Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Producer’s Equilibrium
A producer is in equilibrium at that level of output at which his profits are
maximum. It is the profit maximization situation. He has no incentive to increase
or decrease this level of output.
π = TR – TC where, π=profit.
Conditions: Producer operating in perfect competition maximizes his profit when
,
In diagram:
N.Khan
2
• TR is the total revenue curve which starts from origin and slopes
upwards
• TC is the total cost curve .It starts from Y-axis and is inverse S-
shaped
If he produces more or less than this level , his total profit declines.
1) MR=MC
2) slope of MC >slope of MR
It means-
MC curve must cut MR curve from below and MC curve must be rising at the
point of equilibrium .
In diagram:
N.Khan
3
N.Khan
4
N.Khan
5
MARKET SUPPLY : It is the total quantity of a commodity offered for sale by all
the firms/ sellers at different prices during a particular period of time.
The law can be explained with the help of supply schedule and supply curve.
SUPPLY SCHEDULE
It is the tabular presentation of the law of supply .It shows different quantity of a
commodity supplied at different prices.
Price Quantit
y
supplie
d
1 10 Kg
2 20 Kg
3 30 Kg
4 40 Kg
5 50 Kg
N.Khan
6
SUPPLY CURVE
In the fig:
shown.
Other things remaining the same means, only price will change and all other
factors like price of related goods ,technology ,price of inputs ,govt’s policy etc.
remain the same.
The supply function shows functional relationship between quantity supplied and
factors affecting it.
Sx = f ( Px , Pr , Tech , PF , Gp , GF -------------)
PRICE OF THE COMMODITY (Px ) : At higher prices , producer offers more
quantity of the commodity for sale and vice-versa. There is direct relationship
between price and quantity supplied.
N.Khan
7
Subsidy will also cause fall in cost of production and therefore , increase in supply.
GOAL OF THE FIRM (Gf) : In case of profit maximization policy ,supply of the
commodity is decreased by the firm at the same price.
In case of sales maximizing policy ,the firm will increase the supply at the same
price.
Graphically, it is the upward & downward movement along the same supply
curve.
Graphically, it is the upward movement along the same supply curve. In the fig, it
is the movement from A to B on SS supply curve.
Fig.
N.Khan
8
Fig.
When quantity supplied changes due to change in other factors at the same price ,it
is called change in supply.
FIG.
It means less quantity is supplied at the same price. It is due to change in other
factors :
In fig. Quantity supplied decreases from OQ to OQo at the same price OP.
FIG.
N.Khan
10
ELASTICITY OF SUPPLY
Elasticity of supply is a measure of percentage change in quantity supplied due
to percentage change in its price.
2.Geometric method:
Three situations :
i) Any straight line supply curve passing through the origin has value of
elasticity equal to one. Es = 1
ii) If straight line supply curve goes through the X-axis,it is inelastic. Es < 1
iii) If a straight line supply curve goes through the Y-axis, it is elastic. Es >1
Fig
N.Khan
11
N.Khan
12
N.Khan