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EXPERIMENT :3
3.1 INTRODUCTION
The test is applicable to hot mix designs using bitumen and aggregates up
to a maximum size of 25mm. In this method, the resistance to plastic deformation
of cylindrical specimen of bituminous mixture is measured when the same is
loaded at periphery at 5 cm per min. This test procedure is used in designing and
evaluating bituminous paving mixes. The test procedure is extensively used in
routine test programmer for paving jobs. There are two major features of the
Marshall method of designing mix namely,
3.4 APPARATUS
Breaking head
3.5 PROCEDURES
1. Thoroughly clean the guide rods and the inside surfaces of the test heads prior to
making the test, and lubricate the guide rods so that the upper test head slides
freely over them.
2. Bring the specimens prepared with asphalt cement to the specified temperature
by immersing in a water bath 30 minutes. Maintain the bath or oven temperature
at 60 ± 1oC for asphalt cement specimens.
3. Bring the specimens prepared with asphalt cutback to the specified temperature
by placing them in the air bath for a minimum of 2 hours. Maintain the air bath
temperature at 25 ± 1o C. The testing head temperature shall be maintained
between 20 to 38o C.
4. Remove the specimen from the water bath, oven or air bath and place in the
lower segment at the breaking head.
This paper presents the results of a study attempting to determine the relationship
between the particle size-gradation and the optimum binder content (OBC) in a Marshall
asphalt-concrete mix. The analysis was based on Marshall results of more than 250
mixes, all of which conform to the Ministry of Public Works’ specifications. Multivariate
linear regression analysis was used to calibrate the model shown in Equation 2.
The analysis of results showed a high correlation between the OBC and the particle size
distribution. The cumulative percent passing values were used to describe the particle
size distribution. A separate model was calibrated for each of the asphalt-concrete
mixes: Type I, Type II, Type III, Type IV and PMS. A combined (aggregated) model
was developed for mix types I, II, III and IV due to the similarity of sieve sizes used to
describe their aggregate-blends’ size gradations.
Additional data were used to validate the aggregated model for mix types I, II, III, and
IV. This resulted in a correlation between the predicted and observed OBC with an R 2
of 0.73.
The developed models can be used to estimate the required OBC for a given aggregate
blend. Using this calculated OBC, three identical specimens of a Marshall mix may be
prepared, tested, and checked for compliance to specifications for air voids, stability,
density, flow, and VMA. This results in major time and effort savings of laboratory work.
Additional results of other mixes are needed to further validate the use of the developed
models. This can be accomplished by calculating OBC values using the models of
Table 3, and comparing the results with the actual OBC values obtained by conducting
a conventional Marshall test.
Similar analysis can be performed on any asphalt-concrete mix design results (such as
those of Superpave mixes); but this remains to be determined. However, high
correlations are always expected because of the high dependency of OBC on the
particle size distribution of the used aggregate blend, which is described by the
cumulative percent passing of the sieve analysis results.
3.10 REFERENCES
http://training.ce.washington.edu
http://www.surface-engineering.net
http://theconstructor.org/