, r

91-AL-f'URE MATHS 1-2

18

91-AL-PURE MATHS 1-3

19

1

: !

Section A (40 marks)

Answer ALL questions in this section. Write your answers in the light yellow AL(C!) answer book.

4.

Let ai' 0:2, .•• ,0. be 11 distinct non-zero real numbers, where 11 ~ 2.

(a)

1. Factorize the determinant

(x - a1) "'(x - aj_1)(x - a;'l) ···(x - aJ

+ ..• + a -----''----__;_-=---.:......;.--_-'''-_

i (a. - a)"'(o - a. )(a - a, )···(a. - a\

• 1 i .-1 i .+1 • '"

(4 marks)

2.

Let f(x) = 1 __

(x - 1)(2 - x)

(i)

Evaluate P(aj) for i = 1,2, ... , n .

(ii) Show that the equation P(x) - x = 0 has n distinct roots.

Express f(x) into partial fractions. Hence, or otherwise, determine ak and bl; (k = 0, 1, 2, ... ) such that

(iii) Deduce that P(x) - x = 0 for all x E R .

-

f(x) = E al;xl when Ix I < 1

1;=0

(b) Prove that

- b

and f(x) = E _! when I x I > 2 .

1;=0 xl

(7 marks)

+ ••• + ----:-----:- = 0 .

(a. - a1) ···(a. - a._I)

3. Consider the following system of linear equations:

(5 marks)

Ix + 2y + Z = 1

x+y+2z,=2 -y + q2z = q

5. Let u, v be non-zero complex numbers.

(a)

Show that

uv + uv = 0 if and only if u = iJc for some k E R . v

Determine all values of q for each of the following cases:

(a)

The system has no solution.

(b) If uv + uv = 0 , what is the relationship between arg u and argv?

(b) The system has infinitely many solutions.

(6 marks)

(4 marks)

6. (a) Let a, b and e be real numbers.
(i) Show that a1 + b1 + e2 ~ ab + be + ea .
(ii) Hence deduce that if a + b + e > 0 then
a3 + b3 + e3 ~ 3abc .
(b) Let Ix I < In2 . SECTION B (60 marks)

Answer any FOUR questions from this section. Write your answers in the separate orange AL(C2) answer book.

Each question carries 15 marks.

8.

(a)

Let aI;' bl; (1 = 1, 2, ... ,n) be non-zero real numbers.

(i)

(i)

Show that

1 1 1

(e-z)3 + (2 - eZ)3 + (e.r - e= + 1)3> 0 .

b

(ii) If p s ....! s q for 1 = 1, 2, ... , n , prove that al;

(ii) Using (a) or otherwise, show that

pqa; - (p + q)al; bl; + b; s 0 for 1 = 1, 2, ... , n.

(7 marks)

7.

Given that {all} is an increasing sequence of positive numbers

and lim all = L. Suppose sequences {bll} , {clI} are defined such that

(iii) If

and

1

bl = c1 = "2a1

b =! (a + C ) e = .l a b for n ~ 2 .

II 2 11-1 II-I' II V II-I II-I

prove, by using (ii) or otherwise, that

and 0 < m s bl; s M for 1 = 1, 2, ... , n ,

(a)

Show by induction that

(i)

{bll} and {ell} are strictly increasing,

(10 marks)

(ii) bll < all and cII < all for n ~ 1 .

(b) Using (a) or otherwise, show that

(b) Show that { b II } and (e II} are convergent.

Hence evaluate lim bll and lim CII •

11--

11--

(7 marks)

(5 marks)

91-AL-PURE MATHS 1-4

91-AL-PURE MATHS 1-5

20

21

'l I

9.

A mapping f: C .... C is said to be real linear if

10. Let M be the set of all 3 X 1 real matrices.

f(aZl + 13Zz} = d(z) + I3f(Zz} for all a, PER, ZI' ~ E C .

Let ~: C .... C be a real linear mapping.

(a) Prove that

(i) ~(az) = IX ~(Z) for IX E Rand Z E C .

(ii) ~(O) = 0 .

(3 marks)

(b) Let 1/1: C .... C be a real linear mapping. Prove that

(a) Show that for any u, x, y EM, and any a, PER,

if ~(1) = 1/1(1) and ~(i) = I/I(i) , then ~ = 1/1 .

(i)

U 4t (ax + py) = a(u 4t x) + P(u 0 y) ,

(ii) u 4t x = - (x 0 u) .

(3 marks)

(2 marks)

(c) If, furthermore, ~ is non-constant such that

(b) Show that if u 4t x = 0 for all x EM, then u = 0 .

Deduce that if u 4t x = V 8 X for all x EM, then u = v .

(6 marks)

show that:

(c) Let A be a 3 X 3 real matrix and U E M such that

(i) ~(1) = 1 and hence ~(x) = x for all x E R .

(ii) Either ~(z) = Z for all Z E C or ~(z) = Z for all Z E C.

where e •• U ). ~ . m · '. - m .

(10 marks)

Show that Ax = U 0X forall x EM.

(4 marks)

(d) Let"· [ n. Find the matrix A such tho! Ax ... X for all

X EM.

(2 marks)

91-AL-PURE MATHS 1-6

22

91-AL-PURE MATHS 1-7

23

11. (a)

For II '" I, 2, ... , prove that there exist unique positive integers P,. and q,. such that

(..jj + .fi.)211 '" P,. + q,...f6 (*)

and (..jj - .fi.)211 '" P,. - q"..f6 .

Hence deduce that 2P1I - 1 < (..jj + .fi.)211 < 2p,. •

[Hint: Use the fact that 0 < ..jj - .fi. < 1 .J

(b) For II '" I, 2, ... , show that the following integers are positive multiples of 10:

(i)

(ii) 3 .... - 1 ,

(iii) 2P21I - (23,.,1)(3,,) where P21I is given by (*).

(c) By using (a) and (b) or otherwise, fmd the unit digit when (..jj + .fi.)lCKl is expressed in the decimal form.

91-AL-PURE MATHS 1-8

(6 marks)

(5 marks)

(4 marks)

24

12. A subset X of RJ is said to be convex if

U, v E X - o:u + Ilv E X for all 0:, p ~ 0 and 0: + p = 1 .

(a) Prove that the intersection of two convex sets is convex. Give an example to show that the union of two convex sets may NOT be convex.

(4 marks)

(b)

For any subsets A, B of RJ , define

A + B = {w E RJ : w '" U + v for some U E A, v E B} .

Prove that if A, B are convex, then A + B is also convex.

(2 marks)

(c)

For any subset A of RJ and any y E R , define

y A = {w E RJ : w '" yu for some U E A} .

Prove that if A is convex, then y A is also convex.

I

·1 ,

"

(2 marks)

(d) For any a1• ~, .... a,. E R' , define

for some 0:1 ..... CIt,. ~ 0 and Clt1 + ... + CIt,. '" I}.

Prove that

(i) cov (a1• .. •• a,,) is convex,

(ii) if S is a convex subset of RJ and S contains a1> ... ,a,., then cov(a1> ... ,a,,) c S .

(7 marks)

91-AL-PURE MATHS 1-9

25

13. Let U E R3 be a unit vector (i.e., U· u 1).

A relation - on R3 is defined by

v - w if and only if v - w «ku for some k E R .

(a)

Show that - is an equivalence relation.

(b) Denote by [v] the equivalence class containing v .

Let f: R3/_ .... R3 be defined by f([v) " v - (v . u)u

(i) Show that f is well-defined,

(ii) Show that f is injective.

(3 marks)

(iii) For any non-zero w in R3 , show that w is perpendicular to u if and only if w E f(R3/-) .

Hence deduce that f is NOT surjective,

(c)

If u " (0, 0, 1) and v " (0, 1, 2) , sketch the set {w E R3: w - vl

END OF PAPER

91-AL-PURE MATHS 1-10

(10 marks)

(2 marks)

26

91-AL

P MATHS PAPER"

HONG KONG EXAMINATIONS AUTHORITY HONG KONG ADVANCED LEVEL EXAMINATION 1991

PURE MATHEMATICS

PAPER II

2.00 pm-5.00 pm (3 hours)

This paper must be answered in English

This paper consists of two sections BOTH of which are to be answered.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR SECTION A

I. i

I. Answer ALL questions. Write your answers in the light yellow AL(CI) answer book.

2. Write your Candidate Number, Centre Number and Seat Number in the spaces provided on the cover of the answer book.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR SECTION B

I. Answer any FOUR questions. Write your answers in the separate orange AL(C2) answer book.

2. Write your Candidate Number, Centre Number and Seat Number in the spaces provided on the cover of the answer book.

91-AL-PURE MATHS 11-1

27

Section A (40 marks)

Answer ALL questions in this section. Write your answers in the light yellow AL(Cl) answer book.

1.

Chords with slope equal to 1 are drawn in the ellipse 2x2 + 2xy + y2 = 1 . Prove that the mid-points of these chords lie on a straight line, and find the equation of this line.

(4 marks)

2.

Show that

o . (n+l)O nO

(1 +cosO+cos20+ "'+cosnO)sin- = sm cos-.

2 2 2

Hence solve

1 + cosO + cos28 + ... + cosnO = 0 , O:s: 0 < 21t .

(6 marks)

3.

Consider the curve

(a) Find the length of the curve.

(b) Find the area bounded by the curve, the x-axis and the y-axis.

(7 marks)

4. Evaluate the following definite integral:

91-AL-PURE MATHS 11-2

(6 marks)

28

5.

Find lim (a1& - I)! for each of the following cases: 1&-" a-I

(a) 0 < a < 1 ,

(b)

a> 1 .

(6 marks)

i;

6.

Evaluate _E_ r· ({i),2 dt . du 10

(a)

(b)

Defme F(x) = 1.-1& ({i),2 dt for

'0''''

1t 1t

-_ < X < _

2 2

Solve P' (x) = 0 .

(6 marks)

7.

Let f: R ... R.

(a)

If c E R and I f(x) - f(c) I s (x - ci for all x E R , prove that f'(c) = 0 .

(b) If I f(x) - f(y) I :s: (x - y)2 for all x , y E R , prove that f is a constant function.

(5 marks)

91-AL-PURE MATHS 11-3

29

SECTION B (60 marks)

Answer any FOUR questions from this section. Write your answers in the separate orange AL(C2) answer book.

Each question carries 15 marks.

(3 marks)

u

9.

(a)

Prove that lim ':[n = 1

II~-

(b) Show that

8.

(a)

Let f(x) = x - In(1 + x) .

Inl + 1n2 + ••• + In(n - 1) s J:"lnxdx s 1n2 + 1n3 + •.• + Inn

Prove that f(x) ~ 0 for all x > -1 .

where n ~ 2.

(3 marks)

Deduce that

(b) Let 1 1 1
a = +- + - + ... + - - In(n + 1)
" 2 3
n
and b" = 1 1 1 1 - Inn.
+- + - + ... +
2 3 n (n - I)! s n"e-"·) ~ n! .

(7 marks)

(c) Using (a) and (b), or otherwise, evaluate

Show that {all} is increasing and {b,.l is decreasing.

) lim (n!)" .

JI~" 11

Hence prove that {a,,} and {b,,} are convergent and have the same limit.

(5 marks)

(5 marks)

(c)

(i)

Using (b) or otherwise, show that

lim{_l_+_I_+ +_l_}=In(k+l)

II~- kn + 1 kn + 2 ... kn + n -k-.

(ii)

Evaluate

1 2

1

+-

3

1 4

1

+ ... +---

2n - 1

where k is a positive integer.

(7 marks)

i .1'

I' .1

j

91-AL-PURE MATHS 11-4

30

91-AL-PURE MATHS 11-5

31

(3 marks)

10. Let f(x) = ~X3 - X2 - X + 1 .

11. Consider the lines

(1 mark)

(a)

Find the roots of f(x) = 0 .

(b)

Find f'(x) for x '" I, -1 .

and

Show that both f' (1) and f' ( -1) do not exist.

(3 marks)

(a)

Prove that LI and Lz are non-coplanar.

(c)

Determine the values of x for each of the following cases:

(b) (i)

Find the equation of the plane 11: containing LI and parallel to Lz .

(i) f'(x) = 0 ,

(iii) f'(x) < 0 .

(7 marks)

(ii) f'(x) > 0 ,

(ii) Find the equation of the plane 11:' containing Lz and perpendicular to 11: •

(3 marks)

(d) Find the relative minimum, the relative maximum and the point of inflexion of f(x) .

(c)

(i)

Find the point S at which LI intersects 11:' •

(4 marks)

(ii) Find the equations of the line passing through S and perpendicular to both LI and Lz .

(e) Find the asymptote of the graph of f(x) .

(5 marks)

(2 marks)

(f) Sketch the graph of f(x) .

(2 marks)

:1 I

91-AL-PURE MATHS 11-6

32

91-AL-PURE MATHS 11-7

33

, :

12. For any non-negative integer n , let

13. For n '" 0, 1, 2, ... , let R,,(x) '" (x2 - I)" and P,,(x) '" R!")(x) .

"

I = ('2 cosZ.+1xdx .

" )0

(a)

(i)

Show that P,,(x) is a polynomial in x of degree n , n '" 0, 1,2, ....

(a)

(i)

Evaluate 10 and express I" in terms of 1,,_1 for n ~ 1.

(ii) Show by induction that

(ii) Prove by induction that every polynomial of degree n can be expressed as

(n!)22Z.

I" '" for n '" 0, 1, 2, ... .

(2n + I)!

II

L a.P.(x) where aj E R.

j=O J J

(4 marks)

(5 marks)

(b) Prove by induction that

(b) For any non-negative integer m , let

s '" E (n!)22,,+1

'" 11=0 (2n + I)!

for k: '" 0, 1, 2, ....

(i)

Show that

Hence deduce that

~

ro2 SIll '" Jc

Using (*) or otherwise, show that if m ~ 0 , n ~ 0 , then

[(1 - x2)P,,'(x)]' -n(n + I)P,,(x) (*)

(5 marks)

(c)

(i)

(ii) Deduce that

n(n + 1) r: P",(x)P,,(x)dx = r: (1 - x2)P"'(x)P,,,'(x)dx .

2cos.x

----dx.

1 2 - -cos x

2

(ii)

Deduce that if m, n are distinct non-negative integers, then

(iii)

; (n!)22"+1

Show that L.J '" 1t •

11=0 (2ft + I)!

fl P .. (x)P,,(x)dx '" 0 . -1

(6 marks)

(10 marks)

END OF PAPER

91-AL-PURE MATHS 11-8

34

91-AL-PURE MA THS 11-9

35