Sie sind auf Seite 1von 40

yuolvHmcDxH;'D;eD.*H> Flash card 'fvJ.

How to use Alphabet and Numbers, Flash card?


w>uwdRvXng

vHmwbh.tHRrh>0JunD<y,DR'D;tJuvH;tvHmcD.xH;M.vDRIzJtHRyuGJ;xD.0JvHmcD.xH;vXw>
ub.od.vdtDR'fvJ.<b.olw>ydmw>vDrEkRoh.wz.<'D;uoltDRtusdRtusJtd.'fvJ.M.
vDRI vHmwbh.tHR<nD0JvXo&.<o&.rk.uod.vdzdo.qH;<'D;vXzdo.t*D>ph>uD;urh>w>
vXtrkm'D;tbsK;tzSd.td.0Jph>uD;M.vDRI

'fyoh.ngtod;vHmcD.xH;oh.wz.tHRb.w>od.vdwh>tDRvXtpdRwz.tpdRvH< b.q.rh
rh>vXyySRw0XzJtHRM.ywod.vdtDRtusdRtusJvDR*m'fod;tHRb.IvXw>od.vdylRw>[l;w>
*JRuvDR*m0JweDRph>uD;vDRI vHmcD.xH;rd>yS>oh.wz.tHRTOPSp;xD.[h.vDRwh>uhRw>od.
vdvDRwH>vDRqJ;<td.'D;t*h>tusdRvDRwH><w>[l;w>*JRwz.vXuydmxGJvdmo;'D;w>od.vd
tusJM.zJ2007M.vDRI

vHmcD.xH;vXyuod.vdzdo.wz.tHRrh>w>t&h'd.0JvXo&.<o&.rk.t*D>'D;uwDRqduFdzd
oh.wz.t*D>'d.r;M.vDRIwDRzk.uFdo&.<o&.rk.oh.wz.pl;ug0JvXzdo.KGt*D>oh0Jph>
uD;vDRI ytd.ph>uD;'D; Pre-school Practice workbooksoh.wz.'fod;yolwGJtDRt*D>M.vDRI

uwDRqduFdo&.<o&.rk.vXrh>w'd;M>b.vHmcD.xH;rd>yS>w>rRvd (Alphabet training)oh.


wz.b.'D;zJt0Joh.rh>xH.vDRvHmeJ.usJwbh.tHRM.<t0Joh.tw>qdurd.tusdRtusJu
td.xD.'D;uoh.ng0JvXb.od.vdvHmcD.xH;'fvJ.t*h>M.vDRI

w>*DRvXyymvDRvXvHmwbh.tHRtylRM.rh>'.uwDRqduFdvXrJ>v;<tlyF.'D;ed.zdo&.<o&.
rk.oh.wz.vDRI rh>vXuwDRqduFdurH;wH;<uFdo&.<o&.rk.oh.wz.tw>rRpXRtCdy'k;
td.xD.b.vHmvXb.xGJ'D;zdo.<uFdo&.<o&.rk.<rd>y>'D;vHmw>eJ.usJwbsK;bh.ngM.
vDRI yo;ckpH;bsK;b.ySRvXtqD.xGJySR'D;z;b.yvHmwbh.tHRM.vDRIyemoyS>uwX>vXok
u[h.xD.uhRySRokw>xH.oh.wz.vXzdo.qH;w>'d.xD.t*D>M.vDRI

2
How to use the alphabet and number flash cards
yuolvHmrd>yS>cD.xH;'D;eD.*H>zsX.oh.wz.'fvJ.

vHmw>od.vdt*h>rd>yS>oh.wz.tHRyoltDRtusdRtusJtd.wbsK;uvkmvXM>trJmngytJ.
'd;[h.t'dtwJmweDR'fod;o&.< o&.rk.uod.vdzdo.'fvJ.'D;zdo.ue>yX>w>od.vdt
*h>vDRwH>vDRqJ;urh>w>nDvXuwd>M>0Jt*D>M.vDRI w>od.vdt*h>rd>yS> vXw>uod.vdtDR
M.td.0J'.wbsK;uvkmM.vDRI

· yuwhxD.w>*DR Flash cards 'fvJ.?


· w>od.vdvHmtJuvH;zsX.
· w>od.vdunDvHmcD.xH;
· eD.*H>zsX.vXunD<y,DR'D;tJuvH;
· w>od.vdy,DRvHmcD.xH;
· youolw>*DR Flash cards 'fod; games 'fvJ.?

3
yuwhxD.w>*DR Flash cards 'fvJ.?

1I [H;M>p;cduhwD>0g'D;wHmvDRtDR'fod; paper A4 tuElRClwuh>

2I wHmvDRp;cd0gwD>0HR'D;us;vDRvHmrJmzsX.'fod;uwh(qGJ)ydmtcHwuh>It'drhrh>(u)'D;uGJ;vDR
tDRwuh>I

4
3I uGJ;vDRvHmrJmzsX.rh>0HR'D;xl;xD.tvGJ>< xl;xD.vHmrJmzsX.tvGJ>rh>0HR'D;whu'D;w>*DRvX
vHmuhtcsXwuyRzJtb.xGJvdmo;'D;vHmrJmzsX.I rh>0HR'D;whxD.w>*DRtvGJ>eh.wuh>I

4I wkRrh>vHmrJmzsX.'D;w>*DRuJxD.wpk'D;us;bXtDRvX plastic 0HR'D;xXEkmtDRvX Folder


tylR'fod;tokwb.tXnDnDb.'D;o&.vXu[JtoDoh.wz.t*D>ph>uD;uolb.0J*hR
*hRM.vDRI

5
5I vHm Flash cards and folders tHRub.td.vXuwDRqduFdylRud;zsX.'J;'D;vHmrd>yS>ub.
vXySJR0Jph>uD;M.vDRIy0Jud;*R'J;yub.tJ.uwDRvHm<'fod;yuolb.tDR,Hm,Hm'D;w
vd.rRvXm*DRph'fod;wb.whxD.uhRvHmrJmzsX.cJtHRcJtHRb.M.vDRI

w> rR vd t w> ydm w> vDR oh. wz. tHR y ol tDR oh xD bd M. vDRI 'D; y ol tDR oh vX uJstg bd vX w>
od.vdtylR'f od;zdo. qH;zdoh. wz.uo; td.vXw>rRvdtylRtgxD.0JM.vDRIy rh>uG>u'g
uhRw> ydmw> vDRvX y'k;td. xD.oh. wz. tHRrh>0Jw> nD nDud; zd vXy ol tDRvXw> od. vd zdo.
qH;t*D>M.vDRI

6
1I w>od.vdvHmtJuvH;zsX. (A-Z)
t'd=A M.yuod.vdzdo.'fvJ.
(u)I 'k;eJ.zdo.vXcF;(AB C chart) 'D;z;,kRM>t0Joh.'fod;zdo.ue>[l0J'D;oh.ngvHmzsX.
z;,kRM>zdo.pSRbsD0HR'D;rXzdo.uG>eD.uG>Cg A wzsX.M.wuh>
(c)I zJ y z; ,kR M> zdo. qH; zd t vHm rJm zsX. t cg o&. 'D; o&. rk. vX t od. vd zdo. qH; zd oh.
wz.M. u b. z; oD. t uvk> rh>NJNJ'f od; zdo. qH; oh.wz. u e> [l 0J vDRwH> vDRqJ; t *D> M.
vDRI
(*)I vHmrJmzsX.vXyod.vdzdo.qH;zdoh.wz.tHRub.rh>0JvHmrJmzsX.vXt'd.wuvkmM.
vDRI
(C)I udsR uJsvX y uod. vd zdo. qH; zd t vHm rJmzsX. oh.wz. tHR td. 0Jtg bd M. vDRI b. q.
o&.'D;o&.rk.vXod.vdzdo. qH;zdoh. wz.ub. CkuJsvXu od.vdzdo.qH;zd'fod;
vXt0Joh.urRvdvHmrJmzsX.oh.wz.tHR'fod;urkmt*D>M.vDRI
(i)I vX uFd ylR -uX; td. ph> uD; 'D; vHm rJm zsX. 'f od; w> zD vm tHR ph> uD; M. vDRI 'f od; zdo. qH; oh.
wz.uxH.nDEk>0JvHmrJmzsX.'D;uuG>eD>uG>C;0Juoht*D>

A B C D E F

G H I J K L

M N O P Q R

S T U V W X

Y Z
7
(p)I 'k;eJ.zdo.vX flash card vXtd.'D; A, APPLE 'D;zDo. APPLE w>*DRM.wuh>< w> ydm
w>vDRvXo&. ol 0J oh. wz. tHR o&. 'D; o&. rk. 'k;td. tDRoh'f od; 'D; t'd vXy ymzsg xD.vX
w>zDvm

A APPLE

(q)I z;,kRM>zdo.vX A rh>0HR'D;z;yF;tDR A – APPLEtd.'D;vHmzsX.'D;zDo.t*DRwzsX.


'D;NJyF; APPLE M.rh>w>rEkRvJ.<ySRtD.0Joh<uJbsK;vXyeD>cd'fvJ.t*h>'D;w>t*Roh.wz.I

A
APPLE

zDo.t*DRvXo&.rk.'D;o&.yF;eJ.zdo.M.ub.rh>0JzDo.vXttd.'D;tvGJ>'f od;zDo.eD>
uD>M.vDRI('ftrh>0JtvGJ>*DRrhwrh>tvGJ>vgoh0JM.vDRI)rhwrh>b.wcDzDo.rh>td.’D;’k;eJ.zd
o.vXzDo.teD>uD>’D;’k;tD.zdo.w*Rwuhoh0JvDRI w>’ftHRrh>’.w>[l;w>*JRwcgvX
zdo.uxH.b.0J<oh.ngb.0J’D;tD.uG>b.0Jt*D>M.vDRI

8
(N)I rXzdo.whxD. APPLE tvGJ>zJttJ.'d;0Jwuh>'D;tgwuh>zdo.tg *RurRw>vGJ>vXt
*DR'fod;t0Joh.xH.nDEk>M.vDRI(zJzdo.rh>uGJ;vDRw>tvGJ>tcgo&.'D;o&.rk.ub.uGJ>xJG
zdo.qH;zJt0Joh.whxD.zDo.tvGJ>’D;zdo.uwhw>*DRtvGJ>vXtd.’D;w>obVtylRvDRI
o&.<o&.rk.oh.wz.wvd.wJM>zdo.vXub.whxD.zDo.tvGJ>ub.rh>’ftHR’fEkRb.
Irhrh>wcDw>whw>*DRtvGJ>zJzdo.tJ.’d;whtod;M.wh0JohvDRI

(n)I wHmvDRM> APPLE w>*DRwcgtHRttguwX>oXuhrhwrh>vGH>uhoh0JM.vDRI'fod;'D;o&.


urX zdo. qH; zd uvdmuGJ 0J t *D> wcsK; vXy wHmvDRw> *DRzDo. b. t cg o&. ub. rh>p; cd
vX t qSd. w bh. vX u xD bk; w; w> *DR zDo. w zsX. tHRM. 'D;rXzdo.xDxD.b.uhRwuh>
(b. q. w> fvdm uGJ w cg tHR o&. 'D; o&.rk. vX t od. vd zdo. qH; zd oh. wz. u ol 0J w> *DR
t*kmt*Roh.0Jph>ud;M.vDRI)

9
(w)I 'k;td.xD.w>o;0H.vXtrh>0J APPLE wuh> ('fod;vXy w>od.vdvHmrJmzsX.t0JtHR
utd.xDC;vXzdo.qH;zdtcd.ElmtylRwu;'H;b.zdo.qH;ph>ud;uoh.nge>yX>tg
xD.t*D>'D;utd.'D;w>ol.zSHo;nDvXtw>rRvdtylRph>uD;M.vDRI)o&.'D;o&.rk.
vXtod.vdw>w*R'k;td.xD.w>o;0H.toDohb.q.'D;ub.rh>0Jw>o;0H.vXt
b.C;vdmo;'D;vHmrJmzsX.vXo&.'D;o&.rk.od.vdzdo.M.vDRI

Apple Song zDo.w>o;0H.

ROUND RED

JUICY SWEET

I LOVE YOU

SWEET I LOVE TO EAT

w>o;0H.vXo&.'D;o&.rk.od.vd,kRzdo. qH;zdoh.wz.ub.rh>w>o;0H.vXzk.zk.ud;
zd'D;zdo.wd>eD>0JnDnDM.vDRI'fod;zdo.to;utd.0JvXw>o;0H.tylRo&.rh>uGJ;vDRM.tDR
w>o;0H.to.zsX.'D;[h.zdo.qH;zdtuG>eD>Cm 0JvHm rJmzsX.zJt0Joh.o;0H.w>tcg'fod;y
0JySR'k;td.xD.vHm wbh.tHRy ymzsgxD.0Jw>o;0H.t'd M. vDRI'D;yrh>uG>zD o.tw>o;0H. 0J
tHRrh>0Jw>o;0H.vXtnDnDud;zdvXzdo.qH;zdt*D>wu;'H;b.zJzdo.rh>xH.b.0Jw>o;0H.
vHmrJmzsX.vXy.Ckm'D;zDo.t*DRM.uxk;M.zdo.qH;tol.to;'d.r;M.vDRI

10
(x)I uwJRuwDRM>zdo.vX APPLE vHmrJmzsX.wz.'fod;uxDvd0JcDzsdvXuG>0Jt'doh < 'f
od;w>*DRvXyym zsgxD.oh.wz.tHRrhwrh>o&.'D;o&.rk.vXtod.vdzdo.qH;zdoh.wz.
uuGJ;vDRvHmrJm zsX.vXvX>oh.b.ol0Johph>ud;M.vDRIb.q.yrh>rRM.tDR'fod;w>*DRvXt
zDvmrh>ohM.*hR'd.0JM.vDRIw>oh.wz.tHRwrh>0Jw>vXtuDb.o&.rk.'D;o&.vXod.vd
0Jzdo.qH;zdoh.wz.whxD.vXteD>up>'.0JohvDRI

APPLE
P A L E P
w>vdmuGJtywD>
· rXzdo. &J.vDRto; w*Rb.w*Rrhwrh>o &. 'D;o&. u[h.vdmuGJvXt u &L>oh0J
M.vDRI('d;oMRxD.o;vXo&.'D;o&.rk.uwJmuwDRymvHmrJmzsX.tgxJvJ.'D;ueDR
z;zdo.qH;zdtHR'fvJ.'fod;uvdmuGJb.0Jt*D>M.vDRI
· o&. 'D; o&. rk. uwJRu wDRymC; vHm rJmzsX. vX o&. 'D; o&. rk. wh ym C; tDR0HR(vX
t'fod;w>*DRvXtd.0JvXtzDcd.wcg 0HR'D;o&.'D;o&.rk.uymvDR0JvHmrJm zsX.vXt
whxD. 0J vX wzsX.pkmpkmym vDR0JvXw> rJmng 'fod; zdo. u[J &J. vDRb. uhRtDR'f od; 'D;
t'dtd.0Jtod;M.vDRI
· u&L> rh wrh> w*Rpkmpkm&J. b. rh>0HRcV0J w *RM.u rh> 0JySRvX rReXRw> M. vDRI w> vdmuGJ
w cg tHR rh> ph> ud; w> rR vd t udsR t uJs vX zdo. qH; zd t *D> 'f od; zdo.
qH;uoh.nguG>eD.uG>CgvHmrJmzsX.’D;z;vd0Joh.ng0J’D;vdmuGJb.0JvXw>ol.zSHo;
nDtylRM.vDRI
· o&.<o&.rk.oh.wz.uuG>zdo.zJzdo.vdmuGJtcgwkRvDRwDRvDR’D;rh>zdo.vdmuGJ
b.ud;*R’J;ph>uD;{g<’D;zdo.vdmuGJtd.’D;w>ylRzsJ;ph>uD;{g<w>vD>w>usJoh.wz.vX
vD>vXzdo.tpH.0h>0DRxDb.uhRvHmzsX.oh.wz.M.{gItCdw>oh.wz.tHRrh>w>t
&h’d.r;vXyuqdurd.xD.tDRvDRwH>vDRqJ;t*D>M.vDRI

11
(‘)I wJ,kRzdo.vX APPLE story ylub.td.ph>uD;'D;w>*DR'fod;zdo.uxH.b.0J'D;o;pX>
qX0J'D;uJxD.w>'d*hRwJmb.wrHRrHRohM.vDRIrhwrh>y0J'.o&.rk.oh.wz.yuxD.yF;
M>zdo.vXylvXyeD>up>vXw>ol0J'.w>uHnmtd.'D; APPLE w>*DRoh.wz.M.vDR< w>
wJyF; ,kRzdo.qH;zd t w> CJRyl rh> *hR<w>xD.yF; ylrh>*hR w> oh.wz. tHRu rh>0Jw>rRvdvXt
b.xGJvdm to;'D;vHmrJmzsX.vXo&.'D;o&.rk.od.vdzdo.qH;zd oh.wz.M.vDRI'fod;
'D;zdo.qH;zdue>yX>'D;t0Joh.o;td.vXw>rRvdtylRo&.'D;o&.rk.ub.rR0Jw>[l;
w>*JRtg u vkm 'fod; zdo. qH; zd oh. wz. t o; uy. Ckm0J vX tw> rRvd tylRM. vDRIb.
q. 'D; w> od. vd 'f tHR b. ol 0J w> qX u wD> tg 0J w pJ; ( xJ A w zsX. zd o&. u od. vd 0J
zdo.qH;zdoh.wz.vXuJstgbd'D;olph>ud;0Jw>[l;w>*JRw'fod;vdmo;b.'fySR'k;td.xD.
vHmwbh.tHRymzsgxD.0Jtod;M.vDRI)

(e)I rXzdo.uGJ;vdydmvHmrJmzsX.tcHyuolph>uD;vHmPre-school practice workbook


vXtb.xGJvdmo;'D;w>od.vdtusdRtusJoh.wz.oh0JM.vDRIzdo.uuGJydmvHmzsX.vX
td.vXvmwz.tHR’D;cDzsdvXzdo.uGJ;ydmvHmoh.wz.tHRM.*hRvXtrJmcsH’D;pkw>rRoud;M.
vDRIzdo.tpk,k>n.oh.wz.uqSd.xD.’D;wkRrh>txD.b.qlwDRuFdwbsDtpkvD>ph>uD;*hR0J
’D;zdo.oh.ngvXb.p;xD.uGJ;vHmrJmzsX.tcD.xH;zJvJ.’D;tuwX>td.’fvJ.t*D>vDRI

:vHmrJmzsX.'ftrh> B C D ...............Z oh.wz.yuoltDR'D;[H;M>t'd'fod; A


oh0JvDRI’D;w>[l;w>*JRuvDRqDvdmo;cDzsdvXvHmrJmzsX.vDRqDvdmto;tCdM.vDRI

12
2I w>od.vdunDvHmrd>yS>cD.xH; (u={)
1I 'k;eJ.zdo.vXcF;(u c * chart)'D;z;,kRM>t0Joh.'fod;zdo.ue>[l0J'D;oh.ngvHmzsX.
z;,kRM>zdo.pSRbsD0HR'D;rXzdo.uG>eD.uG>Cg u wzsX.M.wuh>I u rh>0JvHmcD.xH;vX
zdo.qH;zd-uX;rRvd'D;z;,kRt0Joh.'fod;vXzdo.qH;zdoh.wz.uxH.nDEk>b.0JvHmcD.
xH;'fod;cgqlngt0Joh.urRvdb.<e>[lb.0J'D;unD0JvXrhxD.wDRuFdt*D>M.vDRI

u c * C i
p q N n w
x ' e y z
b r , & v
0 o [ t {
w>od.vdvHm unDcD.xH;vXzdo. qH;t *D>M. o&.'D;o&. rk.vX od. vdzdo.qH;oh.wz.
ub. CkuJsvX uod. vd b. zdo.qH; tHR'f vJ.< 'f od;zdo. qH; oh. wz. urRvd 0J rkm'D; e>yX>
vHm unDcD.xH;tHRnD nDM. vDRIb.q.'D; udsR uJsoh.wz. tHRy0J ySR'k;td.xD.vHmwbh. tHR
ymzsg xD. 0J w> od.vd t udsR tuJsweDRvXo&. 'D; o&. rk. oh. wz. u od.vd zdo.qH; t *D>
M.vDRIb.q.’D;o&.<o&.rk.oh.wz.rh>xH.M>w>od.vdtusdRtusJvXtoDM.od.vdzd
o.oh0Jph>uD;M.vDRI

w>od.vdtudsRtuJsoh.wz.td.0Jtgbdph>ud;M.vDRIw>od.vdtusdRtusJvX
o&.<o&.rk.oh.wz.rh>’k;td.xD.toDM.<xDbdymol.ymo;vXzdo.oh.wz.rh>trR
ydmxGJ0Joh.{g<uDwvX{g’D;rh>zdo.td.’D;w>ol.zSHo;nD’D;w>o;pX>qXvXw>rRvdtylRph>uD;
{gM.y-uX;ymol.ymo;’D;uG>zdo.w>td.o;ud;rHR’J;wuh>I

13
2I 'k;eJ.zdo.vX flash card vXtd.'D;, u (u;'d.) 'D; uqDw>*DRM.wuh>zJo&.'D;o&.
rk.od.vdz;,kRzdo.qH;tvHmtcgub.td.'D;w>*DRvXtb.xGJvdmo;'D;vHmrJmzsX.vX
t0Jod. vd0J ph> ud;M. vDRI o&. 'D;o&. rk. vXod. vd w> ub. uwJmuwDRymC; 0Jw>*DRvX
tuod.vd 0J (w>ydm w>vdvXo&.'D;o&.rk.uoltDRoh.wz.tHRo&. 'D;o&.rk.whxD.
vX t eD> u p> '. 0J oh vDRI )w vd. yOR vX ph b. < b. q. zJ o&. 'D; o&. rk. od. vd zdo. qH; z;
u tcgub.'k;eJ.zdo.vHmrJmzsX.tcDynD'fod;zdo.qH;ue>yX>tgxD.wu;'H;b.zdo.
qH;to;utd.vXw>rRvdtylRwrh>xJvXySRod.vdw>w*Rz;,kRzdo.qH;xJw*Rb.M.vDRI
o&. 'D; o&. rk. vX od. vd w>w *Rrh>od. vdzdo. qH;xJ z; ,kRxJ wcg zdo. qH; zdph>ud; w> u
uX. xD. o; 'D; rRvd w> w rkmb.M. vDRIw u; 'H; b. zdo. w oh. ng 0J vHmw zsX. tHRt cD y nD
b.M.vDRI

u
3I z;,kRM>zdo.vX (u)rh>0HR'D;z;yF;tDR (u;'d.)td.'D;vHmzsX.'D; uqD t*DRw'k'D;NJyF;tDR
vXuqDrh>q.zduD>zdwuvkmvXteD.’d.r;<wJyF;zdo.vXuqDt*h>tusdRtd.’fvJ.<'D;
ySRoltDRoh'fvJ.t*h>M.wuh>I

u
uqD

14
4I rXzdo.whxD. uqD tvGJ>zJttJ.'d;0Jwuh>Iw>rRvdwcgtHRrh>0Jw>[l;w>*JRwcgvXuJ
bsK;0JvXzdo.qH;t*DR'fod;t0Joh.uyvX>b.0JvXteD>up>'D;uJbsK;ph>ud;vXtpk,k>
n.tw>'d.xD.xDxD.<w>[l;w>*JRwcgtHRrh>0Jw>[l;w>*JRvXt-uX;0J'D;zdo.qH;oh.
wz.tHR'D;tgwuh>zdo.qH;rR0Jw>[l;w>*JRwcgtHRrkm0J'd.r;M.vDRI

5I wHmvDRM> uqD w>*DRwcgtHRttguwX>oXuhrhwrh>vGH>uhoh0JvDRI o&.'D;o&.rk.


vXod.vdzdo.qH;zdw*Rub.qdurd.uG>u'guhRvXzdo.to;eH.zDcd.rhrh>zdo.vXt
td.oXeH.oh.wz.o&.rk.uwHmvDRM.t0Joh.zJoXuh'fod;uxDxD.b.0JnDnDvXt0J
oh.t*D>rhrh>zdo.vXto;eH.td.vGH.eHRqltzDcd.o&.'D;o&.rk.vXod.vd0Jw*RurX
zdo.wHmvDRvGH>uhoh0JM.vDRI'D;rXzdo.qH;vdmuGJxDxD.b.uhRwuh><o&.u[h.vdm
uGJzdo.qH;vXtu&l>rhwrh>xJw*Rb.w*Roh0JM.vDRI

wHmvDRydmxGJ'fod;'D;t'dtd.0Jtod;vDRIrh>wrh>'k;td.xD.vXeD>up>w>qdurd.0Johph>ud;M.vDRI

15
6I 'k;td.xD.w>o;0H.vXtrh>0J uqD wuh>o&.'D;o&.rk.vXod.vdzdo.qH;oh.wz.
ub.od.vdw>o;0H.vXtb.C;'D;uqDo&.'D;o&.rk.vXod.vdzdo.qH;u'k;td.
xD.w>o;0H.vXteD>up>'.0Johrhwrh>olw>o;0H.vD>vHRvXtd.whymvHoh0Jph>ud;M.
vDRIw>o;0H.vXo&.'D;o&.rk.uod.vdzdo.qH;zdub.rh>0Jw>o;0H.vXtzkud;zd'fod;
zdo.qH;zduwd>eD.0J'.nDnDud;zdvXt0Joh.*D><

7I wJ,kRzdo.vX uqD tylub.td.ph>uD;'D;w>*DR 'fod;zdo. uxH.b.0J'D;o;pX>qX0J


'D;uJxD.w>'d*hRwJmb.wrHRrHRohM.vDRI rhwrh>o&.<o&.rk.oh.wz.uxD.yF;M>zd
o.vXyl<o&.<o&.uol0Jw>uH,mvXtd.’D;q.zduD>zdtguvkm<oh.xl.0.bdoh.
wz.’fod;zJywJyltcgzdo.uxH.b.0Jq.zduD>zdw>*DR’D;oh.ng0Jq.zduD>zdtvktv>
td.’fvJ.’D;zdo.uol.td.o;td.0JvXw>wJylt*D>M.vDRI
ud;bsD’J;zJywJyl0HRtqXuwD>yuoHuG>zdo.w>oHuG><rh>zdo.wd>eD.b.xJvJ.’D;zdo.
weDReDRwJw>rh>wbl.b.oh.wz.t*D><yuoHuG>t0Joh.cDzsdvXyud;xD.trHR’D;yoH
uG>tDRw>M.vDRIxJM.r.’D;zdo.vXwJw>wbl.oh.wz.utd.’D;w>emM>vDRo;vXqH;
pXw>oHuG>wcg*hRwcg*hRvXo&.<o&.rk.oHuG>t0Joh.M.vDRI

9I vHmrJmzsX.'ftrh> c * = { oh.wz.yuoltDR'D;[H;M>t'd'fod; (u) oh0JvDRI y rh> vlR


ydmxGJ'D;rh>td.'D;w>uwHRuwDRxDbdwrh>0Jw>uDw>cJvXySRod.vdw>zdt*D>b.M.vDRI'D;
u rh> ph> ud; w> vX t nD Ek> vX ySRod. vd w> zd t *D> ph> ud; M. vDRI o&. 'D; o&. rk. vX od. vd
zdo. qH; oh.wz. rh> vlRydmxGJ 'D; td.ph>ud;'D; w> uwJRu wDRym w>zd w> vHRvX ub. od.
vdzdo.qH;zdtw>rRvdurh>0Jw>nDnDud;zd'D;zdo.qH;ph>ud;rRvdw>rkmph>ud;M.vDRI

8I yuolph>uD;vHm Pre-school practice workbook 3 vXtb.xGJvdmo;'D;w>od.vdtusdR


tusJoh.wz.oh0JM.vDRIvHm Pre-school practice workbook 3 vXySRb.rlb.'gwhxD.
0J oh. wz. M.o&. 'D; o&. rk. ol tDRvX w> od. vd t ylRvX b. xGJ vdm o; 'D; w> rR vd t y
wD>M.vDRIb.q.o&.<o&.rk.oh.wz.uuG>u’guhRrh>vHm’D;w>[l;w>*JRvXo&.
rk.oh.wz.uwJmuwDRymCmoh.wz.rh>t-uX;vdmo;’D;zdo.o;eH.<zdo.twDR<
zdo.w>td.o;’D;rh>zdo.[H;M>w>od.vdoh.wz.tHRvXw>rXM>ql.tylR{g<rhwrh>vXw>
ol.td.o;td.tylR{gM.yub.qdurd.ymcJvXmvHM.vDRI

16
3I w>od.vdeD.*H>zsX. (1=10 'D;1-10)
(u)I 'k;eJ.zdo.vXcF; (1 2 3chart) 'D;z;,kRM>t0Joh.'fod;zdo.ue>[l0J'D;oh.ng
vHmzsX.z;,kRM>zdo.pSRbsD0HR'D;rXzdo.uG>eD.uG>Cg 1 wzsX.M.wuh>I'fod;zdo.qH;
oh. wz. u xH. b. 'D; oh. ng b. 0J eD.*H> zsX. oh. wz. M. vDRI o&. 'D; o&. rk. vX
od.vdzdo.qH;oh.wz.ph>ud;ub.z;,kRzdo.qH;zdrh>oD.'d.'D;qJS'fod;uz;ydmxJG
'fod;uwr.b.t*D>M.vDRIw>od.vdeD.*H>zsX.vXzdo.qH;zdt*D>rh>0Jw>wcgvXu
b.td.'D;w>uwJmuwDRym o;'D;w>zdw>vHRvXuol0Joh.wz.vXtw.od.vdt
ylR rh> *hR rh w rh> zJ zdo. qH; rh> oH uG> b. o&. 'D; o&. rk. vX od. vd tDR vX w> oH uG> vX
o&. 'D; o&. rk. qd u rd. w wkR b. oh. wz. M. vDRI cD zds zdo. qH; zd oh. wz. tHR oH
uG>w>rkm'D; b.0JzJt0Joh.Ckoh.ngw>tqXuwD>M.vDRI

1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10
(c)I 'k;eJ.zdo.vX flash card vXtd.'D; 1 'D;wXwzsX.tHRtvk>tyORtd.qH;tgvJ.M.vDRI
[h.w>t'drh>tg'fod;zdo.uoh.ngw>zdw>vHRwcgM.tvk>tyORtd.xJvJ.M.vDRI
t'd= 1 (wX) rhrh>vHmM.< vHmutd.ySJR bh. vJ.?
= rhrh>pX>bdM.< ub.rh>ySJRbdvJ. ?
= rh>oh’k;eJ.w>t’d<uwJmuwDRymw>zdw>vHRrh>tgcg<tguvkm’fod;zdo.uoh.ng
w>zdw>vHR<w>tvk>tyORwu;’H;b.t0Joh.u’Ju’JuohoHuG>w>oHuG>’fod;
o&.<o&.rk.oh.wz.rR,kRt’doh.wz.t*D>M.rh>usJtnDvXzdo.u’d;M>b.
w>rRvdt*hR’D;rkmwbdph>uD;M.vDRI
wd>eD.=yrh>od.vdzdo.'ftHR'D;zdo.ph>uD;uoh.ng w>zdw>vHRtrHR<tvk>tyOR 'D;td.0J
ySJRcg<ySJRuvkm<ySJRbd<ySJRrHR<ySJRbh.<ySJR*R……………M.vDRI

(*)Iod.vdM>zdo.vXeD.*H> 1 (wX)'D;tvk>tyORrh>0HR'D;uG>u’guhRvX (Flash card)eD.*H>wX


wbh.tvD>cHtd.'D;w>*DRrEkRvJ.M.'D;wJ,kRuhRylwcgcgM.wuh>I
t'd= vXeD.*H>wXtcsXrh>td.'D;n.'D;wJM>zdo.vXn.tyl<rhwrh>wJyF;w>vXn.M.td.
zJvJ. (zJo&./rk.tw>qdurd. ideas td.0Jtod;) M.rR,kRzdo.M.wuh>I

17
(C)I od.vdM>zdo.w>o;0H.vXb.C;eD.*H>zsX.vXo&.'D;o&.rk.od.vdzdo.qH;oh.
wz.<w>o;0H.vXo&.'D;o&.rk.od.vdzdo.qH;oh.wz.ub.rh>0Jw>o;0H.vXtzk.
zk.ud;zdvXzdo.qH;zdwD>eD>0JnDt*D>M.vDRI'D;w>o;0H.vXo&.'D;o&.rk.od.vdrh>td.'D;
tw>[l;w>*JRM.oh0JvDRI 'fod;zdo.qH;zdoh.wz. uo;0H.b.w>Ckm'D;w>[l;w>*JRw
rh>xJvXqh.eDRo;0H.w>xJwcgb.M.vDRIo&.'D;o&.rk.rh>od.vdzdo.qH;w>o;0H.vX
y.Ckm'D;w.[l;w>*JRM.uuJbsK;ph>ud;vXzdo.qH;zdt*D>

w>o;0H.t'd
1 2 3 4 5 ,zD.M>n.zdwbh.b.rEkReys>vDRvJ.rh>vXth.,pkCd,ys>vDRI

(i)I o&.'D; rk.uuwJmuwDRM>zdo.vXw>*DRwrHRrHR vX t vdR vdmo; 'D; eD.*H> zsX. vX o&.


'D;o&.rk.od.vd0Joh.wz. 'D;rXzdo.whxD.tvGJ>zJtJ.'d; uGJ;vDR0J'.oh0JM.vDRIt'd
rhrh>o&.'D;o&.rk.rh>od.zd0JeD.*H> 1 w>*DRub.rh>0JxJwcgM.vDRIb.q.o&.'D;
o&. rk. rh> od. vd eD.*H> 2 3 4 oh. wz. w> *DRu b. ydm xGJ xD. vdm o; 'D; eD.*H> zsX. ph>
uD;M.vDRI

18
(p)I rhrh> 2=10 M.yrRtDR'fod;'D; 1 (wX)[h.w>t'doh0Jph>uD;M.vDRIw>od.vdtywD>'f
od; vdmo;'D;eD.*H> 1 M.vDRIb.q.o&. 'D;o&.rk.vXod.vdzdo.qH; w*Ru
b.td.'D; w>uwJmuwDRymCmw>zdw>vHRvXub.olvXw>od.vdtylRM.vDRI w>
zdw>vHR'D;w>ydmw>vDoh.wz.vXo&.'D;o&.rk.uoltDRvXtw>od.vdtylRt*D>
rh>w>vXt&h'd.r;’D;uJ0Jo&.<o&.rk.oh.wz.tw>pku0JRvXtw>od.vdtylRph>
uD;M.vDRI 'fod;zdo.oh.wz.ue>yX>qJ;'D;xH.b.vXteD>up>'.0Jrh>*hRzD.b.0J
vXteD>up>'.0Jrh>0Jw>oh.wz.tHRrh>0Jw>vXt*hR'D;&h'd.vXo&.'D;o&.rk.'D;ySR
zdo.qH;t*D>M.vDRI

(N)I 1, 2, 3 -10 emuhyoltDR'funD'D;y,DReD.*H>zsX.oh0J'.vDRI w> od. vd t udsR t uJs oh.


wz.'fod;vdmo;M.vDRIo&.'D;o&.rk. vXod.vdw>oh.wz.uod.vdzdo.qH; eD.*H>
zsX. oh. wz. tHR M. u b. wJ yF; zdo. qH; ph>ud; vX w> t 0J tHR rh> 0J eD.*H> zsX. w cg ph> uD; M.
vDRIb. q. eD.*H>zsX. t0J tHRM. rh>0J eD.*H>zsX. vX tJuvH;udsm 'D; xHuD> tg w uh> ol 0J eD.*H>
t0JtHRM.vDRIwu;'H;b.o&.'D;o&.rk.vXod.zdo.qH;oh.wz.uuwJmuwDRym
M.w>zdw>vHR<w>tD.w>tDwrHRrHRvXb.xGJvdmo;’D;eD.*H>zsX.vXuod.vd0Jt*D><u’k;
oh.ngzdo.vXeD.*H>wzsX.tHRtvk>tyORtd.xJvJ.M.vDRI
vXzdo.uoh.ngeD.*H>zsX.wzsX.pkmpkmtd.’D;tvk>tyORvDRwH>vDRqJ;t*D><o&.<o&.
rk.oh.wz.utd.’D;w>vdmuGJ<w>o;0H.’D;w>[l;w>*JRt*kRt*Roh.wz.M.vDRI

1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10
zJo&.<o&.rk.oh.wz.uod.vdeD.*H>zsX.wcgv>v>t*D><ub.oh.ngqdympXRw>zdw>
vHRrEkRoh.wz.-uX;’D;zdo.vXurRw>[l;w>*JRt*D>M.vDRI
xDbdoh.eD.xD.vXzdo.td.0J’.oXzk<wzk’D;wzkpkmpkmM.tw>vDRqDvdmo;td.0J’.w
bsK;rHR’ftrh>=zdo.o;eH.<zdo.tw>vJRcDzsd<zdo.td.tgtd.pSR<w>vD>w>usJ<’D;cd.CXRw>
td.o;oh.wz.M.vDRI

19
youolw>*DR Flash cards 'fod; games 'fvJ.?

w> vdmuGJ vX y ol w> *DR Flash cards t ylR M. o&. 'D; o&. rk. vX od. vd w>w *R u 'k;
td. xD. w> vdm uGJ vX t eD> u p> '. 0J oh b. q. o&. 'D; o&. rk. vX od. vd zdo. qH;
oh.wz.u b.qd urd.xD.b. C;'D;w>vdm uGJvXu[h.vdmuGJ0Jzdo. qH;zdM.rh>0J
w>vdmuGJ vX uuD vX zdo. qH; t*D> {g rh w rh> w> vdmuGJ tbsK; t zSd. td. 0J ph>ud; {g < 'D;
w>vdmuGJvXu[h.vdmuGJzdo.qH;tHRrh>0Jw>vdmuGJvXtb.xGJvdm to;'D;w>rRvd
vXo&.'D;o&.rk.oh.wz.tw>od.vdtylRph>ud;{g<b.q.rhwrh>vXw>qXuwD>
vXwrh>w>rRvd b. C;'D;w> ol Flash cards b.o&.[h. vdmuGJw>vdmuGJt*km t
*Roh.wz.oh0JvDRI

xDbdzJyu’k;vdmuGJzdo.w*Rv>v><yuqdurd.xD.zdo.o;eH.<zdo.twDR’D;zd
o.td.ySJR*R<’D;rh>zdo.eD.’d.eD.qH;vDRqdvdmo;xJvJ.M.yuqdurd.’D;’k;vdmuGJt
0Joh.uoht*D>M.vDRIuwDRqduFdzdutd.0J’.3zk<t’d.uwX>wzk<cX.o;’D;tqH;u
wX>wzk<tCdw>ol Flash cards td.’D;w>*DRtHRy-uX;oltDR’fvJ.cDzsdvXzdo.twDR
w>td.o;oh.wz.M.vDRI

w>vD>w>usJph>uD;ub.b.vdmo;’D;zdo.vXyu’k;vdmuGJt*D>’D;ub.ylRzsJ;ph>uD;
vDRIzJy’k;vdmuGJzdo.tcg<o&.<o&.rk.oh.wz.ub.uG>xGJzdo.*hR*hR’fod;w>
b.’db.xH;okwtd.w*hRt*D>vDRI

zJo&.<o&.rk.oh.wz.od.vdzdo.vHmcD.xH;vXtrh>0JunD<y,DR<uDRvR0g
’D;eD.*H>zsX.vXtd.vX Flash cards tylRoh.wz.<xDbdub.td.’D;w>uwJmuwDR
o;*hR*hRwcsK;vXod.vdw>rh>*hR’D;vdmuGJ,kRzdo.rh>*hR’D;od.vdzdo.rh>*hRM.vDRI

vXw>od.vd’D;w>vdmuGJtylRM.<o&.<o&.rk.oh.wz.-uX;qdurd.vXub.ol
uvk>vXb.bsD;b.’g’fvJ.ph>uD;vDRIzJw>od.vdtcg<o&.<o&.rk.oh.wz.u
b.ymol.ymo;vXw>ymuvk>rh>toD.’d.wvX(rhwrh>)oD.qH;wvX<’D;zJvdmuGJt
cgph>uD;-uX;ymuvk>’fvJ.’D;uG>zdo.w>td.o;tuvkmuvkmph>uD;M.vDRI
w>ymuvk>zJw>od.vdtcgrh>*hR<vdmuGJtcgrh>*hRrh>w>t&h’d.r;vXyuolyuvk>’f
od;u-uX;ub.0Jt*D>vDRI

20
w>vdmuGJt'db.C;'D;wl>ol Flash cards tw>vdmuGJtuvkmtvkmoh.wz.
1. CgCkmvHmrJmzsX. (alphabet) wz.'D;CkxXuhRvXtb.xGJvdmo;'D;&J.vDRuhRtDR
v CgCkmunDvHmcD.xH; u={ (u;'d.={;uwX>) 'D;uhR&J.vDRb.uhR
v CgCkmy,DRvHmcD.xH; u=t ’D;&J.vDRb.uhR
v CgCkmtJuvH;<vHmcD.xH; A-Z ‘D;&J.vDRb.uhR
v unDeD.*H>zsX.p;xD.vX 1=10 ’D;&J.vDRb.uhR
v y,DReD.*H>zsX.p;xD.vX 1=10 ’D;&J.vDRb.uhR
v tJuvH;eD.*H>zsX.p;xD.vX 1-10 ‘D;&J.vDRb.uhR

wd>eD.
Ø xDbdzJyu’k;vdmuGJzdo.w*Rv>v><yuqdurd.xD.zdo.o;eH.<zdo.twDR’D;zdo.
td.ySJR*R<’D;rh>zdo.eD.’d.eD.qH;vDRqdvdmo;xJvJ.M.yuqdurd.’D;’k;vdmuGJt0Joh.
uoht*D>M.vDRIuwDRqduFdzdutd.0J’.3zk<t’d.uwX>wzk<cX.o;’D;tqH;uwX>wzk<
tCdw>olFlash cards td.’D;w>*DRtHRy-uX;oltDR’fvJ.cDzsdvXzdo.twDRw>td.o;
oh.wz.M.vDRI
Ø rhrh>zdo.qH;M.o&.<o&.rk.CkM>tusdRtusJvXw>od.vdzdo.w>vdmuGJ’D;xDxD.
vHmrJmzsX.oh.wz.wb.tgtgb.Iw>*DR’D;vHmzsX.rh>tgwcD<zdo.wol.td.o;td.
vXw>vdmuGJylRrh>*hR<w>rRvdtylRph>uD;b.I
Ø w>vdmuGJrh>0Jw>rRvdtudsRtuJsvXzdo.qH;zdt*D>M.vDRI'fod;ySRul.b.ul.ohw*RwJ
xD. tod; ? w>vX w>vdmuGJ rh>0Jw> rRvd tcD.xH; cD. bd vXzdo. qH; t *D> w u; 'H; b. w>
vdmuGJ'k;td.xD.0Jw>oh.nge>yX>'D;w>qdurd.vXzdo.qH;t*D>vXtw>'d.xD.xDxD.
vXeD>cdrh>*hRvXcd.Elmtw>'d.xD.xDxD.rh>*hRM.vDRI/

21
2. vHmrJmzsX.trJmng’D;tvD>cHtd.rEkRvJ.
v CgCkmeD.*H>zsX.rh>0HR'D;ymvDR (2)oHuG>zdo.w*RvX (2)trJmngM.td.'D;vHm
rJmzsX.rEkRvJ.'D;vX (2)tvD>cHM.td.'D;vHmrJmzsX.rEkRvJ.?eD.*H>1-10M.yoHuG>zdo.
oh0J<b.q.rhrh>zdo.vXteD.qH;wzkM.’k;eJ.’D;1-10chartt’dwuh>IxDbdoh.eD.xD.
vXzdo.ud;*R’J;ub.ymCkmvXw>vdmuGJt0JtHR’D;vHmrJmzsX.ph>uD;w>ub.qDwvJ
tDR’ft-uX;’D;zdo.w>td.o;M.vDRI
v CgCkmvHmunDrd>yS>(u={)’D;CkxXxD.vHmunDrd>yS>wzsX.’D;ymvDR(*)’D;
CkxXxD.uFdzdw*R’D;oHuG>tDRvX?vHmrJmzsX.rEkRwzsX.vXtd.vX(*)trJmngvJ. ?<
rhwrh>vHmrJmzsX.rEkRwzsX.td.vX(*)tvD>cHvJ. ?”IunDvHmrd>yS>vHmzsX.oh.wz.y
’k;vdmuGJzdo.oh0JvDRIb.q.yub.uG>zdo.vXteD>rh>qH;’D;vHmrJmzsX.wb.tgw
vXb.<vHmrJmzsX.rh>tgwvXM.t0Joh.wd>eD.0Jwb.ph>uD;b.’D;uwJmuwDRymM>
tDRvX“uc *chartwuh>”IxDbdoh.eD.xD.vXzdo.ud;*R’J;ub.ymCkmvXw>vdmuGJ
t0JtHR’D;vHmrJmzsX.ph>uD;w>ub.qDwvJtDR’ft-uX;’D;zdo.w>td.o;M.vDRI
v CgCkmuDRvR0gvHmrJmzsX.’D;CkxXxD.zdo.w*R0HRoHuG>tDRvHmrJmzsX.(D)t
rJmngM.td.’D;vHmrJmzsX.rEkRwzsX.vJ.?<’D;vHmrJmzsX.(D)tvD>cHM.td.’D;vHmrJmzsX.
rEkRvJ.xDbdoh.eD.xD.vXzdo.ud;*R’J;ub.ymCkmvXw>vdmuGJt0JtHR’D;vHmrJm
zsX.ph>uD;w>ub.qDwvJtDR’ft-uX;’D;zdo.w>td.o;M.vDRI
v rhrh>y,DRvHmrd>yS>ph>uD;yod.vd’fzDcd.ymzsg0Jtod;oh0JM.vDRI

wd>eD.
Ø vdmuGJvXtd.'D;w>o;zSH<wb.rXM>ql.zdo.b.<zJzdo.utJ.'d;rR0J'D;qdurd.b.
M.<'k;vdmuGJtDRwuh>I vHmrJmzsX.wb.rh>uDwvX<vXzdo.t*D>b.I

22
3. (u)uJ’d;/rR’d;q.zduD>zdtuvk>
v o&./rk.uCkxXxD.M>q.zduD>zdw>*DR'D;[h.vDRqlzdo.td.0HR<w>*DRvX
zdo.'d;M>b.w*RpkmpkmurRud;tuvk>'fq.zduD>zdud;oD.tod;M.vDRI t'd=zdo.rh>'d;
M>b. ?'h./ 'D;zdo.uud;'fod;'h.I

v wcsK;vXo&.<o&.rk.rXzdo.*JRvdmuGJb.M.<uwJ,kRzdo.vXw>*DRtd.vX
Flash cards tylR<o&.<o&.rk.uCkxXxD.M>q.zduD>zdt*DRvXzdo.xH.nDEk>0Joh.wz.
‘D;q.zduD>zdoh.wz.tud;oD.’fvJ.M.rRvd,kRzdo.M.wuh>Iq.zduD>zdud;tuvk>oD.
oh.wz.rh>w>t&h’d.r;vXzdo.uoh.ng0Jt*D>ph>uD;vDRI

v wJb.ph>uD;’D;zdo.vXq.zduD>zdoh.wz.tHRtd.0Jw>vD>zJvJ.<’D;t0Joh.
tD.w>tD.rEkRoh.wz.vJ.’D;t0Joh.tvktv>td.’fvJ.M.wuh>

v vXw>vdmuGJuJ’d;q.zduD>zdtuvk>wcgtHRt*D><o&.<o&.rk.oh.wz.rX
zdo.td.u0DRusDR0HR<ymvDRw>*DRvXw>cX.o;M.wuh>Irh>0HR’D;zdo.uCkxXxD.w>*DRw*R
wcgpkmpkm<’D;w>*DRvXzdo.’d;M>b.0J’ftrh>q.zduD>zdoh.wz.<zdo.u[H;M>0J’D;uJ’d;vd
0Jtuvk>oD.’fvJ.’fvJ.M.vDRI [h.w>qXuwD>tpSRuwX>3=5rH;eH;’fod;zdo.uud;vdt
vk>oD.’ft’d;M>q.zduD>zdtod;M.vDRIrh>0HR’D;zdo.ud;*R’J;utd.bO.0J’D;o&.<o&.rk.
urXzdo.w*Rb.w*RpkmpkmvXuud;uJ’d;q.zduD>zdvXtM>0Jwcgtuvk>oD.’fvJ.M.
vDRI wkRrh>zdo.ud;*R’J;oh.ngb.q.zduD>zdwuvkmtHRud;oD.0J’ftHR’D;t0Joh.uwd>M>
0J’D;ym0JvXtcd.ElmtylRvDRI
zJySRud;*Rtd.uwJmuwDRo;tcg<o&.rk.uCkxXxD.M.zdo.w*R0HRrXtvJRtd.vXw>csX
’D;o&.rk.u[h.tDRq.zduD>zdt*DRwcgt’d=xd.’h.vDRIwkRtM>b.xd.’h.w>*DR0HRo&.
rk.uu;bXzdo.trJm’D;w>uHnm’fod;t0JwxH.w>b.’D;xJ[;vlRue>toud;xd.’h.
td.zJvJ.M.vDRIzdo.ud;*R’J;ub.ud;oD.’fod;tw>*DRtd.tod;’D;rhrh>zdo.vXySRu;bX
trJmw*Rub.vlRue.0Jtoud;xd.’h.td.zJvJ.M.vDRI

23
v w>vdmuGJwcgtHRy’k;vdmuGJzdo.vXtu&l><tzk’.0Joh.ph>uD;M.vDRI rhrh>
vXu&l>t*D>M.<wu&l>pkmpkmub.oh.ngvdmto;’D;t0Joh.rh>q.zduD>zdrEkRvJ.’D;ud;
oD.’fvJ.M.vDRI

(c) ud;q.zduD>zdwcgpkmpkmtrHR
v eDRz;vDRu&l>wzkpkmpkmutd.’D;q.zduD>zdw>*DRwcg<’D;vXu&l>tylRt0Joh.uuG>
eD.uG>Cg0JvXu&l>t*Roh.wz.M.rh>tuJq.zduD>zdrEkRvJ.M.vDRI

v zJeDRz;vDRu&l>0HR<wu&l>b.wu&l>uud;vDRtrHR’ftrh>=xd.’h.zd<xd.’h.zd<xd.
’h.zdrh>0HR’D;uud;xD.ySRtoDwzk’ftrh>=uqDzdM.vDRI (t’d=xd.’h.zd<xd.’h.zd<xd.
’h.zd’D;uqDzd)I‘D;uqDzdu&l>emuhuud;vDRtup>trHRoXbsD0HR’D;uud;u’D;ySRt*R
trHRph>uD;M.vDRI

v zdo.wzk’D;wzkuud;vdmo;rHR’fM.<’D;ySRvXtw>rh>ur.w&l>M.t0Joh.ub.rR
vDReHRw>rhwrh>o;0H.w>w,k>,k>M.vDRI

wd>eD.
Ø xDbdzJyu’k;vdmuGJzdo.wzkv>v><yuqdurd.xD.zdo.o;eH.<zdo.twDR’D;zdo.
td.ySJR*R<’D;rh>zdo.eD.’d.eD.qH;vDRqdvdmo;xJvJ.M.yuqdurd.’D;’k;vdmuGJt0Joh.
uoht*D>M.vDRIuwDRqduFdzdutd.0J’.3zk<t’d.uwX>wzk<cX.o;’D;tqH;u wX>wzk<
tCdw>olFlash cards td.’D;w>*DRtHRy-uX;oltDR’fvJ.cDzsdvXzdo.twDRw>td.o;oh.
wz.M.vDRI
Ø rhrh>zdo.qH;M.o&.<o&.rk.CkM>tusdRtusJvXw>od.vdzdo.w>vdmuGJ’D;xDxD.
vHmrJmzsX.oh.wz.wb.tgtgb.Iw>*DR’D;vHmzsX.rh>tgwcD<zdo.wol.td.o;td.
vXw>vdmuGJylRrh>*hR<w>rRvdtylRph>uD;b.I
Ø w>vdmuGJ‘ftHRwuvkmM.tuJbsK;vXzdo.uoh.ngb.q.zduD>zdtrHR<tud;oD.’f
vJ.’D;tvktv>td.’fvJ.<q.zduD>zdoh.wz.tHRtd.nDEk>w>vD>’fvJ.wuvkmvJ.’D;
ySRolt0Joh.vXrEkRvJ.t*h>M.o&.<o&.rk.oh.wz.u’k;oh.ngb.zdo.t*D>vDRI

Ø o&.<o&.rk.oh.wz.ymol.ymo;vX=q.zduD>zdub.rh>0JvXzdo.xH.b.rk.qh.
rk>*DR’fod;t0Joh.uoh.ngvDRwH>q.zduD>zdt*h>M.vDRIq.zduD>zdvXzdo.rhwxH.nD
Ek>oh.wz.uuDvXzdo.t*D>’D;uuJxD.ph>uD;zdo.tw>o;pX>qXvDRpSRoh0JM.vDRI

24
4. eDRz;q.zduD>zd'D;CkxXuhRvXtb.xGJvdmo;'ftuvkm'.0Jtod;

(u) q.zduD>zdvXtcD.td.vGH>cD'D;cHcD
v q.zduD>zdtcD.td.cHcD’ftrh>=qD<xd.’h.<qDuqD<xd.’h.xDudm<xd.tuvkm
uvkmM.’k;oh.ngzdo.wuh>I

v q.zduD>zdvXtcD.td.vGH>cD’ftrh>=o.rH,DR<xGH.<uqD<usD><ye><rJ;wJ;vJ;oh.
wz.’k;eJ.zdo.vXw>*DR’D;’k;oh.ngzdo.wuh>I

v vXw>ol Flash cards t*D>ymCkmq.zduD>zdvXtcD.td.vGH>cD’D;tcD.cHcDM.rXzd


o.CkxXxD.0HR’D;eDRz;tDRwuh>IrRuG>zdo.w*Rb.w*Rpkmpkmrh>t0Joh.eDRz;
q.zduD>zdtcD.vGH>cD’D;cD.cHcDohvH{g’D;e>yX>0JvDRwH>vDRqJ;vH{gM.vDRI

v [h.*H>[h.bgzdo.’fod;uo;td.’D;rRvdM>w>*hR*hRwuh>I

wd>eD.
Ø xDbdzJyu’k;vdmuGJzdo.wzkv>v><yuqdurd.xD.zdo.o;eH.<zdo.twDR’D;zdo.
td.ySJR*R<’D;rh>zdo.eD.’d.eD.qH;vDRqdvdmo;xJvJ.M.yuqdurd.’D;’k;vdmuGJt0Joh.
uoht*D>M.vDRIuwDRqduFdzdutd.0J’.3zk<t’d.uwX>wzk<cX.o;’D;tqH;u wX>wzk<
tCdw>olFlash cards td.’D;w>*DRtHRy-uX;oltDR’fvJ.cDzsdvXzdo.twDRw>td.o;oh.
wz.M.vDRI
Ø rhrh>zdo.qH;M.o&.<o&.rk.CkM>tusdRtusJvXw>od.vdzdo.w>vdmuGJ’D;xDxD.
vHmrJmzsX.oh.wz.wb.tgtgb.Iw>*DR’D;vHmzsX.rh>tgwcD<zdo.wol.td.o;td.
vXw>vdmuGJylRrh>*hR<w>rRvdtylRph>uD;b.I
Ø w>vdmuGJ‘ftHRwuvkmM.tuJbsK;vXzdo.uoh.ngb.q.zduD>zdtrHR<’D;q.zduD>zd
oh.wz.tHRzdo.xH.nDEk>0J’D;oh.ngymol.ymo;vX=q.zduD>rEkRwuvkmvXtcD.
td.vGH>cD’D;rhwrh>tcD.td.cHcDvJ.M.vDRI

Ø o&.<o&.rk.oh.wz.ymol.ymo;vX=q.zduD>zdub.rh>0JvXzdo.xH.b.rk.qh.
rk>*DR’fod;t0Joh.uoh.ngvDRwH>q.zduD>zdt*h>M.vDRIq.zduD>zdvXzdo.rhwxH.nD
Ek>oh.wz.uuDvXzdo.t*D>’D;uuJxD.ph>uD;zdo.tw>o;pX>qXvDRpSRoh0JM.vDRI

25
(c) q.zduD>zdvXySRbk.0J’D;q.zduD>zdtrHR(q.zduD>zdtd.vXyS>ylR)

v o&.o&.rk.u’k;eJ.zdo.vXq.zduD>zdvXySRbk.0Joh.wz.rh>rEkRvJ.=t’d’fod;
’D;qD<xd.’h.<o.rH,DR<xGH.<usD><ye>’D;rJ;wJ;vJ;<wRtk;<’D;w>t*Roh.wz.I

v rhrh>q.zduD>zdvXyS>usgM.o&.<o&.rk.uwDRympXRM.MqX.yS>v>usgtw>*DRvX
y.Ckm0J’D;oh.xl.0.xl.<eD.{dRrHR{dR<xHusdxHuGm<zDtuvkmtuvkm’D;q.zduD>zd
td.0Jqd;0JvXtylR’ftrh>=bD.od.<ch,k><wRol<’D;w>t*Roh.wz.M.vDRI

v wbsDCDzdo.uoh.ngMqX.w>b.wh’D;q.zduD>zdtuvkmvXtd.vXyS>ylRM.
vDRIy[h.w>t’dq.zduD>zdvXyS>v>usgurh>0J=ch,k><bD.od.<wRol<uqDrHR’D;w>t
*Roh.wz.t*D>o&.<o&.rk.oh.wz.uuwJmuwDRymtDR*hR*hRM.vDRI
26
(*) q.zduD>zdvXxHusg’D;cdolcd.’D;vXuvHRusg
v o&.<o&.rk.oh.wz.u’k;oh.ngM>zdo.vXq.zduD>zdvXxHusg’ftrh>=n.
tuvkmuvkm<csd.tuvkmuvkm<qGJ.<o’D.tuvkmuvkmoh.wz.M.vDRI

v q.zduD>zdvXcdolcd.wcDurh>0J=’feD.*H>(u)’D;(c)ymzsg0Jtod;M.vDRI

v rh>q.zduD>zdvXt,lRvXuvHRusgwcDurh>0J=xd.tuvkmuvkmM.vDRI

27
(C) q.zduD>zdvXth.w>'D;uJxD.tpk.'D;q.zduD>zdvXth.w>vXw>b.,d.wtd.
v q.zduD.zdvXth.w>’D;zs;w>tpk.wtd.b.oh.wz.rh>0J=qD<xd.’h.<xd.t
uvkmuvkmoh.wz.vDR

v rhrh>q.zduD>zdvXth.w>’D;tpk.td.oh.wz.rh>0J=o.rH,DR<xGH.<*k>oh.wz.
vDRIb.q.<q.zduD>zd’frh>usD><ye><rJ;wJ;vJ;oh.wz.th.w>ohemuhwth.
-uDw>ph>uD;b.M.vDRI

(i) w>zdC>vXth.w>tpk.td.’D;th.w>’D;tpk.wtd.b.oh.wz.
v w>zdC>vXth.w>’D;tpk.td. oh.wz.rh>0J=’;bD<rJ;wJ;csJ;<uyDR<uGJ<ueJ’D;w>
t*Roh.wz.M.vDRI

28
v w>zdC>vXth.w>’D;tpk.wtd.oh.wz.rh>0J=’GJ.<ytl;<wuHR<wX><pDRuyhR’D;
w>t*Roh.wz.vXo&.<o&.rk.oh.wz.qdurd.xD.w>vXtd.vXycd.y
CXRvXzdo.-uX;oh.ngwz.M.vDRI

5. w>zdw>vHRvXySRol0JvX[H.ylR'D;uFdylR
v w>zdw>vHRvXySRol0JvX[H.ylRM.rh>0J
= oyXReD.’d<xHcG;<vDcD<eD.wXR<pvdR
= qhulqhuR<cd.zX.<eH.<xJul<cd.zsD.
= ,.<cd.ocX.<vD>’g<yh>yDR
= eD.cGJod.

v w>zdw>vHRvXySRol0JvXuFdylRM.rh>0J
= vX>oh.b.ol<[D.cd.0g
= vHmuGJvdtd.’D;w>*DR<pX>bd<pX>bdtd.’D;tvGJ><xd.’H;bd
= w>*DRtuvkmuvkm’ftrh>q.zduD>zdt*DR<w>tD.w>tD<wRolwRo.

29
6. eDRz;w>zdw>vHRvXto;orltd.'D;wtd.t'd=qDzd'D;xHcG;

v o&.<o&.rk.u’k;eJ.zdo.w>t’doh.wz.rh>vDRwH>vDRqJ;’ftrh>=w>o;orltd.
’D;wtd.b.oh.wz.M.vDRI

v ymvDRw>*DR’D;rXzdo.uG>tDRud;bh.’J;’D;wJtDRvX?w>t0JtHRrh>’.w>*DR<’D;vXw>*DR
tHRtd.0J’D;t’d=xd.<qD<oh.xl.<pX>bd<vHmuGJ;’D;w>t*Rwz.”’D;vXvHmw>*DRtylR
tHRw>vXto;orltd.M.rh>rEkRvJ.? ‘D;w>vXto;orlwtd.b.M.rh>rEkRvJ. ?
M.wuh>I

v rh>ohwcDCkxXxD.w>eD>uD>vXto;orltd.’D;wtd.b.oh.wz.’fod;zdo.uxH.
’D;oh.ng0JvDRwH>vDRqJ;t*D>M.rh>w>vXt*hR’d.uwX>vXw>od.vdtusdRtusJt*D>
oh.wz.M.vDRI

30
wd>eD.
Ø xDbdzJyu’k;vdmuGJzdo.wzkv>v><yuqdurd.xD.zdo.o;eH.<zdo.twDR’D;zdo.
td.ySJR*R<’D;rh>zdo.eD.’d.eD.qH;vDRqdvdmo;xJvJ.M.yuqdurd.’D;’k;vdmuGJt0Joh.
uoht*D>M.vDRIuwDRqduFdzdutd.0J’.3zk<t’d.uwX>wzk<cX.o;’D;tqH;u wX>wzk<
tCdw>olFlash cards td.’D;w>*DRtHRy-uX;oltDR’fvJ.cDzsdvXzdo.twDRw>td.o;oh.
wz.M.vDRI
Ø rhrh>zdo.qH;M.o&.<o&.rk.CkM>tusdRtusJvXw>od.vdzdo.w>vdmuGJ’D;xDxD.
vHmrJmzsX.oh.wz.wb.tgtgb.Iw>*DR’D;vHmzsX.rh>tgwcD<zdo.wol.td.o;td.
vXw>vdmuGJylRrh>*hR<w>rRvdtylRph>uD;b.I

Ø o&.<o&.rk.oh.wz.ymol.ymo;vX=q.zduD>zd’D;w>zdw>vHRwrHRrHRvXyu’k;eJ.zd
o.wz.ub.rh>0Jw>vXzdo.xH.b.rk.qh.rk>*DR’fod;t0Joh.uoh.ngvDRwH>q.zd
uD>zdt*h>M.vDRIq.zduD>zd’D;w>zdw>vHRvXzdo.rhwxH.nDEk>oh.wz.uuDvXzdo.
t*D>’D;uuJxD.ph>uD;zdo.tw>o;pX>qXvDRpSRoh0JM.vDRI

w>whw>*DRb.C;’D;w>uXud.vd.xD.[D.cd.todoh.wz.’k;uJxD.w>*DRtuvkmuvkm

31
7. eDRz;w>'d;w>v.'D;wRolwRo.
v w>’d;w>v.’ftrh>
= ob.’d;
= w>eXrl’d;
= z;cJ;’d;
= wuDRqH.o.
= whvhwuho.
= bJqH.’d;
= zdqH.’d;
= yxd;o.<uD>pd’d;

v wRolwRo.’ftrh>
= pyH;o.<zDo.<CDRo.<wCh>o.<yeDusJo.
= wd>&h.o.<o.uyXRo.<bkcho.

wd>eD.
Ø ‘k;eJ.zdo.w>*DRvXt0Joh.xH.nDEk>0Joh.wz.<w>zdw>vHRvXzdo.wxH.nDEk>0J
oh.wz.M.uuDvXt0Joh.t*D>M.vDR

32
8. CkxXxD.'D;eDRz;w>tvGJ>
v ymvDRw>*DRuhtd.’D;tvGJ>tguvkmvXzdo.xH.nDEk>0J
v w>tvGJ>vXnDEk>yod.vdzdo.M.rh>0J=t0g<t*DR<tbD<tvgvk;<tvgtJ;’D;tvGJ>
oloh.wz.M.vDR

v rXzdo.CkxXxD.w>tvGJ>t’dud;xD.t*DR<zdo.uCkxXxD.w>*DRvXtd.’D;tvGJ>
oh.wz.cJvXmvXtd.’D;tvGJ>t*DR<’D;zdo.vXrhM>tguwX>M.[h.*H>[h.bgtDRvXw>’J
pkwuh>I’D;w>tvGJ>t*Roh.wz.e’k;vdmuGJCkxXtDR’ftHRoh0Jph>uD;M.vDRI

33
9. uG>w>*DR’D;’k;td.xD.ylu;uD;(ylvdmuGJ)

v ymvDRvHmcD.xH;(alphabet)vXttd.’D;w>*DRtuvkmuvkmvXw>ysDylR'D;rXzdo.Ck
xXxD.w*Rwbh.<rh>0HR'D;rXt0Joh.wJxD.t*h>zk.ud; t'd= zdo.rh>zD.b.vXpX>bd
'D;zdo.uwJ0JvX?pX>bdtHRySRoltDRvXySRuGJ;vHm'D;whw>*DRM.vDRI”

v rhrh>zdo.vXtzD.b.w>*DRtd.’D;uqDM.zdo.uwJ0JvX?uqDM.teD.'d.'D;t
e>z;vJ>/< 'D;o&.rk.uwJb.uFdzdvX ?uqDM.ySRoltDRvXuxk;oh.t*D>M.vDRI/

v zdo.w*RpkmpkmuwJzsgxD.’fw>*DRtd.tod;’D;o&.<o&.rk.urXzdo.[h.xD.t
w>xH.w>qdurd.cDzsdvXwJylu;uD;0HRr.’D;o&.<o&.rk.oh.wz.uwJtgxD.uhR
w>*DRt*h>wohzJtohwuh>I

wd>eD.
Ø zdo.wJrh>wb.b.'D;o&.rk.uwJyF;b.tDRvXt*h>wqH;wuh>'D;zdo.tw>qd
urd.uxD.'.0JM.vDRI
Ø o&.<o&.rk.oh.wz.ymol.ymo;vX=w>*DRvXzdo.’d;M>b.oh.wz.ub.rh>
w>*DRvXzdo.oh.ngwh>0J*hR*hRM.vDRIzdo.rh>woh.ngw>*DRvDRwH>vDRqJ;b.’D;t0J
oh.wJylu;uD;woh0Jph>uD;b.vDRI
Ø xDbdzJyu’k;vdmuGJzdo.wzkv>v><yuqdurd.xD.zdo.o;eH.<zdo.twDR’D;zd
o.td.ySJR*R<’D;rh>zdo.eD.’d.eD.qH;vDRqdvdmo;xJvJ.M.yuqdurd.’D;’k;vdmuGJt
0Joh.uoht*D>M.vDRIuwDRqduFdzdutd.0J’.3zk<t’d.uwX>wzk<cX.o;’D;tqH;
uwX>wzk<tCdw>olFlash cards td.’D;w>*DRtHRy-uX;oltDR’fvJ.cDzsdvXzdo.twDR
w>td.o;oh.wz.M.vDR
34
10. ,RtHR,rh>rEkRvJ.?

v o&.rk.uCkxXxD.c;wbh.vXtd.'D;w>olw>o.'ftrh> ?wJ.wDo./0HRo&.rk.
w'k;eJ.zsgzdo.’H;b.<b.q.'D;o&.rk.uwJ0JvX?,RM.,rh>w>o.wuvkm<
,RM.,rh>ph>uD;w>o.vXtqXwuvkm< zJ,rh>yS>xD.M.,bh.ukvg'.w>vDR<'D;
,td.'D;,xHvXtqXM.vDRI”'D;oHuG>zdo.vX?,RtHR,rh>w>rEkRvJ./zdo.upH;
qXeRw>pXu[JxD.tuvkmuvkmvXzdo.qdrd.w,m0JvDRIb.q.vXcHuwX>M.
wJM>tDRvX,rh>?wJ.wDo./M.vDRI zJo&.rk.wJM>t'dpSRcg0HR<'D;zdo.eguhu[H;
M>w>*DRzJtJ.'d;wJ0J'D;rX[JxD.wJw>vXw>rJmngoh0JvDRI

v w>vdmuGJ’ftHRwuvkmM.rh>’.w>’k;w,mzdo.w>qdurd.’ftrh>=rh>zdo.oh.ng
w>zdw>vHR<wRolwRo.<q.zduD>zd’D;w>wrHRrHRvXtnD’D;zdo.w,m0Joh.wz.
M.vDRI
v rhrh>zdo.vXtqH;uwX>wzkM.o&.<o&.rk.u’k;td.xD.w>vdmuGJvXvDR*mvdm
o;b.q.ub.nDnDzd’fod;zdo.uol.td.o;td.vdmuGJt*D>M.vDRI

35
11. ylbs;pJ

v o&.<o&.rk.oh.wz.uwJM>zdo.vXylbs;pJ<’D;urh>w>t’d’fod;zdo.uuG>vd
0J’D;qdurd.wJ0Juoht*D>ph>uD;M.vDRI

v vXw>wJylbs;pJt*D><o&.<o&.rk.oh.wz.uymvDRw>*DRvXw>ysDylR<b.q.w>
*DRub.u;bXto;ud;bh.’J;M.vDRIo&.<o&.rk.w*RpkmpkmuzD.xD.w>*DRw
*Rwbh.’D;up;xD.wJylbs;pJM.vDRI

t’d=o&.<o&.rk.utd.0J’.,J>*R’D;td.’D;w>*DRw*Rwbh.pkmpkmM.vDRIo&.<
o&.rk.tusgw*Rup;xD.wJ0JylcDzsdvXtw>*DRtylRxJwrH;eH;’D;o&.rk.vXtu
yRw*Rup;xD.wJu’D;0JtylvXw>*DRylwrH;eH;’D;rR’fM.wkRvXo&.,J>*R0HR0JvDRI

v [h.w>cGJ;w>,mvXzdo.’fod;uwJylbs;pJph>uD;wuh>IzJzdo.wJylbs;pJtcg<o&.<
o&.rk.oh.wz.w-uX;wJzdo.vX?wJ’ftHR<wJ’fM.b.”IysJzdo.wJrh>0HRr.<t’d
zdo.wJrh>wb.eDwpJ;r.’D;o&.<o&.rk.oh.wz.u[h.ul.uhRt0Joh.M.vDR

wd>eD.
Ø xDbdzJyu’k;vdmuGJzdo.wzkv>v><yuqdurd.xD.zdo.o;eH.<zdo.twDR’D;zdo.
td.ySJR*R<’D;rh>zdo.eD.’d.eD.qH;vDRqdvdmo;xJvJ.M.yuqdurd.’D;’k;vdmuGJt0Joh.
uoht*D>M.vDRIuwDRqduFdzdutd.0J’.3zk<t’d.uwX>wzk<cX.o;’D;tqH;u wX>wzk<
tCdw>olFlash cards td.’D;w>*DRtHRy-uX;oltDR’fvJ.cDzsdvXzdo.twDRw>td.o;oh.
wz.M.vDRI
Ø rhrh>zdo.qH;M.o&.<o&.rk.CkM>tusdRtusJvXtvDR*m’fw>wJyltHRtod;<b.q.
wb.uDvXzdo.qH;t*D>b.Iw>wJylrh>wb.bsD;b.’gvXzdo.qH;t*D>’D;uuJxD.w>
uX.w>usL’D;w>wol.td.o;td.vXzdo.t*D>b.M.vDRI w>t0JtHRrh>w>t&h’d.u
wX>vXyu’k;td.xD.w>[l;w>*JRvXzdo.t*D>’fod;w>td.o;wz.tHRM.vDRI
36
12. 'k;ur.w>*DR

v o&.rk.u[H;M>w>*DRwbh.vXtrh>(y’Jw’k)'D;o&.rk.uwJxD.0JvXw>0JtHRrh>
?uqD/vDRI'D;zdo.rh>oHuG>0JvX?o&.rk.{X<w>M.wrh>uqDb.rh>'.y’JvDRI/
'D;o&.rk.uoHuG>zdo.vX ?b.rEkRCdwrh>uqDb.vJ./ 'D;zJM.zdo.uohNJ
yF;uhR0J'.'D;zJzdo.wJrh>0HR'D;o&.rk.uwJb.uhRvXw>*DR(y’J)t*h>tusdRM.vDRI

v uwJmuwDRM>zdo.w>*DRvXt0Joh.xH.nDEk>0Jwuh>IzJo&.<o&.rk.oh.wz.’k;
eJ.w>*DRzsgzsg’D;oHuG>woHuG>NJNJ’fod;uxk;M>zdo.w>o;pX>qX’D;zdo.u[h.xD.
uhRtw>xH.’D;w>qdurd.’fvJ.M.vDRI

wd>eD.
Ø xDbdzJyu’k;vdmuGJzdo.wzkv>v><yuqdurd.xD.zdo.o;eH.<zdo.twDR’D;zdo.
td.ySJR*R<’D;rh>zdo.eD.’d.eD.qH;vDRqdvdmo;xJvJ.M.yuqdurd.’D;’k;vdmuGJt0Joh.
uoht*D>M.vDRIuwDRqduFdzdutd.0J’.3zk<t’d.uwX>wzk<cX.o;’D;tqH;u wX>wzk<
tCdw>olFlash cards td.’D;w>*DRtHRy-uX;oltDR’fvJ.cDzsdvXzdo.twDRw>td.o;oh.
wz.M.vDRI

Ø zJyoHuG>zdo.0HRtvD>cHwbsDv>v><NJyF;uhRzdo.vX?b.rEkRtCdo&.<o&.rk.oh.
wz.wJur.w>*DRM.vJ.(vHmw>*DRylRM.td.’D;y’Jt*DR’D;o&.rk.wJvXuqDvDR)<o
&.rk.uwJM>uhRzdo.vX?rh>okoh.ngq.zduD>zdwuvkmtHR{gM.vDRI

Ø w>t0JtHRrh>w>t&h’d.uwX>vXyuNJyF;zdo.M.vDRIyrh>wNJyF;zdo.vX?b.rEkRtCdywJ
ur.w>*DRtHRvJ.M.”vDRIyrh>wwJb.uhRzdo.vXytd.’D;w>[l;w>*JR<w>vdmuGJt*h>t
usdRvDRwH>b.’D;zdo.uqdrd.0JvX?,o&.<o&.rk.oh.wz.vH.,R’D;wJegpdR,RM.vDR”

37
13. pdmCmw>*DRw*R<’k;eJ.t’dw*R’D;qdurd.w,muG>w*R

v o&.<o&.rk.uwJmuwDRymM>zdo.w>*DRweDRvXtnDnDzd

v CkxXxD.zdo.oX*RvXurh>0J(1)wXw*Rub.CkxXxD.w>*DRwbh.vXtJ.’d;0J’D;’k;
eJ.vDRw>*DRvXtvD>cH<(2)cH*Rw*Rurh>0JySRuJ’d;w>’fw>*DRtd.0Jtod;<(3)oX*Rw*R
ub.td.vXzdo.wXw*R’D;cHw*RtrJmng’D;ub.uG>0J<zdo.cH*Rw*RuJ’d;w>rEkR
vJ.rh>0HR’D;t0Jub.w,muG>’D;wJw>pH;qXM.vDRI

wd>eD.
Ø xDbdzJyu’k;vdmuGJzdo.wzkv>v><yuqdurd.xD.zdo.o;eH.<zdo.twDR’D;zdo.
td.ySJR*R<’D;rh>zdo.eD.’d.eD.qH;vDRqdvdmo;xJvJ.M.yuqdurd.’D;’k;vdmuGJt0Joh.
uoht*D>M.vDRIuwDRqduFdzdutd.0J’.3zk<t’d.uwX>wzk<cX.o;’D;tqH;u wX>wzk<
tCdw>olFlash cards td.’D;w>*DRtHRy-uX;oltDR’fvJ.cDzsdvXzdo.twDRw>td.o;oh.
wz.M.vDRI

Ø w>*DRvXyuwDRymM>zdo.M.ub.rh>w>*DRvXzdo.uJ’d;0JnDnDzdvDRIw>*DRvXzdo.uJ
’d;rh>wb.*hR*hRb.’D;zdo.vXtqdrd.w,mw>ph>uD;vXt0Joh.t*D>M.rh>w>tuDvX
uwJzsgxD.w>pH;qXM.vDRI

Ø tCdw>t0JtHRrh>w>t&h’d.uwX>vXyu’k;eJ.yF;zdo.w>t’dtqduwX>’D;ub.rh>w>
nDnDzdvXzdo.urR’d;’D;qdurd.w,m0Juoht*D>M.vDRI
38
14. vdmuGJxXvHmcD.xH;’D;eD.*H>zsX.
v ymjyHjygvDRunDvHmcD.xH;vXtd.vXw>*DRylR’D;rXzdo.pH.xX’D;us;vDRtDRvXw>rJm
ngvX>oh.b.oltvdRM.wuh>I
t’d=o&.rk.u&J.vDRzdo.oXusdR’D;vXwusdRpkmpkmuG>’fzdo.eD.*H>td.0Jtod;
o&.rk.uud;xD.(u)’D;zdo.vXtd.vXw>rJmngoX*RvXoXusdRtylRt0Joh.u
Ck0J flash cardsvXtd.’D;(u)<Ckrh>b.’D;vJRus;vDRvXvX>oh.b.oltvdR<
0HR’D;rXtz;(u)’D;zdo.t*Roh.wz.uz;ydmuhRtcHM.vDRI
v y,DRvHmcD.xH;’D;tJuvHm<vHmcD.xH;emuhy’k;vdmuGJzdo.’fod;t’dvXw>zDcd.oh
0JM.vDR
v eD.*H>zsX.’ftrh>unD<y,DR’D;tJuvH;M.y’k;vdmuGJzdo.oh0Jph>uD;M.vDRI

uwDRqduFdo&.<o&.rk.vXuD>ylR(wd>yXRzlw>vD>)

wd>eD.
Ø xDbdzJyu’k;vdmuGJzdo.wzkv>v><yuqdurd.xD.zdo.o;eH.<zdo.twDR’D;zdo.
td.ySJR*R<’D;rh>zdo.eD.’d.eD.qH;vDRqdvdmo;xJvJ.M.yuqdurd.’D;’k;vdmuGJt0Joh.
uoht*D>M.vDRIuwDRqduFdzdutd.0J’.3zk<t’d.uwX>wzk<cX.o;’D;tqH;u wX>wzk<
tCdw>olFlash cards td.’D;w>*DRtHRy-uX;oltDR’fvJ.cDzsdvXzdo.twDRw>td.o;oh.
wz.M.vDRI

Ø zdo.zdvXtqH;uwX>wzkM.<y-uX;ymM>tDR A B C D Charts, unD’D;y,DRvHmcD.xH;


Charts‘D;unD<y,DR<tJuvHmeD.*H>zsX.ChartsxDbdub.td.vXzdo.trJmng’fod;t
0Joh.uxH.b.t’dt*D>M.vDRI
39
w>[h.ul.vXo&.t*D>

w>ol flash card vXw>vdmuGJtylR'D;yoltDRoh0JuJstgbdph>ud;M.vDRIo&.'D;o&.rk.oh.


wz.u'k;td.xD.w>vdmuGJtoDoh0JtguvkmvXteD>up>'.0Jtw>qdurd.’k;td.xD.M>
oh 'D; w> vdm uGJ vX u rX zdo. qH; vdm uGJ 0J oh. wz. u b. rh> 0J w> vdm uGJ vX t w uD w vX vX
zdo.qH; t *D>b. M. vDRI'D; w> vdmuGJ vXo&. 'D;o&. rk. [h. vDRvdm uGJ zdo. qH; oh. wz.
u b. rh> 0J w> vdmuGJ vXuJ bsK; 0J vX zdo. qH;t *D> 'f t rh> 0J eD> cd w> 'd. xD. xD xD. rh> *hR< w>
oh.nge>yX>oh.wz.tgxD.rh>*hR< w>ohqdurd.xD.M.w>toD<wu;'H;b.vXw>vdmuGJ
t ylR zdo. qH; zd oh. wz. u td. 'D; w> oh. ng e> yX> b. C; 'D; w> &h wHm o ud;<
w>uwdRusdm<w>vJRcDzsdvXtoud;wz.’D;o&.<o&.rk.oh.wz.ttd.<w> eDR w> vdm uGJ
qlySRt*kmt*R<w>[h.xD.w>[h.ul.<w>qdurd.<o;’lxD.<wJzsgxD.w>vXt0Joh.wl>
b.0J<e>yX>;ySRt*Rtw>wl>b.cD.b.oh.wz.<o;td.rRpXRySRt*R’D;w> ym ol. ym o; vX
ySRt*RzDcd.M.vDRI
tCdwcsK;vXyod.vdzdo.’H;b.M.<yuuwJmuwDRCmyw>od.vdvXt*hRuwX>’fod;zd
o.u’d;M>b.w>od.vdtd.’D;tuH>tpDvXt*hRM.rh>y0JuwDRqduFdo&.<o&.rk.trlt
’g’D;w>o;td.tw>[h.M.vDRI

[J ! rfyvdmuGJoud;vXw>ol.zSHo;nDtylRwuh>I
40

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen