Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Fa x Power Transmitted
No. of belts =
KW ratingof belt x Fd x Fl
Where
Fa=correction factor for industrial services (Table 13.6)
Fd= correction factor for arc of contact (Table 13.13)
Fl= correction factor for belt length (Table 13.7)
KW rating of belt (Table 13.5)
1
Table 13.3 Dimensions of standard cross
sections Table: Preferred pitch diameter of pulley (mm)
Belt Width Thickness Minimum 125 132 140 150 160 170 180 190 200
section W(mm) T(mm) pitch 212 224 236 250 265 280 300 315 355
diameter 375 400 425 450 475 500 530 560 600
of pulley
630 670 710 750 800 900 1000
(mm)
A 13 8 125 Table 13.4 Conversion of inside length to pitch length
B 17 11 200 of the belt
C 22 14 300 Belt section A B C D E
D 32 19 500 Difference between pitch
36 43 56 79 92
E 38 23 630 length and inside length (mm)
2
Extension Spring
8CDFi 8CDFi
τi = , τ max = τ i + Where Fi = initial tension
πd 3 πd 3
8n t (F − Fi ) K 16FD 4F 2
4 C1 − C1 − 1 , C 2R /d
δ= , σA = b 3 + 2 , K b = 1= 1
Gd 4 πd πd 4C1 (C1 − 1)
K 8FD 4C 2 − 1 , C =2R /d, Where R = side bend radius
τB = T 3 , KT = 2 2 2
πd 4C 2 − 4
Table 2: Standard wire gauge (SWG) number and corresponding diameter of spring wire
SWG Diameter (mm) SWG Diameter (mm) SWG Diameter (mm) SWG Diameter (mm)
7/0 12.70 7 4.470 20 0.914 33 0.2540
6/0 11.785 8 4.064 21 0.813 34 0.2337
5/0 10.973 9 3.658 22 0.711 35 0.2134
4/0 10.160 10 3.251 23 0.610 36 0.1930
3/0 9.49 11 2.946 24 0.559 37 0.1727
2/0 8.839 12 2.642 25 0.508 38 0.1524
0 8.229 13 2.337 26 0.457 39 0.1321
1 7.620 14 2.032 27 0.4166 40 0.1219
2 7.010 15 1.829 28 0.3759 41 0.1118
3 6.401 16 1.626 29 0.3454 42 0.1016
4 5.893 17 1.422 30 0.3150 43 0.0914
5 5.385 18 1.219 31 0.2946 44 0.0813
6 4.877 19 1.016 32 0.2743 45 0.711
3
Table 3: Dimensions for centre bolts
Width of leaves in mm Dia. of centre bolt in mm Dia. of head in mm Length of bolt head in mm
Upto and including 65 8 or 10 12 or 15 10 or 11
Above 65 12 or 16 17 or 20 11
WIRE ROPE
Stresses in wire ropes
W+w 4) Impact load on starting
1) Direct stress, σd = No Slack: Wst = 2(Ws + Wr )
A
W=load lifted, w=weight of rope Ws = load lifted, Wr = Wt. of wire rope
A=cross sectional area of rope 2ahE r
If Slack is ‘h’ : W = (W + W )1 + 1 +
Er x dw st s r
σ d lg
2) Bending stress, σb =
D a = acceleration of rope, h = slackness in the rope
Equivalent bending load: Wb= σ b A , l = length of rope
4
Table: Factors of safety for wire ropes Table: Breaking load and mass for 6x19 (12/6/1) construction wire
ropes with fibre core
Application Class 1 Class 2 and 3 Class 4
Nominal Approx. Minimum breaking load to tensile
Hoisting where jibs are designation of wires (kN)
diameter mass
supported by roes and
(mm) kg/100m) 1230 1420 1570
where shock 4.0 4.5 5.5
absorbing devices are 6 12.5 13.6 15.7 17.4
provided in jib support
7 17.0 18.5 21 24
Cranes and hoists in
4.5 5.0 6.0
general hoist blocks 8 22.1 24 28 31
9 28.0 31 35 39
10 34.6 38 44 48
11 41.9 46 53 58
12 49.8 54 63 69
Table: Breaking load and mass for 6x7 (6/1) construction wire ropes
Bearings
1. Clearance C=R-r 3. FLAT PIVOT BEARING
R=radius of bearing π 2 2
r= radius of journal Total axial force: F= (d o − d i ) p
4
2. arc length= (π d x B)/360 T = µFrmean
µ = coefficient of friction, p=bearing pressure, V=rubbing velocity
5
CYLINDERS WITH EXTERNAL PRESSURE :
poDo
2
Di 2 po Do
2
Di 2
σr = − 2 1 − σ = − 1 +
( )
D o − D 2 i 4r 2
; t
( )
D 2 o − D 2 i 4r 2
2
2p o D o
At inner surface: r=Di/2: σ r = 0 σ t = −
(D 2 o − D 2 i )
p 0 (D 2 o + D 2 i
At outer surface: r=Do/2: σr = − po ; σt = −
(D o − D i )
2 2
,
δ = δJ + δC
Chain Drives
Notations: n: Factor of safety
P: Pitch of chain (m) W: Total load on the driving side of chain
D: Pitch circle diameter (m) Wb : Breaking strength of chain
D1: Pitch circle of smallest sprocket θ: angle subtended by one pitch length at the centre of
D2: Pitch circle of larger sprocket sprocket
D0: Sprocket outside diameter v : Average velocity of chain (m/s)
Di: Diameter of chain roller x : Centre distance between sprockets(m)
K: Number of chain links σb: Allowable bearing stress in MPa of N/mm²
Ks: Service factor A : Projected bearing area (mm²)
Ft: Tangential driving force re : Tooth flank radius
Fc: Centrifugal tension in the chain ri : Roller seating radius
Fs: Tension in the chain due to sagging α : Roller seating angle
L: Length of chain ha: Tooth height above the pitch polygon
m: Mass of chain in kg per metre Da: Top diameter
N1: Speed of rotation of smaller sprocket (rpm ) Df: Root Diameter
N2: Speed of rotation of larger sprocket bf1: tooth width
P: Power transmitted by chain rx: Tooth side radius
T: Number of teeth on the sprocket ba: Tooth side relief
T1:Number of teeth on smaller sprocket bf1 and bf2: width over teeth
T2:Number of teeth on larger sprocket
6
2
T1 + T2 2 x T2 − T1 p
7. L = Kp, where K = + +
2 p 2π x
2
2
8. p T1 + T2 (T1 + T2 ) (T1 − T2 )
x = K− + K − − 8
4 2 2 2π
D1 + D 2
For velocity transmission ratio of 3, x min = + 30 to 50 mm (For best results, min. distance centre
2
distance should be 30 to 50 times the pitch.
Factor of safety
9. n = Wb/W
2
10. Wb =106 p (Newtions) for roller chains; p – pitch in mm
= 106 p (Newton) per mm width of chain for silent chains
11. FT = Power transmitted / Speed of chain = P/ v (Newtons)
12. Fc = m v2 (Newtons)
13. Fs = k m g x (Newtons)
K – constant which takes into account the arrangement of chain
drive.
K = 2 to 6, when center line of chain is inclined to the horizontal at
0
an angle less than 40 .
K = 1 to 1.5, when center line of chain is inclined to the horizontal
0
at an angle greater than 40 .
Power transmitted by chains
Wb v
14. P=
nK s
15. P =
σ b Av , Where Ks = Service factor = K1.K2.K3 Fig. : Tooth profile of sprocket
Ks
K1 = Load factor K2 = Lubrication factor K3 = rating factor
=1, for constant load = 0.8, for continuous lubrication = 1, for 8 hrs/day
= 1.25, for variable load with mild shock = 1, for drop lubrication = 1.25, for 16 hrs/day
= 1.5, for heavy shock loads
= 1.5, for periodic lubrication = 1.5, for continuous service
Number of teeth on smaller or driving sprocket
16. Vmax =
πD1 N
( m / s) ,
60
D1: pitch circle diameter of smaller sprocket
17. Vmin =
πD1 N cos(θ / 2)
( m / s)
60
Principle Dimensions of tooth profile
2
18. re = 0.008d1(T +180) [max]
= 0.12 d1(T+2) [min]
19. ri = 0.505 d1+0.069(d1)1/3 [max]
= 0.505 d1 [min]
o
20. α = 140 o − 90 [max]
T
90 o [min]
= 120 o −
T
21. ha = 0.625p – 0.5 d1 + 0.8p/T [max]
= 0.5 (p-d1) [min]
p
22. D= = p cos ec (180 / T )
sin (180 / T ) 26. rx = p
23. Da = D+1.25p-d1 [max] 27. ba= 0.1p to 0.15p
= D+p(1-1.6/T)-d1 [min] 28. bf2 and bf3 = (Number of strands – 1)pt + bf1
24. Df = D-2ri 29. Design Power = Rated Power X Service factor
25. bf1 = 0.93 b1 when p<= 12.7 mm 30. Load (W) = Rated power / Pitch line velocity
= 0.95 b1 when p> 12.7 mm
7
Table: Number of teeth on the smaller sprocket Table: Maximum allowable speed for chains in r.p.m.
Spur Gear
P = Ft x v; P: Power ( kW), v: pitch line velocity (m/s), Ft: tangential force (kN)
Ft = Fn cos α ; α: pressure angle, Fn: normal force.
Static Load: Beam Strength: Fbeam = bmσ d Y ; where 9.5 ≤ b ≤ 12.5m
C s Ft
Ft max = ; Check: Fbeam ≥ Ft max
Cv
Cs: Service factor Table: 12.20, p. 187; Cv: Velocity factor, p. 164.
Form factor: Y = π 0.154 − 0.912 for 20o involute full-depth tooth;
z
0.95 for 20 stub tooth;
o 0.684 for 14.5o tooth
Y = π 0.175 − Y = π 0.124 −
z z
Dynamic Load: refer data book p. 166 and 167
Fen = Fdyn x FOS = bmσ en Y ; σ en : endurance limit (=1.75BHN)
Gear Construction:
1. For pitch diameter d ≤ 14.8m+60 (mm): pinion/gear is solid disc type
2. For pitch diameter d ≥23.5m+85 (mm): gear is arm type
3. In other cases gear is web type with web thickness=(1.6-2)m (m: module)
4. Rim thickness, h= (2-4) m, Rim to be tapered 1 : 5 towards the centre.
5. Hub diameter , dh= (1.6-2)ds; ds is shaft dia. Number of arms (j):
6. Thickness of the stiffening rib, q =(1-1.25) h j=4 (If d≤500mm);
7. Hub length, lh = 2ds or at least equal to face width b. j=6 If 500 mm ≤ d ≤1500 mm
0.15 0.45
j=8 If d ≥ 1500mm
Static stress concentration factor K = 0.18 t t 0
for 20 pressure angle
t
r h Section modulus of the arm
bmσ d Y ; K = fatigue stress concentration factor Fo (d − d h )l
Fbeam = f section: Z =
Kf 2 jσ d