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Disadvantages:
The electric field for the wave sketched in Fig. can be written as
E = E0 sin ( ωt − kz )
Where E0 is the peak amplitude
ω= 2πf r/s, and f is the frequency in hertz.
ω is called the radian frequency or angular frequency.
k is the propagation factor. It is given by
ω
k=
v
where v is the phase velocity of the wave. The factor ωt-kz is the
phase of the wave, while kz is the phase shift owing to travel over
length z.
A plane wave is one whose phase is the same over a planar surface.
t1 t2 t3 t1 < t 2 < t3
Electric
Z
field
Thus, only waves that have those angles θ which satisfy the conditions in
Eq. (2-26) will propagate in the dielectric slab waveguide.
Mode Theory for Circular Optical Fibers (Waveguides):
To attain a more detailed understanding of the optical power
propagation mechanism in a fiber, it is necessary to solve Maxwell’s
equations subject to the cylindrical boundary conditions at the
interface between the core and the cladding of the fiber.
Since the field of a guided mode extends partly into the cladding, as
shown in Fig. 2-14, a final quantity of interest for a step-index fiber is
the fractional power flow in the core and cladding for a given mode. As
the V number approaches cutoff for any particular mode, more of the
power of that mode is in the cladding. At the cutoff point, the mode
becomes radiative with all the optical power of the mode residing in the
cladding. Far from cutoff- that is for large values of v the fraction of the
average optical power residing in the cladding can be estimated by
Pclad 4
≈
P 3 M