= a Handbook of Transducers HARRY N. NORTON ‘Altadena, Caiforia Prentice Hall, Englewood Cis, NJ 07632oda Services, torarodciog speron: WrdCraers Ear ore dene Wats Cab Saute Soyer Mary Hn Clovande 1 199 by Prete Hal, ‘Denon of Simon Seber agiwood Ci New Seey 62 rigs tome. par af ok may be ‘Soho pert wr rae he pobahe. Printed in the United States of America woaresaaad ISBN 0-13-382599-x ite, London Frese Hal neon UK) Lin Frentce Halo Asan fy Lines, Syny raice Hal Chai, Toe ie ampamee S Meic Drone al of ada Pre Limited New Simon Schumer alae La, Singapore ‘eta rece do Bra, Lie Wo de Sono op 2 ee 404 oxvegepy tn8 (4 [2% VeOVE 133, 9 Brome Contents PREFACE xvi ‘1 INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEM FUNDAMENTALS — 4 11" Inwodvction, T 12 Measurement Systems, 1 = omic 121” Measurang, 3 | — eacicy 122 Basic Electronic Measuring Sytem, 2 12.3 Multiple-Data Measuring Syste 13 Telemeuy Systems, $ {3.1 Cariee Modalaton, 5 132 Multiplexing 7 13.3 | Modulation Methods for TDM Data, 9 Data Condi 143 Data Processing 14 15 Controt systems, 15 (2YRANSDUCER FUNDAMENTALS — 47 Cat ‘Transducer Terminology. 17 22. Transduction Principles 21 23, General Transducer Characteristics, 26 24 Design Characteristics, 26 241" Measurand Characteristic, 26 Brest a) om ee ea1 t 242 Blectical Design Characteristics, 27 243 Mechanical Design Characteristics, 30 2.5. Poriormance Characteristics, 31 25.1 State Characteristics, 32 2552 Dynamic Characteristics, 43 2.33. Environmental Characteristics, 47 2.6. Ralibilty Characteristics, St CRITERIA FOR TRANSOUCER SELECTION $# ‘Measurement Considerations. 57 32 Data System Considerations, 57 33 Transduver Design Criteria, 8 34 Avallability Factors, 59 35. Cost Factors, 89 3.6 Lovation of Procestor (“Smart Sensors") @ ‘TRANSDUCER PERFORMANCE TESTS 61 V4 Eleetial Tests, 63 ‘Voltage Measurement, 6 Carrent Measurement, 65 ‘Brequeney and Pulse-Count Measurement, 65 Digital Output Measurement, 66 Naitage Reto Measurement. 6 [Resince Measurement, 67 (Capacitace and Indactance Measurement, 68 ‘Output impedance Tests, Output Noise Tess, 69 Loading-Error Tests, 7 Resolition and Threshold Tests, 72 Excitation Tests, 74 ‘Voltage Breakdown Test, 74 Tsulation-Resistance Test, 4 43° Dynamic Tess, 76 44. Environmental Tests, 78 Ad Temperature Tess, 79 422 Temperature Shock and Temperature Gradient Teste, 80 43, Acceleration Tests, 444 Vibration Tess, 81 44S Shock Tess, #8 4416 Atmospheric Environmental Tests, 4 445 Special Environmental Tests, 84 S48 Clmbined Environmental Tests, 85 45 Life Tess, 88 Contents vi 5 DISPLACEMENT TRANSDUCERS AND MOTION SENSORS. 1" Baste Defnions, se 52. Units ot Measurement, 87 S21” "The Imerationl System of Uns (SD, 87 522 G'Unte er Dolacmen, 87 $23 Otter Units for Diplacement Compatible withthe Ser 524 Conversion Factors, 88 $3. Sensing Methods, 88 5A. Desig and Operation, 90 Saul Capactve Displacement Transducers, 0 542 Inducive Daplcemen Transducers, 91 S303 Rolutve Dplacement Transdocers, 93 S14 Potetometne Displacement TransOicers, 100 S45 StrainGage Displacement Sensors, 102 5146 Vibrating Wire Displacement Sensors, 103 34 Elect-Opsiel Displacement Sensors, 103 GE Nip atdine ead 5 ar Ciaran Sonat Distance Scasor, 113 S10 _ Ponton Seming Switches, 16 ss Trnmuducer Chassis 1 Si Applisation Noten, 123 FACHOMETERS AND VELOCITY TRANSDUCERS 126 ‘61 Basie Definitions, 126, {62 Units of Measurement, 126 (63. Sensing Methods. 127 ‘64 Design and Operation, 129 Gal Electromagnetic Linea-Velocty Transducers, 129 642 Other Linear-Velocity Sensing Devices, 130 643 Electromagnetic Tachometer Generators, 131 644 —Toothed Rotor Electromagnetic Tachometer, 132 645 Electro-Optial Tachometers, 136 G46 Other Types of Angular Speed Transducers, 137 65. Transducer Characterisues, 39 66 Application Notes, 40 7 ACCELEROMETERS 141 Basie Definitions, 141 73 Uae otmeasremens, 18 13 Sensing Method. 163 74 Design an Opeation, 144 Tal Capacitive Accelerometers, M4