo aud the Red Se:li.

Far. ·4,,-PQR-CELiUiN' l'J.!!PER.

, . .

J"naper P'oroell:a:nite" H.pl)~cellanitf:, AC. foroe1ainluper', P.

Ext. Char'.--:Co]©rs" grey, or bluish greY-I'mixed widl ;red. or yellowieh, bluish. and brick red, :variousl.y intermixei1 ~Il spots, clouds, or dots; occurs mW!lsivej structure . sometimes slaty j; fractureimperfectIy eondlOid"l; lustre gHsteni.!lg, with the aspect of certain p._~rce'/!irls; ,:seratc~e~ glass; 0ra'k:e; b'riUle; :softer

tllfl1l) the ot.her vaneues : sr. gr. 2.6" ' :

Ohelll. CluJr .. Fusible Irlll) a blackserela,

<Comp, Silex 61}. 15 jlllumIne ~7. 25 i potasb 3. 66; magnittiia. 3. 100;; nxi.de of iwn 2. 50 -RllS!:,

ODs. It is found ill tlm~iciDity or,co!'1 mines, wbi«:hkave ooee been in a stnte of eombll~tiOn.; and i!oonside~eilllli! ahBl'e altet-ed. by heat. Ill. some speei1nena, there, acre e\,;,de:nt Ollllbi or"imli~

~. ,

Local. ~h~unt Hr;assat in. Fli'IRnr.e. tfld ,at MMle]y, Dad"', .. nd

St'~lfn('dsh!re in England. • .. .

!Var. 6.-'R'l'lIIll' J .... Sl';I}R. .

.. e« C!mr.~~olors var~OU9,.btJt generaUytoo.gmfJnd IS 'E'or:ne i'mt( (Ii brown, With ibfferent colored, deti:n:ea. tiorrs reseiDMing mined buUd:lllgS; Il'e;:Wlif 'or. qll.dt,e

dpake. "

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IHO:PSl'o..~, flD.IClHS, S,1iIlL :11

WeD gro'101d, ud polIw-ed.n itsl ~. ft2J .... ·0&01 ... , e,o:iJ~

~u 1l.-UDRNsro1\"'8.

Quartz :~ ~r. II. Dom...qoge.J • ..L P. c.

E'zil. Cw~~lor~ e;re"rish ol'ye'lllIwish wb_ite. ako with. sb~es ofbtue, 'pH, o:r' bmwn; oe£UI'S iII: ~ses, nooules.M.a amolll!hous e(t~retiDns: t.rnn~pa:rent, pass~ng in 111)' nearl:y opake; .lo=lR! g~ and sOOlleWbat n:aS:1;: lci;s haM ·than q.uartz;: frwr:ture mn.. ch.oida.t:: sp. gr. 2.'0.

Cb:. C4m-. :lufusfble, bat 10105 .ale.

Ct>.",p.. iSUe.x 71. 3;; ;dllmlae 15. 3 ipil'OtoDOe or ima 9. 3); ad a,

tr;lceof l.lm1>-FaradlJ;f. .

IJ~$t.CIWr. ih ~~bleseompad rfel.:;pu.ud:peIJ'O.mex,lm&y arebot'h, fuaib'Ie. It i!!! less &mI dIan Rim, md ~y or a. h~

~IQr lagpet i~ opHe. .

(}b.~ B:o!J!fi~too.e is !!IOmetimes pUlf~ia:f. .

W_Hg.l"ItStLlU" ja wood .pE:lrilied b,. bom..~ II ba! the __ ,ani!ilf!l!liUM of 1II100d.

Ho:rooS(uf!e is round in '~ein!l'. mllrimitim motIllftlim. d!o in .. ~

~DI limetWDe. .

Lq~~ Buarili.iD li.mllsl:01Kl; Swe(lelli.,..here it mr.s the: t.aat. of

,ljlQt[)hJry, 6!l,Itin most '~'her ootmrr~. .' .• ',.. c _, '.'

u.s; ,Mul:d!lebury', C~nD. Bridport. Onrdl~ ad Wm Ib:Jeu ..

:VtT'. Ni:&r &mug. Sprinp Ii: y. :d"" .m .\Ibm, C'O!JJIi,. H !B8J). l~beilnmd ,u Bern N. l'~ . 1J1:i;l$t side 01 the :Ihe R~e, tAXIit;d~ ing ca:roolllLteofwppej'. md fiUJ iEIal:limom ,~lIJL 'if m GO!!!Iir:. _ Newlwl. P,. •. "

tipe. IZ.-s1L1CIOn:8 SINTER.

Q:ua:Iilizh~,aJiD CfiIlGletiooe. 8:. Bilie" 8iomr, li. " C.

E~t. Char~~'ol(l'rs •. 'Wh~te, ~"ish '.biwtFI?1.· a:r,.d! yelto:wi!s~grey; Ooeeurs, in depoto;tes €IT Oimcr1e'tiiKll more or less ]p!i>fOUS; teJ.lure eartby w 6.brotJ~.. wet,llil:re eoncboidal OJ" UneT€!U;, lustre g~Ll:e.ning or p1t'.a'~ Iy;. tmlllslucent er 0.pake:~ sp. gr. 1.3.

e-. cw. Infw:ible.

''''~'.. e"lb~ 'no:l!. ~~fi'ml'"", - ~i '!,-. ~,~ "" .... r;n'_,,~l, ~,'. _ QJJe.1 I;;I!IC! ~ 'U~' __ ~ ~ ~ .. ~ .. ,-.~ u ... ~"-"~r"'"

Bi~. CAar. Thlamb!tmcle rH!II:lJb1a ~ .,' bat if Jew eompaot lIWd lIu leu hutte.

LMrJ, ,bleoi l'irauc.e.

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" lfi~tre glistening; ibrittle; translucent on.

adheres ~othe tongue ..

(be edges;

ltd;!'" '2.!"'""·PB,,\UL 8INTr.;g •

. E%t., Char.-Colo:rs" white, yeUowish white, or grey., :isb " lustre, externally shil11ng~ .in,terna.Uy, glist~ni~g

n. n._._d .. p. earl. r,. ;,.fi,r~. ctu,~~e fine graIned,' ,f1atoo. ", Ch.OldaJ, ; tmns!hlcent on the edges; not so hard: as quarts,

ICh~m. Cluff'_ Fnfusl.ble, w.itholJtaddi.ti.oJ]l,

Com,. Silex: 95; alumine2; lime 2 .. -SWnenilk. Ol}!,. It i,8 M[l~il'l'e;r,eda, To.lcanie prDductiol'll. .

Local. Mount .Ammia~tB. in .Ita'!!. Dell: Santa. Flora. ,[t. iisome-. times eaHed Pi()ri~e ..

,V(Jf'.3.-'XICDJIEMTE .• · W~b~ter.

Ext. Char.-It occurs in masses. composed both ,of delicate and coarse fi.bI'es, from one inch to.four inch.es long, so crossing each other as to forma beautiru~ n.et work. The CnlSS fracture of the fibres hasa glisten. ing pearl . .! lustre",. Its cQ,lo~',',rarelJ"snow:white. is, .U8U~ airy greYllstJ~ ,whltetBometun.cs With a slight shade of brown, or red ..

It! specili.c gravilyisl! .88.- Okvelo:niJ.

Oemp. Sile.:t :£13&.'); wate.r; 16. 3S.-Wtbster.

Ob&. Tilis vam:ty, aeeordiog wtbe8loalY!lis of.Dr.We'b8ter of CarubJIdgeMaS's,isa hydt!!te ofliilex. JIe found i1 at. the llllandQf St. Micbael, and .hence iQiI)8Irtle.

SilicioUB Sintelj, is, II deposite from the water of not. spring,s •. ill! 1'01. eaolicI}(JUlltr:ies. 'He WaterS of th.e celehrated Geysers 01- lool.od .• deposit 'vast. qua.ntitie8of it, and. even incruat wood,. grllY, leaves, ,&ie. with g CO!!J of .~i.lex.

U. 8: i&u!bHa.ddam, CO'll".

8'peeits.13.-KARPHOLITE.

KarpboUte. W.P. C',

E~t. Chor.-Color.f!, yeUow or yenQw1.sh white; Deenrs in minute crysta1'sgenerally radiating, also :aIDor" p.b~us, and in an earthy state pr~baib~lyfOOm flecom~ sItlon; translucent; lustre, giIsieumg and pearly,; brittle : s'p. gr.abOllt 3.

Chtm. tJ/uZ1'.. Intumesces, wbitem! and fu~e(!1 !!Iowly into a bromi 8pa.ll:e Rlass.

Comp.SiJ~ex 37.53 jalumine 2.1. 47; o.lide(Jfi:ron 6. 27;; olidt e! mg,.ngllll!!!KlIS .. 38. Sleirurumn.

/.."(Km. lSe:hlaehell,walde ill ,Bolltmia.

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8puiu 14,~JEFF&R.SONrrE.'· K~atinc· 1ell'et:sonite, P. C. Au,g1te-Spat, ~ .

. Ezt. CM:r.-Co~Qr, d.arl olive green, passing into brown; OCCUN! incrystaUine masses; traJ[lshicentoD tihe edge!! ;. cleavage. in several directio:ns which ap,ear to be irnlcompaHbfewitb each other ~ streak light green; lust:n; on the planes of ,cleavage semi~D1etalHc. on tlhe cross fracture resmOU6 i hardness equal tL0 fluor: .sp. gr. 3Ji5.

CIwa. Chat';Flusibie into I bl&.cck globu1e. .

Co'IMp. ,Sile:1t 56; lime 15 .. I : alumine IF:!; prot-oxide of' mWlg~ Dese 13, 5; peroltidc of ban 10;. oxi.de OI'zinl.l 10, JIeali1J{j.

Loau. Frlllklin nan 'works N. J. :Ill sma!] ma~se!!,iQlbedded .in

FrlWlditliite .. ,; .

iJPEtj'fS 15.-.JJiNITE:f YENlIiTE.

Ext. C7iari-CoI0 rs .. brown, or brownish black ;00- curs amorphollls, and in prismatic c.ry:sta1ts; form the four-sided prism, lermio.ated. by four-eided pymmlds; sometimes thepriism. is, rhombic ; also in eigbt~sided: prisIRs term~nat..@d byeight~sid:ed pyramids, aodin fiil.rouEI masses; structure f6liated; lustre g~istenjll,g and resinous, or somewhat metallic; opake ; scratches glass" and g,i.ves sp~ks W'~t!b atee.l ~ sp.gr. about 4.

Gm

Plg.~.~A (Olll.e.ided prism. lOII.g,!lUdinallyS:!.riated,. one at tb.e

common. (otms. .

Clitm. OAar~f'u~ible into an opate black ,grobu1e, wllic:.b ~ ma.gnetic.

Comp.~Sil.eJ: 30.. oxiide' or ito.n5'7'. I); lime 1~~. 5.-Va1lguP

IiJI. .

.Dill. Cw.~Blend'e,whiell itr~mble!! irfi wIot';, hi infimbl.e; bl:mlble~<lei .U1~ epidote iI~e of leM 'B~ifio grathy .. '

heal" Elba: 10 two ~I!lce~. S.ibc.ria and Norwa,y. Ills t"aiJ[ldtll'ith i tQO, ore, augite, 1.04: epid:otr:, It .is a ret, r,are 1lliJIera)~

~~I! 110:11;01 ·of ,Pta. Jeel't'_II.,

t J,: tOD:lllltllHll'tioli Ili tile btiltlo (l!t Jelli:.

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24

,8petits.116.-GABNET.

Gr\')uat,. H. Dod.e1ZI!.!hedrlll GIlI'.il.ctj,l .. M.. Garnet. P. C.

Tlt£ garne~ lamily Il1cll.lcW 5~17'1';m! ,speacs. rlIiiMar.~oo.ml ,uj r!'l!tmy,tli!:wJ!Jt elirmmtsJ, tmr :ill dlfferetrt. pr,llJMrtiom. All 1M va.· riit~.!agr.u i. ,Il,,,,am., _ iJoIJaWuJr-til fl'y1iais,wAlu ~r,n'fllir«l .·alI.

Val'. 1....-¥8Bmot1IGA11LNltl'. .U"'''N»QIII. .

E$t. Cnar.--Co~£I,r, red, mix.ed.·11!l6ftl or IesBlWitb·viO.. II· lel or blue, sometimes btood,or cher.,..red! ; "Oecurs in crysta~s; form. the dodccahedronv with it-s varieties; erysta'Is sometimes iIllattened int.o tables; alsogtatWbr; steueture imperft~d~y JameUar;, 111Istre'shiningvitre01ls; fraeture eoncheidal , !briUle; h;anslucent,' ·ornearly transp3!:rent) scratches quartz: sp. gr. 4.

ClIem. ClIar.--Fusibl.e i01Oa. Mack. globule which is oDeD mag~

netic. .

CQmp. Silex :3.5, 7:5: Qxide 'of iiroo 36; a.lur;nine, !l:7. 25; m4e or nUI.!1g!'!f!!lse 4' .. $.,-Kulprol","

Disi. OJi{jI".~SpineUe ~uby, which'it resembles in color, i~:iDm:· aiblo: THIlliw, whieh oneil G!ose]y II':Bf'mbles garnet, is: by [belT, io." 'fll.sible and! :its oUYEtalline lIum: :i! diifereDt. BYllCiimlllllm. leu.en. are hmb, infu!lible. tile .Iatter .ill '",l1i.OO ..

Alman,dif!f!' ,is foond h~ pr.imiJ!.y·e -rook=i, as grauiltl Wild mi." ~late

C .. o.,.al.. Pegu, Bobemia, Hungary" P:ieilmo.nt, Siberia., AJplI, &c ..

The: mast beautifulcome from SiriR[)~h.e capi.tal. of Pegu, and are

CloJled Sir.ian ga'nuds. .. . . . .. .

U; B. Han.over, I'f. il. B~t.hf!l and. !toyaUQIl., Ver,GoshcD.

Conn" Newlin" l'ttln,

Olls. l. 'I'be precloua garnet iR cut and polished for jewelry, and is much worn at tbe ·pre.stl'1lt day for ring,Btonea, b.reast-pius. ,&,e.

2. Wben .aet, gametE! ate easily diatinguia.'bed from :ap:im:Ue. Mil redisapphire, by their U!o:~e, intsnse oolor, tnrpidnef!!l', IWd sombre aspect.

3. 'Phe ga:rnet w;;!'!I. highlyellteemed by the ane:ients ;llIllln orna,~ mental stone, under the name.of carbttRck. Some beautiful s;peci .. mens of ancieottskiU 011, this stane" are still pr,eserved. The'Dqg S.irius engrased on the preei.oD5 gamet,. is said to be tb.egreateSt IlHlster.piece existing', in .(lUint osdsep 'wo:rk and finiSh. It .b! in 'the eolleutiou ·ofthe Duke of MarJborQugh.. . Among the more ,moQ.e1'D. wO"l'ksou rhis stone is a :helld of'Louis JerrI, preserved in the Nauq:u"

al Museum,. at :Puie. -

Obs. In .Bohemia, ,I'lufneb are, obtained by ·aregular system ·I)f mi·· ning, and whenc~~ and poli!!hed,CloDlltitl]tfl' a.uarticle, of OOQUDeroe, by wbicb an e~teulji"e: cl~ Qfpeople arc' maiuta.ined.

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kf'tet" the pmeta.ate UIlJeeud,,'" m: pL~ ~ '~ pl,eJ!Iced with' I,p@rt.llre!! rot di:Ihe.ot diametem. by '.rn&h ~tMr :are 9Qr;t;ea into, sill diifere!it si~es. Of the lu~ !iDl' U ~3!; to w(Lig,h ao !rllne!':; of th,e W!eD, about '"'. ':;is, 1 :10. J6';.2liG aad _. """ a.D, 'ounce,.

TIHl iart, Qfeouing aud ~ I~ ~OCHpies a ~ .... berdmell.

The, ooring is d(JcOO, wid'! ~ ,dia.moad bed w Ihe,eud 01. saalI D!I . 'of mstal, 'fhe garnet befog; ~rlJ pkI:ed aodiUed!. iii is ~ b:r t:urniu;gihe: diamond _til a, bow mil, &ring", A .-orli:m.m em pieKe ISO pe;rday.

T,he luge pyr,ope :~et5 ale ~ttt ad pofisbI!d OIl '& disc m 5aDdatone .with ~mery.: Of dle6e a.~, ri~b!sh 30 [per. day"Co

Tin.!!! Brt 1i9c '~led ,UI f'(lfr ,g;rt!2t ~~, m Babeml.L In ~ [Own ot" Wddldt~l:. ,;done, I'here:a:re: ao ~. tiua 2.1 milh. ;mdj UD muter.",otikme.o, ~pied in, mmll~gthi5 ~~ of ~ ·merce'.-Bus" CJ!clDp.

yar.'~ oo_u~ CSL'ft,T.

(hellu l!.ruD, &e. n .. , 00011000 G.net, J . .\6 'Po c.

Ext" (Jl.ar • .;....colmrs,. red, J'el.lowi51~. red., li1roWllli4.t ,red,or d,ark brown,.> occm's"cI1J5mUized and massl~e ; form tlIedOOieoohedron, with its, m;'lIoIli,fimtiellS; opa.ke,

or .fl. e.eb ... 'IJt.'ran ... ·. · ..... d. I!l.cen. ,.t.,; st~c."tu~ ~.am.'._e .• ~a.r~ o.r.gm:\.'.IlMJ;a.1r.'~ fracture UIllC\leo. IllstJile g;[j_ste~l1ng; bnUle'; less hard

than t.he preciousgamet .:: s,_ p.3.16·91• to .:·J.:16~

~

J' ... • ".:,.,

•

.. ----;

F-if,g 5.. The doo.e.eabedmn,.t.b rhombic ~ .. 1rieb bJ tbe pri .. , iLi."c ibrm,l:Ddi is mlhe ,lJW:!t. &ammon form UDder shieh the ,g:a.me1,,1i'"

PPM!. _ ..

.FIg. 6,T.he SB,m.e. wjlh dHl e(liges iInI.nmed.

Pc(g.'. !J" !.l1!id..ith {wen'!,)'·. u.pe:t.oidaJ ~ forminldle: v. pe'Z:oidd gatll.eIi, 'II bm under · .. hid! it ~_ appeuf.

·0"$. 'l'be giIl'loel: aomeWues he. OO.oiIB. 'OfereaOO~.

Cite •.• D/urr. FU'iill.ie .~lh .more eue lI:b.m die PJeeiou ~ jD1,'c)

a" biae-E, ·01 gr,eenish glwi. .

Cu. Ciar. Sil.e.x iI3 i alumine 16; n.e,2IJ; o:dde of itoA.

1'6'~1'''~

'. .. ~"':"~.".. ," . .

Obs -. lit It! .. ~noos en:~~r.e flIU fi~ [~ pli1loft~.W

:00 .1!(;lar1r tnn~ellt. whb al~ 4D p!lrUiD.t Q{ iron. w}.i)e {be pre.sent ¥ari.etJ.is opde.wlw, 6U~" 16 per UIQ; (l(fhe !lame ~.

1)ldCw. n dilfe... tI·oml·the P"-- ~ iljj t..eing opU.e, darliereobned. DlOfe cuU, fusible, Iud! ool ... ,i .bud.

"

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