Heat Engine

Reversible Heat Engine (Carnot Cycle)

η = W/Q1 = 1 - T2/T1

Forward Heat Engine Reverse Heat Engine

Thermal Efficiency Coefficient of performance

for a refrigerator for a heat pump
COP = Q2 / W COP = Q1 / W
The first steam Engine
The Carnot cycle
The Carnot cycle η = W/Q1 = 1 - T2/T1

Variation of Carnot η with condenser

pressure

Variation of Carnot η and s.s.c.

with boiler pressure

&
m
s.s.c. =
&
W NET
Specific steam consumption
Ideal Rankine cycle

Net work output

W = W1 - W2

thermal efficiency

Rankine versus Carnot

W&
NET
rw =
&
W Variation of Rankine η and s.s.c. with boiler pressure
TURBINE
Rankine cycle with superheating
 Rankine cycle with superheating

Effect of superheating on the Rankine

Heat engine – Power plant
Power
Plants
Power Plants

Vista aérea da Central termoeléctrica de Sines

Heat engine components – cooling tower
Heat engine components - boiler
Heat engine components - boiler

The Babcock & Wilcox Company

Barberton, Ohio, U.S.A.
Heat engine components - boiler

The Babcock & Wilcox Company

Barberton, Ohio, U.S.A.
Heat engine components boiler
Heat engine components
turbine
Heat engine components
Condenser
Heat engine components
electrical generator
Rankine cycle improvements
Rankine Cycle with Reheat

Cycle Carnot Rankine Rankine Reheat

(ideal) (no superheat) Superheat to 450o C to 450o C

η 0.404 0.350 0.375 0.387

s.s.c. 4.97 3.84 2.98 2.39

 Rankine cycle improvements
Rankine Cycle with Regeneration

Effect of bleed temperature on the cycle efficiency

Regenerative Rankine cycle

Open feedwater
heater

Close feedwater
heater
Regenerative Rankine cycle
Rankine Cycle with three feed heaters
Combined cycles
Binary vapor cycles (mercury – water)