I~PYMA EYrENI~OY

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IaPYMA EYfENlaOY BIBAIOElHKH TOY NAYTIKOY

I:HMEIQI:EII: rENIKHl: XHMEIAl:

AAl:EN - MHXANIKQN

NIKOAAOY IlANTZAAH XHMIKOY - MHX;~IKOY KA8HrHTOY A~l:EN - N. MHXANIQNAl:

ABHNA 1994

I!!~ PIEXO :~E~rA

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Ent'1)~, b"ciAu~« POPLKOU o~to~ K~L t£t~~OPLKOU VUtptou (~6paH«), YL~ .1) n&pLOX~ pH 6,8 7 9,2.

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t~~£~WVO~g, ~~ ~ axpL~~~ tL~~ tou pH tOU pUe~L.tLkO~ bLaA~~tO~,

~eOpc~&ta~ a~6 t~ .xt.~ .UYH&vtpW.£~v ~st~~ o~to~ (~ ~~) Hal. tou IihCILt6c; tou.

2.7.4. ~!~!e2~~!l~!!_2!!I!!S

BA£~tpOAUtLHOt b&tHT&~ HGAO~vtaL ~ASHTpOAUTL~ bLaAb~tCIL ~pL.~tv~v

ou.~wv ~£ Hbp~o Xapaxt~PL~LH6 T~Y ahACILY~ X~tO~ 6tav to pH ~sta~6AA£t.L (.s ~L.~fv~ ne:pLox~ tL~'V). 01. b&tXt£~ ctvaL opyavLHt~ cVW.£L~, a.ee:vobC; o~t"ou ~ ~u.o6 X«plD(t~p&, t~v 01l0(1II" ta a6Ldlnat ~6pLa txouv xp~ bL"Op£tLH6 T.V L6vT~V (aut6 .uv~e~ O,sCAcTaL ., £VbO~OPL«Ht~ aYm.uYHpOT~.£LC; Hat' tLC; 01loC£~, £~~vt~ovTaL vt£~ Xpw~o,6p£~ o~b&C;).

To XapaHt~pLnLH6 aUT6, HAvtL ~OUC; octHtcC; nOAb Xp~.L~OUC; YLa tOY unoAoYL.~6 tou pH 01lOLOu6~llot£ OLmA6~toC;. H ~CPLOX~ pH ft~v ollota napat~p,ttaL ~ ahAClLy~ ~tL~6, 6pa Hal. ~ n£pLox~ XP~.L~o~Ot~~c; tou odHt~, dVCILL upt~ou 2 ~o~£C; f:lH Crk:t.L) • J.ut6 .'1'CItv£1. n~ y~CIL va ~b~u~£ 6A. to ~ tlllV ~I 1l0U .UY.vt~£ .ta 61.GAb~Ta, XPCl.~OVT.1. &pHe:tOt 6dMtsC;. J.ut6 ... tvnal. ftC ~t. dVClM«:

Ae:CHT~C; n,pLO~ p. ~ .e: PH(rl:'i~ .c ~H)fcob'l (~~k ;;1)

---------------------------- ---------------------------------

1&o£C; ~£euAtou 0,8 - , Xuav6 I~£C;

noptoHaA6xpou" ~S8UAtou ,,1 - 4,4 Bpu8p6 noptOHGA6Xpouv

Epu8p6 ~£euAtou 4,2 - 6" Bpu8p6 XttPLVO

n-v~tPOf&~,,6A~ 5,8 - ?,4 ~J.Xpw~ XttPLvO

BAI.otp61lLO 6,5 - 6,3 Bpu8p6 .KAt

Epuep6 Xpe:-'A~C; 7,2 - 8,8 XCtPLvO Bpu8p6

~~voAo.&aAetv~ 8" -10 ~J.Xpw~o lpu8p6

ItTP~VO aA~tapCv~~ 10,2 -12,3 XCtPLVO noptoHaA6xpouv

AL.OVA,OVLK6 ~vbLH6 11,2 -1,,9 .nAt xttpl.VO

B Xp~.TJ 6eLHtw,,/61l111<; 01. ltL6 "'w, oev MV£L I.Ha"OnO&.TIHH~ «Hpt~eL., .T~ ~tTp~.~ PH, b£bo~tvou 6tL 0 x~L.~6C; ytvetaL ., tva £6poC; llCptnou 2 ~.Y&o.v. rl.a aut', 6Tav a1l&LtettaL ~CYahbt£p~ axpCpeLa, Xp~.L~01l.Lo~vTaL ~tY~ta K&t~~A.V O£LMtwv, on6t£ txo~£ a1l6to~TJ aAA&Y~ TOU xp~an.~ob n .uYK£MPL~tv&c; tL~f;C; pH (~LHtot 6£txtCC;) •• ty~atCIL ~A<AI" OCI.KtWV XPTJ.L~O~OLObytaL Cll'~C; yt.a va HM6~vv .... £Yah6'l'epcC; n£pLoxfC; I'H ,." nou, ahA&l;OVV En.pu X~tCIL, HCI8&x; to pH ~£t~~ .. ACTaL.

ThoLOC; 6£tH't11C; £tval. to ~ty~CIL : "cpu8p6 t~£eUACO"', a-II",8aAocp8aAcCv eU~OA~e«A£tVTJ, "'L"oAo,8aAetv~, Ku&vo6v tl1C; P~o~LII6Al1C;" .ou HaA~7tn I. TO .~. pJl 4-11 .1. HGA£C'taL y£v,I.K6C; 6ctKt~C;.

rl.a ~£.~ 1lp&MtLK~ xp~.~ Mal. .po.£YYl.~I.K6 .po.6LOpL ..... 6 tOU ~H, XPTJ.L~onoL£t'taL .~~£pa X&PT~~ £~no'tL.~tvoC; .C octK't~ (YCIILK6 ~ CLOLK06C; Ka~~ A<Alp'6EC;).'0K~ o£ £t~c, YL tOY axPLP~ 7tpO.Ol.oPL ..... 6 'tou pH

~----------------------------~.~.~.----------------------------~~

~O~

t'951'.r.

r------------------------------ao

(£py«~~p~o) Xp~-~~ono~o6v~«~ ~~£x~pov~xt~ b~«~~£~~ nov btyovv «n'

£ve£t~ ~~~ ~~~t~ ~ov ~H.

2.7.5. ~2~~~!!e~~_:_!~e~~~~

tov6 _~~v't~Kt~ «vHbp&n~~ nov _v~~tvouv _£ ~A£X·'P~~vHJ«i b~~u~~« £tv«~ ~ t:~ovb£dplll-~ o~t~~ ~. p6.-~C; x«~ 'l vbp6~v-~ ~~oe;.

'Onllle; db~£, ~~6. 't~ b~~u~ o~toe; .t: v&p6, «u~6.v£~«~ ~ _uyxtv~p~ ~6v'tlllv vbpoy6vou ~~,~~v «v~tbp«~ ~~e; b~6..~a.'le;

HI ~ H + + 1- C 1 )

Av~t.~o~X«, x«~6. ~~ b~6.Av_~ P6..'l~ :

IIOH ;::::= I( ~ + OH- ( 2 )

AAA6. .U~~IIlV« ~£ 't~v «Y'ttbp~'l b~&.'t«-'le; 'tou v&po6

H++ OH- ~ H20 (3)

'~«v ~o~n6v «u~6.v£'t«~ '1 .uyxtvTPIll-'l 'tIllV ~6v~lIlv H+ ~~ OH- ~6YIll «\I'tt .~o~X« TillY (1) x«~ (2), t6T£ «u't6. «v't~bpouv ~£~~u tOUe; ~T6. T'lV 4vTtbpa.~ (3), ~~£ ~ = c""+]· [OHJ: jO-~4 C-&~-i.o/n.t Cu. 2~·<=0 tuvo~~x& o~ 'tP&~C; «v't~bp&.£~e; nGpt_~"v't"~ "n6 t~v :

Ia ... IIOH ~ 11++ 17 -T H20 (4)

b'l~' otc,+~ - ~ -+ H20

Av unoet_ou~£ 6T~ tXO~E tv« 6~~vo 6~6A~ (pH ~~xp6, ~t:y6A~ .uyxtv'tp -'l ~6v'twv H+ ), ~E ~'l .~«6~ax~ npo-e~x'l P&..'l~, ~6v't« H+ bt:.~£C,OVT4~ ~6 ~« OH- ~poC; v£p6, 6.p« 'to ~i "U~6.v£~ _Ta6~~. Ka't6. _uvt~£~« 'to 6t~vo b~&Au~ ~~OU6CT£~V£T«~. H E~ou6£TtpW.~ O~ox~'l~v£~«~ 6T«V pH: (ou6tnpo 6~ciXv~"). !VTtnpOcpcl, PU~x6 (H6.AU~ (pH) 7) Etou6t:T£pcllv£T"~ ~t: ~po.e~x'l T'lC; 4~YX"t«c; XO_6T~T«C; ottoe;, ~£'taTp£~6~£vo ., ov6t -apo (pH:: 7).

('Bxo~£ .VTt~O~X«t £~OU6£Tt~'l otto~ an6 P&''l, xa~ £tou6CTtp~'l .~e; "~6 o~(,).

'Exo~£ ~£~ ~ 'l 6~'n«.'l 6A~TOe; _TO v£p6, e£lIlp£t~"~ KA~P'lC;, 6'l~.

1a ~ I'" -+ 1- (5)

H «v't'6p«~ 6~~ T'lC; £tou6£Ttp~e; (4) et:wp£t't"~ ~~t6po~'l, b'l~b~ ~£T~(, 'tIllV ~6VTIIlV 'tou ~'toC; X«~ TOU v£po(, tXO~E t'lv "vTt6pa.'l :

1+ + 1- + 1:120 = 1I0a + HI (4«)

H «vTt6p"~ aUT~ X~t:CT"~ u6p6~u~ ~TOe;. t(,~~V" ~£ T'lV 8£wpta T~e; ~~£Xtpo~VHX~C; 6~UTa.'lC; tou J.-("1"'-"e. ... iLls, '1 u6p6~u_'l t:C\I"~ «\I'tt6~ "\ltt.tpo~'l t'le; £~ou6£ttpw.'lC; (~~vovt«c; 6~~ un'6~'l t~e; vEWt£PEC; 6£wpt£e; ('B-r';;",stft.cl. - Lo"",1'"~ ) l.ali. ttto~« e£~'l-'l 6£v &tvu~ .~tf).

H u6p6AU_'l EtV«~ av~t6p«~ ~£~~v ~6v~lIlv X4~ ~OU vEpo6 et:wpoc,~£vou 6XL _«v ~t.ov 6~~u-'le;, uAN& .«v «v~L6p«~'lpCou).

H .t«etp6. tYle; £tt.w.'l~ (4«) K~ xaAt:tt"~ .~«eEp6. ubp6AV.'le; •

• 1 ••

r------------------------------ aj

tt~ ntpC~w.~ nov ~ «vttbp«~ tv6~ twv ~6vtwv tou ~to~ K«~ tOU vtpou ob~y£t .e npo~6v nov «no~p6v£t«~ «n6 to b~6Au~, y~a v« 6~.t~p~e&C ~ nv-~ t~e;' n«eepic; u6pohClnwc;, to .'lv-do ~nppontac; tou6~Clh6 v-extOe; ~£textonCl;n«~ npoe; to: o:p~n£~ n.x., K«tci t~ 6~cihu.'l .v8p«K~KOV v.tpCov .to vep6.

-+

N0:200, ~ 2li0: + 00, -.,.

21. + 00,-- + 2112° ~ 2 Bo:OH + (H2oo,)

To BexOH e:Cvo:~ ".xup~ ~&.'l KO:~ x~tvEa n ~opcp~ ~6vtw".

To H2CO~ 6~WC; u'ltcipx£~ ~6vo 8twp~nKci. tt~ n~~,b~U1tcit.'" .£ CO2

(o:tPt.o nou cp£6y,~ o:n6 to b~6Au~o:) K«~ H20. tuvOh~K4 hOl.x6v

5ex2oo, + 2H20 -- 2lf0:++ 20H-+COt + Ha.O

Teh~K6 hot.n6v .XOtiht.v.a t~e; b~cihu.'lC; o:vepCIHt.K06 vo:tptov .to v£p6, etv.t. ~ 6~~t.ovpyCo: t.-xvp06 o:hxaA~K06 6t.o:h6~toe;.

rtv~Kci xcivuw.;, ~ vbp6AV.~ iCvo:I. o:~cptbpov-~ o:vttbpcx~ v-t,'~6 twv ~6vtw nov 6~~t.Gupyo6vt.t. Ko:tci t~v 'lh£KtpOhVt~K~ ot.'n .. 'l &A.toe; Ko:~ tOU vt p06.

XJi);. TPIro : 08EIAQIlI KAI Al!JArQI'H

3.1. r~l!i~_=_~!!~~!i_!!~!!~~. t6 .... qMllvu ~£ t'l 8cwpC. '1WV X'l ...... KWV OE.~'V, o~ 6c ..... oC nou 6'l~t.oupy06vto:'" .... ,t~6 t~v o:t6~~v (.X'l~t", ..... 6~ ~opCwv), £tVO:t.'l~cKtpov"'K~e; cpCl~e; Ka~ OCPCthOvto:t. y£v"'~ .c ~'lhEX"'- 6pci.Et.e; Ko:'" ~£tmx~v~.'~e; twv T)hCKtpovt~v, K6pt.0: ~'lC; £~~tCp"K~e; .t~~· OO:C; twv ext6 .... wv (.H~~ .8'vou~). nt.6 .VyKCKp"' .... tva, iva. 'tO~O .u~ .... n.1-xovto:c; .tTl tT)~t.OUpyCo: ~optov .... ~~ X'l~~K~e; tV~'le;, XpO.h ..... ~'V£~ .~ o:no· Moct. ~ACKtp6vt.. loL£to:tp£K6~cvo .c' ~6v (n£p01tOh~xtt; £v~,ac;) fJ .UVEa· .cpfPEt. yt.. O'l~t.oupyCex KOt.VWV I;£VVwv ~h£Ktpovtwv (o~Ot.OXOh~Kte; £v41- .Et.C;). Ot. IoLno:'tod.£~C; O:UtiC;·'lhtKtPOVtwv, EKcppcitovt.t. II' tOY o:pt.8.w o~cCow.'lC;.#~.'" y~o: t~~ 't£POXOh~Kt~ £v'-~~~, o:p~8~6~ 0~EC6~'le; Etva.t. 0 o:p~8~6e; 'lAEKtpovCwv XOV XpO.A ..... ~VE~ ~ «no~c~ to cito~o («pv~ Hx6e; xex", e£'t~K6c; cxpt.8~6C; o~do~~ o:vttno~xo:). n.x. tt'lv t~ N.el to No: txct. O:KO~£t. tva: ~h'Ktp6v~0 'to OKOCO tx£~ xpo.A~cp8ct .x6 toee To Nex #:Xt ... ho~x6v o:p",8~6 o~et~~ + 1 Ko: .. to ce -1.

ttt.C; O~Ol.OXOht.K£C; 'vw.~~C;, o:pLeI16C;0~£t~e;, ,tvo:I. 0 «p~e~6~ twv 'lAExtpovCwv xou 'to ,to .... o .uv£I..cptpct.y",. t~ 0'l .... t.oupyt. I;£uy''''. Avt6C; 8CwpECtat. 8£t",K6e; y~o: 'to 'lhEKtpoeEt"'KW'I£PO, Ko:~ o:pv'lt .. K6C; yl.O: 'to 'lh£KtPO:PV~'t~K4It£po twv 660 0:'t6~v XOU .u .... ~''t'xouv .'to o,.v-6. n.X.tt'l' t~ HCe. Kat. t. Mo cito~o: (Ht C£.) .uv,a.cptpouv .x6 tvu 'lh£K'tp6vt.o yt.o: 6'l~t.oupyto: KO~v06 1;£6youe;. To ct ctVClL ~h'KtP«PV'l'tt.K~CpO tOU H, cipo: 0 t. o:pt.e~ot o~etb_'lC; £tvo:~ y t.o: to B : -+ 1, Y ~o: to C e: -1 •

. / ..

~-----------------------------~2

. 1 ..

t~~ttw.~ : ° ap~e~6~ ott~~~.~~ Etv~~ tvvo~~ .uyy£~~~ ~E ~o .elvo~, aAA& b~~op£~~x~. ~o .etvo; £x,P&~£~ bu~~6~~~~ ~wv ~~6~wv £v6; ~Olxttov v~ ,~~&touv bE.~06~ ~£ &A~ &~o~a, ~OV 0 ap~e~6; o~£tb~~; ~~tp£~~~' .£ &~o~a ~ou txouv ,~~&tE~ bE.~OV; (£x,p6(£~ 6X~ bUyU~6- l~~a aAh& ~~y~a~~x6~~~~).·~.~, ~~ .~o~x£ta 6~av b£v £tv~~ £v~t~ ~£ 6Ah~ (b£v .U~~tltxouv .& x~~~xt; £v~.£~;) txouv ~Le~6 o~£tb~~~ ~~btv, ~o~ .etvo; b~~opo lOU ~~b£v6~ (c.o ~£ ~u~6 ~ou napov.L~OU\ .t~~ X~~~Kt~ £v~.£~;).

A~6 ~~ ~pO~Y06~EV~ Ka~ h~~~VOV~~ u~t6~~ l~V ~h£K~POV~K~ bo~~ owv ~t6~wv, txouv ~pOKV~£~ op~.~t~ .u~~£p'.~a~a, xp~.~~a y~~ tOY unoho y~.~6 lOU ~p~e~o~ o~£Cbw.~; .~o~x£twv ~ou .uvav~~vta~ .£ ~L& yv~.~~ X~~LX~ tvw.~ :

L. Ta oubt~£pa .~oLx£ta (~£ ~~ ~op,~ £hEuetpwv a~6~wv ~ ~optw~) txouv C1PLe~6 o~.Cbw.~~ e.o ~£ ~~btv.

LL. ~o 0~uy6vo, .~L~ £v~£~~ ~ou tXEL ~pLe~6 o~£tb~.~~ -2 (£Kl6~ ~wv u'lt£po~£l.btwv :-1 xa~ ~~~ tvw.~~ rou ~£ F:+2).

L~L. To ubpoy6vo .~I.~ £v~&~~ tou ~£ a~ttaAh~ tX&~ ap~e~6 o~Etb~~~ + 1 X&~ ~t ~haAha-1.

LV. Tu &hKaA~~t~aA~ (o~&ba I~:L~, Na, 1, ••• ) .t~~ £V&.£~~ tou~ txouv CIIp~e~6 o~&t~~~ + 1.

v. Tu ~t~aA~ txouv e£~Lx6ap~e~6 o~£Cbw.~~.

~ ~t~aA~, ~PV~~LK6 6~~v EV~VOV~~~ ~£ ~t~&h~ ~ ubpoy6vo, eE~LX6 6~av £~VOVl~L ~£ otuy6vo (Et~tp&.~:To F ~&vta -1). ,"v6v~ :"t£ H&e£ x~~I.X~ tv~~, to aAy£~pl.x6 &epol..~ ~~v ap~e~~v 0- (£t6w~; 6AWV ~~v ~l6~wv ~ou .u~v~~v~aL ~o ~6p~0 t~~ L.06~~1. ~c ~~btv".

Dmp&bE~Y~ U~OhOY~.~OV ap~e~OV ot£tb~~ : t~~v tv~ BB03 va ~pce£t o ClIp. ot£.tb~~ ~ou If : 'Enw X ~o Z;~~OV~£vo. t(,~~VOL ~£ ~OL ltpo~yov~£v~ : (+1) + 1+ 3·(-2) :: ° - !_-=_'!_2

3.1.2. Q~!!~~!~_~!_!~2I~~ ;'~~v .u~~~tV£L ~I.& X~~LK~ avttb~~, x~ ~I.Kot b,.~ot "~&VE" ~~ b~~l.oupy06vt~L vto~. Ta &~o~ hOI.~6v, ~I.'xvouv vt£~ x~~~xt~ £v~.£I.~. t'~u~t~ U~X£1. n&pt~l~~ v~ n~ou.l.&z;ouv bl.~OP£~I.K6 ~~e~6 o~£tbw~; alt·6~1. .tl.~ ltPO~Y06~EV£~. 01. ~v~Lbp&.£I.~ au~t~ xaA06v~~1. 2~!!~2!~2I~!~!5_!~!!~~!!!5 (~h. K£,. 2) It.x.

602 + 1- C?z ~ 603

t& avt~ to 6 lt~ov.I.&Z;£1. ~l.e~6 o~£tb~~~+ 4 .t~v tv~~ 602 K~I.+6 .t~v 60,. ~£Lboav~ywY~Kt~ £e~L K~~ 6A£~ 01. OLV~Lbp&.£~~ .uve£.~~ KC1~ ano.UVe&.~~: 2H2 +- O2 -- 2K20, K.h.lt •

~ _.~.::f<: ..

~tO~~

.... ~~.T 1'9!ib.

r------------------------------e~ ----------------------------_,

&n' joLC« 0~EL6o«va;y"'Y LH~ «v'tC6pu'l. A.~~&vouv XWpc& 't« qlcuv6"eva t11t;

o~£C6Co11.T)C:; HClL tTlt; ClVCll''''Y~t;. ~!H!!!!l Ev6t; no Lxdou )Ul)\cCtClL 'to qICILV61oLEVO HCl't' 'to oreoC'o ClU~'VE'tClL .('"YE:I!PLH&) 0 ClpLe,,6~ 0~Et6_'lt; 'IOU .'toLxECou. ~~!I!!l~ nOLxdou HClA.d'tClL re qICIL\l61oLE\lO HIl'tci 'to oreoto "n eII\I£'fCl~ 0 CltpLe,,6c:; 0~£t6Co11"'C:; 'tou nOLxdou re.x. nT)\I Clv'tt6pc&."

C + O2 - CO2 ° 'vepc&~ O~ELbwv£'tCl" (ClC,~Tl'" 'tou exp. o~.

Cl~6 0 .£ + 4) ~c, 'to o~uy6\1o Cl\l&Y£'tClL ("Et~'l «re6 0 .E -2)

ECVClL cpa.vEP6 6n H&8E o~£t~'l .U\l£1('Y£'tCl .. HAl. IoLtCl Clvcr.YIIIY~. r .. « 'to(i-

"

'to, 01. er.vnbpUtLC:; «Uttt; HClA.O(iV't« .. O~ELboer.VClYOolYLdc:;.

~1oL«'tCl (.'fOI.XECer. ~ X'l"LHte:; tV".£Le:;) reou repoHaAoc,v 0~EC600l.'l &A.A.OolV nOLXECCoIIV, OVO~OV'fer.1. o~E .. bOoltLH& (re.x. o~vy6vo, XA."PLO, N .. tpl.H6 o~c, H.er..).Av'tC.to .. X« .~Cl'fer. repoHClA.o(iv'fer. Cl¥CI.YIIIY~, ovo~6(OV'fer. .. «vcr.YIIIY"'" (~.X. 6.vepaxClc:;, "ovo~£tb .. o.tou &V8pClHCl, u6poy6vo, ~HCl.Xo"t'fcr.A.A.« H.Cl) ~.1.}. r~~21!2~~~_2'!!2!!1~~_~1_!~I!Il~~_!~~!~

EHe:; er.V't .. bp&.fae:; o~'Lbo«va;ywyf)e:;', ,"Aci HIlI. YEV,I.H~Epc&, £vbLC,~tpov 1'C«pou ... ~ouv 'ter. Y~IoLO .. Gob(ivCl.l'Cl 'fWv X'l~L""v EVWGEWV (~ nO .. XECwV). KLAWV'fClc:; YLer. 't'lV t",pC1GTJ 't'le:; GUYH'V'tpwqT)t; bLClA.U,,''tOolV (HE,. 1) ,CX~E bell., .. £VCl repw'to OPL.1oL6 'tou Y~IoLOLGOb(ivcr.IoLOU. 0 .OpL6~6e:;, YEVLHE(iE'ter.L nLC:; o~£LbO«VClYWY"Htt; bP&.ELC:;.

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'Et_ .. , tVCl .tOLXECO jJol'COPEC \Ill 1'CC1pOU.LClnEC ~E l'CEp .... 6tEpCl 'tou Ev6c:;

YP~IlOL_ob{,VCl~Cl re.X. 2Fet 02 - 2FeO L'tTJV Clv'tCbp"Tj ClUtl) 0 exp.

o~. 'tou FI2. ClU~'\I&'tCl~ KeI't' 2, 'per. to YpCl~~o ... obC,\I~o 'tou ( ,0("'- e,) ~_OG'ter.L IlE 50/2.. ::. 28 !~

2Fe. C ~~ + ST)C~2 2Fe.C~2 + ST)C-e.4 • t£ Clutl) 'tTjv ClvtCbpC1_T)

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t& ~v.o~~, .~v ~A&X.pOAV.~x6 Aovtp6 Xp~.~~ono~£t.~~ nvxv6 b~6Av~~ vbpo~&~btov .ov xaXCov (KOH). ~v &vobo~ (-) Xp~.~~ono~&t.~~ nA6xa .~o~pov &n~xaXv~tv~ ~& FeO. ~v x&eobo~ (+), nA~ ~n6 v~XtA~O &n~x~ Av~fv~ ~& N~(OH)2. O~ ~V.LOp&.&L~ x~.& .~ ~6pt~.~ X~~ .~v &K~6p.~.~ &CV~L OL ~6AOVe&~:

~eH.!!l : I AvoboC; (-) : Fe. 0 + H20 + 2 e -- FE.. + 20H-

(~v«ywy~ : F~'l.._ F~) IAeoboc; ( ): N~(OH)2 +- OH-- Ni.(OH)3+e.

(o~tCbw.~ N~H_ N~+30 )

Ex~6pn.~ :' AvoboC; (-) : Fe.+ ~OH- -- FeO + H20 + 2e. (o~&to~~) ~eoooc; (+) : N~(DH)3 T H~e-N~(OH)2+ H20 (~Velywyf)

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, AvoooC; (+) : A- - A°_. e (o~dbwEJTJ)

KASoooC; (-) : u.\.e __ Mo (a.va.ywyf)

Tt.x. Ha.'ta 't11V • AvoooC; (+) ~6oboC; (-)

11A£X't p6AV.T) 'tf)Ylla'toc; Na.C e , l:XOIJ.£ 'U C; a.V'tI. opacs£ ~ C; 2Ce. - _{,£; + 2. e,

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Yn&pxov~a L6v~a : H+ , OH- , S04- , HS04

, Avooo~ (1-): 2 OH- - Ee - 2 OH - H20 -+-

KaeoCo~ (-) 2H -+ + 2 e. - 2H -- H2 t

~----------------------------.~/_._.--------------------------------~~

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t'951'.r.

r-----------------------------33 ----------------------------1

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KE¢. lKTO : ~IABPQ~ KAl nporTAEIA

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bEe; "&.~PLO 2 NOt2S0~ + O2 - 2 NOt~04

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Io ~~C.&pa aof3ap6 & t va~ to ~p6~A,,~a atovc; a~~o\£f3tlH:~ ,a\\~ )(a~ YEv~x6t&pa 6~ov to v&p6 xp~a~jJ.o~o~&tta~ y~a avtaA\ay~ etp~6t~ta<; y~atC o~ &~~xae~a&~<; aA~twv (\&~~t6A~eO~) ttva~ xaxoe aywyoC ~~<; e&p~6t~tac; (SvaetpjJ.aywy~ a~a~a). EJteCJ~<;,aA\a ~\a~a ~ov btv OX1- ~a~ C~ovv \&~~t6A ~eo, &~~ob tZ;ovv .0 )(aVOV ~)t6 f3paa~6, f>~~HOVPYOV\l ~a~v6~&va a~p~a~o(j )(.\.~. 'Eta~, ~p~v a~6 ~~ xr~a~ ~ow,~o f3~o~~xav~H6 v&p6 ~ph&~ va a~oaxA~p~etC (Ot~o.,ilHpvvaTl a\~~wv). IhaCtEpa to v&p6 twv at~OA&f3~~wv ~pt~t4; va ~apova~&l;t~'~tpt~ov fJ,rtEv~x~ CJ)(A~p6t~~a. H ~~~~~~e!l~~!l tov vtpo(j y(vt.a~ a~jJ.&pa axr.f6v aJtoHA&~at~H~.~& t~ xp~a~ aVVett~xwv opyav~xwv tVWCJEWV (~~~!~:~~!~: ~~~!~!!~S_!!,.:_s.i~_~_).Av~t<; dva~ 2 't~owv: ~!~2~!!!!S,~t tv~O ~r«i ~op~~C; H+ R- (~ Na· R-) xa~ ~~.!:.~~l:!!!S: ~& tv~o R· OHP' .

'~av to ~po<; a~OCJHA~p~VO'~ v&p6 ~&pva&~ ~taa a~6 a~rw~a ~~T~v~v Kat~ov~x~C; ~oP'~C;,CJvyxpa~ouv.a~ ~a Ka~~6v~a ~wv b~a\v~EvwV a\a.wv:

. ~2 + 2Na" R - _ ea+1. R2 + 2Na +

.. 2 + - +2 _ +

J( 3 '+ 2Na R - 113 R2 + 2Na

Av.tCJto~xa, y~a 'H~ av~ov~Ht~ P"lTi.Vt!.S.

2R+ OH:" + 504-

.,. -

2R OH + co~- ___

Etva~ ~v&p6 Jt~ ~&t~ a~6 t~v aJto~axpvva~ op~a~tv.u ~OCJo(j ~6v~wv (br,A ~ua t~v a~oaXA~p~vaT] ~~cxc; ~oCJ6~~<; vepofr) xa~ .a b{)o d (:') ~~~~vwv txov~ xa.ao~&( av£pya.AxO\Ve£L ~ b~ab~)(aaCa ~T)<; ~~~:

r~~~J~!lS':'

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-+ -

CaR2 + 2NcxCe - CexCR 2 + 2Ncx R

J,1~R2 oj- 2N«ct - Mace2 + 2Nd RR2504+ 2NcxOK - 2R-+OH- +- NCl2S04

l' ..

R2C03 -r 2NaOH - 2R OH .... Na2C03.

ME 1~ ~,o navw ~t60bo,~~opOV~E va ~apoU~E Evxo\a vEpa ~E «~EA~1£a axA~p6.~.a (0, cxv.ta.o"XE~ auaxEut~ xaAovv.a,_~~~~~~~e~~!~SL

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..

DC: ° 25 . 50 : 100 200 300

pH : 7, 5> 7 , ° " 6 6 , 1 5 , 7 5 , 5

01. 1CXX't,Xe:e; ~e:lp~OEI.e; 'tou pH lOU xpT)al.~01tOLOV~£VOu ve:pov (tval. a1ta.

pcx i>t T)'t Ee;. H ol.6p6wo1') t ou pH Y t ve:.a I. ~e: 11') rtpoa6~x1') aX,xa\ I.XWVOUal.wv (rt.X. XCXU01I.X~e; aobae;: NaOH).

3. ~l.aAu~tva ae:pl.cx ( 02 XCXI. CO2 ): 'HOT) ~I.A~aa~E yl.~ 't1') napovota 'toue; xcx, 'tl.e; E~I.1t.Wae:l.e; 'tove;. ntpa a~o 'tl) ~EPI.X~ a~o~~xpVV01') nov auv'te:~e:t'tcxl. ~E 'tT)V av;1')o1') 'T)e; 6e:P~OXpC1otac;,XPT)OI.~O~0I.OVVlal. e:"01.xe:e; avoxe:ve:e; Yl.a 'tT)v a~ae:pwoT) xal. cx~o;uy6vwo~ .ou SI.Oj.L1')xavLKov VEpov (a~cxe:pWle:e;). r"a.1') ~A~P1') a~oj.L~xpUVOT) 'tou-02' ~poolte(V't«L xa~

x1')~ ~x €:e; ova t Ee; (X1')j.L L x~ amlttpwo~). Euv~6we; XP1')O I.j..L01tO I. (. t 'ta I. 6 r. "WF)f".e;' v~'tPI.O (~E xcx'taAv'te:C; Yl.a 't1')V av~~a1') 't1')e; 'taxv't1')'tac; 11')e; aVTtbp«o~e;):

2NCX2so3 + 02 - 2Na2S04

fl.cx AtST)'tEe; u(jJ~x'~e; ~tEOTJc;,~poH~a'tCXI. 11 uf;po~tvTl (N2HL):

-

To CO2 be:oj.Le:ve:'tal. X1')~LX~ ~e: 't~ Xp~OT) V6pO~f~~LWV cx\xcx\twv (~.x.

NcxOH).

ntpa cxlt6 'ta ~LO ~~vw, u~~pxouv xcx~ ax'\a 1tOI.OlI.Xa xcxpaK'tT)pI.OlI.Xa 6- ltWe; ouvo\I.X~ o'tEpe:a,6I.a~~vELa.xpwj.Lcx,OVyxtv,pwa1') ag, v",r"x« (N03 )

X.A.1t.

To Sl.o~1')xavl.x6 ve:p6 a'l-1o\e:S~'twv (VEpO 'tpoC!ohootae;-FEEDWATER) 1tf'E.1t€1. 1. Ncx tx£1. CX1taA\aYEt a1to a~wrov~e:v« ale:pga(~I.\'tpapl.o~cx). ETtto~e; cx~6 He; EHo.AU~€;VEe; opyav~K€;e; . ouet EC;.

2. Net £X e: I. a1taAx'cxy d a~o la e:lt1. S\aS~ atp ~a °2, CO2 (et1tcxr. pw't fe; . XI1~ I. - ){a) •

3. Ncx e:xe:1. e:AaX~alT) oX\1')p6't1')'ta (~e:pt1tOU ~1')6€;v) (a~oox\1')pW'tEe; xal.

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Xl)I.H Kci) •

4. N« tx£~ Op~o~tvl) aAKaA~X6~l)~« (y~« ~l) b~«t~pl)Ol) v¢~~ov pH).

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8.4·_!!lI!.:~_~~~~~_~!e~!. EtvOL~ 'to v&p6 OL1t6 'to 01toto £xouv OL1tO~KpUve£t 6A£C; o~ 6~aAUllfVEC; O\)O't£C;. Ipl)CJl.llo1tO~£t'tOLL CJt OP~CJIl£vtC; £~~~K'C; ~1.01ll)X«\ltEc;,a£ &PYOLCJ't~pLOL.\loaoKoll£tOL K.A.1t. AOLIlP6Lv£'t«~Il£ «1t6a'ta(1 •

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lEI. ERATO: TA KYPIOTEPA IlETAAAA hI 01 ENQEE1t TOYt

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tvv«p~T)aT) ~T)!; XT)~P'.~!; ~ou~ (;pcxa~~K6~T)'t~,itv"~ KUL TJ K"~«a~aO'r;

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)lXO~ -T ;j CO ---- x)I~ -t ~ C92

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( C'1"" , )IT) ): Cr203 + 2A~ --- 2C ... + A~203·

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~'t6: 't~ Ttapao)(£v~ 'twv xpall6:'twv,'ta avo'ta't~x6: 'tous £tva~ ovva't6 va f1- ~~ovpyf)oovv £VW01'] (o~a~£~aA~~)(fJ). ~ .a 6:'to~a 'tov £v6~ o'to~xdov va ~ap£~a~Aov'tat. 0't0 xpva'taAA~)(6 'ltAty~a .ov 6:A~ou (01tp£6 ot.6:Avlla)

~ y£v~x6: va b1']~~oupy£t'ta~ Ilty~a a~£p£wv ~6:a£wv.'

H ).1£A£'t1') ~wv xP«ll6:~wv £tva~ av't~x£t).1£VO £~6~xov ~ae~~a'to~ (Il£'ta\Aoyvwota).

O'~~~re~~~~!~_:_~~e~:'~~_~~~~!!~!l_~e~~!~~:_ H tT)fHX~ av6:~voTJ r.e» d va~ £Kapx~s y~a 'tn ~£\£'tT) 'twv ~6~o'tfJ'twv 'twv Kpa~a,wv.

Au'tTj ea ~~ 660£1. 'tT)V avaAoyC. ~£ 'tT)V oTtota ovvav'twv'ta~ ~a ouo'tar ~x6:, aA\a. o£V Sa npoKv~IOVV nA1']po<ropt£~ y ~a 'tT) )H'VO"ta\\ ~xfl f>0~"1 -cou xpa.lJ.a'tos. H 'tE:AE:v'ta(a )(aeoptl;£~ He; ~TJxav~x£:e; ~h61'1')H,~ xa~

O~ aAAayE;<;'tT)~ E:XOUV £~at.p£~~K~ C1Tll.LaatDL.Tho~e:~ Tt\1')por:ort£~ '0tI.L~vov'ta~ ~a 't~ e£p~~K~ av6Avon 'tov Kp~a"to~. npo~ 1'OV1'O 'to xpa.lla 1J(p'01'a'ta~ (vn6 ~opcp~ 't~Yl-la-co~) 13paoda a1t6<l:v~T), Ka~ TtapaKoAov8rt-ca~ T) e£p~oxpaota ~ou ovvap't~o£~ 'tov Xp6vov.

I:-;T) 1t£pCTt'tWOTJ xaeapov 1lE:'t"aA\OV (KaI-lTtV~TJ (a) ), 1') S£r-I-lOK(ao[a ~nwVI:-ca~ Kavov~K6: ~£Xp~ 'to oTJ~do a1 (nov av't~a.o~xd 01'0 OT)lldo 't~;T)~)

r---------------------------S4

Ebw .0 ~t.aAAO ~PXL~£L va a.£p£o~oL£t.a~.~ a£p~oxpaata ~ar~~fvrL a.~e£p~ HaL 6.av O\OHA~pwe£t ~ a.£p£onoL~a~ (a~~£to a2) ovvrxC~rL

va x~.tPX£.~L xavovLH«. E.~ ~£pL~.wa~ 6~~ xp«~~.o~.a~ov fXOV~E

~L~ £nL~p«ovVo~ O.~ ~£Cwo~ av.~ ~ov aV.Lo.oLX£L 0.0 .~~~a .1~ xa~nvA~~ ~1~2. Av.6 oV~~aLV&L YL(l.t O'to a'l~£Lo ~1 ~PXt1;£L (10'1 va aupeono Ld.aL €:va a~6 'ta ova.aHX« rou HP(&l1a'toc; (av't6 ~£ 'to q'TjAWU:PO a.'t.) 'Axo~oue£t Tj a't£p£OnoLTjOTJ .ou Hp&~,OC; 11£ a'tae£p~ e£p~oxpaata' ('t~~~a Ha~~VATjC; ~2~3) HaL a.Tj cuvtxtLa Tj e£p~OHpaa(a 'tou a't£p£o~ ~opwtvou Hp«~a.oc; ~£LWV£'t~L HavovLH«. EvbLa<p&pOV ~(lpOuaL«1;ouv OL e£p~OKpaat£c; 'twv aTj~£Lwv ~1 HaL ~3 (apx~ ~aL n£p~ 't~~ a.£p£onoL~a~~). Au'tt~ ~£'tal3«AAov'taL ~E 't~ ~E.a~oA~ 'r~C; avv6£a'jC; .ou Hr«~a'toc; H ~£.a~oA~ 'tou~ at avv~p~~a~ 't~c; £Ka'toa'tLat~ ava.aaTJc;.a~o.£\E: .0 e£p~LK6 bL~ypa~~a Laoppontac; tou H~~.OC; 'twv OVYHEKPL~£VWV avo'ta'tLKWV. E£ H~e£ n£pLox~ 'tou bLayp~~a'to~ ~u'tov naLPvou~E aTJ~av't.Htc; nATJPo<pop(t~ YLa 'tTj <puaLK~ xa't~a't~aTj KaL 't~ xpuo'ta\\Lxf1 tO~l KO~~~'twv YVWpL,o"'ta~ 'tT)v ~vaAoyta 'twv OUO't~HKWV xaL tTJ eq·~oKr(loLa.E;~ELWVOU~t nwc; un«PX£L ~La OPLO~&VTj ~v~\oYLa O'TJV onoL~ 'to Kp~a n~pouoL6(£L .0 X~~TJAW't£pO o~~£to 't~~~c;. H K~nv\TJ e£p~OHpaotac;xpovou napOVOL~'&L aVaAoyt~ ~£ au't~ .ou K~eapov ~t't~A\OU. To ~r~~ au't6 KaA£t.aL_!:!!!g~!.:~2 KaL TtapOUOL~Z;£L xa~ax't~pLoHH~ XPIJ01:«\\WOfj KpVO'taA~OL £V't~K'tLHOU xP(&~'toc; napouoL&Z;ov'taL O't~ xpi~a.~ OTtO Laob~~o't£ ~VaAOyt~.

6LVO~£ o't~ auvtX£L~ 'tunoIJC; e&p~LXWV bLayp~~&'twv 6L~£PWV Kpa~«'tWV.

T'

An\6c; £u'tTjx'tLx6C; 'tu~oc; 1: Yyp~ <P&OTJ ('t~y~a)

2: T~y~~ K~L 0't£p£6 (A) ~: T~y~~ HaL o.£p£6 (B)

4: E't£p£6:4~:AxaL £V.TjX1:.x6 xP(&~~. 413:B HaL £u.TjxtLx6 KpB,J,a.

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-:41!> ......

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r----:------------I~- 55 --------------..

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III.H't61; 't(ntOI; 1: Tf}y~

2,~: T~y~« K«I. C't&p&6

4,5,6: t't&P&~ ~~~,opnl; HPUC't«~~I.H~I; ~0~~1;.

t

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2: n&pI.OX~ 1.00oppont««; uyp~~ K«I. c't&pe~~ ~O'nl; (n&pI.OX~ C'tF.PEO no'nc,,~).

~: n&pI.OX~ O''t&pe~~ ~cn~

(c'tepe6 ~I.~u~).

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A

-) /. 9.2. ~2_!~!e~2_~~~_2~_~~~~~5_!2~_ To RCI &X&~ Z-=11 H«1. n~eH'tpov"H~ bo~~

2-8-1. Avf)H&I. (11:T) 1« o~~fJ« 't.OU

n&pl.ool.Ho6 O'UO''t~~CI'tO~,&Cv« .. no~6 bpClC'tI.H6 (I.O'xu~ ClVClYWYI.K6) ~&'tCl'tpen6~&vo O'e ~6v NCl+(ax"~«'ttC&1. e't&pono~I.Ho6~ be~ou~).OI. evWatl.1;

'tou &tv«1. no~v eubl.~u'teI;CJ'to vep6. 'E'tcl.,O'uv«v't~'tClI. ~'t" q>ua" HUptWC; ~l.aAU~&VO 0''tT) e~acOCl un6 ~opq>~ X~wpl.06xou RCI'tptou (2,8~ ~t~ n£p~e HHK6'tT)'t«). fAv NClCe «nClV'f~'t«1. K«I. ~v opuH't6 (opuK'f6 aA~n). Elf' .. 01')1; O'CIV. OPUH't~ avvClv'twv'tClI. 'tCl NclNO~ (vt'fPO ~T)(; XI.~f)c;),NCl2B40?U6pCIH ) n«pCloxev~e'tClI. at H«e«p~ HCI't~O't«cn ~& T)~£Htp6~vOT) 't~y~«'to~' R«Ct. Av'tl.bp~ ~(ClI.CI ~e 'to vep6 GX"~'ftCOV'fCl«; ubpo~&tbl.o (N«OB).8ep~Cl~v6- ~evo ~e 0~uy6vo (~ a'tov CI&pCl) btvel. o~&tb .. o (N«20) ~ v~&po~etbl.o (NCl202)·

!~e2~~f~~2_!2~_!!!ef2~ (H«VO'f"H~ o6bCl :N«OR): To VbCl'tI.H6 bl.&Av~ tOV,&tvClI. 1.0xvpf) ~o~ (~~I.o). ~K&V~&'t« .. ~ .. O~nXClVI.H~ ~e bvo ~1E;e6boul; :

- lie xCluo'tl.xonotT)GTJ 'tov Clvepaxl.xo6 va'tptou:

NCl2CO~ + Ccl( OR) 2 ~ , CclC03 + 2N«OH

- 11& T)AeXTp6~voT) bl.aA6~«'to~ X~wpl.06xov vCl'tptov.To ~pClXetv O'tT)V K~ 9060 Cln6 vbp~pyvpo-NCl,Clv't .. bp~ ~e 'f0 vep6 K«1. bevel. NClOH:

2RCI + 2H20 ~ 2NC10H + H2

To N«OH npOO~~Ael. 'fO S~02 XCII. 'fa nVpl.'tI.K~ &ACl'fCl (xApa(n v~ov X«I. 'tOPO£AQ;VT)C;).

Xp"51.~onol.£t'tClI. a'fT) o«nwvonol.t«,o'tT) ~l.o~"XClv'a 'twv O'vv6e'fl.xwv Xpw-

r-----------------------------5~ --------------------------__,

~6t'tWV HI XCX'tEpYCXOtCX ~~16cxx~ou ,0't1") 7tCXpcxywy~ CX\OV~ CVCXe; XCX~ 0'tT] 7tCXpao)(EV~ 7tOAAWV XTJIHXWV 7tpo·~6v'twv.

~~~~~i~~_~!ei2 (cxv6~x.x~ 06bCX:NCX2C03):ncxPCXoXEV6t~E'tCX~ ~~O~1")XCXVLX6t CX7t6 'to b ~c¥-V~tvo 0't0 VE:p6 'tT)e; 66tAcxoocxe; N<xct ~E buo ~E66bove;: -Mt60boe; LEBLANC: To 6aAcxoo~v6 vEp6 OV~7tVXVWVE'tCXV )((X~ 'to 7tvxv6 b~6t\v~cx NcxOt, 7tOV 7tPOXU7t'tE~ cxv't~bp6t ~& 7tvxv6 H2S04, 07t6'tE ACX~~VE'tCX~ NCX2S04• AV't6 6&P~tvE'tCX~ ~E \t~0'tp~~T)6tv'tcx .06EO't6A~60 XCX~ ~wx:

2NcxCe. + H2S04 --- Ncx2S04 + HCe.

Ncx2S04 -+ CcxC03 "'·2C - NCX2C03 -+- ces + 2C02

- Mt60boe; SOLVAY: To 7tvxv6 bL6tAV~CX Ncxel XOPEVV'tCXL ~E ~~wvtcx (NH3). t'tTJ ovvtXtLCX cxv't~bp6t ~t CO2 xcx~ A~66tvE'tCX~ NaBC03. Av't6,6Ep~~6~F.vO bCVE~ NCX2C03:

002+ NH3 t Rcxet or H20 -- NcxHC03 + NH4 ct

2RcxHC03 _ Ncx2C03 + H20 + CO2'

BptoxE~ 7t\cx't~6t &~P~oy~ XPT)O~~07tO~OU~EVO, 0'tT) OCX7tWV07tO~tcx,'t1") 7tCXPCXOXEV~ v6tAov,6cx~~x~,XCXp't07tOLtCX,CX7tOo)(A~PT)VOTJ VEPOU x.\.7t.

9.3. !2_~~i2_~~i_2~_~~~~i~_!2~_

To X6tALO (X) 7tCXPOVO~6t~E~ 7tCXp6~OLCX xcxpax'tTJP~O'tLX6t ~E'tO Nex. Av~x£L 0't1") CbLCX o~6tbcx 'tov n&p~ObLXOU ovo't~~cx'toe; (1cx),txE~ Z=11 xcx~ bo~~ 2-8-8-1 tXt~ bT)\. xcx~ cxv't6 1~ O'tT)V E~W'tEPLX~ 'tov 0'tL66tbcx. ECVCXL 7tOAV Loxvp6 cxvcxywYLx6 O~ELbou~EVO 7tpOe; K+. tXT)~'tC~&L &VWOELe; 7tOAU EvoL6tAV'tEe; O'to vEp6 (Ex't6e; E~CXLptO&WV OPLO~&VWV GA6t'twv: KCe04 x.cx.) '!'taL )((XL cxv't6 OVVCXV't6t'tCXL v7t6 ~op~~ EVWOEWV 'tOV 0't0 VEp6 (~to~ 7tEP~&x't~x6'tTJ'tcx 0'tT) 66tAcxoou 0,08%). EtVCXL A~yW'tEPO b~cxbt>~i:vo 0'tT) ~UOT) CX7t6 'to Ncx. Evvcxv't6t'tCX~ t7tCOT)e; 0& CXPXE't6t OPVX't6t (6to'tpLOe;, XCXpVcxAt'tTJe;,OVA6tvT) x.cx.' ncxpCXOxtV~t'tCXL at xcx6cxp~ XCX't6tO'tCXOT) ~t 1")\&x'tp6\vo1") 't~y~cx'toe; KOB.

ME 'to vtp6 cxv't~bp6t 6LCX~6'ttpcx 'tov Ncx 7tpOe; KOB. AxPL6w'tEPO 'tov Ncxx~~O~~07tO ~d'tCXL xvptwe; O'tCX fCal'fo)(v't.-;«r::cx.

!~e2~~f~~2_!2~_~f2~ (XCXVO'tLX~ 7t0't6tocx - KOH): ncxpovo~6t~t~ 7tCXr6~OLEe; LbL6'tTI'tEe; ~t cxv'tte; 'tov NcxOH (Loxvp6 ~cxo~x6 bC6t\v~cx It.A.7t.). Xr::T'O~~07tOLtC.CXL O't'l OCX7twvo7todcx,'tI'v vcxAovpytcx,o't1')v AVcxAV'tLX~ X1')~dcx x.cx. ~~~~~!:.~~_~.!:.2_ (7to't6tGJcx: K2C03). I:vva.v't6t'tcx~ 0't1") o't6tx't1') 'twv ov'twv VIe; ~1")p6tc;.ncxpCXOX&V~t'tcx~ cxv6tAoyCX ~t 'to Ncx2C03 XCXL XP1')OL~07tOLE('tCX~ YLCX

.1') 7tCXPCXOX&V~ vaAov Bo1')~~x~e;,~\cxxwv OCX7twvwv,KOH x.CX.

9.4·_~r~~~.!:.2_~!J2i

~pcxo't~x6 ~t'tcxA\O. 'ExEL cx'to~~x6 cxp~6~6 12 XCXL bo~~ 2-8-2. Tt(vEL vcx

• ••

CX7tO,6A.tL 'tcx 2e 'tT)C; t;W'tEP~X~~ O'tL~bclC;,O~tLbov~EVO :M'A-2e- M

L- ~~~/~~ "ey~

{r.£j~":;

-: ~:z;_"t". ''95'"

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rEV I. XUlt &p4, nupoual.Al;£ I. «vuywy I.X~ 6pAC7'l.

Xp'1cHl'onol.d'tClLl. crtTJ nupo'f£xvoupyt«,'tT) ~W'toYP«CPl.x~ 'tixvT),aaw «vuYWYl.x6 x.«.

To I'£YClA~t£po 't1'-f)1'~ tOU KCIpCIY61'£vou M8<-95%).xPT}01.I'OKOI.£L't41. Yl.« 't'1 up«ywy~ &h~pG!v X«I. «V8EXtt.XUlV X~~tW' y 1.4 tTJ ~I.OI''''X4vt4 4£po~Avwv,«u'toXI.V~twV,I'TJX4VWV(Mmyv6hl.o,N'tou~oUl'tVl.0,HAEX'tPOl'tt~~c x.~.). H XP~~ ~ou 4U~~ ~TJptt£~~1. a'tl.~ I'TJX4Vl.xt~ ~ou I.61.6t'1~£~ (E~4~p6,6~xI.I'0,£~4t6,~4X6,6~~TJxto).

9·5. ~lf~':2_{~2~k!f~i2hM_

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~e(OH)3 ~ ~Q.+s...,.: 3OH-

~e(OH)3 ~ H4- + ~P...O; ~ H20.

~p' 6ACl ~u'tG, 01. I'tl'«h~l.dC; ,,61.6l'~'t&~ (1.61.Clt'tEp4 01. t",,",'X"'Vlllt:,) eecp~ un&p't£po~v. Etv«1. atOl.X£to no~v 61.Cl6&601'&vO a't'1 cpva'1 (~O nl.o bl.«6£60I'tvo 1'£'tA 'to 02 xu.. 'to si). A&v ClnClv'tA £~£(j6£po •. ~1iCl"'tG xupt~ un6 1'0p~~ «CJ'tptwV(KJtSL30S) X«~ Clpyt~ou (.u.20i2Si.02.2B20). ~ Ev6"ClCptpov't« 61'WC; oPUXtG 'tau ELVUl. 0 ~CI(tt'1~ (.lt203.~0) ,0 xpu- 6h .. 60~ (NCl3~tF6) XClI. 61.6cpo~ ot&t6 .. ~.

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9. ~~~~!!e~5l§~:!2~~~~~51~~

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6tv nClPovo~~ov't~~ ~v~O~VtC~ ~A~ vn6 ~op~~ OpVK'tWV.tT)~ClV't~KWt£~

o KClOO~'ttptt~~ (ST)02) y~Cl 'tov XCloat'ttpo KCl~ 0 y~T)vtt~~ (F\S),o X£povot't~~ (PbCO,) KCl~ 0 Clyy\£~''tT)q (~S04) y~Cl to iJ.6\v~~0.

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o Pb xp~a~~ono~tt't«~ YL~ 't~ ~'t«OKtvf] ovaawptv'twv.aw\~vwv.~ywywv. CPVAAWV X«~ n« .'t~ nClp~OK£V~ )(~~'twv X~~\ov aT)iJ.tCov 't~~T)C;. X:-T)a~~ono~£t~~ t~ta~~ y~Cl 'tT) nClp«OKtV~ b~~6pwv XT)~~KWV ovo~wv 6~~.atov~ttO~.~tv~OVIClV't~XPO't~)(& e£v~tv~~,tv'to~oxt6v~ K.~ •

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To CO2 ~V€PX6~€VO,~v~y€T~~ ~po~ CO.

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Et 6~~vo ntp~~6A~ov,~ npoo~o~~ &tv~~ tv.ovw.tp~.r~~ .ou.o,~~~~.ouvt~~ t~b~xa ~t~p« npoot~oC~ (~~. xt~. 6),

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n.x. CH,-9H-CH, 2 x>"wpo-npon6.vLo

Ct

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. / ..

~8
-~Q LWV ubpOyov«v6paxwv:
A,\xo6~E:C; ('It~p~txouv -OH) XIl't~'l~1) -0\..,
M:b£v6t~ ( " -CHO) : '!, -Il\' I
K£'t6v£C; ( " ~CO) " -OVT')
O~tll ( " -COOH) " -Lx6 o;u 'It.x. CH~COOH:Il~6IlVLX6 oE:,v ,CH~CHO: Il~ellv~~ CH,CH20H:IlLellv6\1) CH~ COCH,: 'ltpo'ltllv6t(T)

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C2H5COOCH, nponllvLx6c; j.L£et~&O''ttPIlc;

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-Clj.LLV~ 'It.X. CH~NH2 j.L&8u~Ilj.LCv')

(CH~)2NH OLj.Lt8uAIlj.LCV~ X.Il.

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10.6·_Qer~~l~~5_~~!~~e~~~~5 __

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, I I

A B

'It.X. CH2= CH2i H2 -- CH, - CH, (vf"poy6vu;a':)

CH2-CH~ (Il\OY f,V{J:O',) It. \. 't.

I I "

BT" B~

~~!!:~~2~~5_~!!22!!~2~~':' EC Va.L (lv't':' a't ('0 F.e; H,'v nr.o ·:nu'.J.i ')1,-11.

n. X. CH,CH20H - CH2 -= Cn2 + H20

AVHhpaOt~C; vnoxa.'tao'ta.O'I;e; U: IlV'tCX\\(lytC;)

. / ..

'9------------------------~

CHI., ... ce - Cli3 C.e + HCt

rtOE-tliX -- Rx-tn20 (R: <X\.XU\~O.X: <x\oy6vo) x.\.1t.

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7t·x·

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It.~. XCH;:>=- CH2 ---- (-Cn2-CH2-)x (lto\<XL9u\tVlO)

')Cil2= ?-Cn=CII2· Ch3

(-CH2-r-CH-CH2-)V (ouv6e:n:-t6 1-t<XOU";OOUX)

CHz

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H2S04

2CH CH 0 (CH CHO)

;.> 3 ~ ..., 3

H.

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~O\lISi.W").

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e:

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. / ..

.---------------------------~o .. ---------------------- ...

~. 11: Opr~IKEE ENotElt 11.1·_!~rQ~~~~~~ __

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11.1.1·_~~~~e~2~~~~i_~2e2r~~~~~e~~~~_J_~~~~i~l_ "

CvH2v 2 'Y(V.~.C;

M.T.)

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CH7

,

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(AAoy6vWC11) CH41' C£2 - HCt+CH C::~

3

CF.3C£+ct2 _ ace+ CH2Ci2 1l.\.'It.

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Xo.'taAVTT)<;

CH3-C~-CH3 CH, .~

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CH3-~H-CH3 • CH2~ CHCH2yH3 ' CH4,CH3CH3 x.o..

CH3

e£pj.lCl~v6j.l£vo\' .t~oc; TtapovotCl o.tp~ xCltyoV'tClL npoc; CO2 XCI\. H20

C H +~ ° -- "C02+(v+1)H 2 0+ Q

v 2v·2 2 2

. / ..

~-----------------------N

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11.1.2·_~2e~~!2l_~~e212~~~~e!~~5_·

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-Jx6p£0'~o~ ubpoyov«vep~£~ ~£ 10.0 (A\Htv~~ ~ OAt~tV&~ : CvH2v)

" " ~t 20.b (Jx~b~tv~~ ~ b~cV.£(rtv&~:CvH2"_2)

" " ~t 1'(.b (A\Htv~~ : C H2 2)

v v-

(1I£'l<U;u ~x~O~tvtwv xo.~ ·cV.H~vtwv vn«pxt~ ~O'o~tPE:~o.)

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CH,CH2CH = CH2 I CH,CH:CBCE~

H O''(&p&o~ao~tp&~o..O~ttAt,(~L CH3-C-H

" CB~-C-B

a'(~v un~p~~ ~ou b.o:

CB~-C-H

"

H -C-CH~

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> c e C « + B't'2 -- '>C-C( (npoO'e~x'l o.\oy6vov)

, ,

Br-Br

)C: C<tHB,. _ >C - C<

I ,

H B

HC ~ CH ... }{By- --- CH2': CRB..-

> C = C < + 0 'T H20 -- ;> Y - r-< OB OH

BC: CH+H20 CH2 == CH-OR

vCH2"'CH2 CH3-CH2- ••••••••• -CH= C~ (no~Ua.LeVVV~O)

3CH.CH C6H6

. / ..

P-----------------------q

2CH :: CH - CH2=CH-CiCH

)(.\.!t.

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11.2. _~~~Q£Q~!~!!_

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v V.

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Ttl a.h)(VhGhOYOV tb La. be vOVV ~a& oE.1. r.a o.v'tl. bpaof,Wv v'tol(a.'tao~o.oT)C;:

R-C~ + H2<? ~ H-Cl + R-OH (0.\1(06\'(;)

(Vl.trC\l.o.) (0.1. 6 F-C're;)

R-B-r + No.-CN - Na.-Bt'f R-CN

R-I ~ CH3-O-Na. - Na.-I+ a-O-CH3

11.a..

En:COt)e;,I'E. 0.!t601ta.o'l t ou a.'t6IJ.ov t ou a.\oy6vov.U.vovv a.116· iotove; ul,.oyovav6pQ.)(E.e;:

Na.OH + H-CH2-CH2-X ~ CH2 CHe> Na.C h20.

lAE: o.1tCt.pa.o'1 oAoy6vOV,l Cvovv '1:o>"vo.\OYOVU'I.o.:

CH~Cl ... Ct2 - CH2Ct2 + HC~

:.<..\.!t.

CHel3 -t" HC.e.

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. / ..

RCH20H -2H. RCHO [oJ .. RCOOH

CH3" -H CH3 ............
CHOB C-::O
CH3 ./' CH3/
·f. C
~:~~'+~
t'951'.r. r--------------------------,.------------------------,

_M!QQ~ __

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CH3CH2CH20H nponuv6\T) (ltpw'to'tClY~~)

CH3-C~-CH3

OH 2-npon~v6\T)(be:u~e:po't~y~~)

GH3 CH3-y-CH3

OH

2 ~&eu~o-2npon~v6\T) ('tPL'tO'tClY~~)

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2ROH + 2Nc1" --- 2RONCI ... H2

AV'tL()pOUV e:1tCOT)~ ~& o~ta:

ROH+HC( --~

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1- ... ~.::f<: ..

~tO~~

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